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Khoo KS, Chia WY, Chew KW, Show PL. Microalgal-Bacterial Consortia as Future Prospect in Wastewater Bioremediation, Environmental Management and Bioenergy Production. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:262-269. [PMID: 34294991 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, microalgae have captured researchers' attention as the alternative feedstock for various bioenergy production such as biodiesel, biohydrogen, and bioethanol. Cultivating microalgae in wastewaters to simultaneously bioremediate the nutrient-rich wastewater and maintain a high biomass yield is a more economical and environmentally friendly approach. The incorporation of algal-bacterial interaction reveals the mutual relationship of microorganisms where algae are primary producers of organic compounds from CO2, and heterotrophic bacteria are secondary consumers decomposing the organic compounds produced from algae. This review would provide an insight on the challenges and future development of algal-bacterial consortium and its contribution in promoting a sustainable route to greener industry. It is believed that microalgal-bacterial consortia will be implemented in the near-future for sub-sequential treatment of wastewater bioremediation, bioenergy production and CO2 fixation, promoting sustainability and making extraordinary advancement in life sciences sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Malaysia.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian China
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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102
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Jareonsin S, Pumas C. Advantages of Heterotrophic Microalgae as a Host for Phytochemicals Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:628597. [PMID: 33644020 PMCID: PMC7907617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.628597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, most commercial recombinant technologies rely on host systems. However, each host has their own benefits and drawbacks, depending on the target products. Prokaryote host is lack of post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms, making them unsuitable for eukaryotic productions like phytochemicals. Even there are other eukaryote hosts (e.g., transgenic animals, mammalian cell, and transgenic plants), but those hosts have some limitations, such as low yield, high cost, time consuming, virus contamination, and so on. Thus, flexible platforms and efficient methods that can produced phytochemicals are required. The use of heterotrophic microalgae as a host system is interesting because it possibly overcome those obstacles. This paper presents a comprehensive review of heterotrophic microalgal expression host including advantages of heterotrophic microalgae as a host, genetic engineering of microalgae, genetic transformation of microalgae, microalgal engineering for phytochemicals production, challenges of microalgal hosts, key market trends, and future view. Finally, this review might be a directions of the alternative microalgae host for high-value phytochemicals production in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surumpa Jareonsin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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103
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Qin S, Shekher Giri B, Kumar Patel A, Sar T, Liu H, Chen H, Juneja A, Kumar D, Zhang Z, Kumar Awasthi M, Taherzadeh MJ. Resource recovery and biorefinery potential of apple orchard waste in the circular bioeconomy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124496. [PMID: 33302013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review investigate the apple orchard waste (AOW) is potential organic resources to produce multi-product and there sustainable interventions with biorefineries approaches to assesses the apple farm industrial bioeconomy. The thermochemical and biological processes like anaerobic digestion, composting and , etc., that generate distinctive products like bio-chemicals, biofuels, biofertilizers, animal feed and biomaterial, etc can be employed for AOW valorization. Integrating these processes can enhanced the yield and resource recovery sustainably. Thus, employing biorefinery approaches with allied different methods can link to the progression of circular bioeconomy. This review article mainly focused on the different biological processes and thermochemical that can be occupied for the production of waste to-energy and multi-bio-product in a series of reaction based on sustainability. Therefore, the biorefinery for AOW move towards identification of the serious of the reaction with each individual thermochemical and biological processes for the conversion of one-dimensional providences to circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Center for Excellence for Sustainable Polymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankita Juneja
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 402 Walters Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden.
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104
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Nazari MT, Rigueto CVT, Rempel A, Colla LM. Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant produced from agro-industrial by-products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 322:124525. [PMID: 33333395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with efficiencies between 90% and 100% after 2 h of sedimentation in some experimental conditions. Efficiencies higher than 80% were achieved in most tests without pH adjustment during bioflocculations, which shows that the developed method is a promising alternative to traditional Spirulina harvesting techniques. Above all, the development of an eco-friendly fungal-assisted bioflocculation process increases the sustainability of Spirulina biomass for different applications, especially biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Torres Nazari
- Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - César Vinicius Toniciolli Rigueto
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAMV), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo RS, Brazil
| | - Alan Rempel
- Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Maria Colla
- Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAMV), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo RS, Brazil.
