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Yang RH, Qi SH, Ruan SB, Lin ZP, Lin Y, Zhang FG, Chen XD, Xie JL. EGFL7-overexpressing epidermal stem cells promotes fibroblast proliferation and migration via mediating cell adhesion and strengthening cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:1-8. [PMID: 27766530 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like family members mediate a wide range of biological activities including cell proliferation and migration. Increasing evidence indicated that EGF plays an important role in the process of wound healing by stimulating fibroblast motility. The aim of this study was to see whether EGF-like domain 7 (EGFL7)-overexpressing epidermal stem cells (EGFL7-ESCs) would promote fibroblast proliferation and migration. We found that mRNA and protein levels of EGFL7 expression were significantly increased in EGFL7-ESCs. The protein expression of EGFL7 was significantly elevated in conditioned media (CM) of EGFL7-ESCs compared to ESCs CM or vector-ESCs CM. The cell count and cell viability of EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts were also significantly increased compared to control. In addition, EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts showed elevated migration compared with control. Moreover, the expressions of β1-integrin, β-tubulin, β-actin, and Vimentin were increased, while that of E-cadherin was decreased in EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts. These results indicate that EGFL7-ESCs contribute towards promoting fibroblast migration through enhancing cell adhesion, strengthening cytoskeleton, and reducing intercellular aggregation. These findings suggest that the stimulating effect of EGFL7-ESCs on fibroblast proliferation and migration may provide a useful strategy for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Hai Qi
- Department of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Bin Ruan
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Peng Lin
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Gang Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ju-Lin Xie
- Department of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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102
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Patrulea V, Ostafe V, Borchard G, Jordan O. Chitosan as a starting material for wound healing applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 97:417-26. [PMID: 26614560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivatives have attracted great attention due to their properties beneficial for application to wound healing. The main focus of the present review is to summarize studies involving chitosan and its derivatives, especially N,N,N-trimethyl-chitosan (TMC), N,O-carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC) and O-carboxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-chitosan (CMTMC), used to accelerate wound healing. Moreover, formulation strategies for chitosan and its derivatives, as well as their in vitro, in vivo and clinical applications in wound healing are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patrulea
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; West University of Timisoara, Department of Biology-Chemistry, Pestalozzi 16, Timisoara 300115, Romania; West University of Timisoara, Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Oituz 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - V Ostafe
- West University of Timisoara, Department of Biology-Chemistry, Pestalozzi 16, Timisoara 300115, Romania; West University of Timisoara, Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Oituz 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - G Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - O Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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103
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Thermal and magnetic properties of chitosan-iron oxide nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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104
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Honardar S, Kordestani SS, Daliri M, NayebHabib F. The effect of chitosan-based gel on second degree burn wounds. J Wound Care 2016; 25:488-94. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.8.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Honardar
- Biomaterial Group, Medical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. S. Kordestani
- Biomaterial Group, Medical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- ChitoTech Company, Khaghani Building, Somayrh Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Daliri
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - F. NayebHabib
- Biomaterial Group, Medical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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105
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Kimura VT, Miyasato CS, Genesi BP, Lopes PS, Yoshida CMP, Silva CFD. The effect of andiroba oil and chitosan concentration on the physical properties of chitosan emulsion film. POLIMEROS 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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106
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Momin M, Kurhade S, Khanekar P, Mhatre S. Novel biodegradable hydrogel sponge containing curcumin and honey for wound healing. J Wound Care 2016; 25:364-72. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.6.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Momin
- Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA-400056
| | - S. Kurhade
- Alkem Laboratories, Taloja, Midc, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA-410208
| | - P. Khanekar
- Sharon Biomedicine Ltd, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703
| | - S. Mhatre
- SGPharma Pvt Ltd, T.T.C. Industrial Area, Mahape, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA-400710 Assurance
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107
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Butko A, Bonat Celli G, Paulson A, Ghanem A. Entrapment of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a succinylated chitosan nanoparticle delivery system and release profile. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:1045-57. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1178519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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108
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Chitosan: A Potential Therapeutic Dressing Material for Wound Healing. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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109
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Chitosan: A Promising Substrate for Regenerative Medicine in Drug Formulation. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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110
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Human Amniotic Membrane as a Biological Source for Regenerative Medicine. PERINATAL TISSUE-DERIVED STEM CELLS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46410-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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111
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Elgadir M, Uddin M, Ferdosh S, Adam A, Chowdhury AJK, Sarker MI. Impact of chitosan composites and chitosan nanoparticle composites on various drug delivery systems: A review. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:619-629. [PMID: 28911477 PMCID: PMC9345468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a promising biopolymer for drug delivery systems. Because of its beneficial properties, chitosan is widely used in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we summarize the physicochemical and drug delivery properties of chitosan, selected studies on utilization of chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticle composites in various drug delivery systems, and selected studies on the application of chitosan films in both drug delivery and wound healing. Chitosan is considered the most important polysaccharide for various drug delivery purposes because of its cationic character and primary amino groups, which are responsible for its many properties such as mucoadhesion, controlled drug release, transfection, in situ gelation, and efflux pump inhibitory properties and permeation enhancement. This review can enhance our understanding of drug delivery systems particularly in cases where chitosan drug-loaded nanoparticles are applied.
