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Yan R. Stepping closer to treating Alzheimer's disease patients with BACE1 inhibitor drugs. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:13. [PMID: 27418961 PMCID: PMC4944430 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease which impairs cognitive function and gradually causes patients to be unable to lead normal daily lives. While the etiology of AD remains an enigma, excessive accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is widely believed to induce pathological changes and cause dementia in brains of AD patients. BACE1 was discovered to initiate the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-secretase site. Only after this cleavage does γ-secretase further cleave the BACE1-cleaved C-terminal APP fragment to release Aβ. Hence, blocking BACE1 proteolytic activity will suppress Aβ generation. Due to the linkage of Aβ to the potential cause of AD, extensive discovery and development efforts have been directed towards potent BACE1 inhibitors for AD therapy. With the recent breakthrough in developing brain-penetrable BACE1 inhibitors, targeting amyloid deposition-mediated pathology for AD therapy has now become more practical. This review will summarize various strategies that have successfully led to the discovery of BACE1 drugs, such as MK8931, AZD-3293, JNJ-54861911, E2609 and CNP520. These drugs are currently in clinical trials and their updated states will be discussed. With the promise of reducing Aβ generation and deposition with no alarming safety concerns, the amyloid cascade hypothesis in AD therapy may finally become validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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102
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Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Blain JF. Gamma Secretase Modulators: New Alzheimer's Drugs on the Horizon? J Med Chem 2016; 59:7389-409. [PMID: 27007185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly aging population desperately requires new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Despite years of pharmaceutical research, limited clinical success has been realized, with several failed disease modification therapies in recent years. On the basis of compelling genetic evidence, the pharmaceutical industry has put a large emphasis on brain beta amyloid (Aβ) either through its removal via antibodies or by targeting the proteases responsible for its production. In this Perspective, we focus on the development of small molecules that improve the activity of one such protease, gamma secretase, through an allosteric binding site to preferentially increase the concentration of the shorter non-amyloidogenic Aβ species. After a few early failures due to poor drug-like properties, the industry is now on the cusp of delivering gamma secretase modulators for clinical proof-of-mechanism studies that combine potency and efficacy with improved drug-like properties such as lower cLogP, high central nervous system multiparameter optimization scores, and high sp(3) character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bryce A Harrison
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jean-François Blain
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Wu YJ, Guernon J, Yang F, Snyder L, Shi J, Mcclure A, Rajamani R, Park H, Ng A, Lewis H, Chang C, Camac D, Toyn JH, Ahlijanian MK, Albright CF, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Targeting the BACE1 Active Site Flap Leads to a Potent Inhibitor That Elicits Robust Brain Aβ Reduction in Rodents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:271-6. [PMID: 26985314 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
By targeting the flap backbone of the BACE1 active site, we discovered 6-dimethylisoxazole-substituted biaryl aminothiazine 18 with 34-fold improved BACE1 inhibitory activity over the lead compound 1. The cocrystal structure of 18 bound to the active site indicated two hydrogen-bond interactions between the dimethylisoxazole and threonine 72 and glutamine 73 of the flap. Incorporation of the dimethylisoxazole substitution onto the related aminothiazine carboxamide series led to pyrazine-carboxamide 26 as a very potent BACE1 inhibitor (IC50 < 1 nM). This compound demonstrated robust brain Aβ reduction in rat dose-response studies. Thus, compound 26 may be useful in testing the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Jason Guernon
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Fukang Yang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Lawrence Snyder
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Andrea Mcclure
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Ramkumar Rajamani
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Alicia Ng
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Hal Lewis
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - ChiehYing Chang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dan Camac
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jeremy H. Toyn
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Michael K. Ahlijanian
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Charles F. Albright
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lorin A. Thompson
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
