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Abstract
Owing to their ability to efficiently generate ATP required to sustain normal cell function, mitochondria are often considered the 'powerhouses of the cell'. However, our understanding of the role of mitochondria in cell biology recently expanded when we recognized that they are key platforms for a plethora of cell signalling cascades. This functional versatility is tightly coupled to constant reshaping of the cellular mitochondrial network in a series of processes, collectively referred to as mitochondrial membrane dynamics and involving organelle fusion and fission (division) as well as ultrastructural remodelling of the membrane. Accordingly, mitochondrial dynamics influence and often orchestrate not only metabolism but also complex cell signalling events, such as those involved in regulating cell pluripotency, division, differentiation, senescence and death. Reciprocally, mitochondrial membrane dynamics are extensively regulated by post-translational modifications of its machinery and by the formation of membrane contact sites between mitochondria and other organelles, both of which have the capacity to integrate inputs from various pathways. Here, we discuss mitochondrial membrane dynamics and their regulation and describe how bioenergetics and cellular signalling are linked to these dynamic changes of mitochondrial morphology.
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102
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Zilocchi M, Moutaoufik MT, Jessulat M, Phanse S, Aly KA, Babu M. Misconnecting the dots: altered mitochondrial protein-protein interactions and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:119-136. [PMID: 31986926 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondria (mt) are protein-protein interaction (PPI) hubs in the cell where mt-localized and associated proteins interact in a fashion critical for cell fitness. Altered mtPPIs are linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and drivers of pathological associations to mediate ND progression. Mapping altered mtPPIs will reveal how mt dysfunction is linked to NDs.Areas covered: This review discusses how database sources reflect on the number of mt protein or interaction predictions, and serves as an update on mtPPIs in mt dynamics and homeostasis. Emphasis is given to mRNA expression profiles for mt proteins in human tissues, cellular models relevant to NDs, and altered mtPPIs in NDs such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Expert opinion: We highlight the scarcity of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy and tracking of ND progression, obstacles in recapitulating NDs using human cellular models to underpin the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, and the shortage of mt protein interactome reference database(s) of neuronal cells. These bottlenecks are addressed by improvements in induced pluripotent stem cell creation and culturing, patient-derived 3D brain organoids to recapitulate structural arrangements of the brain, and cell sorting to elucidate mt proteome disparities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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103
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Ge Y, Shi X, Boopathy S, McDonald J, Smith AW, Chao LH. Two forms of Opa1 cooperate to complete fusion of the mitochondrial inner-membrane. eLife 2020; 9:50973. [PMID: 31922487 PMCID: PMC7299343 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane dynamics is a cellular rheostat that relates metabolic function and organelle morphology. Using an in vitro reconstitution system, we describe a mechanism for how mitochondrial inner-membrane fusion is regulated by the ratio of two forms of Opa1. We found that the long-form of Opa1 (l-Opa1) is sufficient for membrane docking, hemifusion and low levels of content release. However, stoichiometric levels of the processed, short form of Opa1 (s-Opa1) work together with l-Opa1 to mediate efficient and fast membrane pore opening. Additionally, we found that excess levels of s-Opa1 inhibit fusion activity, as seen under conditions of altered proteostasis. These observations describe a mechanism for gating membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ge
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Sivakumar Boopathy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Julie McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Adam W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Luke H Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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104
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Flores-Romero H, Ros U, García-Sáez AJ. A lipid perspective on regulated cell death. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 351:197-236. [PMID: 32247580 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are fundamental to life as structural components of cellular membranes and for signaling. They are also key regulators of different cellular processes such as cell division, proliferation, and death. Regulated cell death (RCD) requires the engagement of lipids and lipid metabolism for the initiation and execution of its killing machinery. The permeabilization of lipid membranes is a hallmark of RCD that involves, for each kind of cell death, a unique lipid profile. While the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane allows the release of apoptotic factors to the cytosol during apoptosis, permeabilization of the plasma membrane facilitates the release of intracellular content in other nonapoptotic types of RCD like necroptosis and ferroptosis. Lipids and lipid membranes are important accessory molecules required for the activation of protein executors of cell death such as BAX in apoptosis and MLKL in necroptosis. Peroxidation of membrane phospholipids and the subsequent membrane destabilization is a prerequisite to ferroptosis. Here, we discuss how lipids are essential players in apoptosis, the most common form of RCD, and also their role in necroptosis and ferroptosis. Altogether, we aim to highlight the contribution of lipids and membrane dynamics in cell death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Flores-Romero
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uris Ros
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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105
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Eramo MJ, Lisnyak V, Formosa LE, Ryan MT. The ‘mitochondrial contact site and cristae organising system’ (MICOS) in health and human disease. J Biochem 2019; 167:243-255. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe ‘mitochondrial contact site and cristae organising system’ (MICOS) is an essential protein complex that promotes the formation, maintenance and stability of mitochondrial cristae. As such, loss of core MICOS components disrupts cristae structure and impairs mitochondrial function. Aberrant mitochondrial cristae morphology and diminished mitochondrial function is a pathological hallmark observed across many human diseases such as neurodegenerative conditions, obesity and diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, and in muscular dystrophies and myopathies. While mitochondrial abnormalities are often an associated secondary effect to the pathological disease process, a direct role for the MICOS in health and human disease is emerging. This review describes the role of MICOS in the maintenance of mitochondrial architecture and summarizes both the direct and associated roles of the MICOS in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Eramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valerie Lisnyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke E Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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106
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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107
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Ježek P, Dlasková A. Dynamic of mitochondrial network, cristae, and mitochondrial nucleoids in pancreatic β-cells. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:245-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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108
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The Incomplete Puzzle of the BCL2 Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101176. [PMID: 31569576 PMCID: PMC6830314 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL2 family are key players in multiple cellular processes, chief amongst them being the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and apoptotic cell death. These proteins establish an intricate interaction network that expands both the cytosol and the surface of organelles to dictate the cell fate. The complexity and unpredictability of the BCL2 interactome resides in the large number of family members and of interaction surfaces, as well as on their different behaviours in solution and in the membrane. Although our current structural knowledge of the BCL2 proteins has been proven therapeutically relevant, the precise structure of membrane-bound complexes and the regulatory effect that membrane lipids exert over these proteins remain key questions in the field. Here, we discuss the complexity of BCL2 interactome, the new insights, and the black matter in the field.
