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Lakatos P, O’Connell MN, Barczak A, McGinnis T, Neymotin S, Schroeder CE, Smiley JF, Javitt DC. The Thalamocortical Circuit of Auditory Mismatch Negativity. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:770-780. [PMID: 31924325 PMCID: PMC7103554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an extensively validated biomarker of cognitive function across both normative and clinical populations and has previously been localized to supratemporal auditory cortex. MMN is thought to represent a comparison of the features of the present stimulus versus a mnemonic template formed by the prior stimuli. METHODS We used concurrent thalamic and primary auditory cortical (A1) laminar recordings in 7 macaques to evaluate the relative contributions of core (lemniscal) and matrix (nonlemniscal) thalamic afferents to MMN generation. RESULTS We demonstrated that deviance-related activity is observed mainly in matrix regions of auditory thalamus, MMN generators are most prominent in layer 1 of cortex as opposed to sensory responses that activate layer 4 first and sequentially all cortical layers, and MMN is elicited independent of the frequency tuning of A1 neuronal ensembles. Consistent with prior reports, MMN-related thalamocortical activity was strongly inhibited by ketamine. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate distinct matrix versus core thalamocortical circuitry underlying the generation of a higher-order brain response (MMN) versus sensory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lakatos
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Monica N. O’Connell
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA
| | - Annamaria Barczak
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA
| | - Tammy McGinnis
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA
| | - Samuel Neymotin
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA
| | - Charles E. Schroeder
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, 10032 USA
| | - John F. Smiley
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY, 10016 USA
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962 USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, 10032 USA
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102
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Hendrik Bas van Niftrik C, Sebök M, Muscas G, Piccirelli M, Serra C, Krayenbühl N, Pangalu A, Bozinov O, Luft A, Stippich C, Regli L, Fierstra J. Characterizing ipsilateral thalamic diaschisis in symptomatic cerebrovascular steno-occlusive patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:563-573. [PMID: 30755133 PMCID: PMC7026850 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19830532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical significance of ipsilateral thalamic diaschisis (ITD) occurring after stroke is unknown. To characterize ITD, we investigate its hemodynamic, structural, and clinical implications. A single-institution prospective cross-sectional study was conducted using 28 symptomatic cerebrovascular steno-occlusive patients undergoing both BOLD-CVR and Diamox-challenged 15(O)-H2O-PET. Follow-up was at least three months. In addition, 15 age-matched healthy subjects were included. ITD was diagnosed based on a BOLD-CVR thalamic asymmetry index (TAI) > +2 standard deviations from healthy subjects. Cerebral blood flow differences were assessed using a PET-based TAI before and after Diamox challenge. Thalamic volume masks were determined using Freesurfer. Neurological status at symptom onset and after three months was determined with NIHSS and mRS scores. ITD was diagnosed in 15 of 28 (57%) patients. PET-TAI before and after Diamox challenge were increased in patients with ITD, indicating an ipsilateral thalamic blood flow decrease. Patients with ITD exhibited a marked ipsilateral thalamic volume decrease as compared to patients without ITD and healthy subjects. Furthermore, patients with ITD had worse NIHSS and mRS at symptom onset and after three months follow-up, even after adjustment for stroke volume. The presence of ITD is characterized by thalamic volume reduction, reduced thalamic blood flow, and worse neurological performance unrelated to stroke volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Hendrik Bas van Niftrik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Sebök
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Muscas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Piccirelli
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Serra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Krayenbühl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Pangalu
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bozinov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Luft
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Stippich
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorn Fierstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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103
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Long Z, Cheng F, Lei X. Age effect on gray matter volume changes after sleep restriction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228473. [PMID: 32027695 PMCID: PMC7004551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation disrupted functional and structural brain areas which are associated with cognition and emotion in healthy participants. However, the effect of age on the structural changes after sleep restriction remains unclear. In the current study, gray matter volume was calculated in 43 young adults and 37 old adults before and after sleep restriction. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (between-subject factor: deprivation; within-subject factor: age) was then employed to investigate differences in gray matter volume changes between young and old adults. Gaussian random field theory was applied for multiple comparison correction. Results revealed that sleep restriction decreases gray matter volume in the right thalamus, left precuneus, and postcentral gyrus. More importantly, we found a significant deprivation × age interaction effect mainly in the right dorsal/ventral anterior insula where the gray matter volume increased in young adults after sleep restriction but showed no difference in old adults. These findings highlight the crucial role of the anterior insula in the neural mechanisms underlying sleep lose, especially among young adults. The current work provided structural evidence for describing emotional dysfunction and suggests the potential effect of age on functional and structural changes after sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Long
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fei Cheng
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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104
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Karunakaran KD, Yuan R, He J, Zhao J, Cui JL, Zang YF, Zhang Z, Alvarez TL, Biswal BB. Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Thalamus in Complete Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:122-133. [PMID: 31904298 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319893299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background. Neuroimaging studies of spinal cord injury (SCI) have mostly examined the functional organization of the cortex, with only limited focus on the subcortical substrates of the injury. However, thalamus is an important modulator and sensory relay that requires investigation at a subnuclei level to gain insight into the neuroplasticity following SCI. Objective. To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the functional connectivity (FC) of thalamic subnuclei in complete SCI patients. Methods. A seed-based connectivity analysis was applied for 3 thalamic subnuclei: pulvinar, mediodorsal, and ventrolateral nucleus in each hemisphere. A nonparametric 2-sample t test with permutations was applied for each of the 6 thalamic seeds to compute FC differences between 22 healthy controls and 19 complete SCI patients with paraplegia. Results. Connectivity analysis showed a decrease in the FC of the bilateral mediodorsal nucleus with right superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in the SCI group. Similarly, the left ventrolateral nucleus exhibited decreased FC with left superior temporal gyrus in SCI group. In contrast, left pulvinar nucleus demonstrated an increase in FC with left inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule in SCI group. Our findings also indicate a negative relationship between postinjury durations and thalamic FC to regions of sensorimotor and visual cortices, where longer postinjury durations (~12 months) is associated with higher negative connectivity between these regions. Conclusion. This study provides evidence for reorganization in the thalamocortical connections known to be involved in multisensory integration and affective processing, with possible implications in the generation of sensory abnormalities after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Yuan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jie He
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Armed Police Force Hospital of Sichuan, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ling Cui
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zheijang, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
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105
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Cui Q, Sheng W, Chen Y, Pang Y, Lu F, Tang Q, Han S, Shen Q, Wang Y, Xie A, Huang J, Li D, Lei T, He Z, Chen H. Dynamic changes of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1667-1676. [PMID: 31849148 PMCID: PMC7267950 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have mainly focused on alterations of static and dynamic functional connectivity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, the characteristics of local brain activity over time in GAD are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the abnormal time‐varying local brain activity of GAD by using the amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method combined with sliding‐window approach. Group comparison results showed that compared with healthy controls (HCs), patients with GAD exhibited increased dynamic ALFF (dALFF) variability in widespread regions, including the bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum; and left orbital frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, temporal pole, inferior temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. The abnormal dALFF could be used to distinguish between patients with GAD and HCs. Increased dALFF variability values in the striatum were positively correlated with GAD symptom severity. These findings suggest that GAD patients are associated with abnormal temporal variability of local brain activity in regions implicated in executive, emotional, and social function. This study provides insight into the brain dysfunction of GAD from the perspective of dynamic local brain activity, highlighting the important role of dALFF variability in understanding neurophysiological mechanisms and potentially informing the diagnosis of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Pang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Tang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Education Center for Students Cultural Qualities, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ailing Xie
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lei
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongling He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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106
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Takata N. Thalamic reticular nucleus in the thalamocortical loop. Neurosci Res 2019; 156:32-40. [PMID: 31812650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic binding of different brain areas is critical for various cognitive functions. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a GABAergic nucleus that constrains information flow through thalamocortical loop by providing inhibitory innervation to the thalamus. In this review, I summarize anatomical and single-cell-level physiological studies of the rodent TRN. Diversity and heterogeneity of TRN neurons in terms of axonal innervation, molecular expression, and physiological characteristics are described. I also outline thalamocortical and cortico-cortical connections with emphasis on interaction with the TRN. In summary, it is proposed that functional connectivity among brain regions are modulated with gating of transthalamic information flow by the TRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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107
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Gao C, Weber CE, Shinkareva SV. The brain basis of audiovisual affective processing: Evidence from a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Cortex 2019; 120:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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108
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Towards a Unified View on Pathways and Functions of Neural Recurrent Processing. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:589-603. [PMID: 31399289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are three neural feedback pathways to the primary visual cortex (V1): corticocortical, pulvinocortical, and cholinergic. What are the respective functions of these three projections? Possible functions range from contextual modulation of stimulus processing and feedback of high-level information to predictive processing (PP). How are these functions subserved by different pathways and can they be integrated into an overarching theoretical framework? We propose that corticocortical and pulvinocortical connections are involved in all three functions, whereas the role of cholinergic projections is limited by their slow response to stimuli. PP provides a broad explanatory framework under which stimulus-context modulation and high-level processing are subsumed, involving multiple feedback pathways that provide mechanisms for inferring and interpreting what sensory inputs are about.
