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Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Monbaliu S, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. A validated multianalyte LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cassava flour, peanut cake and maize samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5173-5180. [PMID: 21495720 DOI: 10.1021/jf2009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cassava flour, peanut cake and maize samples with particular focus on the optimization of the sample preparation protocol and method validation. All 25 mycotoxins were extracted in a single step with a mixture of methanol/ethyl acetate/water (70:20:10, v/v/v). The method limits of quantification (LOQ) varied from 0.3 μg/kg to 106 μg/kg. Good precision and linearity were observed for most of the mycotoxins. The method was applied for the analysis of naturally contaminated peanut cake, cassava flour and maize samples from the Republic of Benin. All samples analyzed (fifteen peanut cakes, four maize flour and four cassava flour samples) tested positive for one or more mycotoxins. Aflatoxins (total aflatoxins; 10-346 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (<LOQ-2 μg/kg) were detected in peanut cake samples while fumonisin B(1) (4-21 μg/kg), aflatoxin B(2) (<LOQ-8 μg/kg), aflatoxin B(1) (<LOQ-9 μg/kg), diacetoxyscirpenol (<LOQ-6 μg/kg) and zearalenone (<LOQ-12 μg/kg) were detected and quantified in cassava flour samples. Fumonisin B(1) (13-836 μg/kg), fumonisin B(2) (5-221 μg/kg), fumonisin B(3) (<LOQ-375 μg/kg) and beauvericin (<LOQ-25 μg/kg) were detected in the maize samples.
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102
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Valle-Algarra FM, Mateo EM, Mateo R, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Jiménez M. Determination of type A and type B trichothecenes in paprika and chili pepper using LC-triple quadrupole–MS and GC–ECD. Talanta 2011; 84:1112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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103
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Li Y, Wang Z, Beier RC, Shen J, De Smet D, De Saeger S, Zhang S. T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin: review of toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3441-3453. [PMID: 21417259 DOI: 10.1021/jf200767q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin and analytical methods used for the determination of T-2 toxin. Among the naturally occurring trichothecenes in food and feed, T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by various species of Fusarium. Following ingestion, T-2 toxin causes acute and chronic toxicity and induces apoptosis in the immune system and fetal tissues. T-2 toxin is usually metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites. Consequently, there is a possibility of human consumption of animal products contaminated with T-2 toxin and its metabolites. Several methods for the determination of T-2 toxin based on traditional chromatographic, immunoassay, or mass spectroscopy techniques are described. This review will contribute to a better understanding of T-2 toxin exposure in animals and humans and T-2 toxin metabolism, toxicity, and analytical methods, which may be useful in risk assessment and control of T-2 toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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104
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Ren Y, Zhang Y, Lai S, Han S, Han Z, Wu Y. Simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 contaminants in maize by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:138-45. [PMID: 21501723 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work developed an analytical method for simultaneous determination of fumonisins B(1), B(2) and B(3) residues in maize by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and especially focused on the optimization of extraction, clean-up, UHPLC separation and MS/MS parameters. The method involves addition of fumonisins isotope internal standards, extraction with a mixture of acetonitrile and water and clean-up with solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. A single-laboratory method validation was conducted by testing three different spiking levels for repeatability and recovery according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines. The LOQ of FB(1), FB(2) and FB(3) were 1.50, 1.65 and 0.4 μg kg(-1), respectively, which were lower than the criteria of EU, USA and other countries regarding minimum residue limits of fumonisins in foods including baby foods and feedstuffs. Recoveries of three fumonisins ranged from 80.9% to 97.0% with RSD values of 2.4-11.1%.The advantages of this method include simple pretreatment, rapid determination and high sensitivity, and it fulfills the requirements for food analysis with respect to minimum residue limits of fumonisins in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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105
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González-Osnaya L, Farrés A. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Fusarium-contaminated wheat in Mexico City. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:71-8. [PMID: 24779666 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.551944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. invasion causes head blight, a destructive disease in the world's main wheat-growing areas, and deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) contamination in cereal-based products. No data are available on the relationship between Fusarium spp. on commercial wheat samples in Mexico City and the presence of mycotoxins. A total of 30 wheat samples were subject to a PCR method involving genes of the trichothecene and zearalenone biosynthesis pathways to detect the presence of Fusarium. Detection and quantification of DON and ZEA was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection. PCR indicated the presence of the Tri5 and PKS4 genes in 16.7 and 23.3% of samples, respectively. DON and ZEA contamination was found in 51.2 and 71.4% of samples, respectively, where a positive amplification was obtained. This work presents up-to-date information on mycotoxin contamination in Mexico, where improved contamination/exposure data and firm control/monitoring measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L González-Osnaya