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112
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Ogino S, Morimoto N, Sakamoto M, Jinno C, Taira T, Suzuki S. Efficacy of gelatin gel sheets sustaining epidermal growth factor for murine skin defects. J Surg Res 2015; 201:446-54. [PMID: 27020831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in wound healing. However, EGF must be applied daily due to rapid inactivation in vivo. We investigated the sustained release of EGF from gelatin gel sheets (GGSs) and the efficacy of GGSs impregnated with EGF for promoting wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS GGSs impregnated with EGF were prepared by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde to gelatin solution containing EGF. The sustained release of EGF and the bioactivity of released EGF were evaluated. Then, three kinds of GGSs containing NSS (normal saline solution; NSS group), 2.5 μg of EGF (EGF-L group), or 25 μg of EGF (EGF-H group) were applied to full-thickness skin defects created on the backs of mice. The wounds covered with polyurethane film without GGS were used as a control (PUF group). The wound area, neoepithelium length, regenerated granulation tissue, and newly formed capillaries were evaluated. RESULTS EGF was sustained and released from GGS as it degraded. The bioactivity of released EGF was confirmed. EGF-L group promoted the neoepithelium length, regenerated granulation tissue, and newly formed capillaries compared with those in the PUF and NSS groups. The area of regenerated granulation tissue in the NSS group (week 1: 2.6 + 0.2 mm(2), week 2: 2.8 + 0.3 mm(2)) was larger than that in the PUF group (week 1: 0.6 + 0.1 mm(2), week 2: 1.0 + 0.1 mm(2)). The area of newly formed capillaries in the EGF-L group (9967 + 1903 μm(2)) was larger than that of the EGF-H group (3485 + 1050 μm(2)). CONCLUSIONS GGSs impregnated with EGF-L showed promising results regarding wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Ogino
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.
| | - Michiharu Sakamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chizuru Jinno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shigehiko Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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113
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Barbosa GP, Debone HS, Severino P, Souto EB, da Silva CF. Design and characterization of chitosan/zeolite composite films--Effect of zeolite type and zeolite dose on the film properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 60:246-254. [PMID: 26706528 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan films can be used as wound dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds and severe burns. The antimicrobial properties of these films may be enhanced by the addition of silver. Despite the antimicrobial activity of silver, several studies have reported the cytotoxicity as a factor limiting its biomedical applications. This problem may, however, be circumvented by the provision of sustained release of silver. Silver zeolites can be used as drug delivery platforms to extend the release of silver. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of clinoptilolite and A-type zeolites in chitosan films. Sodium zeolites were initially subjected to ion-exchange in a batch reactor. Films were prepared by casting technique using a 2% w/w chitosan solution and two zeolite doses (0.1 or 0.2% w/w). Films were characterized by thermal analysis, color analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and water vapor permeation. The results showed that films present potential for application as dressing. The water vapor permeability is one of the main properties in wound dressings, the best results were obtained for A-type zeolite/chitosan films, which presented a brief reduction of this property in relation to zeolite-free chitosan film. On the other hand, the films containing clinoptilolite showed lower water vapor permeation, which may be also explained by the best distribution of the particles into the polymer which also promoted greater thermal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P Barbosa
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Henrique S Debone
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Universidade Tiradentes, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology & Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC-IBILI), University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Classius F da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.
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114
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Demirci S, Doğan A, Karakuş E, Halıcı Z, Topçu A, Demirci E, Sahin F. Boron and Poloxamer (F68 and F127) Containing Hydrogel Formulation for Burn Wound Healing. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 168:169-80. [PMID: 25893366 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Burn injuries, the most common and destructive forms of wounds, are generally accompanied with life-threatening infections, inflammation, reduced angiogenesis, inadequate extracellular matrix production, and lack of growth factor stimulation. In the current study, a new antimicrobial carbopol-based hydrogel formulated with boron and pluronic block copolymers was evaluated for its healing activity using in vitro cell culture techniques and an experimental burn model. Cell viability, gene expression, and wound healing assays showed that gel formulation increased wound healing potential. In vitro tube-like structure formation and histopathological examinations revealed that gel not only increased wound closure by fibroblastic cell activity, but also induced vascularization process. Moreover, gel formulation exerted remarkable antimicrobial effects against bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Migration, angiogenesis, and contraction-related protein expressions including collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-β1, vimentin, and vascular endothelial growth factor were considerably enhanced in gel-treated groups. Macrophage-specific antigen showed an oscillating expression at the burn wounds, indicating the role of initial macrophage migration to the wound site and reduced inflammation phase. This is the first study indicating that boron containing hydrogel is able to heal burn wounds effectively. The formulation promoted burn wound healing via complex mechanisms including stimulation of cell migration, growth factor expression, inflammatory response, and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selami Demirci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakuş
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ataturk University School of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halıcı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atila Topçu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Demirci
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey.