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Kuhn B, Guba W, Hert J, Banner D, Bissantz C, Ceccarelli S, Haap W, Körner M, Kuglstatter A, Lerner C, Mattei P, Neidhart W, Pinard E, Rudolph MG, Schulz-Gasch T, Woltering T, Stahl M. A Real-World Perspective on Molecular Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4087-102. [PMID: 26878596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a series of small molecule drug discovery case studies where computational methods were prospectively employed to impact Roche research projects, with the aim of highlighting those methods that provide real added value. Our brief accounts encompass a broad range of methods and techniques applied to a variety of enzymes and receptors. Most of these are based on judicious application of knowledge about molecular conformations and interactions: filling of lipophilic pockets to gain affinity or selectivity, addition of polar substituents, scaffold hopping, transfer of SAR, conformation analysis, and molecular overlays. A case study of sequence-driven focused screening is presented to illustrate how appropriate preprocessing of information enables effective exploitation of prior knowledge. We conclude that qualitative statements enabling chemists to focus on promising regions of chemical space are often more impactful than quantitative prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kuhn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Hert
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Banner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Körner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lerner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrizio Mattei
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner Neidhart
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Pinard
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Rudolph
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schulz-Gasch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Woltering
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stahl
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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105
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Kumalo HM, Soliman ME. A comparative molecular dynamics study on BACE1 and BACE2 flap flexibility. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:505-14. [PMID: 26804314 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1130058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme1 (BACE1) and beta-amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme2 (BACE2), members of aspartyl protease family, are close homologs and have high similarity in their protein crystal structures. However, their enzymatic properties are different, which leads to different clinical outcomes. In this study, we performed sequence analysis and all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for both enzymes in their ligand-free states in order to compare their dynamical flap behaviors. This is to enhance our understanding of the relationship between sequence, structure and the dynamics of this protein family. Sequence analysis shows that in BACE1 and BACE2, most of the ligand-binding sites are conserved, indicative of their enzymatic property as aspartyl protease members. The other conserved residues are more or less unsystematically localized throughout the structure. Herein, we proposed and applied different combined parameters to define the asymmetric flap motion; the distance, d1, between the flap tip and the flexible region; the dihedral angle, φ, to account for the twisting motion and the TriCα angle, θ2 and θ1. All four combined parameters were found to appropriately define the observed "twisting" motion during the flaps different conformational states. Additional analysis of the parameters indicated that the flaps can exist in an ensemble of conformations, i.e. closed, semi-open and open conformations for both systems. However, the behavior of the flap tips during simulations is different between BACE1 and BACE2. The BACE1 active site cavity is more spacious as compared to that of BACE2. The analysis of 10S loop and 113S loop showed a similar trend to that of flaps, with the BACE1 loops being more flexible and less stable than those of BACE2. We believe that the results, methods and perspectives highlighted in this report would assist researchers in the discovery of BACE inhibitors as potential Alzheimer's disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kumalo
- a Molecular Modelling & Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville , Durban , South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- a Molecular Modelling & Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville , Durban , South Africa
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106
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Wyss DF, Cumming JN, Strickland CO, Stamford AW. BACE Inhibitors. FRAGMENT-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY LESSONS AND OUTLOOK 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527683604.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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107
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Chambers RK, Khan TA, Olsen DB, Sleebs BE. Synthesis of amino heterocycle aspartyl protease inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4970-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to access 2-amino heterocycle head groups that inhibit aspartyl proteases, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Chambers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
| | | | | | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
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108
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Synthesis of (3S,4S)-4-aminopyrrolidine-3-ol derivatives and biological evaluation for their BACE1 inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:51-4. [PMID: 26608551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, SAR study and BACE1 inhibitory activity of (3S,4S)-4-aminopyrrolidine-3-ol derivatives (2) were described. The compound 7c exhibited more inhibition activity than 11a (IC50: 0.05μM vs 0.12μM, respectively), but the latter was more effective in cell-based assay (IC50: 1.7μM vs 40% inhibition by 7c @ 10μM) due to the relatively higher cell permeability. Most of the compounds showed high selectivity over BACE2 and cathepsin D. This work will provide useful information for further structural modifications to develop potent BACE1 inhibitors in cell.