- a Department of Food and Biotechnology , Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Conjunto E. L-312, Circuito Institutos s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , Mexico 04510 , Mexico
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106
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Rahmani A, Jinap S, Soleimany F, Khatib A, Tan CP. Sample preparation optimization for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in cereals. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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107
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi. With regard to the widespread distribution of fungi in the environment, mycotoxins are considered to be one of the most important natural contaminants in foods and feeds. To protect consumers' health and reduce economic losses, surveillance and control of mycotoxins in food and feed has become a major objective for producers, regulatory authorities, and researchers worldwide. In this context, availability of reliable analytical methods applicable for this purpose is essential. Since the variety of chemical structures of mycotoxins makes impossible to use one single technique for their analysis, a vast number of analytical methods has been developed and validated. Both a large variability of food matrices and growing demands for a fast, cost-saving and accurate determination of multiple mycotoxins by a single method outline new challenges for analytical research. This strong effort is facilitated by technical developments in mass spectrometry allowing decreasing the influence of matrix effects in spite of omitting sample clean-up step. The current state-of-the-art together with future trends is presented in this chapter. Attention is focused mainly on instrumental method; advances in biosensors and other screening bioanalytical approaches enabling analysis of multiple mycotoxins are not discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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108
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Takino M, Tanaka H, Tanaka T. Multi mycotoxin analysis in food products using immunoaffinity extraction. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 747:259-266. [PMID: 21643912 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method for the simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and zearalenone in wheat and biscuit by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry coupled with immunoaffinity extraction. This chapter describes a method to extract, clean-up, and quantitate these mycotoxins and the effect of the ion suppression of multifunctional column and IAC in the clean-up were compared.
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109
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Barros G, García D, Oviedo M, Ramirez M, Torres A, Lattanzio V, Pascale M, Chulze S. Survey of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in soybean and soy meal from Argentina using immunoaffinity clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Soybean and soy meal samples collected during the harvest season 2008-2009 in the soybean-growing area of Córdoba Province in Argentina were analysed for T-2 and HT-2 toxins occurrence. These mycotoxins were detected using HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection after derivatisation with 1-anthronylnitrile and immunoaffinity column clean-up. Characteristics of in-house validated method such as accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits were defined by means of recovery test with spiked soybean and soy meal samples. Mean recoveries for T-2 within the spiking range 125-500 µg/kg, were 90.9 and 81.3% for soybean and soy meal, respectively with a withinlaboratory relative standard deviation <10%. Analysis of samples spiked with HT-2 in the same range gave a mean recovery of 70.2 and 77.5% for soybean and soy meal, respectively, with relative standard deviations <12%. The limit of detection for the method was 25 µg/kg for T-2 and HT-2, based on a signal-to-noise ratio 3:1 and the limit of quantification was established as three times the detection limit. Out of 64 samples, only two soybean samples showed contamination with A-type trichothecenes evaluated. Confirmatory analyses of the contaminated samples were performed by LC-MS/MS. This study demonstrated low incidences and levels of T-2 and HT-2 in soybean harvested among the areas in the Cordoba Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Barros
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - D. García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Oviedo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - A. Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - V. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production CNR-ISPA, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Pascale
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production CNR-ISPA, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
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110
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González-Osnaya L, Cortés C, Soriano J, Moltó J, Mañes J. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in bread and pasta commercialised in Spain. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Jin P, Han Z, Cai Z, Wu Y, Ren Y. Simultaneous determination of 10 mycotoxins in grain by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using13C15-deoxynivalenol as internal standard. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1701-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.517222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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112
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Reinen J, Kalma LL, Begheijn S, Heus F, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Application of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants as biocatalysts for the profiling of estrogen receptor binding metabolites of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:59-70. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.525762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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113
