101
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Zaretsky I, Atrakchi O, Mazor RD, Stoler-Barak L, Biram A, Feigelson SW, Gitlin AD, Engelhardt B, Shulman Z. ICAMs support B cell interactions with T follicular helper cells and promote clonal selection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3435-3448. [PMID: 28939548 PMCID: PMC5679169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism governing affinity-based B cell selection for germinal center colonization is unclear. Zaretsky et al. show that B cell ICAMs promote efficient B cell selection for clonal expansion by supporting sustained interactions with T follicular helper cells. The germinal center (GC) reaction begins with a diverse and expanded group of B cell clones bearing a wide range of antibody affinities. During GC colonization, B cells engage in long-lasting interactions with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a process that depends on antigen uptake and antigen presentation to the Tfh cells. How long-lasting T–B interactions and B cell clonal expansion are regulated by antigen presentation remains unclear. Here, we use in vivo B cell competition models and intravital imaging to examine the adhesive mechanisms governing B cell selection for GC colonization. We find that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 on B cells are essential for long-lasting cognate Tfh–B cell interactions and efficient selection of low-affinity B cell clones for proliferative clonal expansion. Thus, B cell ICAMs promote efficient antibody immune response by enhancement of T cell help to cognate B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Atrakchi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roei D Mazor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander D Gitlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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102
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The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and future prospects. Vaccine 2017; 35:5388-5395. [PMID: 28866292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory infection in humans. Frequent point mutations in the influenza genome and occasional exchange of genetic segments between virus strains help the virus evade the pre-existing immunity, resulting in epidemics and pandemics. Although vaccination is the most effective intervention, mismatches between circulating viruses and vaccine strains reduce vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, current injectable vaccines induce IgG antibodies in serum (which limit progression of influenza symptoms) but not secretory IgA antibodies in the respiratory mucosa (which prevent virus infection efficiently). Therefore, numerous studies have attempted to improve influenza vaccines. The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies has progressed research into antigen design. Studies designed to improve vaccine efficacy by changing the vaccine administration route have also been conducted. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of various vaccines is essential if we are to develop a universal influenza vaccine. Therefore, evaluating the quality and quantity of antibodies induced by vaccines, which determine vaccine efficacy, is critical. However, at present vaccine evaluation relies on hemagglutination inhibition tests, which only measure the quantity of antibody produced. Antibody repertoires comprise a set of antibodies with specific genetic or molecular features that correspond to their functions. Genetically and functionally similar antibodies may be produced by multiple individuals exposed to an identical stimulus. Therefore, it may be possible to evaluate and compare multiple vaccine strategies in terms of the quality and quantity of an antibody response induced by a vaccine by examining antibody repertoires. Recent studies have used single cell expression and high-throughput immunoglobulin sequencing to provide a detailed picture of antibody responses. These novel methods may be critical for detailed characterization of antibody repertoires induced by various vaccination strategies.
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103
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Smith G, Liu Y, Flyer D, Massare MJ, Zhou B, Patel N, Ellingsworth L, Lewis M, Cummings JF, Glenn G. Novel hemagglutinin nanoparticle influenza vaccine with Matrix-M™ adjuvant induces hemagglutination inhibition, neutralizing, and protective responses in ferrets against homologous and drifted A(H3N2) subtypes. Vaccine 2017; 35:5366-5372. [PMID: 28844407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses frequently acquire mutations undergoing antigenic drift necessitating annual evaluation of vaccine strains. Highly conserved epitopes have been identified in the hemagglutinin (HA) head and stem regions, however, current influenza vaccines induce only limited responses to these conserved sites. Here, we describe a novel seasonal recombinant HA nanoparticle influenza vaccine (NIV) formulated with a saponin-based adjuvant, Matrix-M™. NIV induced hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralizing (MN) antibodies against a broad range of influenza A(H3N2) subtypes. In a comparison of NIV against standard-dose and high-dose inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV and IIV-HD, respectively) in ferrets NIV elicited HAI and MN responses exceeding those induced by IIV-HD against homologous A(H3N2) by 7 fold, A(H1N1) by 26 fold, and B strain viruses by 2 fold. NIV also induced MN responses against all historic A/H3N2 strains tested, spanning more than a decade of viral evolution from the 2000-2017 influenza seasons whereas IIV and IIV-HD induced HAI and MN responses were largely directed against the homologous A(H3N2), A(H1N1), and B virus strains. NIV induced superior protection compared to IIV and IIV-HD in ferrets challenged with a homologous or 10-year drifted influenza A(H3N2) strain. HAI positive and HAI negative neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from mice immunized with NIV were active against homologous and drifted influenza A(H3N2) strains. Taken together these observations suggest that NIV can induce responses to one or more highly conserved HA head and stem epitopes and result in highly neutralizing antibodies against both homologous and drift strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Ye Liu
