101
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Kauffman WB, Fuselier T, He J, Wimley WC. Mechanism Matters: A Taxonomy of Cell Penetrating Peptides. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:749-764. [PMID: 26545486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The permeability barrier imposed by cellular membranes limits the access of exogenous compounds to the interior of cells. Researchers and patients alike would benefit from efficient methods for intracellular delivery of a wide range of membrane-impermeant molecules, including biochemically active small molecules, imaging agents, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, proteins, RNA, DNA, and nanoparticles. There has been a sustained effort to exploit cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) for the delivery of such useful cargoes in vitro and in vivo because of their biocompatibility, ease of synthesis, and controllable physical chemistry. Here, we discuss the many mechanisms by which CPPs can function, and describe a taxonomy of mechanisms that could be help organize future efforts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Berkeley Kauffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Taylor Fuselier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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102
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Zhang J, Garrison JC, Poluektova LY, Bronich TK, Osna NA. Liver-targeted antiviral peptide nanocomplexes as potential anti-HCV therapeutics. Biomaterials 2015; 70:37-47. [PMID: 26298393 PMCID: PMC4562313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Great success in HCV therapy was achieved by the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAA). However, the unsolved issues such as high cost and genotype dependency drive us to pursue additional therapeutic agents to be used instead or in combination with DAA. The cationic peptide p41 is one of such candidates displaying submicromolar anti-HCV potency. By electrostatic coupling of p41 with anionic poly(amino acid)-based block copolymers, antiviral peptide nanocomplexes (APN) platform was developed to improve peptide stability and to reduce cytotoxicity associated with positive charge. Herein, we developed a facile method to prepare galactosylated Gal-APN and tested their feasibility as liver-specific delivery system. In vitro, Gal-APN displayed specific internalization in hepatoma cell lines. Even though liver-targeted and non-targeted APN displayed comparable antiviral activity, Gal-APN offered prominent advantages to prevent HCV association with lipid droplets and suppress intracellular expression of HCV proteins. Moreover, in vivo preferential liver accumulation of Gal-APN was revealed in the biodistribution study. Altogether, this work illustrates the potential of Gal-APN as a novel liver-targeted therapy against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jered C Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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103
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Li M, Tao Y, Shu Y, LaRochelle JR, Steinauer A, Thompson D, Schepartz A, Chen ZY, Liu DR. Discovery and Characterization of a Peptide That Enhances Endosomal Escape of Delivered Proteins in Vitro and in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14084-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margie Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yong Tao
- Department
of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yilai Shu
- Department
of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Otology and Skull Base Survery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key
Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jonathan R. LaRochelle
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - David Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department
of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - David R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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104
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Qian Z, Dougherty PG, Pei D. Monitoring the cytosolic entry of cell-penetrating peptides using a pH-sensitive fluorophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2162-5. [PMID: 25554998 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09441g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple, effective method to assess the cytosolic delivery efficiency and kinetics of cell-penetrating peptides using a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe, naphthofluorescein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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105
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Negi S, Terada Y, Suzuyama M, Matsumoto H, Honbo A, Amagase Y, Mizukawa Y, Kiriyama A, Iga K, Urushidaini T, Sugiura Y. Intrinsic cell permeability of the GAGA zinc finger protein into HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1034-1039. [PMID: 26187668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the intrinsic cell permeability of a GAGA zinc finger obtained from the Drosophila melanogaster transcription factor and analyzed its mechanism of cellular uptake using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. HeLa cells were treated with the Cy5-labeld GAGA peptides (containing a fluorescent chromophore) to detect fluorescence signals from the fluorescent labeling peptides by confocal microscopy. The results clearly indicated that GAGA peptides possess intrinsic cell permeability for HeLa cells. Based on the results of the flow cytometry analysis and the theoretical net positive charge of the GAGA peptides, the efficiency of cellular uptake of the GAGA peptides was predicted to depend on the net positive charge of the GAGA peptide as well as the cationic component ratio of Arg residues to Lys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Negi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan.