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109
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Per-Residue Energy Footprints-Based Pharmacophore Modeling as an Enhanced In Silico Approach in Drug Discovery: A Case Study on the Identification of Novel β-Secretase1 (BACE1) Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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110
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Rombouts FJR, Tresadern G, Delgado O, Martínez-Lamenca C, Van Gool M, García-Molina A, Alonso de Diego SA, Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Alonso JM, Austin N, Borghys H, Van Brandt S, Surkyn M, De Cleyn M, Vos A, Alexander R, Macdonald G, Moechars D, Gijsen H, Trabanco AA. 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: From Hit Generation to Orally Bioavailable Brain Penetrant Leads. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8216-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. R. Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Martínez-Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García-Molina
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hana Prokopcova
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Alonso
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Richard Alexander
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie Gijsen
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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112
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Dai Q, Jiang Y, Yu JT, Cheng J. Palladium-catalyzed three-component reaction of N-tosyl hydrazones, isonitriles and amines leading to amidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16645-7. [PMID: 26426254 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06771e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed three-component reaction between N-tosyl hydrazones, aryl isonitriles and amines was developed, leading to amidines in moderate to good yields. This procedure features the rapid construction of amidine frameworks with high diversity and complexity. Ketenimines serve as intermediates, which encounter nucleophilic attack by amines to produce amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dai
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China.
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113
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Sun J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Dong H, Qian Y. IL-17A is implicated in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in aged rats via microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:165. [PMID: 26373740 PMCID: PMC4572693 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is considered a risk factor for impairments in neuronal function and cognition that arise with trauma, infection, and/or disease. IL-17A has been determined to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Recently, IL-17A has been shown to be upregulated in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. This study aims to explore the role of IL-17A in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (500 μg/kg), and IL-17A expression in serum and in the hippocampus was examined 6, 12, 24, and 48 h later. Then, we investigated whether IL-17A-neutralizing antibodies (IL-17A Abs, 1 mg/kg) prevented neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction in aged rats that received LPS (500 μg/kg) injection. In addition, the effect of IL-17A on microglial activation in vitro was determined using ELISA and immunofluorescence. RESULTS LPS injection increased the expression of IL-17A in serum and in the hippocampus. IL-17A Abs improved LPS-induced memory impairment. In addition, IL-17A Abs prevented the LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and inflammatory proteins, and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as the activation of microglia in the brain. IL-17A Abs also inhibited the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1 and increased the expression of the synaptic marker PSD95 in the aged rats treated with LPS. In an in vitro study, we found that recombinant IL-17A could simulate microglial activation and increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that IL-17A was involved in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in aged rats via microglial activation. Anti-IL-17A may represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Susu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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A novel BACE inhibitor NB-360 shows a superior pharmacological profile and robust reduction of amyloid-β and neuroinflammation in APP transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:44. [PMID: 26336937 PMCID: PMC4559881 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, the number of affected individuals is rising, with significant impacts for healthcare systems. Current symptomatic treatments delay, but do not halt, disease progression. Genetic evidence points to aggregation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain being causal for the neurodegeneration and dementia typical of AD. Approaches to target Aβ via inhibition of γ-secretase or passive antibody therapy have not yet resulted in substantial clinical benefits. Inhibition of BACE1 (β-secretase) has proven a challenging concept, but recent BACE1inhibitors can enter the brain sufficiently well to lower Aβ. However, failures with the first clinical BACE1 inhibitors have highlighted the need to generate compounds with appropriate efficacy and safety profiles, since long treatment periods are expected to be necessary in humans. Results Treatment with