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115
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Rstakyan VI, Hakobyan AE, Attaryan HS, Hasratyan AG. Synthesis of chitosan salt of 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid and its anti-burn activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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116
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Novel antimicrobial superporous cross-linked chitosan/pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 82:589-98. [PMID: 26388182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, chitosan (CS) was cross-linked with different amounts of pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea moieties. The structure of the cross-linked CS was confirmed by elemental analyses, FTIR and (1)H- NMR spectroscopy. The cross-linking process proceeds via reacting of the amino groups of CS with the isothiocyanate groups of the N,N'-bis [4-(isothiocyanate carbonyl)phenyl] pyromellitimide cross-linker. The amount of the cross-linker was varied with respect to CS to produce four new pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea cross-linked CS (PIBTU-CS) hydrogels designated as PIBTU-CS-1, PIBTU-CS-2, PIBTU-CS-3, and PIBTU-CS-4 of increasing cross-linking degree percent of 11, 22, 44 and 88%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy observation indicates the extremely porous structure of the hydrogels. XRD results showed that the crystallinity of CS was decreased upon cross-linking. The four hydrogels exhibit a higher antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as Gram positive bacteria and against Escherichia coli as Gram negative bacteria and higher antifungal activity on Aspergillus fumigatus, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Geotricum candidum than that of the parent CS as shown from their higher inhibition zone diameters and their lower MIC values. The swell ability of the hydrogel as well as their antimicrobial activity increased with increasing cross-linking density.
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117
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El Sadik AO, El Ghamrawy TA, Abd El-Galil TI. The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chitosan Gel on Full Thickness Skin Wound Healing in Albino Rats: Histological, Immunohistochemical and Fluorescent Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137544. [PMID: 26402454 PMCID: PMC4581728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing involves the integration of complex biological processes. Several studies examined numerous approaches to enhance wound healing and to minimize its related morbidity. Both chitosan and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used in treating skin wounds. The aim of the current work was to compare MSCs versus chitosan in wound healing, evaluate the most efficient route of administration of MSCs, either intradermal or systemic injection, and elicit the mechanisms inducing epidermal and dermal cell regeneration using histological, immunohistochemical and fluorescent techniques. Material and Methods Forty adult male Sprague Dawley albino rats were divided into four equal groups (ten rats in each group): control group (Group I); full thickness surgical skin wound model, Group II: Wound and chitosan gel. Group III: Wound treated with systemic injection of MSCs and Group IV: Wound treated with intradermal injection of MSCs. The healing ulcer was examined on day 3, 5, 10 and 15 for gross morphological evaluation and on day 10 and 15 for histological, immunohistochemical and fluorescent studies. Results Chitosan was proved to promote wound healing more than the control group but none of their wound reached complete closure. Better and faster healing of wounds in MSCs treated groups were manifested more than the control or chitosan treated groups. It was found that the intradermal route of administration of stem cells enhanced the rate of healing of skin wounds better than the systemic administration to the extent that, by the end of the fifteenth day of the experiment, the wounds were completely healed in all rats of this group. Histologically, the wound areas of group IV were hardly demarcated from the adjacent normal skin and showed complete regeneration of the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis and underlying muscle fibers. Collagen fibers were arranged in many directions, with significant increase in their area percent, surrounding fully regenerated hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the dermis of the healed areas more than in other groups. Conclusion MSCs enhanced the healing process of wound closure more than chitosan gel treatment. Furthermore, MSCs injected intradermally, were more efficient in accelerating wound healing than any other mode of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir O. El Sadik
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek A. El Ghamrawy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarek I. Abd El-Galil
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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118
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Morgado PI, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Correia IJ. Asymmetric membranes as ideal wound dressings: An overview on production methods, structure, properties and performance relationship. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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119
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Enhanced biocompatibility and adhesive properties of modified allyl 2-cyanoacrylate-based elastic bio-glues. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:19-23. [PMID: 26057376 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite cyanoacrylate's numerous advantages such as good cosmetic results and fast application for first aid, drawbacks such as brittleness and local tissue toxicity have limited their applicability. In this study, to improve both the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of cyanoacrylate, allyl 2-cyanoacrylate (AC) was pre-polymerized and mixed with poly(L-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone) (PLCL, 50:50) as biodegradable elastomer. For various properties of pre-polymerized AC (PAC)/PLCL mixtures, bond strength, elasticity of flexure test as bending recovery, cell viability, and in vivo test using rat were conducted and enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility were confirmed. Especially, optimal condition for pre-polymerization of AC was determined to 150°C for 40min through cytotoxicity test. Bond strength of PAC/PLCL mixture was decreased (over 10 times) with increasing of PLCL. On the other hand, biocompatibility and flexibility were improved than commercial bio-glue. Optimal PAC/PLCL composition (4g/20mg) was determined through these tests. Furthermore, harmful side effects and infection were not observed by in vivo wound healing test. These results indicate that PAC/PLCL materials can be used widely as advanced bio-glues in various fields.