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105
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Patel A, Sarkar O, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Valorization of volatile fatty acids derived from low-cost organic waste for lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms-A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124457. [PMID: 33316701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet environmental sustainability goals, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. At present, microbial fermentation for oil production relies on pure sugar-based feedstocks. However, these feedstocks are expensive and are in limited supply. Volatile fatty acids, which are generated as intermediates during anaerobic digestion of organic waste have emerged as a renewable feedstock that has the potential to replace conventional sugar sources for microbial oil production. They comprise short-chain (C2 to C6) organic acids and are employed as building blocks in the chemical industry. The present review discusses the use of oleaginous microorganisms for the production of biofuels and added-value products starting from volatile fatty acids as feedstocks. The review describes the metabolic pathways enabling lipogenesis from volatile fatty acids, and focuses on strategies to enhance lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms by tuning the ratios of volatile fatty acids generated via anaerobic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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106
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Khoo KS, Chong YM, Chang WS, Yap JM, Foo SC, Khoiroh I, Lau PL, Chew KW, Ooi CW, Show PL. Permeabilization of Chlorella sorokiniana and extraction of lutein by distillable CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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107
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Pei XY, Ren HY, Liu BF. Flocculation performance and mechanism of fungal pellets on harvesting of microalgal biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124463. [PMID: 33290984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bioflocculation method assisted by fungal pellets was developed for highly efficient microalgae harvesting. Effects of critical parameters, including flocculation type, temperature, rotation speed and initial pH, on the bioflocculation of fungal Aspergillus niger for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. were investigated. Results showed that the maximum flocculation efficiency of 99.4% was obtained when the fungal pellets were inoculated in the algal solution at the initial pH of 8.0, temperature of 30 °C and rotation speed of 160 rpm for 48 h in BG-11 medium. Furthermore, microscopy examination, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta potential measurement and three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy were used to explore the mechanism of bioflocculation process. It was found that the interaction of fungi and microalgae was related to the surface functional groups of fungal pellets. This study provides a interpretation of conceivable mechanism for microalgal bioflocculation by fungal pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Yuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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108
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Kumar A. Current and Future Perspective of Microalgae for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Feedstock for Biofuels Production. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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109
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Wang Q, Oshita K, Takaoka M. Effective lipid extraction from undewatered microalgae liquid using subcritical dimethyl ether. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:17. [PMID: 33422122 PMCID: PMC7797121 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of lipid extraction from microalgae have focused primarily on dewatered or dried samples, and the processes are simple with high lipid yield. Yet, the dewatering with drying step is energy intensive, which makes the energy input during the lipid production more than energy output from obtained lipid. Thus, exploring an extraction technique for just a thickened sample without the dewatering, drying and auxiliary operation (such as cell disruption) is very significant. Whereas lipid extraction from the thickened microalgae is complicated by the high water content involved, and traditional solvent, hence, cannot work well. Dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent, featuring a high affinity for both water and organic compounds with an ability to penetrate the cell walls has the potential to achieve this goal. RESULTS This study investigated an energy-saving method for lipid extraction using DME as the solvent with an entrainer solution (ethanol and acetone) for flocculation-thickened microalgae. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in terms of extraction time, DME dosage, entrainer dosage, and ethanol:acetone ratio. Optimal extraction occurred after 30 min using 4.2 mL DME per 1 mL microalgae, with an entrainer dosage of 8% at 1:2 ethanol:acetone. Raw lipid yields and its lipid component (represented by fatty acid methyl ester) contents were compared against those of common extraction methods (Bligh and Dryer, and Soxhlet). Thermal gravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and C/H/N elemental analyses were used to examine differences in lipids extracted using each of the evaluated methods. Considering influence of trace metals on biodiesel utilization, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analyses were used to quantify trace metals in the extracted raw lipids, which revealed relatively high concentrations of Mg, Na, K, and Fe. CONCLUSIONS Our DME-based method recovered 26.4% of total raw lipids and 54.4% of total fatty acid methyl esters at first extraction with remnants being recovered by a 2nd extraction. In additional, the DME-based approach was more economical than other methods, because it enabled simultaneous dewatering with lipid extraction and no cell disruption was required. The trace metals of raw lipids indicated a purification demand in subsequent refining process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Cluster C, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Cluster C, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Cluster C, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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110
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Chia WY, Chew KW, Le CF, Lam SS, Chee CSC, Ooi MSL, Show PL. Sustainable utilization of biowaste compost for renewable energy and soil amendments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115662. [PMID: 33254731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acceleration of urbanization and industrialization has resulted in the drastic rise of waste generation with majority of them being biowaste. This constitutes a global challenge since conventional waste management methods (i.e., landfills) present environmental issues including greenhouse gases emissions, leachate formation and toxins release. A sustainable and effective approach to treat biowaste is through composting. Various aspects of composting such as compost quality, composting systems and compost pelletization are summarized in this paper. Common application of compost as fertilizer or soil amendment is presented with focus on the low adoption level of organic waste compost in reality. Rarely known, compost which is easily combustible can be utilized to generate electricity. With the analysis on critical approaches, this review aims to provide a comprehensive study on energy content of compost pellets, which has never been reviewed before. Environmental impacts and future prospects are also highlighted to provide further insights on application of this technology to close the loop of circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Foh Le