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - David Flyer
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Maggie Lewis
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Greg Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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104
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Andrews SF, Joyce MG, Chambers MJ, Gillespie RA, Kanekiyo M, Leung K, Yang ES, Tsybovsky Y, Wheatley AK, Crank MC, Boyington JC, Prabhakaran MS, Narpala SR, Chen X, Bailer RT, Chen G, Coates E, Kwong PD, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, McDermott AB. Preferential induction of cross-group influenza A hemagglutinin stem-specific memory B cells after H7N9 immunization in humans. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/13/eaan2676. [PMID: 28783708 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic drift and shift of influenza strains underscore the need for broadly protective influenza vaccines. One strategy is to design immunogens that elicit B cell responses against conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) stem. To better understand the elicitation of HA stem-targeted B cells to group 1 and group 2 influenza subtypes, we compared the memory B cell response to group 2 H7N9 and group 1 H5N1 vaccines in humans. Upon H7N9 vaccination, almost half of the HA stem-specific response recognized the group 1 and group 2 subtypes, whereas the response to H5N1 was largely group 1-specific. Immunoglobulin repertoire analysis of HA-specific B cells indicated that the H7N9 and H5N1 vaccines induced genetically similar cross-group HA stem-binding B cells, albeit at a much higher frequency upon H7N9 vaccination. These data suggest that a group 2-based stem immunogen could prove more effective than a group 1 immunogen at eliciting broad cross-group protection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu S Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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105
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. A Perspective on the Structural and Functional Constraints for Immune Evasion: Insights from Influenza Virus. J Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus evolves rapidly to constantly escape from natural immunity. Most humoral immune responses to influenza virus target the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, which is the major antigen on the surface of the virus. The HA is composed of a globular head domain for receptor binding and a stem domain for membrane fusion. The major antigenic sites of HA are located in the globular head subdomain, which is highly tolerant of amino acid substitutions and continual addition of glycosylation sites. Nonetheless, the evolution of the receptor-binding site and the stem region on HA is severely constrained by their functional roles in engaging the host receptor and in mediating membrane fusion, respectively. Here, we review how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) exploit these evolutionary constraints to protect against diverse influenza strains. We also discuss the emerging role of other epitopes that are conserved only in subsets of viruses. This rapidly increasing knowledge of the evolutionary biology, immunology, structural biology, and virology of influenza virus is invaluable for development and design of more universal influenza vaccines and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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106
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Convergent immunological solutions to Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus neutralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702127114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of hemorrhagic fever New World arenaviruses from their rodent reservoirs to human populations poses substantial public health and economic dangers. These zoonotic events are enabled by the specific interaction between the New World arenaviral attachment glycoprotein, GP1, and cell surface human transferrin receptor (hTfR1). Here, we present the structural basis for how a mouse-derived neutralizing antibody (nAb), OD01, disrupts this interaction by targeting the receptor-binding surface of the GP1 glycoprotein from Junín virus (JUNV), a hemorrhagic fever arenavirus endemic in central Argentina. Comparison of our structure with that of a previously reported nAb complex (JUNV GP1-GD01) reveals largely overlapping epitopes but highly distinct antibody-binding modes. Despite differences in GP1 recognition, we find that both antibodies present a key tyrosine residue, albeit on different chains, that inserts into a central pocket on JUNV GP1 and effectively mimics the contacts made by the host TfR1. These data provide a molecular-level description of how antibodies derived from different germline origins arrive at equivalent immunological solutions to virus neutralization.