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120
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Fráguas RM, Rocha DA, Queiroz EDR, Abreu CMPD, Sousa RVD, Oliveira Júnior END. Caracterização química e efeito cicatrizante de quitosana, com baixos valores de massa molar e grau de acetilação, em lesões cutâneas. POLIMEROS 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inúmeras pesquisas buscam fármacos com propriedades cicatrizantes, capazes de reparar lesões cutâneas. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar quimicamente uma quitosana e avaliar seus efeitos cicatrizantes em lesões cutâneas de ratos. A quitosana foi caracterizada quanto à viscosidade, massa molar, grau de acetilação, análise elementar, termogravimetria e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. As propriedades cicatrizantes da quitosana foram avaliadas, para isso ratos adultos foram submetidos à excisão tecidual e tratados por 21 dias, sendo avaliados parâmetros macroscópicos, semanalmente, e microscópicos, ao final do experimento. A quitosana apresentou viscosidade de 5 mPa s, baixo grau de acetilação (GA=5,9%) e massa molar (132,0 kDa). Por análise elementar observou-se que a composição da quitosana se aproxima da fórmula C6H11O4N, suas principais bandas características foram observadas no espectro de infravermelho e a curva termogravimétrica mostrou que esta apresenta somente duas etapas de decomposição. Não houve diferença significativa na histologia, no 21º dia da lesão, entre os grupos controle e tratado, porém, macroscopicamente, a quitosana promoveu redução de 81,4% da largura das lesões, porcentagem significativamente superior à observada no grupo controle (71,2%), auxiliando a cura de lesões cutâneas, o que reforça seu potencial de aplicação médica.
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Gainza G, Villullas S, Pedraz JL, Hernandez RM, Igartua M. Advances in drug delivery systems (DDSs) to release growth factors for wound healing and skin regeneration. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1551-73. [PMID: 25804415 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Current advances in novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) to release growth factors (GFs) represent a great opportunity to develop new therapies or enhance the effectiveness of available medical treatments. These advances are particularly relevant to the field of regenerative medicine, challenging healthcare issues such as wound healing and skin repair. To this end, biocompatible biomaterials have been extensively studied to improve in vivo integration of DDSs, to enhance the bioactivity of the released drugs and to deliver bioactive molecules in a localised and controlled manner. Thus, this review presents an overview of DDSs to release GFs for skin regeneration, particularly emphasising on (i) polymeric micro and nanospheres, (ii) lipid nanoparticles, (iii) nanofibrous structures, (iv) hydrogels and (v) scaffolds. In addition, this review summarises the current animal models available for studying wound healing and the clinical trials and marketed medications based on GF administration indicated for chronic wound treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Chronic wounds currently pose a significant burden worldwide. With advances in science, novel drug delivery systems have been developed for growth factors delivery. In this comprehensive review, the authors highlighted current drug delivery systems for the enhancement of wound healing and their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garazi Gainza
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria, Spain.
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122
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Thomas DR, Walmsley AM. Improved expression of recombinant plant-made hEGF. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1801-14. [PMID: 25048022 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The yield of recombinant hEGF was increased approximately tenfold through a range of optimisations. Further, the recombinant protein was found to have biological activity comparable to commercial hEGF. Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) is a powerful mitogen that can enhance the healing of a wide range of injuries, including burns, cuts, diabetic ulcers and gastric ulcers. However, despite its clinical value, hEGF is only consistently used for the treatment of chronic diabetic ulcers due to its high cost. In this study, hEGF was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and targeted to the apoplast, ER and vacuole. Several other approaches were also included in a stepwise fashion to identify the optimal conditions for the expression of recombinant hEGF. Expression was found to be highest in the vacuole, while targeting hEGF to the ER caused a decrease in total soluble protein (TSP). Using a codon optimised sequence was found to increase vacuolar targeted hEGF yield by ~34 %, while it was unable to increase the yield of ER targeted hEGF. The use of the P19 silencing inhibitor was able to further increase expression by over threefold, and using 5-week-old plants significantly increased expression compared to 4- or 6-week-old-plants. The combined effect of these optimisations increased expression tenfold over the initial apoplast targeted construct to an average yield of 6.24 % of TSP. The plant-made hEGF was then shown to be equivalent to commercial E. coli derived hEGF in its ability to promote the proliferation of mouse keratinocytes. This study supports the potential for plants to be used for the commercial production of hEGF, and identifies a potential limitation for the further improvement of recombinant protein yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rhys Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia,
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123
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In vitro assessment of biopolymer-modified porous silicon microparticles for wound healing applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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124
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Lee KC, Joory K, Moiemen NS. History of burns: The past, present and the future. BURNS & TRAUMA 2014; 2:169-80. [PMID: 27574647 PMCID: PMC4978094 DOI: 10.4103/2321-3868.143620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Burn injuries are one of the most common and devastating afflictions on the human body. In this article we look back at how the treatment of burns has evolved over the centuries from a primarily topical therapy consisting of weird and wonderful topical concoctions in ancient times to one that spans multiple scientific fields of topical therapy, antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, skin excision and grafting, respiratory and metabolic care and nutrition. Most major advances in burn care occurred in the last 50 years, spurred on by wars and great fires. The use of systemic antibiotics and topical silver therapy greatly reduced sepsis related mortality. This along with the advent of antiseptic surgical techniques, burn depth classification and skin grafting allowed the excision and coverage of full-thickness burns which resulted in greatly improved survival rates. Advancements in the methods of assessing the surface area of burns paved way for more accurate fluid resuscitation, minimising the effects of shock and avoiding fluid over-loading. The introduction of metabolic care, nutritional support and care of inhalational injuries further improved the outcome of burn patients. We also briefly discuss some future directions in burn care such as the use of cell and pharmalogical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Chear Lee