| | - Yuka Terada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Misato Suzuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Akino Honbo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yoko Amagase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mizukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Kiriyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Katsumi Iga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Urushidaini
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yukio Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
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106
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Choi DK, Bae J, Shin SM, Shin JY, Kim S, Kim YS. A general strategy for generating intact, full-length IgG antibodies that penetrate into the cytosol of living cells. MAbs 2015; 6:1402-14. [PMID: 25484049 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-length IgG antibodies cannot cross cell membranes of living cells; this limits their use for direct targeting of cytosolic proteins. Here, we describe a general strategy for the generation of intact, full-length IgG antibodies, herein called cytotransmabs, which internalize into living cells and localize in the cytosol. We first generated a humanized light chain variable domain (VL) that could penetrate into the cytosol of living cells and was engineered for association with various subtypes of human heavy chain variable domains (VHs). When light chains with humanized VL were co-expressed with 3 heavy chains (HCs), including 2 HCs of the clinically approved adalimumab (Humira®) and bevacizumab (Avastin®), all 3 purified IgG antibodies were internalized into the cytoplasm of living cells. Cytotransmabs primarily internalized into living cells by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway through interactions with heparin sulfate proteoglycan that was expressed on the cell surface. The cytotransmabs escaped into the cytosol from early endosomes without being further transported into other cellular compartments, like the lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Furthermore, we generated a cytotransmab that co-localized with the targeted cytosolic protein when it was incubated with living cells, demonstrating that the cytotransmab can directly target cytosolic proteins. Internalized cytotransmabs did not show any noticeable cytotoxicity and remained in the cytosol for more than 6 h before being degraded by proteosomes. These results suggest that cytotransmabs, which efficiently enter living cells and reach the cytosolic space, will find widespread uses as research, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ki Choi
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology ; Ajou University ; Suwon , Korea
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107
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Dutta C, Chakraborty K, Sinha Roy R. Engineered Nanostructured Facial Lipopeptide as Highly Efficient Molecular Transporter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18397-18405. [PMID: 26238518 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Designing an effective peptide based molecular transporter for the intracellular delivery of hydrophilic therapeutic biomacromolecules remains a considerable challenge. Highly basic oligoarginine and lipidated arginine rich cell penetrating peptides have been reported in the literature as molecular transporters, which were extensively used for cellular internalization of significantly large biopharmaceuticals. However, oligoarginine based molecular transporters with l-arginine residues pose significant challenges due to proteolytic instability and limited stability of noncovalent peptide-cargo nanocomplexes. Exploiting the rational peptide designing strategy, we have engineered protease-resistant facial lipopeptide based molecular transporter having arginine-sarcosine-arginine moiety to minimize adjacent arginine-arginine pair repulsion. N-Methylated amino acid sarcosine was incorporated as a spacer between two adjacent arginine residues, which provides proteolytic stability to the designed peptide and minimizes intermolecular aggregation of peptides. Two stearyl moieties were incorporated to facilitate cellular internalization. Interestingly, our designed lipopeptide exhibits significantly enhanced cellular internalization with only six l-arginine residues compared to stearylated oligo-nona-arginine. Additionally, enhanced proteolytic stability of such class of molecular transporter enables increased cargo internalization, and we anticipate that our engineered multifunctional, proteolytically stable, nanostructured facial lipopeptide based molecular transporter can have major impact in advancing drug delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Kasturee Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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108
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Meloni BP, Milani D, Edwards AB, Anderton RS, O'Hare Doig RL, Fitzgerald M, Palmer TN, Knuckey NW. Neuroprotective peptides fused to arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides: Neuroprotective mechanism likely mediated by peptide endocytic properties. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:36-54. [PMID: 26048328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that TAT and other arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have intrinsic neuroprotective properties in their own right. Examples, we have demonstrated that in addition to TAT, poly-arginine peptides (R8 to R18; containing 8-18 arginine residues) as well as some other arginine-rich peptides are neuroprotective in vitro (in neurons exposed to glutamic acid excitotoxicity and oxygen glucose deprivation) and in the case of R9 in vivo (after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat). Based on several lines of evidence, we propose that this neuroprotection is related to the peptide's endocytosis-inducing properties, with peptide charge and arginine residues being critical factors. Specifically, we propose that during peptide endocytosis neuronal cell surface structures such as ion channels and transporters are internalised, thereby reducing calcium influx associated with excitotoxicity and other receptor-mediated neurodamaging signalling pathways. We also hypothesise that a peptide cargo can act synergistically with TAT and other arginine-rich CPPs due to potentiation of the CPPs endocytic traits rather than by the cargo-peptide acting directly on its supposedly intended intracellular target. In this review, we systematically consider a number of studies that have used CPPs to deliver neuroprotective peptides to the central nervous system (CNS) following stroke and other neurological disorders. Consequently, we critically review evidence that supports our hypothesis that neuroprotection is mediated by carrier peptide endocytosis. In conclusion, we believe that there are strong grounds to regard arginine-rich peptides as a new class of neuroprotective molecules for the treatment of a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia.