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109
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Picca A, Mankowski RT, Burman JL, Donisi L, Kim JS, Marzetti E, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in cardiac ageing. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 15:543-554. [PMID: 30042431 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advancing age is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease because of the lifelong exposure to cardiovascular risk factors and specific alterations affecting the heart and the vasculature during ageing. Indeed, the ageing heart is characterized by structural and functional changes that are caused by alterations in fundamental cardiomyocyte functions. In particular, the myocardium is heavily dependent on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and is especially susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. Indeed, primary alterations in mitochondrial function, which are subsequently amplified by defective quality control mechanisms, are considered to be major contributing factors to cardiac senescence. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms linking defective mitochondrial quality control mechanisms (that is, proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and autophagy) to organelle dysfunction in the context of cardiac ageing. We also illustrate relevant molecular pathways that might be exploited for the prevention and treatment of age-related heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathon L Burman
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Donisi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.,Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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110
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Zilocchi M, Fasano M, Alberio T. Mitochondrial Proteins in the Development of Parkinson’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:17-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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111
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Knapp B, Roedig J, Boldt K, Krzysko J, Horn N, Ueffing M, Wolfrum U. Affinity proteomics identifies novel functional modules related to adhesion GPCRs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:144-167. [PMID: 31441075 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGRs) have recently become a target of intense research. Their unique protein structure, which consists of a G protein-coupled receptor combined with long adhesive extracellular domains, suggests a dual role in cell signaling and adhesion. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of ADGR signaling over the past years, the knowledge about ADGR protein networks is still limited. For most receptors, only a few interaction partners are known thus far. We aimed to identify novel ADGR-interacting partners to shed light on cellular protein networks that rely on ADGR function. For this, we applied affinity proteomics, utilizing tandem affinity purifications combined with mass spectrometry. Analysis of the acquired proteomics data provides evidence that ADGRs not only have functional roles at synapses but also at intracellular membranes, namely at the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Specifically, we found an association of ADGRs with several scaffold proteins of the membrane-associated guanylate kinases family, elementary units of the γ-secretase complex, the outer/inner mitochondrial membrane, MAMs, and regulators of the Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, the nuclear localization of ADGR domains together with their physical interaction with nuclear proteins and several transcription factors suggests a role of ADGRs in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Roedig
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacek Krzysko
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Horn
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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112
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Albensi BC. What Is Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Doing in and to the Mitochondrion? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 31448275 PMCID: PMC6692429 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the idea that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling contributes to not only immunity, but also inflammation, cancer, and nervous system function. However, studies on NF-κB activity in mitochondrial function are much more limited and scattered throughout the literature. For example, in 2001 it was first published that NF-κB subunits were found in the mitochondria, including not only IkBα and NF-κB p65 subunits, but also NF-κB pathway proteins such as IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ, but not much follow-up work has been done to date. Upon further thought the lack of studies on NF-κB activity in mitochondrial function is surprising given the importance and the evolutionary history of both NF-κB and the mitochondrion. Both are ancient in their appearance in our biological record where both contribute substantially to cell survival, cell death, and the regulation of function and/or disease. Studies also show NF-κB can influence mitochondrial function from outside the mitochondria. Therefore, it is essential to understand the complexity of these roles both inside and out of this organelle. In this review, an attempt is made to understand how NF-κB activity contributes to overall mitochondrial function – both inside and out. The discussion at times is speculative and perhaps even provocative to some, since NF-κB does not yet have defined mitochondrial targeting sequences for some nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and mechanisms of mitochondrial import for NF-κB are not yet entirely understood. Also, the data associated with the mitochondrial localization of proteins must be yet further proved with additional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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113
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Geltink RIK, Kyle RL, Pearce EL. Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between T Cell Metabolism and Function. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 36:461-488. [PMID: 29677474 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism drives function, on both an organismal and a cellular level. In T cell biology, metabolic remodeling is intrinsically linked to cellular development, activation, function, differentiation, and survival. After naive T cells are activated, increased demands for metabolic currency in the form of ATP, as well as biomass for cell growth, proliferation, and the production of effector molecules, are met by rewiring cellular metabolism. Consequently, pharmacological strategies are being developed to perturb or enhance selective metabolic processes that are skewed in immune-related pathologies. Here we review the most recent advances describing the metabolic changes that occur during the T cell lifecycle. We discuss how T cell metabolism can have profound effects on health and disease and where it might be a promising target to treat a variety of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon I Klein Geltink
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
| | - Ryan L Kyle
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
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114
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Mitochondrial cristae narrowing upon higher 2-oxoglutarate load. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:659-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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115
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Mitochondria as playmakers of apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:139-153. [PMID: 31154010 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the key energy-producing organelles and cellular source of reactive species. They are responsible for managing cell life and death by a balanced homeostasis passing through a network of structures, regulated principally via fission and fusion. Herein we discuss about the most advanced findings considering mitochondria as dynamic biophysical systems playing compelling roles in the regulation of energy metabolism in both physiologic and pathologic processes controlling cell death and survival. Precisely, we focus on the mitochondrial commitment to the onset, maintenance and counteraction of apoptosis, autophagy and senescence in the bioenergetic reprogramming of cancer cells. In this context, looking for a pharmacological manipulation of cell death processes as a successful route for future targeted therapies, there is major biotechnological challenge in underlining the location, function and molecular mechanism of mitochondrial proteins. Based on the critical role of mitochondrial functions for cellular health, a better knowledge of the main molecular players in mitochondria disfunction could be decisive for the therapeutical control of degenerative diseases, including cancer.