- The Healing Foundation Burn Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kavita Joory
- The Healing Foundation Burn Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Naiem S. Moiemen
- The Healing Foundation Burn Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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125
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Hwang HJ, Han S, Jeon S, Seo J, Oh D, Cho SW, Choi YW, Lee S. Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (rhEGF)-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Their Skin Accumulation Properties for Topical rhEGF Delivery. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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126
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Zhang Y, Wang T, He J, Dong J. Growth factor therapy in patients with partial-thickness burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Wound J 2014; 13:354-66. [PMID: 25040572 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) therapy has shown promise in treating a variety of refractory wounds. However, evidence supporting its routine use in burn injury remains uncertain. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis assessing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate efficacy and safety of GFs in the management of partial-thickness burns. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane databases. Endpoint results analysed included wound healing and scar formation. Thirteen studies comprising a total of 1924 participants with 2130 wounds (1131 GF receiving patients versus 999 controls) were identified and included, evaluating the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on partial-thickness burns. Topical application of these agents significantly reduced healing time by 5·02 (95% confidence interval, 2·62 to 7·42), 3·12 (95% CI, 1·11 to 5·13) and 5·1 (95% CI, 4·02 to 6·18) days, respectively, compared with standard wound care alone. In addition, scar improvement following therapy with FGF and EGF was evident in terms of pigmentation, pliability, height and vascularity. No significant increase in adverse events was observed in patients receiving GFs. These results suggested that GF therapy could be an effective and safe add-on to standard wound care for partial-thickness burns. High-quality, adequately powered trials are needed to further confirm the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinguang He
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Dong
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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127
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A novel strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds based on the topical administration of rhEGF-loaded lipid nanoparticles: In vitro bioactivity and in vivo effectiveness in healing-impaired db/db mice. J Control Release 2014; 185:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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128
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da Silva Melo M, Procópio Alves L, Navarro RS, de Lima CJ, Munin E, das Graças Vilela-Goulart M, Fernandes Gomes M, Castillo Salgado MA, Zângaro RA. Experimental full-thickness burns induced by CO2 laser. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1709-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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129
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Atalay S, Coruh A, Deniz K. Stromal vascular fraction improves deep partial thickness burn wound healing. Burns 2014; 40:1375-83. [PMID: 24572074 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The practice of early burn wound excision and wound closure by immediate autologous skin or skin substitutes is the preferred treatment in extensive deep partial and full-thickness burns. To date there is no proven definite medical treatment to decrease burn wound size and accelerate burn wound healing in modern clinical practice. Stromal vascular fraction is an autologous mixture that has multiple proven beneficial effects on different kinds of wounds. In our study, we investigated the effects of stromal vascular fraction on deep partial-thickness burn wound healing. METHODS In this study, 20 Wistar albino rats were used. Inguinal adipose tissue of the rats was surgically removed and stromal vascular fraction was isolated. Thereafter, deep second-degree burns were performed on the back of the rats by hot water. The rats were divided into two groups in a randomized fashion. The therapy group received stromal vascular fraction, whereas the control group received only physiologic serum by intradermal injection. Assessment of the burn wound healing between the groups was carried out by histopathologic and immuno-histochemical data. RESULTS Stromal vascular fraction increased vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen index, and reduced inflammation of the burn wound. Furthermore, vascularization and fibroblastic activity were achieved earlier and observed to be at higher levels in the stromal vascular fraction group. CONCLUSIONS Stromal vascular fraction improves burn wound healing by increasing cell proliferation and vascularization, reducing inflammation, and increasing fibroblastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Atalay
- Private Medisu Hospital, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Atilla Coruh
- Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Plastic Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery , Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Deniz
- Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology, Kayseri, Turkey
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130
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Zeng F, Harris RC. Epidermal growth factor, from gene organization to bedside. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:2-11. [PMID: 24513230 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1962, epidermal growth factor (EGF) was discovered by Dr. Stanley Cohen while studying nerve growth factor (NGF). It was soon recognized that EGF is the prototypical member of a family of peptide growth factors that activate the EGF receptors, and that the EGF/EGF receptor signaling pathway plays important roles in proliferation, differentiation and migration of a variety of cell types, especially in epithelial cells. After the basic characterization of EGF function in the first decade or so after its discovery, the studies related to EGF and its signaling pathway have extended to a broad range of investigations concerning its biological and pathophysiological roles in development and in human diseases. In this review, we briefly describe the gene organization and tissue distribution of EGF, with emphasis on its biological and pathological roles in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zeng
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States.