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109
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Wagner IC, van Buuren M, Fernández G. Thalamo-cortical coupling during encoding and consolidation is linked to durable memory formation. Neuroimage 2019; 197:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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110
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Qian S, Wang X, Qu X, Zhang P, Li Q, Wang R, Liu DQ. Links Between the Amplitude Modulation of Low-Frequency Spontaneous Fluctuation Across Resting State Conditions and Thalamic Functional Connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:199. [PMID: 31263405 PMCID: PMC6584839 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of the different types of resting state reveals some interesting characteristics of spontaneous brain activity that cannot be found in a single condition. Differences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) between the eyes open (EO) and the eyes closed (EC) almost have a spatially distinct pattern with traditional EO-EC activation within sensory systems, suggesting the divergent functional roles of ALFF and activation. However, the underlying mechanism is far from clear. Since the thalamus plays an essential role in sensory processing, one critical step toward understanding the divergences is to depict the relationships between the thalamus and the ALFF modulation in sensory regions. In this preliminary study, we examined the association between the changes of ALFF and the changes of thalamic functional connectivity (FC) between EO and EC. We focused on two visual thalamic nuclei, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the pulvinar (Pu). FC results showed that LGN had stronger synchronization with regions in lateral but not in medial visual networks, while Pu had a weaker synchronization with auditory and sensorimotor areas during EO compared with EC. Moreover, the patterns of FC modulation exhibited considerable overlaps with the ALFF modulation, and there were significant correlations between them across subjects. Our findings support the crucial role of the thalamus in amplitude modulation of low-frequency spontaneous activity in sensory systems, and may pave the way to elucidate the mechanisms governing distinction between evoked activation and modulation of low-frequency spontaneous brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Qian
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruidi Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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111
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Kuramoto E. Method for labeling and reconstruction of single neurons using Sindbis virus vectors. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 100:101648. [PMID: 31181303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites and axons are key substrates for the input and output of information, respectively, so establishing the precise and complete morphological description of dendritic and axonal processes of a single neuron is essential for understanding the neuron's functional role in the neuronal circuits. The whole structure of single neurons was originally revealed using Golgi staining, and later the intracellular labeling method was developed, although this is technically too difficult to stain entire neurons in vivo. Since the late 1980s, molecular biology techniques have been applied to neuroscience research, leading to the development of various virus vectors, such as the Sindbis and adeno-associated virus vectors, which have facilitated the reconstruction of neurons at a single cell level. In the present review, we focus on a method for labeling and reconstruction of single neurons using Sindbis virus vectors that express membrane-targeted fluorescent proteins. We describe in detail a protocol for single-neuron labeling using Sindbis virus vectors, and we provide an example of a recent project at our laboratory in which we successfully applied these methods to study thalamocortical projection neurons. Further, we discuss the strengths and limitations of Sindbis virus vectors for single neuron reconstruction, comparing them with adeno-associated virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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112
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Liu J, Shelkar GP, Zhao F, Clausen RP, Dravid SM. Modulation of burst firing of neurons in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus by GluN2C-containing NMDA receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:mol.119.116780. [PMID: 31160332 PMCID: PMC6620419 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2C subunit of the NMDA receptor is enriched in the neurons in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (nRT), but its role in regulating their function is not well understood. We found that deletion of GluN2C subunit did not affect spike frequency in response to depolarizing current injection or hyperpolarization-induced rebound burst firing of nRT neurons. D-cycloserine or CIQ (GluN2C/GluN2D positive allosteric modulator) did not affect the depolarization-induced spike frequency in nRT neurons. A newly identified highly potent and efficacious co-agonist of GluN1/GluN2C NMDA receptors, AICP, was found to reduce the spike frequency and burst firing of nRT neurons in wildtype but not GluN2C knockout. This effect was potentially due to facilitation of GluN2C-containing receptors because inhibition of NMDA receptors by AP5 did not affect spike frequency in nRT neurons. We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of AICP. AICP did not affect basal locomotion or prepulse inhibition but facilitated MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. This effect was observed in wildtype but not in GluN2C knockout mice demonstrating that AICP produces GluN2C-selective effects in vivo Using a chemogenetic approach we examined the role of nRT in this behavioral effect. Gq or Gi coupled DREADDs were selectively expressed in nRT neurons using cre-dependent viral vectors and PV-Cre mouse line. We found that similar to AICP effect, activation of Gq but not Gi coupled DREADD facilitated MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. Together, these results identify a unique role of GluN2C-containing receptors in the regulation of nRT neurons and suggest GluN2C-selective in vivo targeting of NMDA receptors by AICP. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The nucleus reticularis of the thalamus composed of GABAergic neurons is termed as guardian of the gateway and is an important regulator of corticothalamic communication which may be impaired in autism, non-convulsive seizures and other conditions. We found that strong facilitation of tonic activity of GluN2C subtype of NMDA receptors using AICP, a newly identified glycine-site agonist of NMDA receptors, modulates the function of reticular thalamus neurons. AICP was also able to produce GluN2C-dependent behavioral effects in vivo. Together, these finding identify a novel mechanism and a pharmacological tool to modulate activity of reticular thalamic neurons in disease states.