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107
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Liu Y, Pan J, Jenni S, Raymond DD, Caradonna T, Do KT, Schmidt AG, Harrison SC, Grigorieff N. CryoEM Structure of an Influenza Virus Receptor-Binding Site Antibody-Antigen Interface. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1829-1839. [PMID: 28506635 PMCID: PMC5535819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based vaccine design depends on extensive structural analyses of antigen-antibody complexes.Single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) can circumvent some of the problems of x-ray crystallography as a pipeline for obtaining the required structures. We have examined the potential of single-particle cryoEM for determining the structure of influenza-virus hemagglutinin (HA):single-chain variable-domain fragment complexes, by studying a complex we failed to crystallize in pursuing an extended project on the human immune response to influenza vaccines.The result shows that a combination of cryoEM and molecular modeling can yield details of the antigen-antibody interface, although small variation in the twist of the rod-likeHA trimer limited the overall resolution to about 4.5Å.Comparison of principal 3D classes suggests ways to modify the HA trimer to overcome this limitation. A closely related antibody from the same donor did yield crystals when bound with the same HA, giving us an independent validation of the cryoEM results.The two structures also augment our understanding of receptor-binding site recognition by antibodies that neutralize a wide range of influenza-virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Junhua Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald D Raymond
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Tim Caradonna
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Khoi T Do
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston,MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nikolaus Grigorieff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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108
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Computational design of trimeric influenza-neutralizing proteins targeting the hemagglutinin receptor binding site. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:667-671. [PMID: 28604661 PMCID: PMC5512607 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many viral surface glycoproteins and cell surface receptors are homo-oligomers, and thus can potentially be targeted by geometrically matched homo-oligomers that engage all subunits simultaneously to attain high avidity and/or lock subunits together. The adaptive immune system cannot generally employ this strategy since the individual antibody binding sites are not arranged with appropriate geometry to simultaneously engage multiple sites in a single target homo-oligomer. We describe a general strategy for the computational design of homo-oligomeric protein assemblies with binding functionality precisely matched to homo-oligomeric target sites. In the first step, a small protein is designed that binds a single site on the target. In the second step, the designed protein is assembled into a homo-oligomer such that the designed binding sites are aligned with the target sites. We use this approach to design high-avidity trimeric proteins that bind influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) at its conserved receptor binding site. The designed trimers can both capture and detect HA in a paper-based diagnostic format, neutralizes influenza in cell culture, and completely protects mice when given as a single dose 24 h before or after challenge with influenza.
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109
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Wang G, Yin R, Zhou P, Ding Z. Combination of the immunization with the sequence close to the consensus sequence and two DNA prime plus one VLP boost generate H5 hemagglutinin specific broad neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176854. [PMID: 28542275 PMCID: PMC5443486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) head has long been considered to be able to elicit only a narrow, strain-specific antibody response as it undergoes rapid antigenic drift. However, we previously showed that a heterologous prime-boost strategy, in which mice were primed twice with DNA encoding HA and boosted once with virus-like particles (VLP) from an H5N1 strain A/Thailand/1(KAN)-1/2004 (noted as TH DDV), induced anti-head broad cross-H5 neutralizing antibody response. To explain why TH DDV immunization could generate such breadth, we systemically compared the neutralization breadth and potency between TH DDV sera and immune sera elicited by TH