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chelsea Siew Chyi Chee
- Mentari Alam EKO (M) Sdn Bhd (MAEKO), 192, Jalan LP 7/4, Kinrara Uptown, Taman Lestari Perdana, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mae See Luan Ooi
- Mentari Alam EKO (M) Sdn Bhd (MAEKO), 192, Jalan LP 7/4, Kinrara Uptown, Taman Lestari Perdana, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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111
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Pigments Production, Growth Kinetics, and Bioenergetic Patterns in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) in Response to Different Culture Media. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work dealt with the study of growth parameters, pigments production, and bioenergetic aspects of the microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta in different culture media. For this purpose, cultures were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks containing F/2 medium, Bold’s Basal medium, or an alternative medium made up of the same constituents of the Bold’s Basal medium dissolved in natural seawater instead of distilled water. D. tertiolecta reached the highest dry cell concentration (Xmax = 1223 mgDM·L−1), specific growth rate (µmax = 0.535 d−1), cell productivity (PX = 102 mgDM·L−1·d−1), and photosynthetic efficiency (PE = 14.54%) in the alternative medium, while the highest contents of carotenoids (52.0 mg·g−1) and chlorophyll (108.0 mg·g−1) in the biomass were obtained in Bold’s Basal medium. As for the bioenergetic parameters, the biomass yield on Gibbs energy dissipation was higher and comparable in both seawater-based media. However, the F/2 medium led to the highest values of moles of photons absorbed to produce 1 C-mol of biomass (nPh), total Gibbs energy absorbed by the photosynthesis (ΔGa) and released heat (Q), as well as the lowest cell concentration, thus proving to be the least suitable medium for D. tertiolecta growth. On the other hand, the highest values of molar development of O2 and consumption of H+ and H2O were obtained in the alternative medium, which also ensured the best kinetic parameters, thereby allowing for the best energy exploitation for cell growth. These results demonstrate that composition of culture medium for microalgae cultivation has different effects on pigments production, growth kinetics, and bioenergetics parameters, which should be taken into consideration for any use of biomass, including as raw material for biofuels production.
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112
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Chia WY, Ying Tang DY, Khoo KS, Kay Lup AN, Chew KW. Nature's fight against plastic pollution: Algae for plastic biodegradation and bioplastics production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 4:100065. [PMID: 36157709 PMCID: PMC9488055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The increased global demand for plastic materials has led to severe plastic waste pollution, particularly to the marine environment. This critical issue affects both sea life and human beings since microplastics can enter the food chain and cause several health impacts. Plastic recycling, chemical treatments, incineration and landfill are apparently not the optimum solutions for reducing plastic pollution. Hence, this review presents two newly identified environmentally friendly approaches, plastic biodegradation and bioplastic production using algae, to solve the increased global plastic waste. Algae, particularly microalgae, can degrade the plastic materials through the toxins systems or enzymes synthesized by microalgae itself while using the plastic polymers as carbon sources. Utilizing algae for plastic biodegradation has been critically reviewed in this paper to demonstrate the mechanism and how microplastics affect the algae. On the other hand, algae-derived bioplastics have identical properties and characteristics as petroleum-based plastics, while remarkably being biodegradable in nature. This review provides new insights into different methods of producing algae-based bioplastics (e.g., blending with other materials and genetic engineering), followed by the discussion on the challenges and further research direction to increase their commercial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yi Chia
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Doris Ying Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Ng Kay Lup
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- Corresponding author. School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia.
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113
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Deprá MC, Severo IA, dos Santos AM, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E. Environmental impacts on commercial microalgae-based products: Sustainability metrics and indicators. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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114
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Ibañez MV, Leonardi RJ, Heinrich JM, Steingroewer J, Walther T, Felix K. A rapid assessment of the radiative properties from a suspension of Chromochloris zofingiensis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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115
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Characterization of Endogenous Auxins and Gibberellins Produced by Chlorella sorokiniana TH01 under Phototrophic and Mixtrophic Cultivation Modes toward Applications in Microalgal Biorefinery and Crop Research. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4910621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been reported to produce endogenous phytohormones including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and abscisic acid. Methanol residual released from microalgal lipid extraction usually contains a variety of bioactive compounds including the phytohormones; however, they are poorly characterized and used for other applications. This study aimed at investigating auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin production of C. sorokiniana TH01 under phototrophic and mixtrophic cultivations. Moreover, endogenous auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins in methanol residual obtained from the algal lipid extraction were characterized using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS toward application for crop and biorefinery research. Data showed that endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), gibberellin A4 (GA4), and gibberellin A7 (GA7) were detected in C. sorokiniana TH01 biomass. Under the phototrophic mode, total auxin and GA levels were reduced to 0.98 and 9.65 μg/g DW under salt stress (20 g NaCl/L) from 3.59 to 24.71 μg/g DW, respectively, measured for the control. Similarly, total auxins and GAs were also decreased to 0.56 and 2.86 μg/g DW, respectively, under mixtrophic growth with 6 g glucose/L. Total auxins and GAs determined in the water algal extract were 1062.7 and 2000.1 μg/L, respectively. Treatment with higher 40% (v/v) of the algal extract triggered earlier seed germination of rice and tomato plants in 2 and 1 days, respectively. Our new findings in capability of C. sorokiniana TH01 in endogenous phytohormone production contain fundamental merits for further optimization of the algal production (i.e., cultivation modes, conditions, lipids, biomass productivity, and hormone levels) to be used for biorefinery.
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