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113
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Capone F, Collorone S, Cortese R, Di Lazzaro V, Moccia M. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: The role of thalamus. Mult Scler 2019; 26:6-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458519851247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is very common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is often considered as its most disabling symptom. Over the last 20 years, an increasing number of studies have evaluated the pathogenetic bases of MS-related fatigue. Converging evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging research suggests that a dysfunction in a cortico-subcortical pathway, centered on thalamus, is involved in the pathogenesis of fatigue. However, type and significance of such dysfunction remain unknown, and some studies reported an increase in the activity and connectivity within the thalamic network, whereas others suggested its reduction. Hereby, we review the results of neuroimaging studies supporting the different hypotheses about the role of thalamic network in the pathophysiology of MS-related fatigue and discuss limitations and shortcomings of available data, highlighting the key challenges in the field and the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioravante Capone
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy/NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Collorone
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosa Cortese
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Moccia
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK/MS Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Experimentally-constrained biophysical models of tonic and burst firing modes in thalamocortical neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006753. [PMID: 31095552 PMCID: PMC6541309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory thalamocortical (TC) neurons from the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus are central components in the flow of sensory information between the periphery and the cerebral cortex, and participate in the dynamic regulation of thalamocortical states including wakefulness and sleep. This property is reflected at the cellular level by the ability to generate action potentials in two distinct firing modes, called tonic firing and low-threshold bursting. Although the general properties of TC neurons are known, we still lack a detailed characterization of their morphological and electrical properties in the VB thalamus. The aim of this study was to build biophysically-detailed models of VB TC neurons explicitly constrained with experimental data from rats. We recorded the electrical activity of VB neurons (N = 49) and reconstructed morphologies in 3D (N = 50) by applying standardized protocols. After identifying distinct electrical types, we used a multi-objective optimization to fit single neuron electrical models (e-models), which yielded multiple solutions consistent with the experimental data. The models were tested for generalization using electrical stimuli and neuron morphologies not used during fitting. A local sensitivity analysis revealed that the e-models are robust to small parameter changes and that all the parameters were constrained by one or more features. The e-models, when tested in combination with different morphologies, showed that the electrical behavior is substantially preserved when changing dendritic structure and that the e-models were not overfit to a specific morphology. The models and their analysis show that automatic parameter search can be applied to capture complex firing behavior, such as co-existence of tonic firing and low-threshold bursting over a wide range of parameter sets and in combination with different neuron morphologies. Thalamocortical neurons are one of the main components of the thalamocortical system, which is implicated in key functions including sensory transmission and the transition between brain states. These functions are reflected at the cellular level by the ability to generate action potentials in two distinct modes, called burst and tonic firing. Biophysically-detailed computational modeling of these cells can provide a tool to understand the role of these neurons within thalamocortical circuitry. We started by collecting single cell experimental data by applying standardized experimental procedures in brain slices of the rat. Prior work has demonstrated that biological constraints can be integrated using multi-objective optimization to build biologically realistic models of neurons. Here, we employed similar techniques, but extended them to capture the multiple firing modes of thalamic neurons. We compared the model results with additional experimental data, test their generalization and quantitatively reject those that deviated significantly from the experimental variability. These models can be readily integrated in a data-driven pipeline to reconstruct and simulate circuit activity in the thalamocortical system.
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Tu Y, Fu Z, Zeng F, Maleki N, Lan L, Li Z, Park J, Wilson G, Gao Y, Liu M, Calhoun V, Liang F, Kong J. Abnormal thalamocortical network dynamics in migraine. Neurology 2019; 92:e2706-e2716. [PMID: 31076535 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the dynamic functional connectivity of thalamocortical networks in interictal migraine patients and whether clinical features are associated with abnormal connectivity. METHODS We investigated dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) of the migraine brain in 89 interictal migraine patients and 70 healthy controls. We focused on the temporal properties of thalamocortical connectivity using sliding window cross-correlation, clustering state analysis, and graph-theory methods. Relationships between clinical symptoms and abnormal dFNC were evaluated using a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS Five dFNC brain states were identified to characterize and compare dynamic functional connectivity patterns. We demonstrated that migraineurs spent more time in a strongly interconnected between-network state, but they spent less time in a sparsely connected state. Interestingly, we found that abnormal posterior thalamus (pulvinar nucleus) dFNC with the visual cortex and the precuneus were significantly correlated with headache frequency of migraine. Further topologic measures revealed that migraineurs had significantly lower efficiency of information transfer in both global and local dFNC. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated a transient pathologic state with atypical thalamocortical connectivity in migraineurs and extended current findings regarding abnormal thalamocortical networks and dysrhythmia in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Tu
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zening Fu
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Nasim Maleki
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Lan
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Joel Park
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Georgia Wilson
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Gao
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Mailan Liu
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Vince Calhoun
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.
| | - Jian Kong
- From the Department of Psychiatry (Y.T., N.M., J.P., G.W., J.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; The Mind Research Network (Z.F., V.C.), Albuquerque, NM; Acupuncture and Tuina School/3rd Teaching Hospital (F.Z., L.L., Z.L., F.L.), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu; Traditional Chinese Medicine School (Y.G.), Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan; and The Acupuncture and Tuina School (M.L.), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.
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Caligiore D, Arbib MA, Miall RC, Baldassarre G. The super-learning hypothesis: Integrating learning processes across cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Guo Q, Li JYH. Defining developmental diversification of diencephalon neurons through single cell gene expression profiling. Development 2019; 146:dev.174284. [PMID: 30872278 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic diencephalon forms integration centers and relay stations in the forebrain. Anecdotal expression studies suggest that the diencephalon contains multiple developmental compartments and subdivisions. Here, we utilized single cell RNA sequencing to profile transcriptomes of dissociated cells from the diencephalon of E12.5 mouse embryos. We identified the divergence of different progenitors, intermediate progenitors, and emerging neurons. By mapping the identified cell groups to their spatial origins, we characterized the molecular features of cell types and cell states arising from various diencephalic domains. Furthermore, we reconstructed the developmental trajectory of distinct cell lineages, and thereby identified the genetic cascades and gene regulatory networks underlying the progression of the cell cycle, neurogenesis and cellular diversification. The analysis provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the amplification of intermediate progenitor cells in the thalamus. The single cell-resolved trajectories not only confirm a close relationship between the rostral thalamus and prethalamus, but also uncover an unexpected close relationship between the caudal thalamus, epithalamus and rostral pretectum. Our data provide a useful resource for systematic studies of cell heterogeneity and differentiation kinetics within the diencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y H Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
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Barona M, Brown M, Clark C, Frangou S, White T, Micali N. White matter alterations in anorexia nervosa: Evidence from a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:285-295. [PMID: 30851283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex and poorly understood etiology. Recent studies have sought to investigate differences in white matter microstructure in AN, with significant results in several brain regions. A systematic literature search of Embase, PubMed and Psychinfo databases was conducted in order to identify Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies of patients with AN and controls. We performed a meta-analysis of studies that met our inclusion criteria (N = 13) using effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) to detect differences in Fractional Anisotropy (FA) in patients with AN (N = 227) compared to healthy controls (N = 243). The quantitative meta-analysis of DTI studies identified decreased FA in the posterior areas of the corpus callosum, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus II, and the left precentral gyrus, as well as increased FA in the right cortico-spinal projections, and lingual gyrus in AN vs. controls. Studies of WM architecture are still limited in AN; further studies with longitudinal design are needed to better understand the complexity of abnormalities, and their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Barona