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116
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Abstract
Significance: In addition to their classical role in cellular ATP production, mitochondria are of key relevance in various (patho)physiological mechanisms including second messenger signaling, neuro-transduction, immune responses and death induction. Recent Advances: Within cells, mitochondria are motile and display temporal changes in internal and external structure ("mitochondrial dynamics"). During the last decade, substantial empirical and in silico evidence was presented demonstrating that mitochondrial dynamics impacts on mitochondrial function and vice versa. Critical Issues: However, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the bidirectional links between mitochondrial external shape, internal structure and function ("morphofunction") is still lacking. The latter particularly hampers our understanding of the functional properties and behavior of individual mitochondrial within single living cells. Future Directions: In this review we discuss the concept of mitochondrial morphofunction in mammalian cells, primarily using experimental evidence obtained within the last decade. The topic is introduced by briefly presenting the central role of mitochondria in cell physiology and the importance of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) therein. Next, we summarize in detail how mitochondrial (ultra)structure is controlled and discuss empirical evidence regarding the equivalence of mitochondrial (ultra)structure and function. Finally, we provide a brief summary of how mitochondrial morphofunction can be quantified at the level of single cells and mitochondria, how mitochondrial ultrastructure/volume impacts on mitochondrial bioreactions and intramitochondrial protein diffusion, and how mitochondrial morphofunction can be targeted by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne P. Bulthuis
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel J.W. Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H.G.M. Willems
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J.H. Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Werner J.H. Koopman, Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen NL-6500 HB, The Netherlands
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117
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Flannery PJ, Trushina E. Mitochondrial dynamics and transport in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:109-120. [PMID: 31216425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a contributing factor to the early pathology of multiple human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria are signaling organelles with a multitude of functions ranging from energy production to a regulation of cellular metabolism, energy homeostasis, stress response, and cell fate. The success of these complex processes critically depends on the fidelity of mitochondrial dynamics that include the ability of mitochondria to change shape and location in the cell, which is essential for the maintenance of proper function and quality control, particularly in polarized cells such as neurons. This review highlights several aspects of alterations in mitochondrial dynamics in Alzheimer's disease, which may contribute to the etiology of this debilitating condition. We also discuss therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial dynamics and function that may provide an alternative approach to failed amyloid-directed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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118
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Cho SG, Xiao X, Wang S, Gao H, Rafikov R, Black S, Huang S, Ding HF, Yoon Y, Kirken RA, Yin XM, Wang HG, Dong Z. Bif-1 Interacts with Prohibitin-2 to Regulate Mitochondrial Inner Membrane during Cell Stress and Apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1174-1191. [PMID: 31126972 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion. During cell stress, mitochondrial dynamics shift to fission, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, membrane leakage, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial fragmentation requires the cleavage of both outer and inner membranes, but the mechanism of inner membrane cleavage is unclear. Bif-1 and prohibitin-2 may regulate mitochondrial dynamics. METHODS We used azide-induced ATP depletion to incite cell stress in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and renal proximal tubular cells, and renal ischemia-reperfusion to induce stress in mice. We also used knockout cells and mice to determine the role of Bif-1, and used multiple techniques to analyze the molecular interaction between Bif-1 and prohibitin-2. RESULTS Upon cell stress, Bif-1 translocated to mitochondria to bind prohibitin-2, resulting in the disruption of prohibitin complex and proteolytic inactivation of the inner membrane fusion protein OPA1. Bif-1-deficiency inhibited prohibitin complex disruption, OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis. Domain deletion analysis indicated that Bif-1 interacted with prohibitin-2 via its C-terminus. Notably, mutation of Bif-1 at its C-terminal tryptophan-344 not only prevented Bif-1/prohibitin-2 interaction but also reduced prohibitin complex disruption, OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis, supporting a pathogenic role of Bif-1/prohibitin-2 interaction. In mice, Bif-1 bound prohibitin-2 during renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and Bif-1-deficiency protected against OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, apoptosis and kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that during cell stress, Bif-1 regulates mitochondrial inner membrane by interacting with prohibitin-2 to disrupt prohibitin complexes and induce OPA1 proteolysis and inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy
| | | | - Hua Gao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy
| | | | | | - Shang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Yisang Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert A Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, .,Medical Research Line, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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Mitochondrial Entry of Cytotoxic Proteases: A New Insight into the Granzyme B Cell Death Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9165214. [PMID: 31249651 PMCID: PMC6556269 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9165214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria represent an integration and amplification hub for various death pathways including that mediated by granzyme B (GB), a granule enzyme expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. GB activates the proapoptotic B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family member BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) to switch on the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway, leading to Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer- (Bak-) dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). GB can also induce mitochondrial damage in the absence of BID, Bax, and Bak, critical for MOMP, indicating that GB targets the mitochondria in other ways. Interestingly, granzyme A (GA), GB, and caspase 3 can all directly target the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I for ROS-dependent cell death. Studies of ROS biogenesis have revealed that GB must enter the mitochondria for ROS production, making the mitochondrial entry of cytotoxic proteases (MECP) an unexpected critical step in the granzyme death pathway. MECP requires an intact ΔΨm and is mediated though Sam50 and Tim22 channels in a mtHSP70-dependent manner. Preventing MECP severely compromises GB cytotoxicity. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the canonical mitochondrial death pathway in order to put into perspective this new insight into the GB action on the mitochondria to trigger ROS-dependent cell death.
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Soultawi C, Fortier Y, Soundaramourty C, Estaquier J, Laforge M. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics During Infection. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2019; 109:221-233. [PMID: 30535601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes have developed a series of strategies to overcome the defense mechanisms of the infected host. During pathogen-host coevolution, they develop strategy to manipulate cellular machinery particularly in subverting mitochondrion function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly remodel their structure. In particular, shaping and cellular distribution of the mitochondrial network is maintained in large part by the conserved activities of mitochondrial division, fusion, motility, and tethering. Mitochondria have been long recognized for their role in providing energy production, calcium metabolism, and apoptosis. More recently, mitochondria have been also shown to serve as a platform for innate immune response. In this context, mitochondrial dynamics and shaping is not only essential to maintain cristae structure and bioenergetic to fuel cellular demands but contribute to regulate cellular function such as innate immune response and mitochondrial permeabilization. Due to their key role in cell survival, mitochondria represent attractive targets for pathogens. Therefore, microbes by manipulating mitochondrial dynamics may escape to host cellular control. Herein, we describe how mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and shaping are impacted during microbe infections and how this interplay benefits to pathogens contributing to the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soultawi
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yasmina Fortier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. .,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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Yan C, Duanmu X, Zeng L, Liu B, Song Z. Mitochondrial DNA: Distribution, Mutations, and Elimination. Cells 2019; 8:E379. [PMID: 31027297 PMCID: PMC6523345 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion harbors its own DNA (mtDNA), which encodes many critical proteins for the assembly and activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. mtDNA is packed by many proteins to form a nucleoid that uniformly distributes within the mitochondrial matrix, which is essential for mitochondrial functions. Defects or mutations of mtDNA result in a range of diseases. Damaged mtDNA could be eliminated by mitophagy, and all paternal mtDNA are degraded by endonuclease G or mitophagy during fertilization. In this review, we describe the role and mechanism of mtDNA distribution and elimination. In particular, we focus on the regulation of paternal mtDNA elimination in the process of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaoying Duanmu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ling Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Bing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhiyin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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122
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Mitochondrial Theory of Skeletal Muscle Ageing - New Facts, New Doubts. J Vet Res 2019; 63:149-160. [PMID: 30989147 PMCID: PMC6458556 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, scientists have been pursuing research on skeletal muscle ageing both in humans and animals. Studies on animal models have extended our knowledge of this mechanism in humans. Most researchers agree that the major processes of muscle ageing occur in the mitochondria as the major energy production centres in muscle cells. It is believed that decisive changes occur at the enzymatic activity level as well as in protein synthesis and turnover ability. Deregulation of ion channels and oxidative stress also play significant roles. In particular, in recent years the free radical theory of ageing has undergone considerable modification; researchers are increasingly highlighting the partly positive effects of free radicals on processes occurring in cells. In addition, the influence of diet and physical activity on the rate of muscle cell ageing is widely debated as well as the possibility of delaying it through appropriate physical exercise and diet programmes. Numerous studies, especially those related to genetic processes, are still being conducted, and in the near future the findings could provide valuable information on muscle ageing. The results of ongoing research could answer the perennial question of whether and how we can influence the rate of ageing both in animals and humans.