DDD (three times of DNA immunizations), TH VVV (three times of VLP immunizations), TH DV (one DNA prime plus one VLP boost) and TK DDV (plasmid DNA and VLP derived from another H5N1 strain, A/Turkey/65596/2006). Then we determined the antigenic sites (AS) on TH HA head and the key residues of the main antigenic site. Through the comparison of different regiments, we found that the combination of the immunization with the sequence close to the consensus sequence and two DNA prime plus one VLP boost caused that TH DDV immunization generate broad neutralizing antibodies. Antigenic analysis showed that TH DDV, TH DV, TH DDD and TH VVV sera recognize the common antigenic site AS1. Antibodies directed to AS1 contribute to the largest proportion of the neutralizing activity of these immune sera. Residues 188 and 193 in AS1 are the key residues which are responsible for neutralization breadth of the immune sera. Interestingly, residues 188 and 193 locate in classical antigen sites but are relatively conserved among the 16 tested strains and 1,663 HA sequences from NCBI database. Thus, our results strongly indicate that it is feasible to develop broad cross-H5 influenza vaccines against HA head.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Consensus Sequence
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Random Allocation
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Wang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Unit of Anti-viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Paul Zhou
- The Unit of Anti-viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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110
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Divergent Requirement of Fc-Fcγ Receptor Interactions for In Vivo Protection against Influenza Viruses by Two Pan-H5 Hemagglutinin Antibodies. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02065-16. [PMID: 28331095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02065-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Fc-Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions are required for in vivo protection against influenza viruses by broadly reactive anti-hemagglutinin (HA) stem, but not virus strain-specific, anti-receptor binding site (RBS), antibodies (Abs). Since only a few Abs recognizing epitopes in the head region but outside the RBS have been tested against single-challenge virus strains, it remains unknown whether Fc-FcγR interactions are required for in vivo protection by Abs recognizing epitopes outside the RBS and whether the requirement is virus strain specific or epitope specific. In the present study, we therefore investigated the requirements for in vivo protection using two pan-H5 Abs, 65C6 and 100F4. We generated chimeric Abs, 65C6/IgG2a and 100F4/IgG2a, which preferentially engage activating FcγRs, and isogenic forms, 65C6/D265A and 100F4/D265A, which do not bind FcγR. Virus neutralizing activity, binding, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and in vivo protection of these Abs were compared using three H5 strains, A/Shenzhen/406H/2006 (SZ06), A/chicken/Shanxi/2/2006 (SX06), and A/chicken/Netherlands/14015526/2014 (NE14). We found that all four chimeric Abs bound and neutralized the SZ06 and NE14 strains but poorly inhibited the SX06 strain. 65C6/IgG2a and 100F4/IgG2a, but not 65C6/D265A and 100F4/D265A, mediated ADCC against target cells expressing HA derived from all three virus strains. Interestingly, both 65C6/IgG2a and 65C6/D265A demonstrated comparable protection against all three virus strains in vivo; however, 100F4/IgG2a, but not 100F4/D265A, showed in vivo protection. Thus, we conclude that Fc-FcγR interactions are required for in vivo protection by 100F4, but not by 65C6, and therefore, protection is not virus strain specific but epitope specific.IMPORTANCE Abs play an important role in immune protection against influenza virus infection. Fc-FcγR interactions are required for in vivo protection by broadly neutralizing antistem, but not by virus strain-specific, anti-receptor binding site (RBS), Abs. Whether such interactions are necessary for protection by Abs that recognize epitopes outside RBS is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated in vivo protection mechanisms against three H5 strains by two pan-H5 Abs, 65C6 and 100F4. We show that although these two Abs have similar neutralizing, binding, and ADCC activities against all three H5 strains in vitro, they have divergent requirements for Fc-FcγR interactions to protect against the three H5 strains in vivo The Fc-FcγR interactions are required for in vivo protection by 100F4, but not by 65C6. Thus, we conclude that Fc-FcγR interactions for in vivo protection by pan-H5 Abs is not strain specific, but epitope specific.