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Mycotoxin production by pure fungal isolates analysed by means of an uhplc-ms/ms multi-mycotoxin method with possible pitfalls and solutions for patulin-producing isolates. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 27:37-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Langseth W, Rundberget T, Uhlig S. Electron ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluoropropionate esters of trichothecene analogues and culmorin compounds from Fusarium species. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2641-2649. [PMID: 20740541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the mass spectra, obtained after electron ionisation (EI) at 70 eV, of 34 trichothecenes and five culmorin compounds after acylation with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The derivatised fungal metabolites were separated by gas chromatography, and the mass spectra were obtained by scanning of a single quadrupole mass filter in the scan range m/z 200-900. The fragmentation pathways of three trichothecenes (triacetyl-deoxynivalenol, 4,15-diacetoxy-scirpenol, T-2 toxin) have been studied in more detail by linked scan-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The most common trichothecenes are today more often routinely analysed using LC/MS-based methodologies. However, EI-MS may give complementary structural information, and the data that are summarised in this article may help to identify analogues of one of the largest class of mycotoxins, the tricothecenes, as well as culmorin compounds that are commonly co-produced by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum in cultures or naturally contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Langseth
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
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115
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Romagnoli B, Ferrari M, Bergamini C. Simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxins in breakfast cereals and baby food by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:1075-1080. [PMID: 20814905 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 and HT-2 toxins in foodstuff was investigated. A new kind of multi-mycotoxin immunoaffinity columns (IACs) available on the market (DZT MS-PREP(®)) was tested. A sensitive, selective and accurate method by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was developed, with electrospray ionization mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with negative-positive-negative ion switching. The method was used for the analysis of samples marked in Italy, in the frame of official monitoring plans. The advantages of combining IACs and LC-MS/MS technique are as follows: efficient removal of matrix interferences, simple chromatographic outline, high selectivity, low detection limits (DLs) and separation of a wide range of molecules with different physico-chemical properties in a single run. The method was studied on two different matrices, breakfast cereal and baby food, at contamination levels close to Regulation limits (EC) 1126/2007. The recoveries obtained (60-100%) fulfil the performance criteria required by Regulation (EC) 401/2006. The DL is 60 µg/kg for DON and 10 µg/kg for ZEA, T-2 and HT-2. Linearity range of the calibration curves is suitable for adult and baby food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Romagnoli
- ARPA ER (Regional Environmental Prevention Agency of Emilia Romagna), Analytical Area OGM, Mycotoxin and Food Safety, via Rocchi, 19, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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116
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Tanaka H, Takino M, Sugita-Konishi Y, Tanaka T, Leeman D, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Determination of Fusarium mycotoxins by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry coupled with immunoaffinity extraction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2445-2452. [PMID: 20658684 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat and biscuit by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) coupled with immunoaffinity extraction is described. A clean-up was carried out using a DZT MS-PREP immunoaffinity column (IAC), and the effect of the sample dilution rate and sample loading was investigated. Furthermore, the effects of ion suppression of a multifunctional column (MFC) and the IAC in the clean-up were compared. The results with the DZT MS-PREP IAC showed that it is possible to make the sample dilution rate low, and indicated a higher solvent-tolerance than usual with an IAC. Sample loading was optimized at 0.25 g. Ion suppression was lowered by purification of the toxins using the DZT MS-PREP IAC. Recoveries of each mycotoxin from wheat and biscuit samples spiked at two levels ranged from 78 to 109%. The limits of detection in wheat and biscuit was in the range of 0.03-0.33 ng x g(-1). From these studies, it is suggested that use of an IAC is effective in the clean-up of each mycotoxin, and, when combined with LC/ESI-MS/MS, it is good for the determination of mycotoxins in foodstuffs due to its rapidity and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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117
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Medina A, Valle-Algarra FM, Jiménez M, Magan N. Different sample treatment approaches for the analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins from oats-based media. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2145-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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118
