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Marcaurelle LA, Johannes CW. Application of natural product-inspired diversity-oriented synthesis to drug discovery. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 66:187, 189-216. [PMID: 18416306 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have played a critical role in the identification of numerous medicines. Synthetic organic chemistry and combinatorial chemistry strategies such as diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) have enabled the synthesis of natural product-like compounds. The combination of these approaches has both improved the desired biological properties of natural products as well as the identification of novel compounds. Diversity concepts and strategies to access novel compounds inspired by natural products will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA.
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102
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Das SK, Panda G. β-Hydroxy-α-tosyloxy esters as chiral building blocks for the enantioselective synthesis of benzo-annulated oxa-heterocycles: scope and limitations. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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103
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Magedov IV, Manpadi M, Ogasawara MA, Dhawan AS, Rogelj S, Van Slambrouck S, Steelant WFA, Evdokimov NM, Uglinskii PY, Elias EM, Knee EJ, Tongwa P, Antipin MY, Kornienko A. Structural simplification of bioactive natural products with multicomponent synthesis. 2. antiproliferative and antitubulin activities of pyrano[3,2-c]pyridones and pyrano[3,2-c]quinolones. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2561-70. [PMID: 18361483 DOI: 10.1021/jm701499n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrano[3,2- c]pyridone and pyrano[3,2- c]quinolone structural motifs are commonly found in alkaloids manifesting diverse biological activities. As part of a program aimed at structural simplification of bioactive natural products utilizing multicomponent synthetic processes, we developed compound libraries based on these privileged heterocyclic scaffolds. The selected library members display low nanomolar antiproliferative activity and induce apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies reveal that these compounds induce cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and block in vitro tubulin polymerization. Because of the successful clinical use of microtubule-targeting agents, these heterocyclic libraries are expected to provide promising new leads in anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Magedov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA.
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104
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Quinn RJ, Carroll AR, Pham NB, Baron P, Palframan ME, Suraweera L, Pierens GK, Muresan S. Developing a drug-like natural product library. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:464-468. [PMID: 18257534 DOI: 10.1021/np070526y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Addressing drug-like/lead-like properties of biologically active small molecules early in a lead generation program is the current paradigm within the drug discovery community. Lipinski's "rule of five" has become the most commonly used tool to assess the relationship between structures and drug-like properties. Sixty percent of the 126 140 unique compounds in The Dictionary of Natural Products had no violations of Lipinski's "rule of five". We have isolated 814 natural products based on their expected drug-like/lead-like properties to generate a natural product library (NPL) in which 85% of the isolated compounds had no Lipinski violations. The library demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining natural products known for rich chemical diversity with the required physicochemical properties for drug discovery. The knowledge generated in creation of the library of structurally characterized pure natural products may provide opportunities to front-load lead-like property space in natural product drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
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105
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Rogerio AP, Fontanari C, Borducchi E, Keller AC, Russo M, Soares EG, Albuquerque DA, Faccioli LH. Anti-inflammatory effects of Lafoensia pacari and ellagic acid in a murine model of asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:262-70. [PMID: 18021768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari inhibits eosinophilic inflammation induced by Toxocara canis infection, and that ellagic acid is the secondary metabolite responsible for the anti-eosinophilic activity seen in a model of beta-glucan peritonitis. In the present study, we investigated the preventive and curative effects of L. pacari extract and ellagic acid on allergic lung inflammation using a murine model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, preventive (22-day) treatment with L. pacari (200 mg/kg) and ellagic acid (10 mg/kg) inhibited neutrophil counts (by 75% and 57%) and eosinophil counts (by 78% and 68%). L. pacari reduced IL-4 and IL-13 levels (by 67% and 73%), whereas ellagic acid reduced IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 (by 67%, 88% and 85%). To investigate curative anti-inflammatory effects, we treated mice daily with ellagic acid (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), also treating selected mice with L. pacari (200 mg/kg) from day 18 to day 22. The highest ellagic acid dose reduced neutrophil and eosinophil numbers (by 59% and 82%), inhibited IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 (by 62%, 61%, and 49%). Neither L. pacari nor ellagic acid suppressed ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness or cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in lung homogenates. In mice treated with ellagic acid (10 mg/kg) or L. pacari (200 mg/kg) at 10 min after the second ovalbumin challenge, eosinophil numbers were 53% and 69% lower, respectively. Cytokine levels were unaffected by this treatment. L. pacari and ellagic acid are effective eosinophilic inflammation suppressors, suggesting a potential for treating allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
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106