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111
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Differences in Glycoprotein Complex Receptor Binding Site Accessibility Prompt Poor Cross-Reactivity of Neutralizing Antibodies between Closely Related Arenaviruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01454-16. [PMID: 28100617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01454-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein complex (GPC) of arenaviruses, composed of stable signal peptide, GP1, and GP2, is the only antigen correlated with antibody-mediated neutralization. However, despite strong cross-reactivity of convalescent antisera between related arenavirus species, weak or no cross-neutralization occurs. Two closely related clade B viruses, Machupo virus (MACV) and Junín virus (JUNV), have nearly identical overall GPC architecture and share a host receptor, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). Given structural and functional similarities of the GP1 receptor binding site (RBS) of these viruses and the recent demonstration that the RBS is an important target for neutralizing antibodies, it is not clear how these viruses avoid cross-neutralization. To address this, MACV/JUNV chimeric GPCs were assessed for interaction with a group of α-JUNV GPC monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and mouse antisera against JUNV or MACV GPC. All six MAbs targeted GP1, with those that neutralized JUNV GPC-pseudovirions competing with each other for RBS binding. However, these MAbs were unable to bind to a chimeric GPC composed of JUNV GP1 containing a small disulfide bonded loop (loop 10) unique to MACV GPC, suggesting that this loop may block MAbs interaction with the GP1 RBS. Consistent with this loop causing interference, mouse anti-JUNV GPC antisera that solely neutralized pseudovirions bearing autologous GP1 provided enhanced neutralization of MACV GPC when this loop was removed. Our studies provide evidence that loop 10, which is unique to MACV GP1, is an important impediment to binding of neutralizing antibodies and contributes to the poor cross-neutralization of α-JUNV antisera against MACV.IMPORTANCE Multiple New World arenaviruses can cause severe disease in humans, and some geographic overlap exists among these viruses. A vaccine that protects against a broad range of New World arenaviruses is desirable for purposes of simplicity, cost, and broad protection against multiple National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease-assigned category A priority pathogens. In this study, we sought to better understand how closely related arenaviruses elude cross-species neutralization by investigating the structural bases of antibody binding and avoidance. In our studies, we found that neutralizing antibodies against two New World arenaviruses, Machupo virus (MACV) and Junín virus (JUNV), bound to the envelope glycoprotein 1 (GP1) with JUNV monoclonal antibodies targeting the receptor binding site (RBS). We further show that altered structures surrounding the RBS pocket in MACV GP1 impede access of JUNV-elicited antibodies.
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112
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Structural basis for antibody cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16272. [PMID: 28134915 PMCID: PMC5308794 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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114
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Lee J, Boutz DR, Chromikova V, Joyce MG, Vollmers C, Leung K, Horton AP, DeKosky BJ, Lee CH, Lavinder JJ, Murrin EM, Chrysostomou C, Hoi KH, Tsybovsky Y, Thomas PV, Druz A, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wang L, Kong WP, Park D, Popova LI, Dekker CL, Davis MM, Carter CE, Ross TM, Ellington AD, Wilson PC, Marcotte EM, Mascola JR, Ippolito GC, Krammer F, Quake SR, Kwong PD, Georgiou G. Molecular-level analysis of the serum antibody repertoire in young adults before and after seasonal influenza vaccination. Nat Med 2016; 22:1456-1464. [PMID: 27820605 PMCID: PMC5301914 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of serological immunity to influenza has been confounded by the complexity of the polyclonal antibody response in humans. Here we used high-resolution proteomics analysis of immunoglobulin (referred to as Ig-seq) coupled with high-throughput sequencing of transcripts encoding B cell receptors (BCR-seq) to quantitatively determine the antibody repertoire at the individual clonotype level in the sera of young adults before and after vaccination with trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. The serum repertoire comprised between 40 and 147 clonotypes that were specific to each of the three monovalent components of the trivalent influenza vaccine, with boosted pre-existing clonotypes accounting for ∼60% of the response. An unexpectedly high fraction of serum antibodies recognized both the H1 and H3 monovalent vaccines. Recombinant versions of these H1 + H3 cross-reactive antibodies showed broad binding to hemagglutinins (HAs) from previously circulating virus strains; several of these antibodies, which were prevalent in the serum of multiple donors, recognized the same conserved epitope in the HA head domain. Although the HA-head-specific H1 + H3 antibodies did not show neutralization activity in vitro, they protected mice against infection with the H1N1 and H3N2 virus strains when administered before or after challenge. Collectively, our data reveal unanticipated insights regarding the serological response to influenza vaccination and raise questions about the added benefits of using a quadrivalent vaccine instead of a trivalent vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel R Boutz
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P Horton
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chang-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ellen M Murrin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kam Hon Hoi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daechan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Lyubov I Popova
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chalise E Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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115
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Germline-encoded neutralization of a Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor by the human antibody repertoire. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13376. [PMID: 27857134 PMCID: PMC5120205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both an important pathogen and a human commensal. To explore this ambivalent relationship between host and microbe, we analysed the memory humoral response against IsdB, a protein involved in iron acquisition, in four healthy donors. Here we show that in all donors a heavily biased use of two immunoglobulin heavy chain germlines generated high affinity (pM) antibodies that neutralize the two IsdB NEAT domains, IGHV4-39 for NEAT1 and IGHV1-69 for NEAT2. In contrast to the typical antibody/antigen interactions, the binding is primarily driven by the germline-encoded hydrophobic CDRH-2 motifs of IGHV1-69 and IGHV4-39, with a binding mechanism nearly identical for each antibody derived from different donors. Our results suggest that IGHV1-69 and IGHV4-39, while part of the adaptive immune system, may have evolved under selection pressure to encode a binding motif innately capable of recognizing and neutralizing a structurally conserved protein domain involved in pathogen iron acquisition.