| | - Diego Milani
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam B Edwards
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan L O'Hare Doig
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, Western Australia, Australia; School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, Western Australia, Australia; School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - T Norman Palmer
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia
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109
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Meloni BP, Brookes LM, Clark VW, Cross JL, Edwards AB, Anderton RS, Hopkins RM, Hoffmann K, Knuckey NW. Poly-arginine and arginine-rich peptides are neuroprotective in stroke models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:993-1004. [PMID: 25669902 PMCID: PMC4640246 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using cortical neuronal cultures and glutamic acid excitotoxicity and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) stroke models, we demonstrated that poly-arginine and arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), are highly neuroprotective, with efficacy increasing with increasing arginine content, have the capacity to reduce glutamic acid-induced neuronal calcium influx and require heparan sulfate preotoglycan-mediated endocytosis to induce a neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, neuroprotection could be induced with immediate peptide treatment or treatment up to 2 to 4 hours before glutamic acid excitotoxicity or OGD, and with poly-arginine-9 (R9) when administered intravenously after stroke onset in a rat model. In contrast, the JNKI-1 peptide when fused to the (non-arginine) kFGF CPP, which does not rely on endocytosis for uptake, was not neuroprotective in the glutamic acid model; the kFGF peptide was also ineffective. Similarly, positively charged poly-lysine-10 (K10) and R9 fused to the negatively charged poly-glutamic acid-9 (E9) peptide (R9/E9) displayed minimal neuroprotection after excitotoxicity. These results indicate that peptide positive charge and arginine residues are critical for neuroprotection, and have led us to hypothesize that peptide-induced endocytic internalization of ion channels is a potential mechanism of action. The findings also question the mode of action of different neuroprotective peptides fused to arginine-rich CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- 1] Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [3] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laura M Brookes
- 1] Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [3] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vince W Clark
- 1] Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [3] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane L Cross
- 1] Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [3] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam B Edwards
- 1] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- 1] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard M Hopkins
- Phylogica Pty. Ltd. Australia and Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Phylogica Pty. Ltd. Australia and Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- 1] Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia [3] Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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110
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Engineering therapeutic proteins for cell entry: the natural approach. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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111
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LaRochelle JR, Cobb GB, Steinauer A, Rhoades E, Schepartz A. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals highly efficient cytosolic delivery of certain penta-arg proteins and stapled peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2536-2541. [PMID: 25679876 PMCID: PMC4700819 DOI: 10.1021/ja510391n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to accurately and precisely determine the relative efficiencies with which three families of "cell-penetrating peptides" traffic to the cytosol of mammalian cells. We find that certain molecules containing a "penta-arg" motif reach the cytosol, intact, with efficiencies greater than 50%. This value is at least 10-fold higher than that observed for the widely studied cationic sequence derived from HIV Tat or polyarginine Arg8, and equals that of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides that are active in cells and animals. Moreover, we show that the efficiency with which stapled peptides reach the cytosol, as determined by FCS, correlates directly with their efficacy in cell-based assays. We expect that these findings and the associated technology will aid the design of peptides, proteins, and peptide mimetics that predictably and efficiently reach the interior of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. LaRochelle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Garrett B. Cobb
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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112
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Chuard N, Gasparini G, Roux A, Sakai N, Matile S. Cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s: the dependence of activity, depolymerization kinetics and intracellular localization on their length. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:64-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report that, with the increasing length, cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s preferably accumulate in the endosomes, cytosol and then the nucleoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Giulio Gasparini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
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113
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Chu Q, Moellering RE, Hilinski GJ, Kim YW, Grossmann TN, Yeh JTH, Verdine GL. Towards understanding cell penetration by stapled peptides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study on cell penetration by stapled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Raymond E. Moellering
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Gerard J. Hilinski
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Johannes T.-H. Yeh
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
| | - Gregory L. Verdine
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology
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114