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Martos P, Thompson W, Diaz G. Multiresidue mycotoxin analysis in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 22 mycotoxins in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain. Analysis is carried out with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The compounds included in this analysis are aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, tricothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalonone, and ergot alkaloids. Sample extraction (2 g) with acetonitrile:water (8 ml, 80:20) was carried out for 2 min using a commercial sample preparation apparatus (Stomacher®). The extract was then centrifuged, filtered and analysed. Extraction of fumonisins from maize (2 g) was optimised by first extracting the maize with acetonitrile: water (5 ml, 80:20) followed by the addition of water (3 ml), which permitted extraction of the 22 mycotoxins, including the fumonisins. Chromatography was carried out with a minicolumn (7.5×2.1 mm, 5 µm) (5 µl sample injection) and in 11 min, including column reconditioning. Analysis was carried out with 2 MRM transitions for the precursor ions. All method detection limits were below current maximum Canadian residue limits. Matrix effects for each compound in each of the 5 matrices were estimated and ranged from 70 to 149%, but most were 100±10%. Accuracy, repeatability and ruggedness were established. Proficiency samples from FERA (Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK) were tested and are reported. Finally, 100 field samples of the various grains were tested with this method and are reported with the observation of numerous mycotoxins in all matrices, including ergotamine in winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Martos
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - W. Thompson
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - G. Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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119
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of mycotoxins subjected to commission regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 in cereals. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6044-51. [PMID: 20728087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography/photoionization (APPI) tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for determining nine selected mycotoxins in wheat and maize samples. The analytes were chosen on the basis of the mycotoxins under EU Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, i.e., deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON), aflatoxins (AFs), and ochratoxin A (OTA), and considering the possibility of a near future regulation for T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Mycotoxins were extracted from samples by means of an one-step solvent extraction without any cleanup. The developed multi-mycotoxin method permits simultaneous, simple, and rapid determination of several co-existing toxins separated in a single chromatographic run, in which AFs, T-2 and HT-2 toxin are acquired in positive, while OTA, DON and ZON in negative mode. Although a moderate signal suppression was noticeable, matrix effect did not give significant differences at p=0.05. Then, calibration in standard solution were used for quantitation. Based on the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, the method was in-house validated in terms of ruggedness, specificity, linearity, trueness, within-laboratory reproducibility, decision limit (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta). For all the analytes, the regression coefficient r ranged between 0.8752 (DON in wheat) and 0.9465 (ZON in maize), biases related to mean concentrations were from -13% to +12% of the nominal spiking level, and the overall within-laboratory reproducibility ranged 3-16%; finally, CCalpha values did not differ more than 20% and CCbeta not more than 42% from their respective maximum limit. Method quantification limits ranged from 1/20 (AFG1) to 1/4 (AFG2 and OTA) the maximum limit established by European Union in the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 and its subsequent amendments.
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120
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Desmarchelier A, Oberson JM, Tella P, Gremaud E, Seefelder W, Mottier P. Development and comparison of two multiresidue methods for the analysis of 17 mycotoxins in cereals by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7510-7519. [PMID: 20527950 DOI: 10.1021/jf100891m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two multiresidue methods based on different extraction procedures have been developed and compared for the liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 17 mycotoxins including ochratoxin A, aflatoxins (B(1), B(2), G(1), and G(2)), zearalenone, fumonisins (B(1) and B(2)), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol in cereal-based commodities. The extraction procedures considered were a QuEChERS-like method and one using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Both extraction procedures gave similar performances in terms of linearity (r(2) > 0.98) and precision (both RSD(r) and RSD(iR) < 20%). Trueness was evaluated through participation in four proficiency tests and by the analysis of two certified reference materials and one quality control material. Satisfactory Z scores (|Z| < 2) and trueness values (73-130%) were obtained by the proposed procedures. Limits of quantification were similar by both methods and were within the 1.0-2.0 microg/kg range for aflatoxins, 0.5 microg/kg for ochratoxin A, and the 5-100 microg/kg range for all other mycotoxins tested. The QuEChERS-like method was found to be easier to handle and allowed a higher sample throughput as compared to the ASE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Desmarchelier
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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121
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Rapid detection of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in wheat using surface plasmon resonance immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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122
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Songsermsakul P, Razzazi-Fazeli E. A Review of Recent Trends in Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Mycotoxins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Songsermsakul
