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Abstract
World is facing problems of global warming as well as energy crisis. Both these problems can be solved to a reasonable extent by photoreduction of carbon dioxide. Here, photocatalysis enters the scene. Photocatalytic reduction to synthetic organic fuels like formaldehyde, methanol, formic acid, acetic acid, methane, etc. will provide a solution to the problem of energy crisis as it will give us alternate fuels, which can be burnt into fuel cells to generate electricity. Once we get electricity at the cost of carbon dioxide, one can convert this form of energy to any other form of energy. Secondly, it will give a solution to put a check on the increasing amount of carbon dioxide, which is the main culprit of global warming. Any conventional fuel on burring will add some molecules of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but synthetic fuels derived by photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide will not add even a single molecule of carbon dioxide in the environment. It can be considered as a short term loan of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the carbon dioxide molecules utilized in the synthesis of alternate fuels are generated back on burning it in fuel cell.
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102
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Wu SH, Zhong YW, Yao J. 2,3-Di(2-pyridyl)-5-phenylpyrazine: a NN-CNN-type bridging ligand for dinuclear transition-metal complexes. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1504-13. [PMID: 23640789 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new bridging ligand, 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)-5-phenylpyrazine (dpppzH), has been synthesized. This ligand was designed so that it could bind two metals through a NN-CNN-type coordination mode. The reaction of dpppzH with cis-[(bpy)2RuCl2] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) affords monoruthenium complex [(bpy)2Ru(dpppzH)](2+) (1(2+)) in 64 % yield, in which dpppzH behaves as a NN bidentate ligand. The asymmetric biruthenium complex [(bpy)2Ru(dpppz)Ru(Mebip)](3+) (2(3+)) was prepared from complex 1(2+) and [(Mebip)RuCl3] (Mebip = bis(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine), in which one hydrogen atom on the phenyl ring of dpppzH is lost and the bridging ligand binds to the second ruthenium atom in a CNN tridentate fashion. In addition, the RuPt heterobimetallic complex [(bpy)2Ru(dpppz)Pt(C≡CPh)](2+) (4(2+)) has been prepared from complex 1(2+), in which the bridging ligand binds to the platinum atom through a CNN binding mode. The electronic properties of these complexes have been probed by using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques and studied by theoretical calculations. Complex 1(2+) is emissive at room temperature, with an emission λmax = 695 nm. No emission was detected for complex 2(3+) at room temperature in MeCN, whereas complex 4(2+) displayed an emission at about 750 nm. The emission properties of these complexes are compared to those of previously reported Ru and RuPt bimetallic complexes with a related ligand, 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenylpyrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hai Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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103
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van den Bosch B, Chen HC, van der Vlugt JI, Brouwer AM, Reek JNH. A noble-metal-free system for photodriven catalytic proton reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:790-793. [PMID: 23512840 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Who needs the nobles? Ideally, devices to harvest solar energy into fuels would, in addition to having very high turnover numbers, make use of earth-abundant materials. In this Highlight we focus on a recent example in which a copper-based photosensitizer is used, in combination with an iron-based catalyst for light-driven proton reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van den Bosch
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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104
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Benson EE, Sampson MD, Grice KA, Smieja JM, Froehlich JD, Friebel D, Keith JA, Carter EA, Nilsson A, Kubiak CP. The Electronic States of Rhenium Bipyridyl Electrocatalysts for CO2Reduction as Revealed by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Computational Quantum Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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105
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Benson EE, Sampson MD, Grice KA, Smieja JM, Froehlich JD, Friebel D, Keith JA, Carter EA, Nilsson A, Kubiak CP. The electronic states of rhenium bipyridyl electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction as revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and computational quantum chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4841-4. [PMID: 23526656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Benson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive,Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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106