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Yang NJ, Hinner MJ. Getting across the cell membrane: an overview for small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:29-53. [PMID: 25560066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently access cytosolic proteins is desired in both biological research and medicine. However, targeting intracellular proteins is often challenging, because to reach the cytosol, exogenous molecules must first traverse the cell membrane. This review provides a broad overview of how certain molecules are thought to cross this barrier, and what kinds of approaches are being made to enhance the intracellular delivery of those that are impermeable. We first discuss rules that govern the passive permeability of small molecules across the lipid membrane, and mechanisms of membrane transport that have evolved in nature for certain metabolites, peptides, and proteins. Then, we introduce design strategies that have emerged in the development of small molecules and peptides with improved permeability. Finally, intracellular delivery systems that have been engineered for protein payloads are surveyed. Viewpoints from varying disciplines have been brought together to provide a cohesive overview of how the membrane barrier is being overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,
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115
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Lin R, Zhang P, Cheetham AG, Walston J, Abadir P, Cui H. Dual peptide conjugation strategy for improved cellular uptake and mitochondria targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:71-7. [PMID: 25547808 PMCID: PMC4306504 DOI: 10.1021/bc500408p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical regulators of cellular function and survival. Delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents into mitochondria is a challenging task in modern pharmacology because the molecule to be delivered needs to first overcome the cell membrane barrier and then be able to actively target the intracellular organelle. Current strategy of conjugating either a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) or a subcellular targeting sequence to the molecule of interest only has limited success. We report here a dual peptide conjugation strategy to achieve effective delivery of a non-membrane-penetrating dye 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) into mitochondria through the incorporation of both a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) and a CPP into one conjugated molecule. Notably, circular dichroism studies reveal that the combined use of α-helix and PPII-like secondary structures has an unexpected, synergistic contribution to the internalization of the conjugate. Our results suggest that although the use of positively charged MTS peptide allows for improved targeting of mitochondria, with MTS alone it showed poor cellular uptake. With further covalent linkage of the MTS-5-FAM conjugate to a CPP sequence (R8), the dually conjugated molecule was found to show both improved cellular uptake and effective mitochondria targeting. We believe these results offer important insight into the rational design of peptide conjugates for intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, §Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, and ⊥Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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116
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Zeller S, Choi CS, Uchil PD, Ban HS, Siefert A, Fahmy TM, Mothes W, Lee SK, Kumar P. Attachment of cell-binding ligands to arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides enables cytosolic translocation of complexed siRNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:50-62. [PMID: 25544044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as nona-arginine (9R), poorly translocate siRNA into cells. Our studies demonstrate that attaching 9R to ligands that bind cell surface receptors quantitatively increases siRNA uptake and importantly, allows functional delivery of complexed siRNA. The mechanism involved accumulation of ligand-9R:siRNA microparticles on the cell membrane, which induced transient membrane inversion at the site of ligand-9R binding and rapid siRNA translocation into the cytoplasm. siRNA release also occurred late after endocytosis when the ligand was attached to the L isoform of 9R, but not the protease-resistant 9DR, prolonging mRNA knockdown. This critically depended on endosomal proteolytic activity, implying that partial CPP degradation is required for endosome-to-cytosol translocation. The data demonstrate that ligand attachment renders simple polycationic CPPs effective for siRNA delivery by restoring their intrinsic property of translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Zeller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chang Seon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hong-Seok Ban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Alyssa Siefert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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117
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Quartararo JS, Eshelman MR, Peraro L, Yu H, Baleja JD, Lin YS, Kritzer JA. A bicyclic peptide scaffold promotes phosphotyrosine mimicry and cellular uptake. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6387-91. [PMID: 25438762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While peptides are promising as probes and therapeutics, targeting intracellular proteins will require greater understanding of highly structured, cell-internalized scaffolds. We recently reported BC1, an 11-residue bicyclic peptide that inhibits the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2). In this work, we describe the unique structural and cell uptake properties of BC1 and similar cyclic and bicyclic scaffolds. These constrained scaffolds are taken up by mammalian cells despite their net neutral or negative charges, while unconstrained analogs are not. The mechanism of uptake is shown to be energy-dependent and endocytic, but distinct from that of Tat. The solution structure of BC1 was investigated by NMR and MD simulations, which revealed discrete water-binding sites on BC1 that reduce exposure of backbone amides to bulk water. This represents an original and potentially general strategy for promoting cell uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Quartararo
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Matthew R Eshelman
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - James D Baleja
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States.