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116
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Influenza immunization elicits antibodies specific for an egg-adapted vaccine strain. Nat Med 2016; 22:1465-1469. [PMID: 27820604 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For broad protection against infection by viruses such as influenza or HIV, vaccines should elicit antibodies that bind conserved viral epitopes, such as the receptor-binding site (RBS). RBS-directed antibodies have been described for both HIV and influenza virus, and the design of immunogens to elicit them is a goal of vaccine research in both fields. Residues in the RBS of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) determine a preference for the avian or human receptor, α-2,3-linked sialic acid and α-2,6-linked sialic acid, respectively. Transmission of an avian-origin virus between humans generally requires one or more mutations in the sequences encoding the influenza virus RBS to change the preferred receptor from avian to human, but passage of a human-derived vaccine candidate in chicken eggs can select for reversion to avian receptor preference. For example, the X-181 strain of the 2009 new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, derived from the A/California/07/2009 isolate and used in essentially all vaccines since 2009, has arginine at position 226, a residue known to confer preference for an α-2,3 linkage in H1 subtype viruses; the wild-type A/California/07/2009 isolate, like most circulating human H1N1 viruses, has glutamine at position 226. We describe, from three different individuals, RBS-directed antibodies that recognize the avian-adapted H1 strain in current influenza vaccines but not the circulating new pandemic 2009 virus; Arg226 in the vaccine-strain RBS accounts for the restriction. The polyclonal sera of the three donors also reflect this preference. Therefore, when vaccines produced from strains that are never passaged in avian cells become widely available, they may prove more capable of eliciting RBS-directed, broadly neutralizing antibodies than those produced from egg-adapted viruses, extending the established benefits of current seasonal influenza immunizations.
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117
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Molecular Basis for Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of New World Hemorrhagic Fever Mammarenaviruses. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:705-13. [PMID: 26651946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Western hemisphere, at least five mammarenaviruses cause human viral hemorrhagic fevers with high case fatality rates. Junín virus (JUNV) is the only hemorrhagic fever virus for which transfusion of survivor immune plasma that contains neutralizing antibodies ("passive immunity") is an established treatment. Here, we report the structure of the JUNV surface glycoprotein receptor-binding subunit (GP1) bound to a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The antibody engages the GP1 site that binds transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)-the host cell surface receptor for all New World hemorrhagic fever mammarenaviruses-and mimics an important receptor contact. We show that survivor immune plasma contains antibodies that bind the same epitope. We propose that viral receptor-binding site accessibility explains the success of passive immunity against JUNV and that this functionally conserved epitope is a potential target for therapeutics and vaccines to limit infection by all New World hemorrhagic fever mammarenaviruses.