- a Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Khon Kaen University , Thailand
| | - E. Razzazi-Fazeli
- b Department of Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Nutrition, VetOMICS Core Facility for Research/University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
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123
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Li Q, Pei J, Song P, Kennedy RT. Fraction collection from capillary liquid chromatography and off-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using oil segmented flow. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5260-7. [PMID: 20491430 PMCID: PMC2894538 DOI: 10.1021/ac100669z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Off-line analysis and characterization of samples separated by capillary liquid chromatography (LC) has been problematic using conventional approaches to fraction collection. We demonstrate collection of nanoliter fractions by forming plugs of effluent from a 75 mum inner diameter LC column segmented by an immiscible oil such as perfluorodecalin. The plugs are stored in tubing that can then be used to manipulate the samples. Off-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to characterize the samples. ESI-MS was performed by directly pumping the segmented plugs into a nanospray emitter tip. Critical parameters including the choice of oils, ESI voltage, and flow rates that allow successful direct infusion analysis were investigated. Best signals were obtained under conditions in which the oil did not form an electrospray but was siphoned away from the tip. Off-line analysis showed preservation of the chromatogram with no loss of resolution. The method was demonstrated to allow changes in flow rate during the analysis. Specifically, decreases in flow rate were used to allow extended MS analysis time on selected fractions, similar to "peak parking".
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Corresponding Author Contact Information: Robert Kennedy, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, Phone: 734-615-4363,
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124
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Dombrink-Kurtzman MA, Poling SM, Kendra DF. Determination of deoxynivalenol in infant cereal by immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV detection. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1073-6. [PMID: 20537262 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based baby food, a primary source of the first solid food for infants, was studied in order to develop a method to detect its presence at low concentrations. DON, produced primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is commonly isolated from grains and feed around the world and affects both animal and human health, producing diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. An aqueous extract of infant cereal was cleaned by means of an immunoaffinity chromatography column. After the eluate was evaporated and redissolved, DON was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV. The level of quantification for DON was 10 ppb for three types of infant cereal (mixed, barley, and oatmeal); the level of detection was 5 ppb. The protocol we have developed can measure DON between 10 to 500 ppb. An advisory level of 1 ppm for wheat products has been established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; however, the European Communities (EC) regulations have been set at 200 ppb for cereal-based foods for infants. Only 1 of 52 samples of barley-, mixed-, or oat-based infant cereal purchased in 2008 and 2009 in the United States exceeded the European standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Dombrink-Kurtzman
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902, USA.
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125
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Diana Di Mavungu J, Monbaliu S, Scippo ML, Maghuin-Rogister G, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Callebaut A, Robbens J, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:885-95. [PMID: 19680964 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902774649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in food supplements is presented. The analytes included A and B trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), aflatoxins (aflatoxin-B(1), aflatoxin-B(2), aflatoxin-G(1) and aflatoxin-G(2)), Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altenuene), fumonisins (fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2) and fumonisin-B(3)), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, beauvericin and sterigmatocystin. Optimization of the simultaneous extraction of these toxins and the sample pretreatment procedure, as well as method validation were performed on maca (Lepidium meyenii) food supplements. The results indicated that the solvent mixture ethyl acetate/formic acid (95:5, v/v) was the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from food supplements. Liquid-liquid partition with n-hexane was applied as partial clean-up step to remove excess of co-extracted non-polar components. Further clean-up was performed on Oasis HLB cartridges. Samples were analysed using an Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in the positive-ion mode. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.3-30 ng g(-1) and 1-100 ng g(-1), respectively. Recovery yields were above 60% for most of the analytes, except for nivalenol, sterigmatocystine and the fumonisins. The method showed good precision and trueness. Analysis of different food supplements such as soy (Glycine max) isoflavones, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlic (Allium sativum), Ginkgo biloba, and black radish (Raphanus niger) demonstrated the general applicability of the method. Due to different matrix effects observed in different food supplement samples, the standard addition approach was applied to perform correct quantitative analysis. In 56 out of 62 samples analysed, none of the 23 mycotoxins investigated was detected. Positive samples contained at least one of the toxins fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2), fumonisin-B(3) and ochratoxin A.