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Melanie Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Micali
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Jasmin K, Gotts SJ, Xu Y, Liu S, Riddell CD, Ingeholm JE, Kenworthy L, Wallace GL, Braun AR, Martin A. Overt social interaction and resting state in young adult males with autism: core and contextual neural features. Brain 2019; 142:808-822. [PMID: 30698656 PMCID: PMC6391610 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversation is an important and ubiquitous social behaviour. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (autism) without intellectual disability often have normal structural language abilities but deficits in social aspects of communication like pragmatics, prosody, and eye contact. Previous studies of resting state activity suggest that intrinsic connections among neural circuits involved with social processing are disrupted in autism, but to date no neuroimaging study has examined neural activity during the most commonplace yet challenging social task: spontaneous conversation. Here we used functional MRI to scan autistic males (n = 19) without intellectual disability and age- and IQ-matched typically developing control subjects (n = 20) while they engaged in a total of 193 face-to-face interactions. Participants completed two kinds of tasks: conversation, which had high social demand, and repetition, which had low social demand. Autistic individuals showed abnormally increased task-driven interregional temporal correlation relative to controls, especially among social processing regions and during high social demand. Furthermore, these increased correlations were associated with parent ratings of participants' social impairments. These results were then compared with previously-acquired resting state data (56 autism, 62 control subjects). While some interregional correlation levels varied by task or rest context, others were strikingly similar across both task and rest, namely increased correlation among the thalamus, dorsal and ventral striatum, somatomotor, temporal and prefrontal cortex in the autistic individuals, relative to the control groups. These results suggest a basic distinction. Autistic cortico-cortical interactions vary by context, tending to increase relative to controls during task and decrease during test. In contrast, striato- and thalamocortical relationships with socially engaged brain regions are increased in both task and rest, and may be core to the condition of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Jasmin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Gotts
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yisheng Xu
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cameron D Riddell
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John E Ingeholm
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gregory L Wallace
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allen R Braun
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Thalamocortical network: a core structure for integrative multimodal vestibular functions. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:154-164. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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121
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Xu XM, Jiao Y, Tang TY, Zhang J, Lu CQ, Salvi R, Teng GJ. Sensorineural hearing loss and cognitive impairments: Contributions of thalamus using multiparametric MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:787-797. [PMID: 30694013 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus is an integrative hub conveying sensory information between cortical areas and related to cognition. However, alterations of the thalamus following partial hearing deprivation remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the modifications of the thalamus and its seven subdivisions in terms of structure, function, and perfusion in subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), as well as their associations with SNHL-induced cognitive impairments. STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Thirty-seven bilateral long-term SNHL patients and 38 well-matched controls. FIELD STRENGTH 3 T/BOLD, T1 -weighted imaging, arterial spin labeling (ASL). ASSESSMENT Quantitative measurements in the thalamus and subdivisions were obtained, including the relative volume, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) within slow 5 (0.01-0.027 Hz), slow 4 (0.027-0.073 Hz), and combined frequency (0.01-0.073 Hz), as well as the whole-brain functional connectivity. Twenty-five SNHL patients and 20 controls underwent ASL scanning. Then correlation analysis was computed between all significant changes and cognition tests. STATISTICAL TESTS Continuous and categorical variables were compared by independent-sample t-test and chi-square test, respectively. Quantitative MRI measurement comparisons were corrected for multiple comparison, and functional connectivity (FC) analysis used two-sample t-test with false-discovery rate correction. Area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to evaluate the power of alterations in differentiating SNHL and controls. RESULTS No significant difference in the relative volume and perfusion of seven thalamus subdivisions were observed, but a decrease in fALFF in SNHL. SNHL showed reduced thalamic connectivity with the cerebellum lobule VIII, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, insula, superior temporal gyrus, media temporal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, Heschl's gyrus, and temporal pole. And some FC abnormalities exhibited positive correlations with cognitive tests and high discriminative power (0.8 < AUC < 1) in two groups. DATA CONCLUSION SNHL led to decreased thalamic activity and widespread weakened connectivity with other brain areas. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:787-797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Qiang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Li S, Gao L, Liu Y, Ao Y, Xu H. Unilateral thalamic glioma disrupts large-scale functional architecture of human brain during resting state. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:947-956. [PMID: 31043784 PMCID: PMC6472434 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s186161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus is an important deep brain structure for the synchronization of brain rhythm and the integration of cortical activity. Human brain imaging and computational modeling have non-invasively revealed its role in maintaining the cortical network architecture and functional hierarchy. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to identify the effect of unilateral thalamic damage on the human brain intrinsic functional architecture. PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected an 8-minute resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) data on a 3.0 T magnetic resonance scanner for all the participants: a preoperative patient with left thalamus destroyed by anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III type of astrocytoma) and 20 matched healthy controls. The R-fMRI data was analyzed for functional connectivity and amplitude of spontaneous fluctuations. RESULTS The patient showed prominent decrease in functional connectivity within primary sensory networks and advanced cognitive networks, and extensive alterations in between-network coupling. Further analysis of the amplitude of spontaneous activity suggested significant decrease especially in the topographies of default mode network and the Papez circuit. CONCLUSION This result provided evidence about the consequences of thalamic destruction on the correlation and landscape of spontaneous brain activity, promoting our understanding of the effects of thalamic damage on large-scale brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,
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Iglesias JE, Insausti R, Lerma-Usabiaga G, Bocchetta M, Van Leemput K, Greve DN, van der Kouwe A, Fischl B, Caballero-Gaudes C, Paz-Alonso PM. A probabilistic atlas of the human thalamic nuclei combining ex vivo MRI and histology. Neuroimage 2018; 183:314-326. [PMID: 30121337 PMCID: PMC6215335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human thalamus is a brain structure that comprises numerous, highly specific nuclei. Since these nuclei are known to have different functions and to be connected to different areas of the cerebral cortex, it is of great interest for the neuroimaging community to study their volume, shape and connectivity in vivo with MRI. In this study, we present a probabilistic atlas of the thalamic nuclei built using ex vivo brain MRI scans and histological data, as well as the application of the atlas to in vivo MRI segmentation. The atlas was built using manual delineation of 26 thalamic nuclei on the serial histology of 12 whole thalami from six autopsy samples, combined with manual segmentations of the whole thalamus and surrounding structures (caudate, putamen, hippocampus, etc.) made on in vivo brain MR data from 39 subjects. The 3D structure of the histological data and corresponding manual segmentations was recovered using the ex vivo MRI as reference frame, and stacks of blockface photographs acquired during the sectioning as intermediate target. The atlas, which was encoded as an adaptive tetrahedral mesh, shows a good agreement with previous histological studies of the thalamus in terms of volumes of representative nuclei. When applied to segmentation of in vivo scans using Bayesian inference, the atlas shows excellent test-retest reliability, robustness to changes in input MRI contrast, and ability to detect differential thalamic effects in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. The probabilistic atlas and companion segmentation tool are publicly available as part of the neuroimaging package FreeSurfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom; BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | | | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Koen Van Leemput
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Douglas N Greve
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, USA