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131
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You DH, Nam MJ. Effects of human epidermal growth factor gene-transfected mesenchymal stem cells on fibroblast migration and proliferation. Cell Prolif 2014; 46:408-15. [PMID: 23869762 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We were interested in determining whether epidermal growth factor gene-transfected mesenchymal stem cells (EGF-MSC) would accelerate fibroblast migration and proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibroblasts were cultured in serum-free conditioned media from EGF-MSC; RT-PCR was performed to detect expression of EGF gene in EGF-MSCs. EGF protein levels in cell culture supernatants from EGF-MSC were assayed by ELISA and proliferation of EGF-MSC-treated fibroblasts was performed using MTT assay. Effects of EGF-MSC on fibroblast migration were evaluated using scratch wound and transmigration assays. Cell adhesion molecules, cell dynamics molecules and phospho-(Ser) kinase substrate expressions of EGF-MSC-treated fibroblasts were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS EGF gene expression increased in EGF-MSCs and viability of EGF-MSC-treated fibroblasts was elevated. EGF-MSC-treated fibroblasts showed increased migration compared to controls. Expressions of cell adhesion molecules (β-catenin, N-cadherin), cell dynamics molecules (cofilin, ezrin) and phospho-(Ser) kinase substrates (phospho-MAPK/CDK substrate, phospho-Arg-(Ser)-X-Tyr/Phe-X-pSer motif) increased in EGF-MSC-treated fibroblasts. These results imply that EGF-MSCs contributed to enhancing the wound healing process by increased cell adhesion, dynamic effects, fibroblast migration, and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that EGF-MSCs had a positive influence on fibroblast migration and proliferation and EGF-MSC may provide a useful strategy for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H You
- Department of Biological Science, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, 406-799, Korea
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132
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Maeng JH, Bang BW, Lee E, Kim J, Kim HG, Lee DH, Yang SG. Endoscopic application of EGF-chitosan hydrogel for precipitated healing of GI peptic ulcers and mucosectomy-induced ulcers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:573-582. [PMID: 24338378 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has become a standard diagnostic tool for GI ulcers and cancer. In this study we studied endoscopic application of epidermal growth factor-containing chitosan hydrogel (EGF-CS gel) for treatment of GI ulcer. We hypothesized that directional ulcer-coating using EGF-CS gel via endoscope would precipitate ulcer-healing. EGF-CS gel was directly introduced to the ulcer-region after ulceration in acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer (AAU) and mucosal resection-induced gastric ulcer (MRU) rabbit and pig models. The ulcer dimensions and mucosal thicknesses were estimated and compared with those in the control group. Healing efficacy was more closely evaluated by microscopic observation of the ulcer after histological assays. In the AAU model, the normalized ulcer size of the gel-treated group was 2.3 times smaller than that in the non-treated control group on day 3 after ulceration (P < 0.01). In the MRU model, the normalized ulcer size of the gel-treated group was 5.4 times smaller compared to that in the non-treated control group on day 1 after ulceration (P < 0.05). Histological analysis supported the ability of EGF-CS gel to heal ulcers. The present study suggests that EGF-CS gel is a promising candidate for treating gastric bleeding and ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Maeng
- Utah-Inha DDS and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, Incheon, 400-712, South Korea
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133
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Songur MK, Akdemir O, Lineaweaver WC, Cavusoglu T, Ozsarac M, Aktug H, Songur E, Tiftikcioglu YO. Comparison of skin effects of immediate treatment modalities in experimentally induced hydrofluoric acid skin burns. Int Wound J 2014; 12:716-23. [PMID: 24618130 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns cause immediate damage and painful long-term sequellae. Traditionally, chelating agents have been used as the initial treatment for such burns. We have introduced epidermal growth factor (EGF) into an HF model to compare EGF with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) treatments; 40 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Each rat suffered a 6 × 4 cm(2) burn induced by 40% HF. Group 1 had no treatment, group 2 had saline injected beneath the burn, group 3 received magnesium sulphate injections, group 4 received calcium gluconate and group 5 received EGF. Specimens were evaluated via planimetry and biopsy at intervals of 4, 8, 24 and 72 hours. Fluid losses were significantly less in the Mg(2+) and EGF groups. The EGF group had the smallest burn area, least oedema, least polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) infiltration, most angiogenesis and highest fibroblast proliferation of any group (P < 0·005). EGF limited HF damage morphologically and histologically more effectively than Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). This finding indicates that HF treatment via growth factors may be an improvement over chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem K Songur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ovunc Akdemir
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Department Of Plastic, Reconstructive And Aesthetic Surgery, Joseph M. Still Burn and Reconstructive Center, Brandon, MS, USA
| | - Turker Cavusoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Ozsarac
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aktug
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ecmel Songur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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134
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Kumar PTS, Praveen G, Raj M, Chennazhi KP, Jayakumar R. Flexible, micro-porous chitosan–gelatin hydrogel/nanofibrin composite bandages for treating burn wounds. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin nanoparticles were incorporated into a chitosan–gelatin hydrogel matrix to develop a composite bandage with wound-healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. T. Sudheesh Kumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
- Kochi-682041
- India
| | - G. Praveen
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
- Kochi-682041
- India
| | - Mincy Raj
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
- Kochi-682041
- India
| | - K. P. Chennazhi
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
- Kochi-682041
- India
| | - R. Jayakumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
- Kochi-682041
- India
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135
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Mac Cornick S, de Noronha SAAC, Chominski V, de Noronha SMR, Ferreira LM, Gragnani A. Clinical Use of Growth Factors in the Improvement of Skin Wound Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2014.44032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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136
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Natural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing. Int J Pharm 2013; 463:127-36. [PMID: 24368109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, health care professionals faced with an increasing number of patients suffering from wounds and burns difficult to treat and heal. During the wound healing process, the dressing protects the injury and contributes to the recovery of dermal and epidermal tissues. Because their biocompatibility, biodegradability and similarity to macromolecules recognized by the human body, some natural polymers such as polysaccharides (alginates, chitin, chitosan, heparin, chondroitin), proteoglycans and proteins (collagen, gelatin, fibrin, keratin, silk fibroin, eggshell membrane) are extensively used in wounds and burns management. Obtained by electrospinning technique, some synthetic polymers like biomimetic extracellular matrix micro/nanoscale fibers based on polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyacrylic acid, poly-ɛ-caprolactone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, exhibit in vivo and in vitro wound healing properties and enhance re-epithelialization. They provide an optimal microenvironment for cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, peculiar structure and good mechanical properties. Thus, synthetic polymers are used also in regenerative medicine for cartilage, bone, vascular, nerve and ligament repair and restoration. Biocompatible with fibroblasts and keratinocytes, tissue engineered skin is indicated for regeneration and remodeling of human epidermis and wound healing improving the treatment of severe skin defects or partial-thickness burn injuries.