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Magedov IV, Manpadi M, Slambrouck SV, Steelant WFA, Rozhkova E, Przheval'skii NM, Rogelj S, Kornienko A. Discovery and investigation of antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of new heterocyclic podophyllotoxin analogues accessible by a one-step multicomponent synthesis. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5183-92. [PMID: 17894480 DOI: 10.1021/jm070528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin has been extensively used as a lead agent in the development of new anticancer drugs. On the basis of the previously reported simplified 4-aza-2,3-didehydro podophyllotoxin analogues, we implemented a bioisosteric replacement of the methylenedioxybenzene subunit with a pyrazole moiety to afford tetracyclic dihydropyridopyrazoles. Libraries of these structurally simple analogues are prepared by a straightforward one-step multicomponent synthesis and demonstrated to display antiproliferative properties in a number of human cancer cell lines. These new heterocycles potently induce apoptosis in cancerous Jurkat cells even after a short 24 h exposure. In contrast, no apoptosis is detected in primary lymphocytes under the same treatment conditions. The ease of synthesis and encouraging biological activities make the presented library of dihydropyridopyrazoles promising new leads in anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Magedov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Timiryazev Agriculture Academy, Moscow 127550, Russia.
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107
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Harvey AL. Natural products as a screening resource. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:480-4. [PMID: 17884696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been the most productive source of leads for new drugs, but they are currently out of fashion with the pharmaceutical industry. New approaches to sourcing novel compounds from untapped areas of biodiversity coupled with the technical advances in analytical techniques (such as microcoil NMR and linked LC-MS-NMR) have removed many of the difficulties in using natural products in screening campaigns. As the 'chemical space' occupied by natural products is both more varied and more drug-like than that of combinatorial chemical collections, synthetic and biosynthetic methods are being developed to produce screening libraries of natural product-like compounds. A renaissance of drug discovery inspired by natural products can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Harvey
- Strathclyde Institute for Drug Research, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK.
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108
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Schwarz O, Jakupovic S, Ambrosi HD, Haustedt LO, Mang C, Müller-Kuhrt L. Natural Products in Parallel Chemistry––Novel 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors from BIOS-Based Libraries Starting from α-Santonin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1104-13. [PMID: 17850107 DOI: 10.1021/cc700098t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a concept known as biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS), which targets the design and synthesis of small- to medium-sized compound libraries on the basis of genuine natural product templates to provide screening compounds with high biological relevance. We herein describe the parallel solution phase synthesis of two BIOS-based libraries starting from alpha-santonin (1). Modification of the sesquiterpene lactone 1 by introduction of a thiazole moiety followed by a Lewis-acid-mediated lactone opening yielded a first library of natural product analogues. An acid-mediated dienone-phenol rearrangement of 1 and a subsequent etherification/amidation sequence led to a second natural product-based library. After application of a fingerprint-based virtual screening on these compounds, the biological screening of 23 selected library members against 5-lipoxygenase resulted in the discovery of four potent novel inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schwarz
- Analyticon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
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109
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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110
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Li F, Yang B, Miller MJ, Zajicek J, Noll BC, Möllmann U, Dahse HM, Miller PA. Iminonitroso Diels-Alder reactions for efficient derivatization and functionalization of complex diene-containing natural products. Org Lett 2007; 9:2923-6. [PMID: 17602642 DOI: 10.1021/ol071322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A remarkably efficient method for derivatization of complex diene-containing natural products by using stabilized iminonitroso Diels-Alder reactions is described. Turimycin H3, ergosterol, reductiomycin, isoforocidin, colchicine and thebaine were found to react with nitrosopyridines in a highly efficient regio- and stereoselective fashion. Preliminary bioactivity evaluations of turimycin cycloadducts are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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111
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McArdle BM, Quinn RJ. Identification of protein fold topology shared between different folds inhibited by natural products. Chembiochem 2007; 8:788-98. [PMID: 17429823 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have withstood the test of time as therapeutics, but new lead-generation strategies have focussed away from natural products. A new approach that uses natural-product recognition to drive an understanding of biological space might provide an impetus for renewed focus on natural-product starting points. Protein fold topology (PFT) has been shown to be an underlying factor for natural-product recognition. An investigation of natural product inhibitors of the Zincin-like fold has demonstrated their capacity also to inhibit targets of different fold types. Analysis of crystal structure complexes for natural products cocrystallised within different fold types has shown similarity at the PFT level. Two new PFT(T) (where subscript T denotes PFT shared between therapeutic targets) relationships have been established: the Zincin-like- metallohydrolase/oxidoreductase PFT(T) and the Zincin-like-phosphorylase/hydrolase PFT(T). The PFT relationship between a natural product's biosynthetic enzyme and therapeutic target, and now between different fold targets of the same natural product, suggests that PFT is the simplest descriptor of biological space. This fundamental factor for recognition could facilitate a rational approach to drug development guided by natural products.