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118
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Sinclair JL, Schepartz A. Influence of macrocyclization on allosteric, juxtamembrane-derived, stapled peptide inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Org Lett 2014; 16:4916-9. [PMID: 25207804 PMCID: PMC4168776 DOI: 10.1021/ol502426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hydrocarbon-stapled peptide E1(S) allosterically inhibits the kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by blocking a distant but essential protein-protein interaction: a coiled coil formed from the juxtamembrane segment (JM) of each member of the dimeric partnership.1 Macrocyclization is not required for activity: the analogous unstapled (but alkene-bearing) peptide is equipotent in cell viability, immunoblot, and bipartite display experiments to detect coiled coil formation on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie
K.-L. Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry and Department of
Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of
Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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119
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Gaj T, Liu J, Anderson KE, Sirk SJ, Barbas CF. Protein delivery using Cys2-His2 zinc-finger domains. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1662-7. [PMID: 24936957 DOI: 10.1021/cb500282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of new methods for delivering proteins into cells is a central challenge for advancing both basic research and therapeutic applications. We previously reported that zinc-finger nuclease proteins are intrinsically cell-permeable due to the cell-penetrating activity of the Cys2-His2 zinc-finger domain. Here, we demonstrate that genetically fused zinc-finger motifs can transport proteins and enzymes into a wide range of primary and transformed mammalian cell types. We show that zinc-finger domains mediate protein uptake at efficiencies that exceed conventional protein transduction systems and do so without compromising enzyme activity. In addition, we demonstrate that zinc-finger proteins enter cells primarily through macropinocytosis and facilitate high levels of cytosolic delivery. These findings establish zinc-finger proteins as not only useful tools for targeted genome engineering but also effective reagents for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gaj
- The Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular
Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- The Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular
Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kimberly E. Anderson
- The Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular
Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shannon J. Sirk
- The Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular
Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- The Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular
Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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120
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Sinclair JL, Denton EV, Schepartz A. Inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor at a distance. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11232-5. [PMID: 25075632 PMCID: PMC4140499 DOI: 10.1021/ja504076t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase is implicated in a large number of human cancers. Most EGFR inhibitors target the extracellular, growth factor-binding domain or the intracellular, ATP-binding domain. Here we describe molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of EGFR in a new way, by competing with formation of an essential intradimer coiled coil containing the juxtamembrane segment from each member of the receptor partnership. The most potent molecules we describe bind EGFR directly, decrease the proliferation of wild-type and mutant EGFR-dependent cells lines, inhibit phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream targets, and block coiled coil formation as judged by bipartite tetracysteine display. Potency is directly correlated with the ability to block coiled coil formation within full-length EGFR in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie
K.-L. Sinclair
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Elizabeth V. Denton
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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121
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Qian Z, LaRochelle J, Jiang B, Lian W, Hard RL, Selner NG, Luechapanichkul R, Barrios AM, Pei D. Early endosomal escape of a cyclic cell-penetrating peptide allows effective cytosolic cargo delivery. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4034-46. [PMID: 24896852 PMCID: PMC4075989 DOI: 10.1021/bi5004102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic heptapeptide cyclo(FΦRRRRQ) (cFΦR4, where Φ is l-2-naphthylalanine) was recently found to be efficiently internalized by mammalian cells. In this study, its mechanism of internalization was investigated by perturbing various endocytic events through the introduction of pharmacologic agents and genetic mutations. The results show that cFΦR4 binds directly to membrane phospholipids, is internalized into human cancer cells through endocytosis, and escapes from early endosomes into the cytoplasm. Its cargo capacity was examined with a wide variety of molecules, including small-molecule dyes, linear and cyclic peptides of various charged states, and proteins. Depending on the nature of the cargos, they may be delivered by endocyclic (insertion of cargo into the cFΦR4 ring), exocyclic (attachment of cargo to the Gln side chain), or bicyclic approaches (fusion of cFΦR4 and cyclic cargo rings). The overall delivery efficiency (i.e., delivery of cargo into the cytoplasm and nucleus) of cFΦR4 was 4-12-fold higher than those of nonaarginine, HIV Tat-derived peptide, or penetratin. The higher delivery efficiency, coupled with superior serum stability, minimal toxicity, and synthetic accessibility, renders cFΦR4 a useful transporter for intracellular cargo delivery and a suitable system for investigating the mechanism of endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Jonathan