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137
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Wan AC, Tai BC. CHITIN — A promising biomaterial for tissue engineering and stem cell technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1776-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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138
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Kılıç Ç, Güleç Peker EG, Acartürk F, Kılıçaslan SMS, Çoşkun Cevher Ş. Investigation of the effects of local glutathione and chitosan administration on incisional oral mucosal wound healing in rabbits. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:499-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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139
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Poranki D, Whitener W, Howse S, Mesen T, Howse E, Burnell J, Greengauz-Roberts O, Molnar J, Van Dyke M. Evaluation of skin regeneration after burns in vivo and rescue of cells after thermal stress in vitro following treatment with a keratin biomaterial. J Biomater Appl 2013; 29:26-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328213513310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thermal burns typically display an injury pattern dictated by the transfer of the thermal energy into the skin and underlying tissues and creation of three zones of injury represented by a necrotic zone of disrupted cells and tissue, an intermediate zone of injured and dying cells, and a distant zone of stressed cells that will recover with proper treatment. The wound healing capabilities of a keratin biomaterial hydrogel were studied in two pilot studies, one using a chemical burn model in mice and the other a thermal burn model in swine. In both studies, keratin was shown to prevent enlargement of the initial wound area and promote faster wound closure. Interestingly, treating thermally stressed dermal fibroblast in culture demonstrated that soluble keratin was able to maintain cell viability and promote proliferation. Separation of so-called alpha and gamma fractions of the keratin biomaterial had differential effects, with the gamma fraction producing more pronounced cell survival and recovery. These results suggest that the gamma fraction, composed essentially of degraded alpha keratin proteins, may facilitate cell rescue after thermal injury. Treatment of burns with gamma keratin may therefore represent a potential therapy for wounds with an intermediate zone of damaged tissue that has the potential to contribute to spontaneous healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poranki
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Whitener
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - S Howse
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - T Mesen
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - E Howse
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - J Burnell
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - O Greengauz-Roberts
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - J Molnar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - M Van Dyke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Virginia Tech – Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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140
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Lee JH, Bae IH, Choi JK, Park JW. Evaluation of a Highly Skin Permeable Low-Molecular-Weight Protamine Conjugated Epidermal Growth Factor for Novel Burn Wound Healing Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4109-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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141
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Dextran-based hydrogel containing chitosan microparticles loaded with growth factors to be used in wound healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2958-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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142
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Busilacchi A, Gigante A, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Manzotti S, Muzzarelli RAA. Chitosan stabilizes platelet growth factors and modulates stem cell differentiation toward tissue regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:665-76. [PMID: 23987397 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The idea of using chitosan as a functional delivery aid to support simultaneously PRP, stem cells and growth factors (GF) is associated with the intention to use morphogenic biomaterials to modulate the natural healing sequence in bone and other tissues. For example, chitosan-chondroitin sulfate loaded with platelet lysate was included in a poly(D,L-lactate) foam that was then seeded with human adipose-derived stem cells and cultured in vitro under osteogenic stimulus: the platelet lysate provided to the bone tissue the most suitable assortment of GF which induces the osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells. PDGF, FGF, IGF and TGF-β were protagonists in the repair of callus fractures. The release of GF from the composites of chitosan-PRP and either nano-hydroxyapatite or tricalcium phosphate was highly beneficial for enhancing MSC proliferation and differentiation, thus qualifying chitosan as an excellent vehicle. A number of biochemical characteristics of chitosan exert synergism with stem cells in the regeneration of soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Busilacchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy
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143
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Venkataraman M, Nagarsenker M. Silver sulfadiazine nanosystems for burn therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:254-64. [PMID: 23274734 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to formulate stable silver sulfadiazine (SSD) nanosuspensions and nanogels suitable for topical delivery with a view to increase bactericidal activity in burn therapy. SSD nanosuspensions were formulated using the microprecipitation-high-pressure homogenization technique. An optimized microsuspension of 0.5% SSD formulated with 6% Cremophor EL and 4% Lauroglycol 90 was subjected to 30 cycles of 1,000-bar pressure to give a nanosuspension with an average particle size of 367.85 nm. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that ovoid- to rectangular-shaped SSD particles were present as clusters. It was evident through X-ray diffraction studies that SSD was present in amorphous state both in microprecipitate and in nanosuspension. SSD (0.5%) nanogels were prepared using 1% Carbopol 974 P for topical delivery of nanosized SSD. In vitro release studies demonstrated that SSD release was faster from solutions and nanosuspensions compared to gel formulation owing to the influence of the gel matrix on SSD release. The bacterial inhibitory efficiency of SSD nanosuspension was as good as that of SSD solution against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vivo studies revealed that a nanogel containing 0.5% SSD was more effective in wound healing compared to 0.5% and 1% marketed cream.