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112
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Rogerio AP, Cardoso CR, Fontanari C, Souza MA, Afonso-Cardoso SR, Silva EV, Koyama NS, Basei FL, Soares EG, Calixto JB, Stowell SR, Dias-Baruffi M, Faccioli LH. Anti-asthmatic potential of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex. Glycobiology 2007; 17:795-804. [PMID: 17522108 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from the plant Synadenium carinatum latex are widely and indiscriminately used in popular medicine to treat a great number of inflammatory disorders and although the mechanisms underlying these effects remain undefined, the lectin isolated from S. carinatum latex (ScLL) is thought to be in part responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects. In order to elucidate possible immunoregulatory activities of ScLL, we investigated the effects of ScLL administration in models of acute and chronic inflammation. Oral administration of ScLL significantly inhibited neutrophil and eosinophil extravasation in models of acute and chronic inflammation and reduced eosinophil and mononuclear blood counts during chronic inflammation. ScLL administration reduced IL(interleukin)-4 and IL-5 levels but increased interferon-gamma and IL-10 in an asthma inflammatory model, which suggested that it might induce a TH2 to TH1 shift in the adaptive immune response. ScLL also inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, a negative regulator of proinflammatory NF-kappaB. Taken together, these results provide the first description of a single factor isolated from S. carinatum latex extract with immunoregulatory functions and suggest that ScLL may be useful in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
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113
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Hoshina Y, Yamada Y, Tanaka H, Doi T, Takahashi T. Synthesis of fluorescent-labeled aeruginosin derivatives for high-throughput fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assays. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2904-7. [PMID: 17350836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and solid-phase synthesis of effective fluorescent-labeled aeruginosin derivatives and their application to the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)-based competitive binding assay of an aeruginosin library are described. The phenolic hydroxyl group on the (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid (d-Hpla) residue was observed to be suitable for connecting Rhodamine green derivative with minimum loss of biological activity. In addition, the FCS-based binding assay of the library using fluorescent-labeled chemical probes was also achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Hoshina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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114
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Umarye JD, Lessmann T, García AB, Mamane V, Sommer S, Waldmann H. Biology-Oriented Synthesis of Stereochemically Diverse Natural-Product-Derived Compound Collections by Iterative Allylations on a Solid Support. Chemistry 2007; 13:3305-19. [PMID: 17310497 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A strategy aiming at the introduction of stereocenters into polymer-bound natural-product-derived and -inspired compound collections is presented. Treatment of immobilized aldehydes with Brown's pinene-derived allylboranes results in the stereoselective formation of homoallylic alcohols with up to 89 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess). Subsequent iterative ozonolysis-allylation sequences with up to three allylations on a solid support give access to 1,3-polyols with different relative configurations. Esterification with acryloyl chloride and final ring-closing metathesis yields alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactones with multiply oxygenated side chains, a substructure found in a group of natural products with a broad range of biological activity. The flexibility of the approach is exemplified by the parallel synthesis of all eight diastereomers of cryptocarya diacetate on a solid support. The individual isomers are obtained in overall yields of 40-60 % over 10 steps and with 63-85 % diastereoselectivity for the major isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant D Umarye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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115
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Lessmann T, Leuenberger MG, Menninger S, Lopez-Canet M, Müller O, Hümmer S, Bormann J, Korn K, Fava E, Zerial M, Mayer TU, Waldmann H. Natural Product-Derived Modulators of Cell Cycle Progression and Viral Entry by Enantioselective Oxa Diels-Alder Reactions on the Solid Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:443-51. [PMID: 17462579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying frameworks of natural product classes with multiple biological activities can be regarded as biologically selected and prevalidated starting points in vast chemical structure space in the development of compound collections for chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research. For the synthesis of natural product-derived and -inspired compound collections, the development of enantioselective transformations in a format amenable to library synthesis, e.g., on the solid support, is a major and largely unexplored goal. We report on the enantioselective solid-phase synthesis of a natural product-inspired alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactone collection and its investigation in cell-based screens monitoring cell cycle progression and viral entry into cells. The screens identified modulators of both biological processes at a high hit rate. The screen for inhibition of viral entry opens up avenues of research for the identification of compounds with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Lessmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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116
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117
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Charette BD, Macdonald RG, Wetzel S, Berkowitz DB, Waldmann H. Protein Structure Similarity Clustering: Dynamic Treatment of PDB Structures Facilitates Clustering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7766-70. [PMID: 17075950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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118