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123
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Suwanjang W, Wu KLH, Prachayasittikul S, Chetsawang B, Charngkaew K. Mitochondrial Dynamics Impairment in Dexamethasone-Treated Neuronal Cells. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1567-1581. [PMID: 30888577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is an approved steroid for clinical use to activate or suppress cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules. It enters the brain, by-passing the blood brain barrier, and acts through genomic mechanisms. High levels of dexamethasone are able to induce neuronal cell loss, reduce neurogenesis and cause neuronal dysfunction. The exact mechanisms of steroid, especially the dexamethasone contribute to neuronal damage remain unclear. Therefore, the present study explored the mitochondrial dynamics underlying dexamethasone-induced toxicity of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuronal cells treatment with the dexamethasone resulted in a marked decrease in cell proliferation. Dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity also caused upregulation of mitochondrial fusion and cleaved caspase-3 proteins expression. Mitochondria fusion was found in large proportions of dexamethasone-treated cells. These results suggest that dexamethasone-induced hyperfused mitochondrial structures are associated with a caspase-dependent death process in dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity. These findings point to the high dosage of dexamethasone as being neurotoxic through impairment of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 73170, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Komgrid Charngkaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yi X, Guo W, Shi Q, Yang Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Kang P, Chen J, Cui T, Ma J, Wang H, Guo S, Chang Y, Liu L, Jian Z, Wang L, Xiao Q, Li S, Gao T, Li C. SIRT3-Dependent Mitochondrial Dynamics Remodeling Contributes to Oxidative Stress-Induced Melanocyte Degeneration in Vitiligo. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1614-1633. [PMID: 31037127 PMCID: PMC6485185 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysregulation has been implicated in oxidative stress-induced melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is merely investigated. Given the prominent role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) in sustaining mitochondrial dynamics and homeostasis and that SIRT3 expression and activity can be influenced by oxidative stress-related signaling, we wondered whether SIRT3 could play an important role in vitiligo melanocyte degeneration by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Methods: We initially testified SIRT3 expression and activity in normal and vitiligo melanocytes via PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Then, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dynamics after SIRT3 intervention were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, confocal laser microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and oxphos activity assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to clarify the upstream regulatory mechanism of SIRT3. Finally, the effect of honokiol on protecting melanocytes and the underlying mechanism were investigated via flow cytometry and immunoblotting analysis. Results: We first found that the expression and the activity of SIRT3 were significantly impaired in vitiligo melanocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Then, SIRT3 deficiency led to more melanocyte apoptosis by inducing severe mitochondrial dysfunction and cytochrome c release to cytoplasm, with Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics remodeling involved in. Moreover, potentiated carbonylation and dampened peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) activation accounted for SIRT3 dysregulation in vitiligo melanocytes. Finally, we proved that honokiol could prevent melanocyte apoptosis under oxidative stress by activating SIRT3-OPA1 axis. Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrate that SIRT3-dependent mitochondrial dynamics remodeling contributes to oxidative stress-induced melanocyte degeneration in vitiligo, and honokiol is promising in preventing oxidative stress-induced vitiligo melanocyte apoptosis.
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125
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Alavi MV. Targeted OMA1 therapies for cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2330-2341. [PMID: 30714136 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane proteins OMA1 and OPA1 belong to the BAX/BAK1-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway, which can be regulated by tumor protein p53 and the prohibitins PHB and PHB2 in the context of neoplastic disease. For the most part these proteins have been studied separate from each other. Here, I argue that the OMA1 mechanism of action represents the missing link between p53 and cytochrome c release. The mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 is cleaved by OMA1 in a stress-dependent manner generating S-OPA1. Excessive S-OPA1 can facilitate outer membrane permeabilization upon BAX/BAK1 activation through its membrane shaping properties. p53 helps outer membrane permeabilization in a 2-step process. First, cytosolic p53 activates BAX/BAK1 at the mitochondrial surface. Then, in a second step, p53 binds to prohibitin thereby releasing the restraint on OMA1. This activates OMA1, which cleaves OPA1 and promotes cytochrome c release. Clearly, OMA1 and OPA1 are not root causes for cancer. Yet many cancer cells rely on this pathway for survival, which can explain why loss of p53 function promotes tumor growth and confers resistance to chemotherapies.
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126
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Adaniya SM, O-Uchi J, Cypress MW, Kusakari Y, Jhun BS. Posttranslational modifications of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C583-C604. [PMID: 30758993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00523.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fragmentation frequently occurs in chronic pathological conditions as seen in various human diseases. In fact, abnormal mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of heart failure (HF) in both human patients and HF animal models. A link between mitochondrial fragmentation and cardiac pathologies has been widely proposed, but the physiological relevance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the heart is still unclear. Recent studies have increasingly shown that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of fission and fusion proteins are capable of directly modulating the stability, localization, and/or activity of these proteins. These PTMs include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins, O-linked-N-acetyl-glucosamine glycosylation, and proteolysis. Thus, understanding the PTMs of fission and fusion proteins may allow us to understand the complexities that determine the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as mitochondrial function in various cell types and organs including cardiomyocytes and the heart. In this review, we summarize present knowledge regarding the function and regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion in cardiomyocytes, specifically focusing on the PTMs of each mitochondrial fission/fusion protein. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal mitochondrial morphology in HF and their contributions to the development of cardiac diseases, highlighting the crucial roles of PTMs of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Finally, we discuss the future potential of manipulating PTMs of fission and fusion proteins as a therapeutic strategy for preventing and/or treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Adaniya
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael W Cypress
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yoichiro Kusakari
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Bong Sook Jhun
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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127