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144
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Silver/chitosan/cellulose fibers foam composites: From synthesis to antibacterial properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 393:411-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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145
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Kaltalioglu K, Coskun-Cevher S, Tugcu-Demiroz F, Celebi N. PDGF supplementation alters oxidative events in wound healing process: a time course study. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:415-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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146
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Shokrgozar MA, Fattahi M, Bonakdar S, Ragerdi Kashani I, Majidi M, Haghighipour N, Bayati V, Sanati H, Saeedi SN. Healing potential of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on a collagen-based scaffold for skin regeneration. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 16:68-76. [PMID: 22801279 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1053.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound healing of burned skin remains a major goal in public health. Previous reports showed that the bone marrow stem cells were potent in keratinization and vascularization of full thickness skin wounds. METHODS In this study, mesenchymal stem cells were derived from rat adipose tissues and characterized by flowcytometry. Staining methods were used to evaluate their differentiation ability. A collagen-chitosan scaffold was prepared by freeze-drying method and crosslinked by carbodiimide-based crosslinker. RESULTS The results of immunecytochemistry and PCR experiments confirmed the adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) in differentiation to the keratinocytes under the treatment of keratinocyte growth factor. The isolated ASC were seeded on the scaffolds and implanted at the prepared wounds. The scaffolds without cells were considered as a control and implanted on the other side of the rat. Histopathological analyses confirmed the formation of new tissue on the scaffold-cell side after 14 days with the formation of dermis and epidermis. CONCLUSION These results indicated the capacity of ASC in differentiation to keratinocytes and also wound healing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Fattahi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Majidi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Bayati
- Dept. of Anatomy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Sanati
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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147
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Citgez B, Cengiz AN, Akgun I, Uludag M, Yetkin G, Bahat N, Ozcan O, Polat N, Akcakaya A, Karatepe O. Effects of chitosan on healing and strength of colonic anastomosis in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:707-12. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate whether chitosan application over colonic anastomosis line, provide reinforcement, and subsequently improve anastomotic healing. METHODS: Forty eight Wistar albino female rats were used and were randomly divided into four groups, 12 rats in each: The control groups (1 and 3) received no further treatment. The experimental groups (2 and 4) received chitosan application over the colonic anastomosis. After sacrifying rats at the end of the experiment (either on day three or on day seven, depending on the group), colonic bursting pressure, a hihydroxyproline level and histopathologic characteristics of the perianastomotic tissue were examined. RESULTS: At three days, chitosan and control groups had similar values for histopathologically. On day seven, chitosan group had significantly higher mean score of collagenization (p=0.007) and a significantly higher bursting pressure (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: Our study emphasizes the positive effect of chitosan in the process of collagenation in colonic anastomosis healing.
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148
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Estevam L, Debone H, Yoshida C, da Silva C. Adsorption of Bovine Serum and Bovine Haemoglobin onto Chitosan Film. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.30.8-9.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L.S. Estevam
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus de Diadema, CEP 09972-270, Diadema SP, Brasil
| | - H.S. Debone
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus de Diadema, CEP 09972-270, Diadema SP, Brasil
| | - C.M.P. Yoshida
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus de Diadema, CEP 09972-270, Diadema SP, Brasil
| | - C.F. da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus de Diadema, CEP 09972-270, Diadema SP, Brasil
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149
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Li X, Nan K, Li L, Zhang Z, Chen H. In vivo evaluation of curcumin nanoformulation loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-chitosan composite film for wound healing application. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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150
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Takei T, Nakahara H, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Synthesis of a chitosan derivative soluble at neutral pH and gellable by freeze-thawing, and its application in wound care. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:686-93. [PMID: 22023751 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chitosan hydrogels exhibit an acidic nature and contain unfavorable additives because (i) chitosan is soluble only in acidic solutions and (ii) toxic chemicals or proteins of non-human origin that serve as antigens are necessary for preparing chitosan hydrogels. These characteristics of the chitosan hydrogels limit their possibilities as wound dressings. In this study, a chitosan-gluconic acid conjugate is developed, soluble in an aqueous solution at neutral pH and gellable by freeze-thawing (cryogelation) without using additives. The viability of L929 fibroblasts cultured in the presence of the chitosan derivative for 24 h was >96%. The degradation rate of the corresponding chitosan cryogels by lysozyme was tunable via the derivative concentration in the gels. The gels had low cellular adhesiveness. The gels promoted the accumulation of inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which have the potential to release chemical mediators effective for wound healing, in full-thickness skin wounds in rats and accelerated the healing of the wounds. These results demonstrate that cryogels are promising for wound care.
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