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Charette BD, MacDonald RG, Wetzel S, Berkowitz DB, Waldmann H. Protein Structure Similarity Clustering: Dynamic Treatment of PDB Structures Facilitates Clustering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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119
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Tanaka H, Hasegawa T, Kita N, Nakahara H, Shibata T, Oe S, Ojika M, Uchida K, Takahashi T. Polymer-Assisted Solution-Phase Synthesis and Neurite-Outgrowth-Promoting Activity of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:669-77. [PMID: 17441107 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An efficient solution-phase synthesis of rac-15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) derivatives that contain variable alpha and omega chains based on a polymer-assisted strategy and their neurite-outgrowth-promoting activity are described. The strategy for the synthesis of PGJ2 derivatives involves the use of a vinyl iodide bearing cyclopentenone as a key intermediate, which undergoes Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and subsequent Lewis acid catalyzed aldol condensation for incorporation of the omega and alpha chains, respectively. For easy access to the PGJ2 derivatives, a polymer-supported catalyst and scavengers were adapted for use in these four diverse steps, in which workup and purification can be performed by simple filtration of the solid-supported reagents. By using this methodology, we succeeded in the synthesis of 16 PGJ2 derivatives with four alkyl boranes and four aldehydes. The neurite-outgrowth-promoting activity of the 16 synthetic compounds in PC12 cells revealed that the side-chains play a major role in modulating their biological activity. The carboxylic acid on the alpha chain improved the biological activity, although it was not absolutely required. Furthermore, a PGJ2 derivative with a phenyl moiety on the omega chain was found to exhibit an activity comparable to that of natural 15dPGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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120
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Shevyakov SV, Davydova OI, Kiselyov AS, Kravchenko DV, Ivachtchenko AV, Krasavin M. Natural products as templates for bioactive compound libraries: Part 2. Novel modifications of vasicine (peganine) core via efficient and regioselective generation of 3-lithiodeoxyvasicine and its stereoselective addition to aliphatic ketones. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20:871-81. [PMID: 16753926 DOI: 10.1080/14786410500480993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A general procedure for direct lithiation of deoxyvasicine was developed. 3-Lithiodeoxyvasicine intermediate was found to react with various aliphatic ketones providing derivatives of 3-(hydroxyalkyl)deoxyvasicine in good yields. Similar reaction with 4-alkylcyclohexanones yielded respective trans-adducts exclusively. This novel protocol was successfully scaled-up to result in multigram quantities of vasicine-containing core building blocks suitable for production of compound libraries. The described synthetic methodology offers access to a wide range of compounds with potentially beneficial biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Shevyakov
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Reg., 114401 Russia
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121
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Mang C, Jakupovic S, Schunk S, Ambrosi HD, Schwarz O, Jakupovic J. Natural products in combinatorial chemistry: an andrographolide-based library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:268-74. [PMID: 16529523 DOI: 10.1021/cc050143n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a natural-product-based library starting from andrographolide is described. Utilizing andrographolide itself in parallel solution-phase synthesis leads to a 360-membered library. The initial transformation of the starting material via ozonolysis is followed by the conversion into a suitable template by introduction of a thiazole moiety. Subsequent decoration at two points of diversity yields the desired natural product derivatives. The selection of actually synthesized compounds is based on a virtually generated library and the assessment of its members with respect to physicochemical parameters, thus ensuring pharmacological relevance of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mang
- Analyticon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
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122
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Shevyakov SV, Davydova OI, Pershin DG, Krasavin M, Kravchenko DV, Kiselyov A, Tkachenko SE, Ivachtchenko AV. Natural products as templates for bioactive compound libraries: synthesis of biaryl derivatives of (±)-vasicine. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20:735-41. [PMID: 16753906 DOI: 10.1080/14786410500247418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and high-yielding procedure for preparation of 7-aryl and 7-heteroaryl derivatives of (+/-)-vasicine in two steps from the naturally occurring material is described. This protocol broadens the chemical space for selective modifications of the vasicine tricyclic structure, thereby making it a valuable starting point for the development of novel compound libraries with potentially beneficial biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Shevyakov
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Reg., 114401 Russia
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123
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Abstract
Efficient library design is an ongoing challenge for investigators seeking novel ligands for proteins, whether for drug discovery or chemical biology. Strategies that add neglected chemistry or exclude unproductive compounds are two dominant recent themes, as is a growing awareness of molecular complexity and its implications. The choice of how complex molecules in screening libraries should be often amounts to how big they should be. Small, simple molecules have lower affinities and must be screened at high concentration, but they will also have higher hit rates. Larger compounds, on the other hand, will often more closely resemble final drugs, but because they are more highly functionalized and specific, they will have much lower hit rates. The best general-purpose screening libraries may well be those of intermediate complexity that are free of artifact-causing nuisance compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94143-2550, USA.