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Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, Kirkland JL, Sandri M. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:427-511. [PMID: 30427277 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of the α-motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Meishan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Young Il Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - James L Kirkland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Ader NR, Hoffmann PC, Ganeva I, Borgeaud AC, Wang C, Youle RJ, Kukulski W. Molecular and topological reorganizations in mitochondrial architecture interplay during Bax-mediated steps of apoptosis. eLife 2019; 8:40712. [PMID: 30714902 PMCID: PMC6361589 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, Bcl-2 proteins such as Bax and Bak mediate the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria by clustering on the outer mitochondrial membrane and thereby permeabilizing it. However, it remains unclear how outer membrane openings form. Here, we combined different correlative microscopy and electron cryo-tomography approaches to visualize the effects of Bax activity on mitochondria in human cells. Our data show that Bax clusters localize near outer membrane ruptures of highly variable size. Bax clusters contain structural elements suggesting a higher order organization of their components. Furthermore, unfolding of inner membrane cristae is coupled to changes in the supramolecular assembly of ATP synthases, particularly pronounced at membrane segments exposed to the cytosol by ruptures. Based on our results, we propose a comprehensive model in which molecular reorganizations of the inner membrane and sequestration of outer membrane components into Bax clusters interplay in the formation of outer membrane ruptures. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Ader
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Patrick C Hoffmann
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Ganeva
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia C Borgeaud
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Wanda Kukulski
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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129
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Nan J, Nan C, Ye J, Qian L, Geng Y, Xing D, Rahman MSU, Huang M. EGCG protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of OMA1 activation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220871. [PMID: 30518622 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important for energy production and cardiomyocyte homeostasis. OMA1, a metalloendopeptidase, initiates the proteolytic process of the fusion-allowing protein OPA1, to deteriorate mitochondrial structure and function. In this study, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCMs) subjected to hypoxia-reperfusion injury (HRI) and/or H2O2 were used to mimic oxidative stress in the heart following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In vitro experiments demonstrated that HRI or stimulation with H2O2 induced self-cleavage of OMA1 and the subsequent conversion of OPA1 from its long form to its short form, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, cytochrome c release and apoptosis. By using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software to simulate the binding interaction of 2295 phytochemicals against OMA1, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and betanin were selected as candidates of OMA1 inhibitor. We found that EGCG directly interacted with OMA1 and potently inhibited self-cleavage of OMA1, leading to attenuated OPA1 cleavage. This study, therefore, suggests to use OMA1 inhibition induced by EGCG to treat cardiac IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Nan
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cunjin Nan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya Geng
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dawei Xing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rahman
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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130
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Huang Z, Xu B, Huang X, Zhang Y, Yu M, Han X, Song L, Xia Y, Zhou Z, Wang X, Chen M, Lu C. Metabolomics reveals the role of acetyl-l-carnitine metabolism in γ-Fe 2O 3 NP-induced embryonic development toxicity via mitochondria damage. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:204-220. [PMID: 30663479 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1537411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxides nanoparticles (FeOX NPs), including α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, are employed in many technological applications. However, very few studies have investigated the embryonic developmental toxicity of FeOX NPs. In this study, metabolomics analysis were used to uncover the potential mechanisms of FeOX NPs developmental toxicity on embryo-larval zebrafish and mice. Our results indicated that γ-Fe2O3 NP treatment could cause increased mortality, dropped hatching rate, etc., while α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs showed no obvious effect. Through metabolomics analysis, a total of 42 metabolites were found to be significantly changed between the γ-Fe2O3 NP-treated group and the control group (p < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis indicated the impairment of mitochondria function. γ-Fe2O3 NP treatment caused abnormal mitochondrion structure and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in zebrafish embryos. Meanwhile, ATP synthesis was decreased while oxidative stress levels were affected. It is noteworthy that acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) (p = 6.79E - 04) and l-carnitine (p = 1.43E - 03) were identified with minimal p values, the relationship between the two counter-balance was regulated by acetyltransferase (crata). Subsequently, we performed rescue experiments with ALCAR on zebrafish embryos, and found that the mortality rates reduced and hatching rates raised significantly in the γ-Fe2O3 NP-treated group. Additionally, γ-Fe2O3 exposure could lead to increased absorbed fetus rate, decreased placental weight, lower expression of acetyltransferase (Crat), reduced ATP synthesis as well as increased oxidative stress (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that γ-Fe2O3 NP might affect the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis by affecting the metabolism of ALCAR, thereby stimulating oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and causing embryonic development toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bo Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Mingming Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiumei Han
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ling Song
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yankai Xia
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhu Zhou
- c Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , CA , USA
| | - Xinru Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Minjian Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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131
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PARL deficiency in mouse causes Complex III defects, coenzyme Q depletion, and Leigh-like syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:277-286. [PMID: 30578322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811938116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial intramembrane rhomboid protease PARL has been implicated in diverse functions in vitro, but its physiological role in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that Parl ablation in mouse causes a necrotizing encephalomyelopathy similar to Leigh syndrome, a mitochondrial disease characterized by disrupted energy production. Mice with conditional PARL deficiency in the nervous system, but not in muscle, develop a similar phenotype as germline Parl KOs, demonstrating the vital role of PARL in neurological homeostasis. Genetic modification of two major PARL substrates, PINK1 and PGAM5, do not modify this severe neurological phenotype. Parl -/- brain mitochondria are affected by progressive ultrastructural changes and by defects in Complex III (CIII) activity, coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, and mitochondrial calcium metabolism. PARL is necessary for the stable expression of TTC19, which is required for CIII activity, and of COQ4, which is essential in CoQ biosynthesis. Thus, PARL plays a previously overlooked constitutive role in the maintenance of the respiratory chain in the nervous system, and its deficiency causes progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and structural abnormalities leading to neuronal necrosis and Leigh-like syndrome.