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Ferri J, Ford JM, Roach BJ, Turner JA, van Erp TG, Voyvodic J, Preda A, Belger A, Bustillo J, O'Leary D, Mueller BA, Lim KO, McEwen SC, Calhoun VD, Diaz M, Glover G, Greve D, Wible CG, Vaidya JG, Potkin SG, Mathalon DH. Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2492-2499. [PMID: 29444726 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171800003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder associated with disrupted connectivity within the thalamic-cortico-cerebellar network. Resting-state functional connectivity studies have reported thalamic hypoconnectivity with the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex as well as thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensory cortical regions in SZ patients compared with healthy comparison participants (HCs). However, fundamental questions remain regarding the clinical significance of these connectivity abnormalities. METHOD Resting state seed-based functional connectivity was used to investigate thalamus to whole brain connectivity using multi-site data including 183 SZ patients and 178 matched HCs. Statistical significance was based on a voxel-level FWE-corrected height threshold of p < 0.001. The relationships between positive and negative symptoms of SZ and regions of the brain demonstrating group differences in thalamic connectivity were examined. RESULTS HC and SZ participants both demonstrated widespread positive connectivity between the thalamus and cortical regions. Compared with HCs, SZ patients had reduced thalamic connectivity with bilateral cerebellum and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, SZ patients had greater thalamic connectivity with multiple sensory-motor regions, including bilateral pre- and post-central gyrus, middle/inferior occipital gyrus, and middle/superior temporal gyrus. Thalamus to middle temporal gyrus connectivity was positively correlated with hallucinations and delusions, while thalamus to cerebellar connectivity was negatively correlated with delusions and bizarre behavior. CONCLUSIONS Thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensory regions and hypoconnectivity with cerebellar regions in combination with their relationship to clinical features of SZ suggest that thalamic dysconnectivity may be a core neurobiological feature of SZ that underpins positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferri
- Department of Psychiatry,University of California,San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,USA
| | - J M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry,University of California,San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,USA
| | - B J Roach
- San Francisco VA Health Care System,San Francisco, CA,USA
| | - J A Turner
- The Mind Research Network,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - T G van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,University of California,Irvine, Irvine, CA,USA
| | - J Voyvodic
- Department of Psychiatry,Duke University,Raleigh-Durham, NC,USA
| | - A Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,University of California,Irvine, Irvine, CA,USA
| | - A Belger
- Department of Psychiatry,University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill, NC,USA
| | - J Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry,University of New Mexico,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - D O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Iowa,Iowa City, IA,USA
| | - B A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN,USA
| | - K O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN,USA
| | - S C McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry,University of California,Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,USA
| | - V D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - M Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry,Duke University,Raleigh-Durham, NC,USA
| | - G Glover
- Department of Radiology,Stanford University,Stanford, CA,USA
| | - D Greve
- Department of Radiology,Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - C G Wible
- Department of Psychiatry,Harvard University,Boston, MA,USA
| | - J G Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Iowa,Iowa City, IA,USA
| | - S G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,University of California,Irvine, Irvine, CA,USA
| | - D H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry,University of California,San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,USA
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125
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Pergola G, Danet L, Pitel AL, Carlesimo GA, Segobin S, Pariente J, Suchan B, Mitchell AS, Barbeau EJ. The Regulatory Role of the Human Mediodorsal Thalamus. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1011-1025. [PMID: 30236489 PMCID: PMC6198112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of the human mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) has so far eluded a clear definition in terms of specific cognitive processes and tasks. Although it was at first proposed to play a role in long-term memory, a set of recent studies in animals and humans has revealed a more complex, and broader, role in several cognitive functions. The MD seems to play a multifaceted role in higher cognitive functions together with the prefrontal cortex and other cortical and subcortical brain areas. Specifically, we propose that the MD is involved in the regulation of cortical networks especially when the maintenance and temporal extension of persistent activity patterns in the frontal lobe areas are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Lola Danet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS 31024, France; CHU Toulouse Purpan, Neurology Department, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Giovanni A Carlesimo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University and S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS 31024, France; CHU Toulouse Purpan, Neurology Department, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Boris Suchan
- Clinical Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, The Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK; Equivalent contribution as last authors.
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de recherche Cerveau et Cognition, UMR5549, Université de Toulouse - CNRS, Toulouse 31000, France; Equivalent contribution as last authors
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126
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Bieler M, Xu X, Marquardt A, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Multisensory integration in rodent tactile but not visual thalamus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15684. [PMID: 30356135 PMCID: PMC6200796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural performance requires a coherent perception of environmental features that address multiple senses. These diverse sensory inputs are integrated in primary sensory cortices, yet it is still largely unknown whether their convergence occurs even earlier along the sensory tract. Here we investigate the role of putatively modality-specific first-order (FO) thalamic nuclei (ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM), dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)) and their interactions with primary sensory cortices (S1, V1) for multisensory integration in pigmented rats in vivo. We show that bimodal stimulation (i.e. simultaneous light flash and whisker deflection) enhances sensory evoked activity in VPM, but not dLGN. Moreover, cross-modal stimuli reset the phase of thalamic network oscillations and strengthen the coupling efficiency between VPM and S1, but not between dLGN and V1. Finally, the information flow from VPM to S1 is enhanced. Thus, FO tactile, but not visual, thalamus processes and relays sensory inputs from multiple senses, revealing a functional difference between sensory thalamic nuclei during multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bieler
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany. .,Laboratory for Neural Computation, Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xiaxia Xu
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Marquardt
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
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127
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Coudé G, Ferrari PF. Reflections on the differential organization of mirror neuron systems for hand and mouth and their role in the evolution of communication in primates. INTERACTION STUDIES 2018; 19:38-53. [PMID: 35283699 PMCID: PMC8916705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that the motor system is not purely dedicated to the control of behavior, but also has cognitive functions. Mirror neurons have provided a new perspective on how sensory information regarding others' actions and gestures is coupled with the internal cortical motor representation of them. This coupling allows an individual to enrich his interpretation of the social world through the activation of his own motor representations. Such mechanisms have been highly preserved in evolution as they are present in humans, apes and monkeys. Recent neuroanatomical data showed that there are two different connectivity patterns in mirror neuron networks in the macaque: one is concerned with sensorimotor transformation in relation to reaching and hand grasping within the traditional parietal-premotor circuits; the second one is linked to the mouth/face motor control and the new data show that it is connected with limbic structures. The mouth mirror sector seems to be wired not only for ingestive behaviors but also for orofacial communicative gestures and vocalizations. Notably, the hand and mouth mirror networks partially overlap, suggesting the importance of hand-mouth synergies not only for sensorimotor transformation, but also for communicative purposes in order to better convey and control social signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Coudé
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron, Cedex, France
| | - Pier Francesco Ferrari
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron, Cedex, France
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128
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Parr T, Friston KJ. The Discrete and Continuous Brain: From Decisions to Movement-And Back Again. Neural Comput 2018. [PMID: 29894658 DOI: 10.1162/neco˙a˙01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To act upon the world, creatures must change continuous variables such as muscle length or chemical concentration. In contrast, decision making is an inherently discrete process, involving the selection among alternative courses of action. In this article, we consider the interface between the discrete and continuous processes that translate our decisions into movement in a Newtonian world-and how movement informs our decisions. We do so by appealing to active inference, with a special focus on the oculomotor system. Within this exemplar system, we argue that the superior colliculus is well placed to act as a discrete-continuous interface. Interestingly, when the neuronal computations within the superior colliculus are formulated in terms of active inference, we find that many aspects of its neuroanatomy emerge from the computations it must perform in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, U.K.