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124
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Arve L, Voigt T, Waldmann H. Charting Biological and Chemical Space: PSSC and SCONP as Guiding Principles for the Development of Compound Collections Based on Natural Product Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200540213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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125
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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126
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Zotchev SB, Stepanchikova AV, Sergeyko AP, Sobolev BN, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Rational design of macrolides by virtual screening of combinatorial libraries generated through in silico manipulation of polyketide synthases. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2077-87. [PMID: 16539396 DOI: 10.1021/jm051035i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites display diverse biological activities, thus having potential as pharmacological agents. Although most of these compounds are discovered by random screening, it is possible to predict and re-design their structures based on the information on their biosynthetic pathways. Biosynthesis of macrolides, governed by modular polyketide synthases (PKS), obeys certain rules, which can be simulated in silico. PKS mode of action theoretically allows for a huge number of macrolides to be produced upon combinatorial manipulation. Since engineering of all possible PKS variants is practically unfeasible, we created Biogenerator software, which simulates manipulation of PKS and generates virtual libraries of macrolides. These libraries can be screened by computer-aided prediction of biological activities, as exemplified by analysis of erythromycin and macrolactin libraries. This approach allows rational selection of macrolides with desired biological activities and provides instructions regarding the composition of the PKS gene clusters necessary for microbial production of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey B Zotchev
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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127
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Tate EW. Chemical intervention in signalling networks: recent advances and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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128
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Cohen JL, Limon A, Miledi R, Chamberlin AR. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a scaffold for iGluR ligands based on the structure of (−)-dysiherbaine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2189-94. [PMID: 16455241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of four 2,2-disubstituted dihydrobenzofurans that are structurally related to several glutamate-containing natural products, including (-)-dysiherbaine, is described. Biological evaluation of these analogs shows that one is a KA receptor antagonist and another is an NMDA receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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129
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Zhang L, Zhang JY. Microwave-Assisted, Boron Trichloride Mediated Acylation of Phenols−Synthesis of (o-Hydroxyaryl)(Aryl)methanones and Xanthones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:361-7. [PMID: 16677006 DOI: 10.1021/cc0501007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient microwave-assisted, BCl(3) mediated coupling reaction to synthesize o-(hydroxyaryl)(aryl)methanone structures from phenols and acyl chlorides is described. This reaction was further incorporated into a two-step synthesis of biologically interesting xanthones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- CytRx laboratories, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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130
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Kitade M, Tanaka H, Oe S, Iwashima M, Iguchi K, Takahashi T. Solid-Phase Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Combinatorial Cross-Conjugated Dienone Library. Chemistry 2006; 12:1368-76. [PMID: 16294360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of a combinatorial cross-conjugated dienone library based on the structure of clavulones and their biological activity are reported. Clavulones are a family of marine prostanoids, and are composed of a cross-conjugated dienone system bearing two alkyl side-chains. The cross-conjugated dienone system irreversibly reacted with two nucleophiles. Our strategy for the solid-phase synthesis of the cross-conjugated dienones involves the Sonogashira-coupling reaction of a solid-supported cyclopentenone 10 bearing an acetylene group, followed by aldol condensation with aldehydes. The diphenyl derivative 7 aA was prepared from the solid-supported cyclopentenone 10 in 56% total yield. Combinatorial synthesis of a small library using twelve halides and eight aldehydes resulted in the production of 74 desired compounds from 98 candidates, and were detected by their mass spectra. Antiproliferative effects of the crude compounds against HeLaS3 cells showed that eleven samples showed strong antitumor activity (IC50<0.05 microM). Further biological examination of four purified compounds by using five tumor cell lines (A549, HeLaS3, MCF7, TMF1, and P388) revealed strong cytotoxicity comparable to that of adriamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kitade
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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131
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132