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118
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Joyce MG, Wheatley AK, Thomas PV, Chuang GY, Soto C, Bailer RT, Druz A, Georgiev IS, Gillespie RA, Kanekiyo M, Kong WP, Leung K, Narpala SN, Prabhakaran MS, Yang ES, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Asokan M, Boyington JC, Bylund T, Darko S, Lees CR, Ransier A, Shen CH, Wang L, Whittle JR, Wu X, Yassine HM, Santos C, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, Baxa U, Mullikin JC, Subbarao K, Douek DC, Graham BS, Koup RA, Ledgerwood JE, Roederer M, Shapiro L, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, McDermott AB. Vaccine-Induced Antibodies that Neutralize Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses. Cell 2016; 166:609-623. [PMID: 27453470 PMCID: PMC4978566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies capable of neutralizing divergent influenza A viruses could form the basis of a universal vaccine. Here, from subjects enrolled in an H5N1 DNA/MIV-prime-boost influenza vaccine trial, we sorted hemagglutinin cross-reactive memory B cells and identified three antibody classes, each capable of neutralizing diverse subtypes of group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. Co-crystal structures with hemagglutinin revealed that each class utilized characteristic germline genes and convergent sequence motifs to recognize overlapping epitopes in the hemagglutinin stem. All six analyzed subjects had sequences from at least one multidonor class, and-in half the subjects-multidonor-class sequences were recovered from >40% of cross-reactive B cells. By contrast, these multidonor-class sequences were rare in published antibody datasets. Vaccination with a divergent hemagglutinin can thus increase the frequency of B cells encoding broad influenza A-neutralizing antibodies. We propose the sequence signature-quantified prevalence of these B cells as a metric to guide universal influenza A immunization strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep N Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu S Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mangaiarkarasi Asokan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher R Lees
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James R Whittle
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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119
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Ren H, Zhou P. Epitope-focused vaccine design against influenza A and B viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:83-90. [PMID: 27343703 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The threat of influenza A and B variants via antigenic drift and emerging novel influenza A and B strains in the human population via antigenic shift has spurred research efforts to improve upon current seasonal influenza vaccines. In recent years, a wave of novel technological breakthroughs has lead to the identification of many broadly anti-influenza hemagglutinin (HA) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the elucidation of the conserved epitopes recognized by these mAbs in both the head and the stem of HA as well as the mechanisms of inhibition. These discoveries along with an improved understanding of how the immune system responds to influenza infection and vaccination has spurred great efforts on stem-based cross-subtype ('universal') vaccine design as well as RBS-based HA subtype-specific vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Ren
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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120
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Lanzavecchia A, Frühwirth A, Perez L, Corti D. Antibody-guided vaccine design: identification of protective epitopes. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:62-67. [PMID: 27343848 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, progress in the analysis of the human immune response and in the isolation of human monoclonal antibodies have provided an innovative approach to the identification of protective antigens which are the basis for the design of vaccines capable of eliciting effective B-cell immunity. In this review we illustrate, with relevant examples, the power of this approach that can rapidly lead to the identification of protective antigens in complex pathogens, such as human cytomegalovirus and Plasmodium falciparum, and of conserved sites in highly variable antigens, such as influenza hemagglutinin and HIV-1 Env. We will also discuss how the genealogical analysis of antigen-stimulated B cell clones provides the basis to delineate the best suitable prime-boost vaccination strategy for the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Frühwirth
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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121
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Neu KE, Henry Dunand CJ, Wilson PC. Heads, stalks and everything else: how can antibodies eradicate influenza as a human disease? Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:48-55. [PMID: 27268395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines are effective against infection but they have to be reformulated on a regular basis to counter antigenic variations. The majority of the antibodies induced in response to seasonal vaccination are strain-specific. However, antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein have been identified and they offer broad protection. Most of these antibodies bind the hemagglutinin stalk domain and are generated from preexisting memory B cells. Broadly protective stalk-biased responses induced by antigenically divergent influenza strains, in concert with prior immunity, are sufficient to eradicate seasonally circulating strains. Future vaccine trials should aim to harness and maintain such a response with the realistic goal of developing a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlynn E Neu
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole J Henry Dunand
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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122