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132
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Huang XT, Liu X, Ye CY, Tao LX, Zhou H, Zhang HY. Iron-induced energy supply deficiency and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons. J Neurochem 2018; 147:816-830. [PMID: 30380148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial impairments are both vitally important for the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, how these two pathological phenomena are linked with one another remains unclear, especially in neurons. To address the question, a model of iron overload was established with exposure of rat primary cortical neurons to excessive iron. We first verified that iron overload resulted in a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in neurons. Meanwhile, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c was significantly increased after iron overload and consequently triggered an apoptosis signal, as revealed by Caspase 3 cleavage. To explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms, an unlabeled quantitative proteomics approach was applied to primary neurons. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that 58 mitochondria-associated proteins were significantly altered, including three subunits of mitochondrial complex I and optic atrophy 1(OPA1). Increased NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit and decreased NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A10 levels were further validated by a western blot, and more importantly, complex I activity markedly declined. Iron-induced down-regulation on the OPA1 level was also validated by a western blot, which was not reversed by the anti-oxidant but was reversed by the iron chelator. Moreover, an OPA1-associated key downstream effect, mitochondrial fragmentation, was found to be aggravated in neurons exposed to excessive iron, which is consistent with the down-regulation of OPA1. Furthermore, the protein level of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, an important protein closely related to complex I activity and mitochondrial fragmentation, also significantly declined in neurons by iron overload. Thus, our findings may shed new light on the linkage between iron toxicity and mitochondrial impairments, such as energy supply deficiency and mitochondrial fragmentation, and further expand the toxic repertoire of iron in the central nerve system. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Yan Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xue Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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133
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Gaffney KA, Hong H. The rhomboid protease GlpG has weak interaction energies in its active site hydrogen bond network. J Gen Physiol 2018; 151:282-291. [PMID: 30420443 PMCID: PMC6400518 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhomboid proteases are membrane-integrated enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in the transmembrane domains of protein substrates. Gaffney and Hong experimentally determine interaction energies between active site residues to reveal weak coupling, which may explain the slow proteolysis mediated by GlpG. Intramembrane rhomboid proteases are of particular interest because of their function to hydrolyze a peptide bond of a substrate buried in the membrane. Crystal structures of the bacterial rhomboid protease GlpG have revealed a catalytic dyad (Ser201-His254) and oxyanion hole (His150/Asn154/the backbone amide of Ser201) surrounded by the protein matrix and contacting a narrow water channel. Although multiple crystal structures have been solved, the catalytic mechanism of GlpG is not completely understood. Because it is a serine protease, hydrogen bonding interactions between the active site residues are thought to play a critical role in the catalytic cycle. Here, we dissect the interaction energies among the active site residues His254, Ser201, and Asn154 of Escherichia coli GlpG, which form a hydrogen bonding network. We combine double mutant cycle analysis with stability measurements using steric trapping. In mild detergent, the active site residues are weakly coupled with interaction energies (ΔΔGInter) of ‒1.4 kcal/mol between His254 and Ser201 and ‒0.2 kcal/mol between Ser201 and Asn154. Further, by analyzing the propagation of single mutations of the active site residues, we find that these residues are important not only for function but also for the folding cooperativity of GlpG. The weak interaction between Ser and His in the catalytic dyad may partly explain the unusually slow proteolysis by GlpG compared with other canonical serine proteases. Our result suggests that the weak hydrogen bonds in the active site are sufficient to carry out the proteolytic function of rhomboid proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Gaffney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Heedeok Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI .,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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134
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Loro E, Bisetto S, Khurana TS. Mitochondrial ultrastructural adaptations in fast muscles of mice lacking IL15RA. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs218313. [PMID: 30301784 PMCID: PMC6240298 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-15 (IL15) and its receptor α (IL15RA) participate in the regulation of musculoskeletal function and metabolism. Deletion of the Il15ra gene in mice increases spontaneous activity, improves fatigue resistance in the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and protects from diet-induced obesity. In humans, IL15RA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to muscle strength, metabolism and performance in elite endurance athletes. Taken together, these features suggest a possible role for IL15RA in muscle mitochondrial structure and function. Here, we have investigated the consequences of loss of IL15RA on skeletal muscle fiber-type properties and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Immunostaining of the EDL for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms revealed no significant changes in fiber type. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the EDL indicated an overall higher mitochondria content, and increased cristae density in subsarcolemmal and A-band mitochondrial subpopulations. The higher cristae density in Il15ra-/- mitochondria was associated with higher OPA1 and cardiolipin levels. Overall, these data extend our understanding of the role of IL15RA signaling in muscle oxidative metabolism and adaptation to exercise.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- Animals
- Cardiolipins/metabolism
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Bisetto
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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135
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Habich M, Salscheider SL, Riemer J. Cysteine residues in mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins: more than just import. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:514-531. [PMID: 30129023 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermembrane space (IMS) is a very small mitochondrial sub-compartment with critical relevance for many cellular processes. IMS proteins fulfil important functions in transport of proteins, lipids, metabolites and metal ions, in signalling, in metabolism and in defining the mitochondrial ultrastructure. Our understanding of the IMS proteome has become increasingly refined although we still lack information on the identity and function of many of its proteins. One characteristic of many IMS proteins are conserved cysteines. Different post-translational modifications of these cysteine residues can have critical roles in protein function, localization and/or stability. The close localization to different ROS-producing enzyme systems, a dedicated machinery for oxidative protein folding, and a unique equipment with antioxidative systems, render the careful balancing of the redox and modification states of the cysteine residues, a major challenge in the IMS. In this review, we discuss different functions of human IMS proteins, the involvement of cysteine residues in these functions, the consequences of cysteine modifications and the consequences of cysteine mutations or defects in the machinery for disulfide bond formation in terms of human health. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Habich
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silja Lucia Salscheider
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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136
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Quintana-Cabrera R, Quirin C, Glytsou C, Corrado M, Urbani A, Pellattiero A, Calvo E, Vázquez J, Enríquez JA, Gerle C, Soriano ME, Bernardi P, Scorrano L. The cristae modulator Optic atrophy 1 requires mitochondrial ATP synthase oligomers to safeguard mitochondrial function. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3399. [PMID: 30143614 PMCID: PMC6109181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the mitochondrial fusion protein Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), which inhibits cristae remodeling, protects from mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we identify the mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase as the effector of OPA1 in mitochondrial protection. In OPA1 overexpressing cells, the loss of proton electrochemical gradient caused by respiratory chain complex III inhibition is blunted and this protection is abolished by the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. Mechanistically, OPA1 and ATP synthase can interact, but recombinant OPA1 fails to promote oligomerization of purified ATP synthase reconstituted in liposomes, suggesting that OPA1 favors ATP synthase oligomerization and reversal activity by modulating cristae shape. When ATP synthase oligomers are genetically destabilized by silencing the key dimerization subunit e, OPA1 is no longer able to preserve mitochondrial function and cell viability upon complex III inhibition. Thus, OPA1 protects mitochondria from respiratory chain inhibition by stabilizing cristae shape and favoring ATP synthase oligomerization. Mitochondrial cristae shape influences apoptosis and respiration. Here the authors show that the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 protects mitochondria from dysfunction by promoting ATP synthase oligomerization and reversal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Quintana-Cabrera
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.,University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,CIBERFES, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Quirin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Christina Glytsou
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauro Corrado
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.,Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Anna Pellattiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERFES, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.