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Lee SC, Park SB. Solid-Phase Parallel Synthesis of Natural Product-Like Diaza-Bridged Heterocycles through Pictet−Spengler Intramolecular Cyclization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 8:50-7. [PMID: 16398553 DOI: 10.1021/cc0501054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A multistep, practical solid-phase strategy for the synthesis of natural product-like diaza-bridged heterocycles was developed. A key step in the library synthesis is tandem acidolytic cleavage with subsequent in situ iminium formation followed by the Pictet-Spengler intramolecular cyclization. The Pictet-Spengler-type intramolecular cyclization step was regioselective and diastereoselective to give final products as single diastereomers in exceptional yields and purities, which was confirmed by NMR structural study and LC/MS analysis. This approach is exemplified by the preparation of a 384-member library of 3,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-en-2-one skeletons, fused with indole and dihydroxybenzene and diversified at two bridging nitrogen atoms, using the solid-phase parallel synthetic methodology without further purification. In this pilot library, two diastereomerically enriched diaza-bridged core skeletons were modified by amide and urea bond formation on bridging nitrogen atoms, and this scheme exhibits the potential for expansion to obtain further diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chan Lee
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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133
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Bode HB, Müller R. Der Einfluss bakterieller Genomik auf die Naturstoff-Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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134
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Abstract
"There's life in the old dog yet!" This adage also holds true for natural product research. After the era of natural products was declared to be over, because of the introduction of combinatorial synthesis techniques, natural product research has taken a surprising turn back towards a major field of pharmaceutical research. Current challenges, such as emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria, might be overcome by developments which combine genomic knowledge with applied biology and chemistry to identify, produce, and alter the structure of new lead compounds. Significant biological activity is reported much less frequently for synthetic compounds, a fact reflected in the large proportion of natural products and their derivatives in clinical use. This Review describes the impact of microbial genomics on natural products research, in particularly the search for new lead structures and their optimization. The limitations of this research are also discussed, thus allowing a look into future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge B Bode
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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135
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Calixto JB. Twenty-five years of research on medicinal plants in Latin America: a personal view. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 100:131-4. [PMID: 16006081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this short article, I have discussed (on the base of the Web of Science data base search), the expressive progress of Latin American scientific production in peer review journals in the field of plants over the last 25 years. In addition, some effort has been made towards discussing the relevance of medicinal plants for the development of standardized phytomedicines with proof of quality, safety and efficacy, and a few examples of success have been briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88049-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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136
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Messer R, Fuhrer CA, Häner R. Natural product-like libraries based on non-aromatic, polycyclic motifs. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:259-65. [PMID: 15939327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis is an intriguing approach for creating structurally diverse compounds that cover the pharmaceutically relevant chemical space in an optimal way. On the other hand, an over-proportionally large number of drugs or lead structures originate from compounds isolated from natural sources. Thus, not surprisingly, an increasing number of combinatorial libraries are based on motifs resembling natural products. A particular aspect of many natural products is the presence of non-aromatic, polycyclic core structures. The fusion of several rings leads to geometrically well-defined structures and, thus, holds the promise of a high functional specialisation. In this review we present several actual examples of natural product-like libraries with non-aromatic polycyclic motifs based on naturally occurring compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Messer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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137
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Ulaczyk-Lesanko A, Hall DG. Wanted: new multicomponent reactions for generating libraries of polycyclic natural products. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:266-76. [PMID: 15939328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The amalgamation of two of combinatorial chemistry's most attractive concepts--natural product libraries and multicomponent reactions (MCRs)--should provide a powerful tactic for generating libraries of bioactive compounds. Yet, despite many recent advances in this area, only a few MCRs can deliver functionalized products whose structures closely resemble that of complex polycyclic natural products. A large proportion of recently developed MCRs are based on [4+2] or [3+2] cycloadditions, and isocyanide-based processes. Because of substrate limitations, however, they are not always ideally suitable for applications in diversity-oriented synthesis of natural product-like compounds. A promising area awaiting further development is the use of transition metal-catalyzed cascade reactions.