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126
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Pérez-Torrado E, Blesa J, Moltó J, Font G. Pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of zearalenone in cereal flours. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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127
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Synthesis and application of a T-2 toxin imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2879-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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128
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Dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry as a selective extraction and cleanup technique for the quantification of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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129
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Milićević DR, Škrinjar M, Baltić T. Real and perceived risks for mycotoxin contamination in foods and feeds: challenges for food safety control. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:572-92. [PMID: 22069600 PMCID: PMC3153222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds, produced by the secondary metabolism of toxigenic moulds in the Aspergillus, Alternaria, Claviceps, Fusarium, Penicillium and Stachybotrys genera occurring in food and feed commodities both pre- and post-harvest. Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. When ingested, mycotoxins may cause a mycotoxicosis which can result in an acute or chronic disease episode. Chronic conditions have a much greater impact, numerically, on human health in general, and induce diverse and powerful toxic effects in test systems: some are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, hemorrhagic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermotoxic and neurotoxic. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. However, in developing countries, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. Therefore both producers and governmental control authorities are directing their efforts toward the implementation of a correct and reliable evaluation of the real status of contamination of a lot of food commodity and, consequently, of the impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan R. Milićević
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.B.)
| | - Marija Škrinjar
- Faculty of Technology, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.Š.)
| | - Tatjana Baltić
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.B.)
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130
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Multi-mycotoxin analysis of maize silage by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:765-76. [PMID: 20213172 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for determination of 27 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in maize silage. The method focuses on analytes which are known to be produced by common maize and maize-silage contaminants. A simple pH-buffered sample extraction was developed on the basis of a very fast and simple method for analysis of multiple pesticide residues in food known as QuEChERS. The buffering effectively ensured a stable pH in samples of both well-ensiled maize (pH < 4) and of hot spots with fungal infection (pH > 7). No further clean-up was performed before analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was successfully validated for determination of eight analytes qualitatively and 19 quantitatively. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used giving recoveries ranging from 37% to 201% with the majority between 60% and 115%. Repeatability (5-27% RSD(r)) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (7-35% RSD(IR)) was determined. The limit of detection (LOD) for the quantitatively validated analytes ranged from 1 to 739 microg kg(-1). Validation results for citrinin, fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) were unsatisfying. The method was applied to 20 selected silage samples and alternariol monomethyl ether, andrastin A, alternariol, citreoisocoumarin, deoxynivalenol, enniatin B, fumigaclavine A, gliotoxin, marcfortine A and B, mycophenolic acid, nivalenol, roquefortine A and C and zearalenone were detected.
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131
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Hervás M, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Simplified calibration and analysis on screen-printed disposable platforms for electrochemical magnetic bead-based inmunosensing of zearalenone in baby food samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1755-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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132
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Yue YT, Zhang XF, Pan J, Ou-Yang Z, Wu J, Yang MH. Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Medicinal Herbs and Related Products by GC–ECD and Confirmation by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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133
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Frenich AG, Vidal JLM, Romero-González R, Aguilera-Luiz MDM. Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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134
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Analysis of Fusarium toxins via HPLC-MS/MS multimethods: matrix effects and strategies for compensation. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:201-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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135
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Hervás M, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Electrochemical immunoassay using magnetic beads for the determination of zearalenone in baby food: An anticipated analytical tool for food safety. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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136
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Gottschalk C, Barthel J, Engelhardt G, Bauer J, Meyer K. Simultaneous determination of type A, B and D trichothecenes and their occurrence in cereals and cereal products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903013260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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137
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Moazami E, Jinap S. Optimisation of the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour by HPLC and a comparison of four clean-up procedures. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903046682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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138
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Goryacheva IY, Rusanova TY, Burmistrova NA, De Saeger S. Immunochemical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809080024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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139
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Simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and their major masked metabolites in cereal-based food by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1347-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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140