NB-360, a potent and brain penetrable BACE-1 inhibitor can completely block the progression of Aβ deposition in the brains of APP transgenic mice, a model for amyloid pathology. We furthermore show that almost complete reduction of Aβ was achieved also in rats and in dogs, suggesting that these findings are translational across species and can be extrapolated to humans. Amyloid pathology may be an initial step in a complex pathological cascade; therefore we investigated the effect of BACE-1 inhibition on neuroinflammation, a prominent downstream feature of the disease. NB-360 stopped accumulation of activated inflammatory cells in the brains of APP transgenic mice. Upon chronic treatment of APP transgenic mice, patches of grey hairs appeared. Conclusions In a rapidly developing field, the data on NB-360 broaden the chemical space and expand knowledge on the properties that are needed to make a BACE-1 inhibitor potent and safe enough for long-term use in patients. Due to its excellent brain penetration, reasonable oral doses of NB-360 were sufficient to completely block amyloid-β deposition in an APP transgenic mouse model. Data across species suggest similar treatment effects can possibly be achieved in humans. The reduced neuroinflammation upon amyloid reduction by NB-360 treatment supports the notion that targeting amyloid-β pathology can have beneficial downstream effects on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Hattori Y, Kobayashi K, Deguchi A, Nohara Y, Akiyama T, Teruya K, Sanjoh A, Nakagawa A, Yamashita E, Akaji K. Evaluation of transition-state mimics in a superior BACE1 cleavage sequence as peptide-mimetic BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5626-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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116
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Mateu N, Ciordia M, Delgado O, Sánchez-Roselló M, Trabanco AA, Van Gool M, Tresadern G, Pérez-Benito L, Fustero S. A Versatile Approach to CF3-Containing 2-Pyrrolidones by Tandem Michael Addition-Cyclization: Exemplification in the Synthesis of Amidine Class BACE1 Inhibitors. Chemistry 2015; 21:11719-26. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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117
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Winneroski LL, Schiffler MA, Erickson JA, May PC, Monk SA, Timm DE, Audia JE, Beck JP, Boggs LN, Borders AR, Boyer RD, Brier RA, Hudziak KJ, Klimkowski VJ, Garcia Losada P, Mathes BM, Stout SL, Watson BM, Mergott DJ. Preparation and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3260-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Swedish mutant APP-based BACE1 binding site peptide reduces APP β-cleavage and cerebral Aβ levels in Alzheimer's mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11322. [PMID: 26091071 PMCID: PMC4473678 DOI: 10.1038/srep11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 initiates amyloid-β (Aβ) generation and the resultant cerebral amyloidosis, as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, inhibition of BACE1 has been the focus of a large body of research. The most recent clinical trials highlight the difficulty involved in this type of anti-AD therapy as evidenced by side effects likely due to the ubiquitous nature of BACE1, which cleaves multiple substrates. The human Swedish mutant form of amyloid protein precursor (APPswe) has been shown to possess a higher affinity for BACE1 compared to wild-type APP (APPwt). We pursued a new approach wherein harnessing this greater affinity to modulate BACE1 APP processing activity. We found that one peptide derived from APPswe, containing the β-cleavage site, strongly inhibits BACE1 activity and thereby reduces Aβ production. This peptide, termed APPswe BACE1 binding site peptide (APPsweBBP), was further conjugated to the fusion domain of the HIV-1 Tat protein (TAT) at the C-terminus to facilitate its biomembrane-penetrating activity. APPwt and APPswe over-expressing CHO cells treated with this TAT-conjugated peptide resulted in a marked reduction of Aβ and a significant increase of soluble APPα. Intraperitoneal administration of this peptide to 5XFAD mice markedly reduced β-amyloid deposits as well as improved hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.
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Bel Abed H, Van Brandt SF, Vega JA, Gijsen HJ. Simple approach to the synthesis of novel tricyclic BACE1 inhibitor warhead through β-lactam opening. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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120
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Stahl M, Baier S. How Many Molecules Does It Take to Tell a Story? Case Studies, Language, and an Epistemic View of Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:949-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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121
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tasiamide B derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1963-74. [PMID: 25842365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen new derivatives based on the structure of marine natural product tasiamide B were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against BACE1, a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. The hydrophobic substituents Val at P₃ position, Leu at P₁' position, Ala at P₂' position, and Phe at P₃' position were found to significantly affect the inhibition. Free carboxylic acid at C-terminus was also found to be important to the activity. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) were supported by molecular docking simulation.