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Bindra GS, Schulz M, Paul A, Groarke R, Soman S, Inglis JL, Browne WR, Pfeffer MG, Rau S, MacLean BJ, Pryce MT, Vos JG. The role of bridging ligand in hydrogen generation by photocatalytic Ru/Pd assemblies. Dalton Trans 2013; 41:13050-9. [PMID: 23014910 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of two terpyridine based ruthenium/palladium heteronuclear compounds are presented. The photocatalytic behaviour of the Ru/Pd complex containing the linear 2,2':5',2''-terpyridine bridge (1a) and its analogue the non-linear 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine bridge (2a) are compared together with the respective mononuclear complexes 1 and 2. Irradiation of 1a with visible light (e.g., 470 nm) results in the photocatalytic generation of dihydrogen gas. Photocatalysis was not observed with complex 2a by contrast. A comparison with the photocatalytic behaviour of the precursors 1 and 2 indicates, that while for 1a the photocatalysis is an intramolecular process, for the mononuclear precursors it is intermolecular. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the mono- and heterobinuclear compounds are compared. Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations indicate that there are substantial differences in the nature of the lowest energy (3)MLCT states of 1a and 2a, from which the contrasting photocatalytic activities of the complexes can be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Singh Bindra
- SRC for Solar Energy Conversion, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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107
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Karnahl M, Tschierlei S, Erdem ÖF, Pullen S, Santoni MP, Reijerse EJ, Lubitz W, Ott S. Mixed-valence [Fe(I)Fe(II)] hydrogenase active site model complexes stabilized by a bidentate carborane bis-phosphine ligand. Dalton Trans 2013; 41:12468-77. [PMID: 22955116 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site analogues, with the general formula [Fe(2)(dt)(CO)(4)(BC)] 1-3 (dt = dithiolate, pdt = propyl-1,3-dt (1), bdt = benzene-1,2-dt (2), edt = ethyl-1,2-dt (3); BC = 1,2-bisdiphenylphosphine-1,2-o-carborane), has been prepared and structurally characterized. While the electrochemical reductions of 1-3 are largely invariant to the different nature of their dt bridges, the oxidations differ by more than 120 mV in between the series. Remarkably, all three compounds are reversibly oxidized, with complex 1 that contains the most electron-donating pdt ligand at the mildest potential of -0.09 V vs. Fc/Fc(+). The one-electron oxidized state 1(ox) is stable for several minutes and was spectroscopically characterized by FTIR and EPR. EPR spectroscopy provided evidence that in the mixed-valence [Fe(I)Fe(II)] state most of the spin density is located on the iron with the BC-ligand. This is monitored through the strong (31)P hyperfine coupling of the phenyl groups of the BC ligand, while further delocalization into the o-carborane unit is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karnahl
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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108
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He C, Wang J, Zhao L, Liu T, Zhang J, Duan C. A photoactive basket-like metal–organic tetragon worked as an enzymatic molecular flask for light driven H2production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:627-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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109
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Matlachowski C, Schwalbe M. Synthesis and characterization of mono- and dinuclear phenanthroline-extended tetramesitylporphyrin complexes as well as UV-Vis and EPR studies on their one-electron reduced species. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3490-503. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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de Torres M, van Hameren R, Nolte RJM, Rowan AE, Elemans JAAW. Photocatalytic oxidation of stilbene by self-assembled stacks of manganese porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10787-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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111
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Halpin Y, Pryce MT, Rau S, Dini D, Vos JG. Recent progress in the development of bimetallic photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:16243-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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112
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113
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Wächtler M, Guthmuller J, González L, Dietzek B. Analysis and characterization of coordination compounds by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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114
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Karnahl M, Orthaber A, Tschierlei S, Nagarajan L, Ott S. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of tetranuclear iron complexes containing a bridge. J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karnahl
- a Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523, 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- a Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523, 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- a Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523, 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Loganathan Nagarajan
- b Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- a Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523, 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
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115
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Soman S, Singh Bindra G, Paul A, Groarke R, Manton JC, Connaughton FM, Schulz M, Dini D, Long C, Pryce MT, Vos JG. Wavelength dependent photocatalytic H2 generation using iridium–Pt/Pd complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:12678-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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