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Rahmani A, Jinap S, Soleimany F. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8:202-251. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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141
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Beltrán E, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Determination of mycotoxins in different food commodities by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1801-1809. [PMID: 19437441 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multianalyte-multiclass method with little sample manipulation has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eleven mycotoxins in different food commodities by using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Toxins were extracted from the samples with acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) 0.1% HCOOH and, after a two-fold dilution with water, directly injected into the system. Thanks to the fast high-resolution separation of UHPLC, the eleven mycotoxins were separated by gradient elution in only 4 min. The method has been validated in three food matrices (maize kernels, dry pasta (wheat), and eight-multicereal babyfood (wheat, maize, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, millet)) at four different concentration levels. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained (70-110%) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was typically below 15% with very few exceptions. Quantification of samples was carried out with matrix-matched standards calibration. The lowest concentration successfully validated in sample was as low as 0.5 microg/kg for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in babyfood, and 20 microg/kg for the rest of the selected mycotoxins in all matrices tested. Deoxynivalenol could be only validated at 200 microg/kg, due the poor sensitivity for this mycotoxin analysis. With only two exceptions (HT-2 and deoxynivalenol), the limits of detection (LODs), estimated for a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 from the chromatograms of samples spiked at the lowest level validated, varied between 0.1 and 1 microg/kg in the three food matrices tested. The method was applied to the analysis of different kinds of samples. Positive findings were confirmed by acquiring two transitions (Q quantification, q confirmation) and evaluating the Q/q ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticide and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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142
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Lattanzio VM, Pascale M, Visconti A. Current analytical methods for trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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143
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Lattanzio VMT, Solfrizzo M, Visconti A. Enzymatic hydrolysis of T-2 toxin for the quantitative determination of total T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1325-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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144
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Neuhof T, Ganzauer N, Koch M, Nehls I. A Comparison of Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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145
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Large-scale production of selected type A trichothecenes: the use of HT-2 toxin and T-2 triol as precursors for the synthesis of d 3-T-2 and d 3-HT-2 toxin. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:41-52. [PMID: 23604935 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Their occurrence in cereals, especially in oats, implies health risks for the consumer. Therefore, it is an important task to develop selective and sensitive methods for the analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and to undertake further studies on their stability and toxicity. Although most toxins are commercially available, their high prices are the limiting factor on the realization of these experiments. Thus, we developed a method for large-scale production of T-2 and HT-2 toxin as well as T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol. T-2 toxin was obtained in gram quantities by biosynthetic production with cultures of F. sporotrichioides. As HT-2 toxin was only formed as a by-product, and T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol were not generated, these compounds were produced by alkaline hydrolysis of T-2 toxin. Separation and isolation of crude toxins was achieved by fast centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC), which is an efficient tool for the large-scale purification of natural products. Using this fast and yield effective technique, several hundred milligrams of HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol were obtained. Subsequent, HT-2 toxin and T-2 triol were used for the large-scale synthesis of isotope-labeled T-2 and HT-2 toxin, respectively. Using these standards, an isotope dilution-(ID)-HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in different matrices was developed.
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146
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An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:62-115. [PMID: 19333436 PMCID: PMC2662450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a group of compounds produced by various fungi and excreted into the matrices on which they grow, often food intended for human consumption or animal feed. The high toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds and their ability to cause various pathological conditions has led to widespread screening of foods and feeds potentially polluted with them. Maximum permissible levels in different matrices have also been established for some toxins. As these are quite low, analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins have to be both sensitive and specific. In addition, an appropriate sample preparation and pre-concentration method is needed to isolate analytes from rather complicated samples. In this article, an overview of methods for analysis and sample preparation published in the last ten years is given for the most often encountered mycotoxins in different samples, mainly in food. Special emphasis is on liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection, while in the field of sample preparation various solid-phase extraction approaches are discussed. However, an overview of other analytical and sample preparation methods less often used is also given. Finally, different matrices where mycotoxins have to be determined are discussed with the emphasis on their specific characteristics important for the analysis (human food and beverages, animal feed, biological samples, environmental samples). Various issues important for accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses are critically discussed: sampling and choice of representative sample, sample preparation and possible bias associated with it, specificity of the analytical method and critical evaluation of results.