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137
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Amini P, Stojkov D, Felser A, Jackson CB, Courage C, Schaller A, Gelman L, Soriano ME, Nuoffer JM, Scorrano L, Benarafa C, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation requires OPA1-dependent glycolytic ATP production. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2958. [PMID: 30054480 PMCID: PMC6063938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that has an important role in mitochondrial fusion and structural integrity. Dysfunctional OPA1 mutations cause atrophy of the optic nerve leading to blindness. Here, we show that OPA1 has an important role in the innate immune system. Using conditional knockout mice lacking Opa1 in neutrophils (Opa1N∆), we report that lack of OPA1 reduces the activity of mitochondrial electron transport complex I in neutrophils. This then causes a decline in adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) production through glycolysis due to lowered NAD+ availability. Additionally, we show that OPA1-dependent ATP production in these cells is required for microtubule network assembly and for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Finally, we show that Opa1N∆ mice exhibit a reduced antibacterial defense capability against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is known to be important for mitochondrial fusion and structural integrity. Here, using OPA1 knockout mice, the authors show a detrimental effect on host defense capabilities against pathogen infections. This study reports a critical role for OPA1 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorya Amini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Felser
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Jackson
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolina Courage
- Division of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gelman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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138
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Li X, Hou J, Du J, Feng J, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen S, Feng J, Yang D, Li D, Pei H, Yang Y. Potential Protective Mechanism in the Cardiac Microvascular Injury. Hypertension 2018; 72:116-127. [PMID: 29735636 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchuan Li
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Juanni Hou
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Jin Du
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Sha Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Dachun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - De Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Haifeng Pei
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yongjian Yang
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
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139
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Lebeau J, Rainbolt TK, Wiseman RL. Coordinating Mitochondrial Biology Through the Stress-Responsive Regulation of Mitochondrial Proteases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:79-128. [PMID: 30072094 PMCID: PMC6402875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are localized throughout mitochondria and function as critical regulators of all aspects of mitochondrial biology. As such, the activities of these proteases are sensitively regulated through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to adapt mitochondrial function to specific cellular demands. Here, we discuss the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for regulating mitochondrial protease activity and the implications of this regulation on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we describe how imbalances in the activity or regulation of mitochondrial proteases induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related factors influence mitochondria in the context of disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate mitochondrial function through alterations in protease activity provide insights into the contributions of these proteases in pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction and reveals new therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this dysfunction in the context of diverse classes of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lebeau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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140
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Bagli E, Zikou AK, Agnantis N, Kitsos G. Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics and Inherited Optic Neuropathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:511-525. [PMID: 28652416 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies are a genetically diverse group of disorders mainly characterized by visual loss and optic atrophy. Since the first recognition of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, several genetic defects altering primary mitochondrial respiration have been proposed to contribute to the development of syndromic and non-syndromic optic neuropathies. Moreover, the genomics and imaging revolution in the past decade has increased diagnostic efficiency and accuracy, allowing recognition of a link between mitochondrial dynamics machinery and a broad range of inherited neurodegenerative diseases involving the optic nerve. Mutations of novel genes modifying mainly the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission have been shown to lead to overlapping clinical phenotypes ranging from isolated optic atrophy to severe, sometimes lethal multisystem disorders, and are reviewed herein. Given the particular vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, the accessibility of the eye as a part of the central nervous system and improvements in technical imaging concerning assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer, optic nerve evaluation becomes critical - even in asymptomatic patients - for correct diagnosis, understanding and early treatment of these complex and enigmatic clinical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bagli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Division of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anastasia K Zikou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Niki Agnantis
- Department of Pathology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Kitsos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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141
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Ugarte-Uribe B, García-Sáez AJ. Apoptotic foci at mitochondria: in and around Bax pores. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018. [PMID: 28630156 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane by Bax and Bak during apoptosis is considered a key step and a point of no return in the signalling pathway. It is always closely related to the reorganization of mitochondrial cristae that frees cytochrome c to the intermembrane space and to massive mitochondrial fragmentation mediated by the dynamin-like protein Drp1. Despite multiple evidence in favour of a functional link between these processes, the molecular mechanisms that connect them and their relevance for efficient apoptosis signalling remain obscure. In this review, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of how Bax forms pores in the context of Drp1-stabilized signalling platforms at apoptotic foci in mitochondria.This article is part of the themed issue 'Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ugarte-Uribe
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe Seyler Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe Seyler Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
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142
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Cesnekova J, Spacilova J, Hansikova H, Houstek J, Zeman J, Stiburek L. LACE1 interacts with p53 and mediates its mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47687-47698. [PMID: 27323408 PMCID: PMC5216971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a major cellular tumor suppressor that in addition to its nuclear, transcription-dependent activity is also known to function extranuclearly. Cellular stressors such as reactive oxygen species can promote translocation of p53 into mitochondria where it acts to protect mitochondrial genome or trigger cell death via transcription-independent manner. Here we report that the mammalian homologue of yeast mitochondrial Afg1 ATPase (LACE1) promotes translocation of p53 into mitochondria. We further show that LACE1 exhibits significant pro-apoptotic activity, which is dependent on p53, and that the protein is required for normal mitochondrial respiratory function. LACE1 physically interacts with p53 and is necessary for mitomycin c-induced translocation of p53 into mitochondria. Conversely, increased expression of LACE1 partitions p53 to mitochondria, causes reduction in nuclear p53 content and induces apoptosis. Thus, LACE1 mediates mitochondrial translocation of p53 and its transcription-independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cesnekova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Spacilova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houstek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Stiburek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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143
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Martinvalet D. The role of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum contact sites in the development of the immune responses. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:336. [PMID: 29491398 PMCID: PMC5832423 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) are dynamic modules enriched in subset of lipids and specialized proteins that determine their structure and functions. The MERCs regulate lipid transfer, autophagosome formation, mitochondrial fission, Ca2+ homeostasis and apoptosis. Since these functions are essential for cell biology, it is therefore not surprising that MERCs also play a critical role in organ physiology among which the immune system stands by its critical host defense function. This defense system must discriminate and tolerate host cells and beneficial commensal microorganisms while eliminating pathogenic ones in order to preserve normal homeostasis. To meet this goal, the immune system has two lines of defense. First, the fast acting but unspecific innate immune system relies on anatomical physical barriers and subsets of hematopoietically derived cells expressing germline-encoded receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognizing conserved motifs on the pathogens. Second, the slower but very specific adaptive immune response is added to complement innate immunity. Adaptive immunity relies on another set of specialized cells, the lymphocytes, harboring receptors requiring somatic recombination to be expressed. Both innate and adaptive immune cells must be activated to phagocytose and process pathogens, migrate, proliferate, release soluble factors and destroy infected cells. Some of these functions are strongly dependent on lipid transfer, autophagosome formation, mitochondrial fission, and Ca2+ flux; this indicates that MERCs could regulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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144
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OPA1: How much do we know to approach therapy? Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:199-210. [PMID: 29454676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OPA1 is a GTPase that controls several functions, such as mitochondrial dynamics and energetics, mtDNA maintenance and cristae integrity. In the last years, there have been described other cellular pathways and mechanisms involving OPA1 directly or through its interaction. All this new information, by implementing our knowledge on OPA1 is instrumental to elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of OPA1 mutations. Indeed, these are associated with dominant optic atrophy (DOA), one of the most common inherited optic neuropathies, and with an increasing number of heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we overview all recent findings on OPA1 protein functions, on its dysfunction and related clinical phenotypes, focusing on the current therapeutic options and future perspectives to treat DOA and the other associated neurological disorders due to OPA1 mutations.