R. LaRochelle
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, United States
| | - Bisheng Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Wenlong Lian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Ryan L. Hard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Nicholas G. Selner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Rinrada Luechapanichkul
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Amy M. Barrios
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, 100
West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
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122
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Tan YF, Mundargi RC, Chen MHA, Lessig J, Neu B, Venkatraman SS, Wong TT. Layer-by-layer nanoparticles as an efficient siRNA delivery vehicle for SPARC silencing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1790-8. [PMID: 24510544 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and safe delivery systems for siRNA therapeutics remain a challenge. Elevated secreted protein, acidic, and rich in cysteine (SPARC) protein expression is associated with tissue scarring and fibrosis. Here we investigate the feasibility of encapsulating SPARC-siRNA in the bilayers of layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles (NPs) with poly(L-arginine) (ARG) and dextran (DXS) as polyelectrolytes. Cellular binding and uptake of LbL NPs as well as siRNA delivery were studied in FibroGRO cells. siGLO-siRNA and SPARC-siRNA were efficiently coated onto hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The multilayered NPs were characterized with regard to particle size, zeta potential and surface morphology using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The SPARC-gene silencing and mRNA levels were analyzed using ChemiDOC western blot technique and RT-PCR. The multilayer SPARC-siRNA incorporated nanoparticles are about 200 nm in diameter and are efficiently internalized into FibroGRO cells. Their intracellular fate was also followed by tagging with suitable reporter siRNA as well as with lysotracker dye; confocal microscopy clearly indicates endosomal escape of the particles. Significant (60%) SPARC-gene knock down was achieved by using 0.4 pmole siRNA/μg of LbL NPs in FibroGRO cells and the relative expression of SPARC mRNA reduced significantly (60%) against untreated cells. The cytotoxicity as evaluated by xCelligence real-time cell proliferation and MTT cell assay, indicated that the SPARC-siRNA-loaded LbL NPs are non-toxic. In conclusion, the LbL NP system described provides a promising, safe and efficient delivery platform as a non-viral vector for siRNA delivery that uses biopolymers to enhance the gene knock down efficiency for the development of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fei Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore
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123
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Gasparini G, Bang EK, Molinard G, Tulumello DV, Ward S, Kelley SO, Roux A, Sakai N, Matile S. Cellular Uptake of Substrate-Initiated Cell-Penetrating Poly(disulfide)s. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6069-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gasparini
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Eun-Kyoung Bang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Molinard
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - David V. Tulumello
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sandra Ward
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Aurelien Roux
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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124
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Stanzl EG, Trantow BM, Vargas JR, Wender PA. Fifteen years of cell-penetrating, guanidinium-rich molecular transporters: basic science, research tools, and clinical applications. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2944-54. [PMID: 23697862 DOI: 10.1021/ar4000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
All living systems require biochemical barriers. As a consequence, all drugs, imaging agents, and probes have targets that are either on, in, or inside of these barriers. Fifteen years ago, we initiated research directed at more fully understanding these barriers and at developing tools and strategies for breaching them that could be of use in basic research, imaging, diagnostics, and medicine. At the outset of this research and now to a lesser extent, the "rules" for drug design biased the selection of drug candidates mainly to those with an intermediate and narrow log P. At the same time, it was becoming increasingly apparent that Nature had long ago developed clever strategies to circumvent these "rules." In 1988, for example, independent reports documented the otherwise uncommon passage of a protein (HIV-Tat) across a membrane. A subsequent study implicated a highly basic domain in this protein (Tat49-57) in its cellular entry. This conspicuously contradictory behavior of a polar, highly charged peptide passing through a nonpolar membrane set the stage for learning how Nature had gotten around the current "rules" of transport. As elaborated in our studies and discussed in this Account, the key strategy used in Nature rests in part on the ability of a molecule to change its properties as a function of microenvironment; such molecules need to be polarity chameleons, polar in a polar milieu and relatively nonpolar in a nonpolar environment. Because this research originated in part with the protein Tat and its basic peptide domain, Tat49-57, the field focused heavily on peptides, even limiting its nomenclature to