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Kuraoka M, Schmidt AG, Nojima T, Feng F, Watanabe A, Kitamura D, Harrison SC, Kepler TB, Kelsoe G. Complex Antigens Drive Permissive Clonal Selection in Germinal Centers. Immunity 2016; 44:542-552. [PMID: 26948373 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells evolve toward increased affinity by a Darwinian process that has been studied primarily in genetically restricted, hapten-specific responses. We explored the population dynamics of genetically diverse GC responses to two complex antigens-Bacillus anthracis protective antigen and influenza hemagglutinin-in which B cells competed both intra- and interclonally for distinct epitopes. Preferred VH rearrangements among antigen-binding, naive B cells were similarly abundant in early GCs but, unlike responses to haptens, clonal diversity increased in GC B cells as early "winners" were replaced by rarer, high-affinity clones. Despite affinity maturation, inter- and intraclonal avidities varied greatly, and half of GC B cells did not bind the immunogen but nonetheless exhibited biased VH use, V(D)J mutation, and clonal expansion comparable to antigen-binding cells. GC reactions to complex antigens permit a range of specificities and affinities, with potential advantages for broad protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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123
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Tas JMJ, Mesin L, Pasqual G, Targ S, Jacobsen JT, Mano YM, Chen CS, Weill JC, Reynaud CA, Browne EP, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD. Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers. Science 2016; 351:1048-54. [PMID: 26912368 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies somatically mutate to attain high affinity in germinal centers (GCs). There, competition between B cell clones and among somatic mutants of each clone drives an increase in average affinity across the population. The extent to which higher-affinity cells eliminating competitors restricts clonal diversity is unknown. By combining multiphoton microscopy and sequencing, we show that tens to hundreds of distinct B cell clones seed each GC and that GCs lose clonal diversity at widely disparate rates. Furthermore, efficient affinity maturation can occur in the absence of homogenizing selection, ensuring that many clones can mature in parallel within the same GC. Our findings have implications for development of vaccines in which antibodies with nonimmunodominant specificities must be elicited, as is the case for HIV-1 and influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M J Tas
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sasha Targ
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yasuko M Mano
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Casie S Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Edward P Browne
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraβe7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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124
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Schmidt AG, Do KT, McCarthy KR, Kepler TB, Liao HX, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Harrison SC. Immunogenic Stimulus for Germline Precursors of Antibodies that Engage the Influenza Hemagglutinin Receptor-Binding Site. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2842-50. [PMID: 26711348 PMCID: PMC4698027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-virus antigenicity evolves to escape host immune protection. Antibody lineages within individuals evolve in turn to increase affinity and hence potency. Strategies for a "universal" influenza vaccine to elicit lineages that escape this evolutionary arms race and protect against seasonal variation and novel, pandemic viruses will require directing B cell ontogeny to focus the humoral response on conserved epitopes on the viral hemagglutinin (HA). The unmutated common ancestors (UCAs) of six distinct, broadly neutralizing antibody lineages from one individual bind the HA of a virus circulating at the time the participant was born. HAs of viruses circulating more than 5 years later no longer bind the UCAs, but mature antibodies in the lineages bind strains from the entire 18-year lifetime of the participant. The analysis shows how immunological memory shaped the response to subsequent influenza exposures and suggests that early imprinting by a suitable influenza antigen may enhance likelihood of later breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Khoi T Do
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin R McCarthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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125
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Abstract
In this Minireview, we discuss basic aspects of germinal center biology in the context of immunity to influenza infection and speculate on how the simultaneous evolutionary races of virus and antibody may impact our efforts to design a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Committee on Immunology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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126
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Cobey S, Wilson P, Matsen FA. The evolution within us. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140235. [PMID: 26194749 PMCID: PMC4528412 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The B-cell immune response is a remarkable evolutionary system found in jawed vertebrates. B-cell receptors, the membrane-bound form of antibodies, are capable of evolving high affinity to almost any foreign protein. High germline diversity and rapid evolution upon encounter with antigen explain the general adaptability of B-cell populations, but the dynamics of repertoires are less well understood. These dynamics are scientifically and clinically important. After highlighting the remarkable characteristics of naive and experienced B-cell repertoires, especially biased usage of genes encoding the B-cell receptors, we contrast methods of sequence analysis and their attempts to explain patterns of B-cell evolution. These phylogenetic approaches are currently unlinked to explicit models of B-cell competition, which analyse repertoire evolution at the level of phenotype, the affinities and specificities to particular antigenic sites. The models, in turn, suggest how chance, infection history and other factors contribute to different patterns of immunodominance and protection between people. Challenges in rational vaccine design, specifically vaccines to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, underscore critical gaps in our understanding of B cells' evolutionary and ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Julien JP. Origins of a Vaccine-Induced, Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:632-3. [PMID: 26288832 PMCID: PMC4534699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
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