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138
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Dekker FJ, Koch MA, Waldmann H. Protein structure similarity clustering (PSSC) and natural product structure as inspiration sources for drug development and chemical genomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:232-9. [PMID: 15939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Finding small molecules that modulate protein function is of primary importance in drug development and in the emerging field of chemical genomics. To facilitate the identification of such molecules, we developed a novel strategy making use of structural conservatism found in protein domain architecture and natural product inspired compound library design. Domains and proteins identified as being structurally similar in their ligand-sensing cores are grouped in a protein structure similarity cluster (PSSC). Natural products can be considered as evolutionary pre-validated ligands for multiple proteins and therefore natural products that are known to interact with one of the PSSC member proteins are selected as guiding structures for compound library synthesis. Application of this novel strategy for compound library design provided enhanced hit rates in small compound libraries for structurally similar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Str. 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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139
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Balamurugan R, Dekker FJ, Waldmann H. Design of compound libraries based on natural product scaffolds and protein structure similarity clustering (PSSC). MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:36-45. [PMID: 16880961 DOI: 10.1039/b503623b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in structural biology, bioinformatics and combinatorial chemistry have significantly impacted the discovery of small molecules that modulate protein functions. Natural products which have evolved to bind to proteins may serve as biologically validated starting points for the design of focused libraries that might provide protein ligands with enhanced quality and probability. The combined application of natural product derived scaffolds with a new approach that clusters proteins according to structural similarity of their ligand sensing cores provides a new principle for the design and synthesis of such libraries. This article discusses recent advances in the synthesis of natural product inspired compound collections and the application of protein structure similarity clustering for the development of such libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengarajan Balamurugan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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140
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Abstract
Natural products have a long history of success as biologically active leads for therapeutic agents. The ability to prepare analogues and to discover structure-activity relationships is necessary to truly harness the potential of natural products. Recently, combinatorial chemistry has risen to this challenge, and even fairly complex natural products can be targeted for parallel synthesis. Academic and industrial efforts have employed natural products from the peptide, alkaloid, polyketide, and terpenoid and steroid classes in combinatorial chemistry approaches for the production of medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ganesan
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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141
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Arya P, Joseph R, Gan Z, Rakic B. Exploring New Chemical Space by Stereocontrolled Diversity-Oriented Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:163-80. [PMID: 15734644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products that act as highly specific, small-molecule protein-binding agents and as modulators of protein-protein interactions are highly complex and exhibit functional groups with three-dimensional and stereochemical diversity. The complex three-dimensional display of chiral functional groups appears to be crucial for exhibiting specificity in protein binding and in differentiating between closely related proteins. The development of methods that allow a high-throughput access to three-dimensional, skelatally complex, polycyclic compounds having few asymmetric diversity sites is essential and a highly challenging task. In the postgenomic chemical biology age, in which there is a great desire to understand protein-protein interactions and to dissect protein networking-based signaling pathways by small molecules, the need for developing "stereocontrolled, diversity-oriented synthesis" methods to generate natural product-like libraries is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Arya
- Chemical Biology Program, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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142
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Abstract
Natural products have inspired chemists and physicians for millennia. Their rich structural diversity and complexity has prompted synthetic chemists to produce them in the laboratory, often with therapeutic applications in mind, and many drugs used today are natural products or natural-product derivatives. Recent years have seen considerable advances in our understanding of natural-product biosynthesis. Coupled with improvements in approaches for natural-product isolation, characterization and synthesis, these could be opening the door to a new era in the investigation of natural products in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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143
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Abstract
A spiro[5.5]ketal library embodying the core structure of numerous biologically active natural products was synthesized employing a double intramolecular hetero Michael reaction as a key transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sommer
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
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144
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Messer R, Schmitz A, Moesch L, Häner R. Elaboration ofd-(−)-Ribose into a Tricyclic, Natural Product-like Scaffold. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8558-60. [PMID: 15549845 DOI: 10.1021/jo048351+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The construction of natural product-like, tricyclic compounds is reported. Starting from a D-(-)-ribose-derived dihydrofurane, the tricyclic scaffold is prepared via an intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. The reaction proceeds with very high diastereoselectivity through an endo transition state, as established on the basis of X-ray structural analysis of the products. Further modification and derivatization of the obtained products is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Messer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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