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, U.K.
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129
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Phillips WA, Bachmann T, Storm JF. Apical Function in Neocortical Pyramidal Cells: A Common Pathway by Which General Anesthetics Can Affect Mental State. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:50. [PMID: 30013465 PMCID: PMC6036169 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that general anesthetics suppress the level of consciousness, or the contents of consciousness, or both. The distinction between level and content is important because, in addition to clarifying the mechanisms of anesthesia, it may help clarify the neural bases of consciousness. We assess these arguments in the light of evidence that both the level and the content of consciousness depend upon the contribution of apical input to the information processing capabilities of neocortical pyramidal cells which selectively amplify relevant signals. We summarize research suggesting that what neocortical pyramidal cells transmit information about can be distinguished from levels of arousal controlled by sub-cortical nuclei and from levels of prioritization specified by interactions within the thalamocortical system. Put simply, on the basis of the observations reviewed, we hypothesize that when conscious we have particular, directly experienced, percepts, thoughts, feelings and intentions, and that general anesthetics affect consciousness by interfering with the subcellular processes by which particular activities are selectively amplified when relevant to the current context.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Phillips
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Talis Bachmann
- Department of Penal Law, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johan F. Storm
- IBMS Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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130
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Pang Y, Liu H, Duan G, Liao H, Liu Y, Feng Z, Tao J, Zou Z, Du G, Wan R, Liu P, Deng D. Altered Brain Regional Homogeneity Following Electro-Acupuncture Stimulation at Sanyinjiao (SP6) in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:104. [PMID: 29904344 PMCID: PMC5990869 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a menstrual cycle-related disorder which causes physical and mood changes prior to menstruation and is associated with the functional dysregulation of the brain. Acupuncture is an effective alternative therapy for treating PMS, and sanyinjiao (SP6) is one of the most common acupoints used for improving the symptoms of PMS. However, the mechanism behind acupuncture's efficacy for relieving PMS symptoms remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the brain response patterns induced by acupuncture at acupoint SP6 in patients with PMS. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three females with PMS were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent resting-state fMRI data collection before and after 6 min of electroacupuncture stimulation (EAS) at SP6. A regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach was used to compare patients' brain responses before and after EAS at SP6 using REST software. The present study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn, and the Clinical Trial Registration Number is ChiCTR-OPC-15005918. Results: EAS at SP6 elicited decreased ReHo value at the bilateral precuneus, right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and left middle frontal cortex (MFC). In contrast, increased ReHo value was found at the bilateral thalamus, bilateral insula, left putamen and right primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Conclusions: Our study provides an underlying neuroimaging evidence that the aberrant neural activity of PMS patients could be regulated by acupuncture at SP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pang
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Huimei Liu
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Gaoxiong Duan
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Hai Liao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jien Tao
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhuocheng Zou
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Guoxiang Du
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Rongchao Wan
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Life Science Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Demao Deng
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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131
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Parr T, Friston KJ. The Discrete and Continuous Brain: From Decisions to Movement-And Back Again. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2319-2347. [PMID: 29894658 PMCID: PMC6115199 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To act upon the world, creatures must change continuous variables such as muscle length or chemical concentration. In contrast, decision making is an inherently discrete process, involving the selection among alternative courses of action. In this article, we consider the interface between the discrete and continuous processes that translate our decisions into movement in a Newtonian world—and how movement informs our decisions. We do so by appealing to active inference, with a special focus on the oculomotor system. Within this exemplar system, we argue that the superior colliculus is well placed to act as a discrete-continuous interface. Interestingly, when the neuronal computations within the superior colliculus are formulated in terms of active inference, we find that many aspects of its neuroanatomy emerge from the computations it must perform in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, U.K.
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, U.K.
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132
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Leyva I, Sendiña-Nadal I, Sevilla-Escoboza R, Vera-Avila VP, Chholak P, Boccaletti S. Relay synchronization in multiplex networks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8629. [PMID: 29872135 PMCID: PMC5988811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Relay (or remote) synchronization between two not directly connected oscillators in a network is an important feature allowing distant coordination. In this work, we report a systematic study of this phenomenon in multiplex networks, where inter-layer synchronization occurs between distant layers mediated by a relay layer that acts as a transmitter. We show that this transmission can be extended to higher order relay configurations, provided symmetry conditions are preserved. By first order perturbative analysis, we identify the dynamical and topological dependencies of relay synchronization in a multiplex. We find that the relay synchronization threshold is considerably reduced in a multiplex configuration, and that such synchronous state is mostly supported by the lower degree nodes of the outer layers, while hubs can be de-multiplexed without affecting overall coherence. Finally, we experimentally validated the analytical and numerical findings by means of a multiplex of three layers of electronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leyva
- Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain.
| | - I Sendiña-Nadal
- Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - R Sevilla-Escoboza
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, 47460, Mexico
| | - V P Vera-Avila
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, 47460, Mexico
| | - P Chholak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - S Boccaletti
- CNR-Institute of complex systems, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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133
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Abstract
My active collaboration with Ray Guillery started in 1968, when he was a Full Professor at the University of Wisconsin and I was a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. The collaboration lasted almost 50 years with virtually no breaks. Among the ideas we proposed are that glutamatergic pathways in thalamus and cortex can be classified into drivers and modulators; that many thalamic nuclei could be classified as higher order, meaning that they receive driving input from layer 5 of cortex and participate in cortico-thalamocortical circuits; and that much of the information relayed by thalamus serves as an efference copy for motor commands initiated by cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murray Sherman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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134
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Dougherty K, Schmid MC, Maier A. Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:522-534. [PMID: 29473163 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) receives the main outputs of both eyes and relays those signals to the visual cortex. Each retina projects to separate layers of the LGN so that each LGN neuron is innervated by a single eye. In line with this anatomical separation, visual responses of almost all of LGN neurons are driven by one eye only. Nonetheless, many LGN neurons are sensitive to what is shown to the other eye as their visual responses differ when both eyes are stimulated compared to when the driving eye is stimulated in isolation. This, predominantly suppressive, binocular modulation of LGN responses might suggest that the LGN is the first location in the primary visual pathway where the outputs from the two eyes interact. Indeed, the LGN features several anatomical structures that would allow for LGN neurons responding to one eye to modulate neurons that respond to the other eye. However, it is also possible that binocular response modulation in the LGN arises indirectly as the LGN also receives input from binocular visual structures. Here we review the extant literature on the effects of binocular stimulation on LGN spiking responses, highlighting findings from cats and primates, and evaluate the neural circuits that might mediate binocular response modulation in the LGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alexander Maier
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
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135
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McFarland DJ. How neuroscience can inform the study of individual differences in cognitive abilities. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:343-362. [PMID: 28195556 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Theories of human mental abilities should be consistent with what is known in neuroscience. Currently, tests of human mental abilities are modeled by cognitive constructs such as attention, working memory, and speed of information processing. These constructs are in turn related to a single general ability. However, brains are very complex systems and whether most of the variability between the operations of different brains can be ascribed to a single factor is questionable. Research in neuroscience suggests that psychological processes such as perception, attention, decision, and executive control are emergent properties of interacting distributed networks. The modules that make up these networks use similar computational processes that involve multiple forms of neural plasticity, each having different time constants. Accordingly, these networks might best be characterized in terms of the information they process rather than in terms of abstract psychological processes such as working memory and executive control.