names such as "cell-penetrating peptides," "cell-permeating peptides," "protein transduction domains," and "membrane translocating peptides." Starting in 1997, through a systematic reverse engineering approach, we established that the ability of Tat49-57 to enter cells is not a function of its peptide backbone, but rather a function of the number and spatial array of its guanidinium groups. These function-oriented studies enabled us and others to design more effective peptidic agents and to think beyond the confines of peptidic systems to new and even more effective nonpeptidic agents. Because the function of passage across a cell membrane is not limited to or even best achieved with the peptide backbone, we referred to these agents by their shared function, "cell-penetrating molecular transporters." The scope of this molecular approach to breaching biochemical barriers has expanded remarkably in the past 15 years: enabling or enhancing the delivery of a wide range of cargos into cells and across other biochemical barriers, creating new tools for research, imaging, and diagnostics, and introducing new therapies into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Geihe Stanzl
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian M. Trantow
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica R. Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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125
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Deng ZJ, Morton SW, Ben-Akiva E, Dreaden EC, Shopsowitz KE, Hammond PT. Layer-by-layer nanoparticles for systemic codelivery of an anticancer drug and siRNA for potential triple-negative breast cancer treatment. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9571-84. [PMID: 24144228 PMCID: PMC3870477 DOI: 10.1021/nn4047925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A single nanoparticle platform has been developed through the modular and controlled layer-by-layer process to codeliver siRNA that knocks down a drug-resistance pathway in tumor cells and a chemotherapy drug to challenge a highly aggressive form of triple-negative breast cancer. Layer-by-layer films were formed on nanoparticles by alternately depositing siRNA and poly-l-arginine; a single bilayer on the nanoparticle surface could effectively load up to 3500 siRNA molecules, and the resulting LbL nanoparticles exhibit an extended serum half-life of 28 h. In animal models, one dose via intravenous administration significantly reduced the target gene expression in the tumors by almost 80%. By generating the siRNA-loaded film atop a doxorubicin-loaded liposome, we identified an effective combination therapy with siRNA targeting multidrug resistance protein 1, which significantly enhanced doxorubicin efficacy by 4 fold in vitro and led to up to an 8-fold decrease in tumor volume compared to the control treatments with no observed toxicity. The results indicate that the use of layer-by-layer films to modify a simple liposomal doxorubicin delivery construct with a synergistic siRNA can lead to significant tumor reduction in the cancers that are otherwise nonresponsive to treatment with Doxil or other common chemotherapy drugs. This approach provides a potential strategy to treat aggressive and resistant cancers, and a modular platform for a broad range of controlled multidrug therapies customizable to the cancer type in a singular nanoparticle delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou J. Deng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen W. Morton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin E. Shopsowitz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding Author Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel.: +1 617 258 7577; fax: +1 617 253 8557;
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126
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Holub JM, Larochelle JR, Appelbaum JS, Schepartz A. Improved assays for determining the cytosolic access of peptides, proteins, and their mimetics. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9036-46. [PMID: 24256505 DOI: 10.1021/bi401069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and other macromolecules that cross biological membranes have great potential as tools for research and next-generation therapeutics. Here, we describe two assays that effectively quantify the cytosolic localization of a number of previously reported peptides and protein domains. One assay, which we call GIGI (glucocorticoid-induced eGFP induction), is an amplified assay that informs on relative cytosolic access without the need for sophisticated imaging equipment or adherent cells. The second, GIGT (glucocorticoid-induced eGFP translocation), is a nonamplified assay that informs on relative cytosolic access and exploits sophisticated imaging equipment to facilitate high-content screens in live cells. Each assay was employed to quantify the cytosolic delivery of several canonical "cell permeable peptides," as well as more recently reported minimally cationic miniature proteins and zinc finger nuclease domains. Our results show definitively that both overall charge as well as charge distribution influence cytosolic access and that small protein domains containing a discrete, helical, penta-Arg motif can dramatically improve the cytosolic delivery of small folded proteins such as zinc finger domains. We anticipate that the assays described herein will prove useful to explore and discover the fundamental physicochemical and genetic properties that influence both the uptake and endosomal release of peptidic molecules and their mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Holub
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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127