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147
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Wiwart M, Kandler W, Perkowski J, Berthiller F, Preinerstorfer B, Suchowilska E, Buśko M, Laskowska M, Krska R. Concentrations of Some Metabolites Produced by Fungi of the GenusFusariumand Selected Elements in Spring Spelt Grain. Cereal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-86-1-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wiwart
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Kandler
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Corresponding author. Phone: +43-2272-66280-408. Fax: +43-2272-66280-403. E-mail:
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Beatrix Preinerstorfer
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Elżbieta Suchowilska
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Laskowska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Monbaliu S, Van Poucke C, Van Peteghem C, Van Poucke K, Heungens K, De Saeger S. Development of a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for sweet pepper analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3-11. [PMID: 19051227 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multi-mycotoxin method was developed for the simultaneous determination of trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin), aflatoxins (aflatoxin-B(1), aflatoxin-B(2), aflatoxin-G(1) and aflatoxin-G(2)), Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altenuene), fumonisins (fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2) and fumonisin-B(3)), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, beauvericin and sterigmatocystin in sweet pepper. Sweet pepper was extracted with ethyl acetate/formic acid (99:1, v/v). After splitting up the extract, two-thirds of the extract was cleaned up using an aminopropyl column followed by an octadecyl column. The remaining part was cleaned up using a strong anion-exchange column. After recombination of both cleaned parts of the sample extract, the combined solvents were evaporated and the residue was dissolved in mobile phase; 20 microL was injected into the chromatographic system, so only one run was used to separate and detect the mycotoxins in positive electrospray ionization using selected reaction monitoring. The samples were analyzed with a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phase consisted of variable mixtures of water and methanol, 1% acetic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate. The limits of detection of the multi-mycotoxin method varied from 0.32 microg kg(-1) to 42.48 microg kg(-1). The multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method fulfilled the method performance criteria required by the Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006. Sweet peppers inoculated by Fusarium species were analyzed using the developed method. Beauvericin (9-484 microg kg(-1)) and fumonisins (fumonisin-B(1) up to 4330 microg kg(-1), fumonisin-B(2) up to 4900 microg kg(-1), and fumonisin-B(3) up to 299 microg kg(-1)) were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Monbaliu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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149
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Foroud NA, Eudes F. Trichothecenes in cereal grains. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:147-173. [PMID: 19333439 PMCID: PMC2662451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins associated with fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals, with worldwide economic and health impacts. While various management strategies have been proposed to reduce the mycotoxin risk, breeding towards FHB-resistance appears to be the most effective means to manage the disease, and reduce trichothecene contamination of cereal-based food products. This review provides a brief summary of the trichothecene synthesis in Fusarium species, their toxicity in plants and humans, followed by the current methods of screening and breeding for resistance to FHB and trichothecene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, #301 - 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - François Eudes
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
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150
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Detection methods for mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal products. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn0917015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical methods for mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products require three major steps, including extraction, clean-up (to eliminate interferences from the extract and concentrate the analyte), and detection/determination of the toxin (by using suitable analytical instruments/technologies). Clean-up is essential for the analysis of mycotoxins at trace levels, and involves the use of solid phase extraction and multifunctional (e.g. MycoSep?) or immunoaffinity columns. Different chromatographic methods are commonly used for quantitative determination of mycotoxins, including gas-chromatography (GC) coupled with electron capture, flame ionization or mass spectrometry (MS) detectors (mainly for type-A trichothecenes), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet, diode array, fluorescence or MS detectors. The choice of method depends on the matrix and the mycotoxin to be analyzed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is spreading rapidly as a promising technique for simultaneous screening, identification and quantitative determination of a large number of mycotoxins. In addition, commercial immunometric assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are frequently used for screening purposes as well. Recently, a variety of emerging methods have been proposed for the analysis of mycotoxins in cereals based on novel technologies, including immunochromatography (i.e. lateral flow devices), fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA), infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and optical biosensors.
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