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136
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Traynor JM, Doyle-Thomas KAR, Hanford LC, Foster NE, Tryfon A, Hyde KL, Anagnostou E, Evans AC, Zwaigenbaum L, Hall GBC. Indices of repetitive behaviour are correlated with patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2018; 1685:79-90. [PMID: 29453959 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine how repetitive behaviour in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is related to intrinsic functional connectivity patterns in a number of large-scale, neural networks. Resting-state fMRI scans from thirty subjects with ASD and thirty-two age-matched, typically developing control subjects were analysed. Seed-to-voxel and ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity analyses were used to examine resting-state connectivity in a number of cortical and subcortical neural networks. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between repetitive behaviour scores from the Repetitive Behaviour Scale - Revised and intrinsic functional connectivity in ASD subjects. Compared to control subjects, ASD subjects displayed marked over-connectivity of the thalamus with several cortical sensory processing areas, as well as over-connectivity of the basal ganglia with somatosensory and motor cortices. Within the ASD group, significant correlations were found between functional connectivity patterns and total RBS-R scores as well as one principal component analysis-derived score from the RBS-R. These results suggest that thalamocortical resting-state connectivity is altered in individuals with ASD, and that resting-state functional connectivity is associated with ASD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Traynor
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K A R Doyle-Thomas
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L C Hanford
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - N E Foster
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Tryfon
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K L Hyde
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - G B C Hall
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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137
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Ouhaz Z, Fleming H, Mitchell AS. Cognitive Functions and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Involving the Prefrontal Cortex and Mediodorsal Thalamus. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29467603 PMCID: PMC5808198 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) has been implicated in executive functions (such as planning, cognitive control, working memory, and decision-making) because of its significant interconnectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Yet, whilst the roles of the PFC have been extensively studied, how the MD contributes to these cognitive functions remains relatively unclear. Recently, causal evidence in monkeys has demonstrated that in everyday tasks involving rapid updating (e.g., while learning something new, making decisions, or planning the next move), the MD and frontal cortex are working in close partnership. Furthermore, researchers studying the MD in rodents have been able to probe the underlying mechanisms of this relationship to give greater insights into how the frontal cortex and MD might interact during the performance of these essential tasks. This review summarizes the circuitry and known neuromodulators of the MD, and considers the most recent behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological studies conducted in monkeys and rodents; in total, this evidence demonstrates that MD makes a critical contribution to cognitive functions. We propose that communication occurs between the MD and the frontal cortex in an ongoing, fluid manner during rapid cognitive operations, via the means of efference copies of messages passed through transthalamic routes; the conductance of these messages may be modulated by other brain structures interconnected to the MD. This is similar to the way in which other thalamic structures have been suggested to carry out forward modeling associated with rapid motor responding and visual processing. Given this, and the marked thalamic pathophysiology now identified in many neuropsychiatric disorders, we suggest that changes in the different subdivisions of the MD and their interconnections with the cortex could plausibly give rise to a number of the otherwise disparate symptoms (including changes to olfaction and cognitive functioning) that are associated with many different neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we will focus here on the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and suggest testable hypotheses about how changes to MD-frontal cortex interactions may affect cognitive processes in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Ouhaz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Fleming
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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138
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Dong D, Wang Y, Chang X, Luo C, Yao D. Dysfunction of Large-Scale Brain Networks in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:168-181. [PMID: 28338943 PMCID: PMC5767956 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with disorganized communication among large-scale brain networks, as demonstrated by impaired resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Individual rsFC studies, however, vary greatly in their methods and findings. We searched for consistent patterns of network dysfunction in schizophrenia by using a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Fifty-six seed-based voxel-wise rsFC datasets from 52 publications (2115 patients and 2297 healthy controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Then, coordinates of seed regions of interest (ROI) and between-group effects were extracted and coded. Seed ROIs were categorized into seed networks by their location within an a priori template. Multilevel kernel density analysis was used to identify brain networks in which schizophrenia was linked to hyper-connectivity or hypo-connectivity with each a priori network. Our results showed that schizophrenia was characterized by hypo-connectivity within the default network (DN, self-related thought), affective network (AN, emotion processing), ventral attention network (VAN, processing of salience), thalamus network (TN, gating information) and somatosensory network (SS, involved in sensory and auditory perception). Additionally, hypo-connectivity between the VAN and TN, VAN and DN, VAN and frontoparietal network (FN, external goal-directed regulation), FN and TN, and FN and DN were found in schizophrenia. Finally, the only instance of hyper-connectivity in schizophrenia was observed between the AN and VAN. Our meta-analysis motivates an empirical foundation for a disconnected large-scale brain networks model of schizophrenia in which the salience processing network (VAN) plays the core role, and its imbalanced communication with other functional networks may underlie the core difficulty of patients to differentiate self-representation (inner world) and environmental salience processing (outside world).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Dong
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Faculty of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Research Group of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xuebin Chang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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139
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Sparks DW, Tian MK, Sargin D, Venkatesan S, Intson K, Lambe EK. Opposing Cholinergic and Serotonergic Modulation of Layer 6 in Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 11:107. [PMID: 29354034 PMCID: PMC5758509 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex is a hub for attention processing and receives abundant innervation from cholinergic and serotonergic afferents. A growing body of evidence suggests that acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) have opposing influences on tasks requiring attention, but the underlying neurophysiology of their opposition is unclear. One candidate target population is medial prefrontal layer 6 pyramidal neurons, which provide feedback modulation of the thalamus, as well as feed-forward excitation of cortical interneurons. Here, we assess the response of these neurons to ACh and 5-HT using whole cell recordings in acute brain slices from mouse cortex. With application of exogenous agonists, we show that individual layer 6 pyramidal neurons are bidirectionally-modulated, with ACh and 5-HT exerting opposite effects on excitability across a number of concentrations. Next, we tested the responses of layer 6 pyramidal neurons to optogenetic release of endogenous ACh or 5-HT. These experiments were performed in brain slices from transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin in either ChAT-expressing cholinergic neurons or Pet1-expressing serotonergic neurons. Light-evoked endogenous neuromodulation recapitulated the effects of exogenous neurotransmitters, showing opposing modulation of layer 6 pyramidal neurons by ACh and 5-HT. Lastly, the addition of 5-HT to either endogenous or exogenous ACh significantly suppressed the excitation of pyramidal neurons in prefrontal layer 6. Taken together, this work suggests that the major corticothalamic layer of prefrontal cortex is a substrate for opposing modulatory influences on neuronal activity that could have implications for regulation of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sparks
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael K Tian
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derya Sargin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Katheron Intson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn K Lambe
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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140
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Berger M, García PS. Anesthetic Suppression of Thalamic High-Frequency Oscillations: Evidence that the Thalamus Is More Than Just a Gateway to Consciousness? Anesth Analg 2018; 122:1737-9. [PMID: 27195617 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles Berger
- From the *Anesthesiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; †Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and ‡Anesthesiology and Research Divisions, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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141
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142
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Abstract
Most behaviors in mammals are directly or indirectly guided by prior experience and therefore depend on the ability of our brains to form memories. The ability to form an association between an initially possibly neutral sensory stimulus and its behavioral relevance is essential for our ability to navigate in a changing environment. The formation of a memory is a complex process involving many areas of the brain. In this chapter we review classic and recent work that has shed light on the specific contribution of sensory cortical areas to the formation of associative memories. We discuss synaptic and circuit mechanisms that mediate plastic adaptations of functional properties in individual neurons as well as larger neuronal populations forming topographically organized representations. Furthermore, we describe commonly used behavioral paradigms that are used to study the mechanisms of memory formation. We focus on the auditory modality that is receiving increasing attention for the study of associative memory in rodent model systems. We argue that sensory cortical areas may play an important role for the memory-dependent categorical recognition of previously encountered sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Aschauer
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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143
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Thye MD, Bednarz HM, Herringshaw AJ, Sartin EB, Kana RK. The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 29:151-167. [PMID: 28545994 PMCID: PMC6987885 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered sensory processing has been an important feature of the clinical descriptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is evidence that sensory dysregulation arises early in the progression of ASD and impacts social functioning. This paper reviews behavioral and neurobiological evidence that describes how sensory deficits across multiple modalities (vision, hearing, touch, olfaction, gustation, and multisensory integration) could impact social functions in ASD. Theoretical models of ASD and their implications for the relationship between sensory and social functioning are discussed. Furthermore, neural differences in anatomy, function, and connectivity of different regions underlying sensory and social processing are also discussed. We conclude that there are multiple mechanisms through which early sensory dysregulation in ASD could cascade into social deficits across development. Future research is needed to clarify these mechanisms, and specific focus should be given to distinguish between deficits in primary sensory processing and altered top-down attentional and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Thye
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Haley M Bednarz
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Abbey J Herringshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Emma B Sartin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States.