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Bock JE, Gavenonis J, Kritzer JA. Getting in shape: controlling peptide bioactivity and bioavailability using conformational constraints. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:488-499. [PMID: 23170954 PMCID: PMC4847942 DOI: 10.1021/cb300515u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biologists commonly seek out correlations between the physicochemical properties of molecules and their behavior in biological systems. However, a new paradigm is emerging for peptides in which conformation is recognized as the primary determinant of bioactivity and bioavailability. This review highlights an emerging body of work that directly addresses how a peptide's conformation controls its biological effects, cell penetration, and intestinal absorption. Based on this work, the dream of mimicking the potency and bioavailability of natural product peptides is getting closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Bock
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jason Gavenonis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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128
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Qian Z, Liu T, Liu YY, Briesewitz R, Barrios AM, Jhiang SM, Pei D. Efficient delivery of cyclic peptides into mammalian cells with short sequence motifs. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:423-31. [PMID: 23130658 DOI: 10.1021/cb3005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides hold great potential as therapeutic agents and research tools, but their broad application has been limited by poor membrane permeability. Here, we report a potentially general approach for intracellular delivery of cyclic peptides. Short peptide motifs rich in arginine and hydrophobic residues (e.g., FΦRRRR, where Φ is l-2-naphthylalanine), when embedded into small- to medium-sized cyclic peptides (7-13 amino acids), bound to the plasma membrane of mammalian cultured cells and were subsequently internalized by the cells. Confocal microscopy and a newly developed peptide internalization assay demonstrated that cyclic peptides containing these transporter motifs were translocated into the cytoplasm and nucleus at efficiencies 2-5-fold higher than that of nonaarginine (R(9)). Furthermore, incorporation of the FΦRRRR motif into a cyclic peptide containing a phosphocoumaryl aminopropionic acid (pCAP) residue generated a cell permeable, fluorogenic probe for detecting intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus,
Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus,
Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yu-Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and
Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Roger Briesewitz
- Department of Pharmacology, College
of Medicine, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Amy M. Barrios
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Sissy M. Jhiang
- Department of Physiology and
Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus,
Ohio 43210, United States
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129
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Bang EK, Gasparini G, Molinard G, Roux A, Sakai N, Matile S. Substrate-initiated synthesis of cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2088-2091. [PMID: 23363440 PMCID: PMC4601153 DOI: 10.1021/ja311961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lessons from surface-initiated polymerization are applied to grow cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s directly on substrates of free choice. Reductive depolymerization after cellular uptake should then release the native substrates and minimize toxicity. In the presence of thiolated substrates, propagators containing a strained disulfide from asparagusic or, preferably, lipoic acid and a guanidinium cation polymerize into poly(disulfide)s in less than 5 min at room temperature at pH 7. Substrate-initiated polymerization of cationic poly(disulfide)s and their depolymerization with dithiothreitol causes the appearance and disappearance of transport activity in fluorogenic vesicles. The same process is further characterized by gel-permeation chromatography and fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Bang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Gasparini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Molinard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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130
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Levine PM, Carberry TP, Holub JM, Kirshenbaum K. Crafting precise multivalent architectures. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of elaborate three-dimensional multivalent displays appended on natural or synthetic molecular scaffolds.
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131
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muthukrishnan N, Baker R, Wang TY, Pellois JP. Improving the endosomal escape of cell-penetrating peptides and their cargos: strategies and challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1177-1209. [PMID: 24223492 PMCID: PMC3816665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver cell-impermeable therapeutic cargos into cells. In particular, CPP-cargo conjugates tend to accumulate inside cells by endocytosis. However, they often remain trapped inside endocytic organelles and fail to reach the cytosolic space of cells efficiently. In this review, the evidence for CPP-mediated endosomal escape is discussed. In addition, several strategies that have been utilized to enhance the endosomal escape of CPP-cargos are described. The recent development of branched systems that display multiple copies of a CPP is presented. The use of viral or synthetic peptides that can disrupt the endosomal membrane upon activation by the low pH of endosomes is also discussed. Finally, we survey how CPPs labeled with chromophores can be used in combination with light to stimulate endosomal lysis. The mechanisms and challenges associated with these intracellular delivery methodologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-979-845-0101; Fax: +1-979-862-4718
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