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145
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Deng S, Ai Y, Gong H, Feng Q, Li X, Chen C, Liu Z, Wang Y, Peng Q, Zhang L. Mitochondrial dynamics and protective effects of a mitochondrial division inhibitor, Mdivi-1, in lipopolysaccharide-induced brain damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:865-871. [PMID: 29395086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the most common reasons for mortality in Intensive Care Units. As a common but severe neurological complication, sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) has always been ignored and there is no generally accepted treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that Mdivi-1 ameliorated brain damage assessed by Nissl staining. Furthermore, Mdivi-1 reduced TUNEL-positive cells in hippocampus, and inhibited S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) release into plasma. Biochemical analysis also showed that Mdivi-1 protected hippocampus from oxidative stresses. Western blot analysis revealed that Mdivi-1, as a Drp1 inhibitor, inhibited LPS induced dynamin-related GTPase (Drp1) increase. Interestingly, it can also attenuate LPS induced optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and phosphorylated Drp1 (p-Drp1) decrease. Thus Mdivi-1 protected rats from SAE, and this protective effect could be associated with its inhibition of Drp1 and its activation of p-Drp1 and OPA1. Mitochondrial dynamics may be a potential pharmacological therapeutic target for treating SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Yuhang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Caixia Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Qianyi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
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146
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Update on mitochondria and muscle aging: all wrong roads lead to sarcopenia. Biol Chem 2018; 399:421-436. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a well-known geriatric syndrome that has been endorsed over the years as a biomarker allowing for the discrimination, at a clinical level, of biological from chronological age. Multiple candidate mechanisms have been linked to muscle degeneration during sarcopenia. Among them, there is wide consensus on the central role played by the loss of mitochondrial integrity in myocytes, secondary to dysfunctional quality control mechanisms. Indeed, mitochondria establish direct or indirect contacts with other cellular components (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes/vacuoles) as well as the extracellular environment through the release of several biomolecules. The functional implications of these interactions in the context of muscle physiology and sarcopenia are not yet fully appreciated and represent a promising area of investigation. Here, we present an overview of recent findings concerning the interrelation between mitochondrial quality control processes, inflammation and the metabolic regulation of muscle mass in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia highlighting those pathways that may be exploited for developing preventive and therapeutic interventions against muscle aging.
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147
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Saita S, Tatsuta T, Lampe PA, König T, Ohba Y, Langer T. PARL partitions the lipid transfer protein STARD7 between the cytosol and mitochondria. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797909. [PMID: 29301859 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane-cleaving peptidases of the rhomboid family regulate diverse cellular processes that are critical for development and cell survival. The function of the rhomboid protease PARL in the mitochondrial inner membrane has been linked to mitophagy and apoptosis, but other regulatory functions are likely to exist. Here, we identify the START domain-containing protein STARD7 as an intramitochondrial lipid transfer protein for phosphatidylcholine. We demonstrate that PARL-mediated cleavage during mitochondrial import partitions STARD7 to the cytosol and the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Negatively charged amino acids in STARD7 serve as a sorting signal allowing mitochondrial release of mature STARD7 upon cleavage by PARL On the other hand, membrane insertion of STARD7 mediated by the TIM23 complex promotes mitochondrial localization of mature STARD7. Mitochondrial STARD7 is necessary and sufficient for the accumulation of phosphatidylcholine in the inner membrane and for the maintenance of respiration and cristae morphogenesis. Thus, PARL preserves mitochondrial membrane homeostasis via STARD7 processing and is emerging as a critical regulator of protein localization between mitochondria and the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Saita
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Tatsuta
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lampe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim König
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yohsuke Ohba
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
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148
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Thornton C, Jones A, Nair S, Aabdien A, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:812-830. [PMID: 29265370 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, resulting from asphyxia during birth, affects 2-3 in every 1000 term infants and depending on severity, brings about life-changing neurological consequences or death. This hypoxic-ischaemia (HI) results in a delayed neural energy failure during which the majority of brain injury occurs. Currently, there are limited treatment options and additional therapies are urgently required. Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a focal point in injury development in the immature brain. Not only do mitochondria become permeabilised, but recent findings implicate perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion), mitophagy and biogenesis. Mitoprotective therapies may therefore offer a new avenue of intervention for babies who suffer lifelong disabilities due to birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Jones
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Afra Aabdien
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences & Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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149
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Burke PJ. Mitochondria, Bioenergetics and Apoptosis in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:857-870. [PMID: 29198441 PMCID: PMC5957506 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the dual roles of mitochondria in ATP production (bioenergetics) and apoptosis (cell life/death decision) were thought to be separate. New evidence points to a more intimate link between these two functions, mediated by the remodeling of the mitochondrial ultrastructure during apoptosis. While most of the key molecular players that regulate this process have been identified (primarily membrane proteins), the exact mechanisms by which they function are not yet understood. Because resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer, and because ultimately all chemotherapies are believed to result directly or indirectly in induction of apoptosis, a better understanding of the biophysical processes involved may lead to new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Burke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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150
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Nivison MP, Ericson NG, Green VM, Bielas JH, Campbell JS, Horner PJ. Age-related accumulation of phosphorylated mitofusin 2 protein in retinal ganglion cells correlates with glaucoma progression. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:49-61. [PMID: 28684211 PMCID: PMC6021128 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of axonal bioenergetics is likely a key mechanism in the initiation and progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma is a quintessential neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of the optic nerve (ON) and eventual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Age and elevation of intraocular pressure are key risk factors in glaucoma, but the common early hallmarks of decreased axonal transport and increased bioenergetic vulnerability likely underlie disease initiation. We examined the correlation between bioenergetics and axonal transport with mitochondrial mutation frequency and post-translational modifications of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in RGCs during glaucoma progression. No increase in the frequency of mtDNA mutations was detected, but we observed significant shifts in mitochondrial protein species. Mfn2 is a fusion protein that functions in mitochondrial biogenesis, maintenance, and mitochondrial transport. We demonstrate that Mfn2 accumulates selectively in RGCs during glaucomatous degeneration, that two novel states of Mfn2 exist in retina and ON, and identify a phosphorylated form that selectively accumulates in RGCs, but is absent in ON. Phosphorylation of Mfn2 is correlated with higher ubiquitination, and failure of the protein to reach the ON. Together, these data suggest that post-translational modification of Mfn2 is associated with its dysregulation during a window of metabolic vulnerability that precedes glaucomatous degeneration. Future work to either manipulate expression of Mfn2 or to prevent its degradation could have therapeutic value in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases where long-tract axons are vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Nivison
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nolan G Ericson
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia M Green
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason H Bielas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean S Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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