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122
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Butler CR, Brodney MA, Beck EM, Barreiro G, Nolan CE, Pan F, Vajdos F, Parris K, Varghese AH, Helal CJ, Lira R, Doran SD, Riddell DR, Buzon LM, Dutra JK, Martinez-Alsina LA, Ogilvie K, Murray JC, Young JM, Atchison K, Robshaw A, Gonzales C, Wang J, Zhang Y, O’Neill BT. Discovery of a Series of Efficient, Centrally Efficacious BACE1 Inhibitors through Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2678-702. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501833t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriela Barreiro
- Departamento
de Inovação, Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A., Avenida Vereador
José Diniz, 3465, Campo Belo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinlong Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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123
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Chen JJ, Liu Q, Yuan C, Gore V, Lopez P, Ma V, Amegadzie A, Qian W, Judd TC, Minatti AE, Brown J, Cheng Y, Xue M, Zhong W, Dineen TA, Epstein O, Human J, Kreiman C, Marx I, Weiss MM, Hitchcock SA, Powers TS, Chen K, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Cheng AC, Bartberger MD, Hickman D, Werner JA, Vargas HM, Everds NE, Vonderfecht SL, Dunn RT, Wood S, Fremeau RT, White RD, Patel VF. Development of 2-aminooxazoline 3-azaxanthenes as orally efficacious β-secretase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:767-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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124
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Abstract
Since its first use in the steroid field in the late 1950s, the use of fluorine in medicinal chemistry has become commonplace, with the small electronegative fluorine atom being a key part of the medicinal chemist's repertoire of substitutions used to modulate all aspects of molecular properties including potency, physical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. This review will highlight the special nature of fluorine, drawing from a survey of marketed fluorinated pharmaceuticals and the medicinal chemistry literature, to illustrate key concepts exploited by medicinal chemists in their attempts to optimize drug molecules. Some of the potential pitfalls in the use of fluorine will also be highlighted.
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125
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Delgado O, Delgado F, Vega JA, Trabanco AA. N-Bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines: Recent applications in central nervous system disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:719-31. [PMID: 25542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel heterobicyclic compounds within the drug-like chemical space continues to be an area of interest in medicinal chemistry. Unsaturated N-bridgehead heterocycles are well represented in marketed drugs for a variety of therapeutic areas, and continue to play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs. Examples of medicinal chemistry strategies that make use of N-bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines are discussed here in this Minireview, which covers the literature from 2010 up to 2014. B1-class imidazopyridines and B3-class pyrazolopyridines have proven to be at the forefront of molecular prototypes that are capable of interacting with disease relevant targets in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisca Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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Epstein O, Bryan MC, Cheng AC, Derakhchan K, Dineen TA, Hickman D, Hua Z, Human JB, Kreiman C, Marx IE, Weiss MM, Wahl RC, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Wood S, Zheng XM, Fremeau RT, White RD, Patel VF. Lead optimization and modulation of hERG activity in a series of aminooxazoline xanthene β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9796-810. [PMID: 25389560 DOI: 10.1021/jm501266w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a series of aminooxazoline xanthene inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is described. An early lead compound showed robust Aβ lowering activity in a rat pharmacodynamic model, but advancement was precluded by a low therapeutic window to QTc prolongation in cardiovascular models consistent with in vitro activity on the hERG ion channel. While the introduction of polar groups was effective in reducing hERG binding affinity, this came at the expense of higher than desired Pgp-mediated efflux. A balance of low Pgp efflux and hERG activity was achieved by lowering the polar surface area of the P3 substituent while retaining polarity in the P2' side chain. The introduction of a fluorine in position 4 of the xanthene ring improved BACE1 potency (5-10-fold). The combination of these optimized fragments resulted in identification of compound 40, which showed robust Aβ reduction in a rat pharmacodynamic model (78% Aβ reduction in CSF at 10 mg/kg po) and also showed acceptable cardiovascular safety in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Epstein
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, §Molecular Structure and Characterization, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Grädler U, Czodrowski P, Tsaklakidis C, Klein M, Werkmann D, Lindemann S, Maskos K, Leuthner B. Structure-based optimization of non-peptidic Cathepsin D inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4141-50. [PMID: 25086681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a novel series of non-peptidic acylguanidine inhibitors of Cathepsin D as target for osteoarthritis. The initial HTS-hits were optimized by structure-based design using CatD X-ray structures resulting in single digit nanomolar potency in the biochemical CatD assay. However, the most potent analogues showed only micromolar activities in an ex vivo glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release assay in bovine cartilage together with low cellular permeability and suboptimal microsomal stability. This new scaffold can serve as a starting point for further optimization towards in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grädler
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Paul Czodrowski
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christos Tsaklakidis
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Klein
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniela Werkmann
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sven Lindemann
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Maskos
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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