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144
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Lefebvre J, Hutt A, Frohlich F. Stochastic resonance mediates the state-dependent effect of periodic stimulation on cortical alpha oscillations. eLife 2017; 6:32054. [PMID: 29280733 PMCID: PMC5832422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation can be used to engage and modulate rhythmic activity in brain networks. However, the outcomes of brain stimulation are shaped by behavioral states and endogenous fluctuations in brain activity. To better understand how this intrinsic oscillatory activity controls the susceptibility of the brain to stimulation, we analyzed a computational model of the thalamo-cortical system in two distinct states (rest and task-engaged) to identify the mechanisms by which endogenous alpha oscillations (8Hz–12Hz) are modulated by periodic stimulation. Our analysis shows that the different responses to stimulation observed experimentally in these brain states can be explained by a passage through a bifurcation combined with stochastic resonance — a mechanism by which irregular fluctuations amplify the response of a nonlinear system to weak periodic signals. Indeed, our findings suggest that modulation of brain oscillations is best achieved in states of low endogenous rhythmic activity, and that irregular state-dependent fluctuations in thalamic inputs shape the susceptibility of cortical population to periodic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Hutt
- FE12 - Data Assimilation, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach am Main, Germany
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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145
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Cortical and subcortical connections of parietal and premotor nodes of the monkey hand mirror neuron network. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1713-1729. [PMID: 29196811 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mirror neurons (MNs) are a class of cells originally discovered in the monkey ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). They discharge during both action execution and action observation and appear to play a crucial role in understanding others' actions. It has been proposed that the mirror mechanism is based on a match between the visual description of actions, encoded in temporal cortical regions, and their motor representation, provided by PMv and IPL. However, neurons responding to action observation have been recently found in other cortical regions, suggesting that the mirror mechanism relies on a wider network. Here we provide the first description of this network by injecting neural tracers into physiologically identified IPL and PMv sectors containing hand MNs. Our results show that these sectors are reciprocally connected, in line with the current view, but IPL MN sectors showed virtually no direct connection with temporal visual areas. In addition, we found that PMv and IPL MN sectors share connections with several cortical regions, including the dorsal and mesial premotor cortex, the primary motor cortex, the secondary somatosensory cortex, the mid-dorsal insula and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as subcortical structures, such as motor and polysensory thalamic nuclei and the mid-dorsal claustrum. We propose that each of these regions constitutes a node of an "extended network", through which information relative to ongoing movements, social context, environmental contingencies, abstract rules, and internal states can influence MN activity and contribute to several socio-cognitive functions.
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146
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Schultz V, Stern RA, Tripodis Y, Stamm J, Wrobel P, Lepage C, Weir I, Guenette JP, Chua A, Alosco ML, Baugh CM, Fritts NG, Martin BM, Chaisson CE, Coleman MJ, Lin AP, Pasternak O, Shenton ME, Koerte IK. Age at First Exposure to Repetitive Head Impacts Is Associated with Smaller Thalamic Volumes in Former Professional American Football Players. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:278-285. [PMID: 28990457 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalamic atrophy has been associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) in professional fighters. The aim of this study is to investigate whether or not age at first exposure (AFE) to RHI is associated with thalamic volume in symptomatic former National Football League (NFL) players at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Eighty-six symptomatic former NFL players (mean age = 54.9 ± 7.9 years) were included. T1-weighted data were acquired on a 3T magnetic resonance imager, and thalamic volumes were derived using FreeSurfer. Mood and behavior, psychomotor speed, and visual and verbal memory were assessed. The association between thalamic volume and AFE to playing football and to number of years playing was calculated. Decreased thalamic volume was associated with more years of play (left: p = 0.03; right: p = 0.03). Younger AFE was associated with decreased right thalamic volume (p = 0.014). This association remained significant after adjusting for total years of play. Decreased left thalamic volume was associated with worse visual memory (p = 0.014), whereas increased right thalamic volume was associated with fewer mood and behavior symptoms (p = 0.003). In our sample of symptomatic former NFL players at risk for CTE, total years of play and AFE were associated with decreased thalamic volume. The effect of AFE on right thalamic volume was almost twice as strong as the effect of total years of play. Our findings confirm previous reports of an association between thalamic volume and exposure to RHI. They suggest further that younger AFE may result in smaller thalamic volume later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Schultz
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University , Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Stern
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Stamm
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,6 Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Pawel Wrobel
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University , Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Lepage
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Weir
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey P Guenette
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia Chua
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L Alosco
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine M Baugh
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,9 Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathan G Fritts
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett M Martin
- 10 Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine E Chaisson
- 3 BU Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,10 Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Coleman
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P Lin
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,11 Center for Clinical Spectroscopy , Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha E Shenton
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,12 VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, Massachusetts.,13 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inga K Koerte
- 1 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University , Munich, Germany .,13 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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147
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Kotrschal A, Zeng HL, van der Bijl W, Öhman-Mägi C, Kotrschal K, Pelckmans K, Kolm N. Evolution of brain region volumes during artificial selection for relative brain size. Evolution 2017; 71:2942-2951. [PMID: 28986929 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain shows an extremely conserved layout across taxa. Still, the relative sizes of separate brain regions vary markedly between species. One interesting pattern is that larger brains seem associated with increased relative sizes only of certain brain regions, for instance telencephalon and cerebellum. Till now, the evolutionary association between separate brain regions and overall brain size is based on comparative evidence and remains experimentally untested. Here, we test the evolutionary response of brain regions to directional selection on brain size in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) selected for large and small relative brain size. In these animals, artificial selection led to a fast response in relative brain size, while body size remained unchanged. We use microcomputer tomography to investigate how the volumes of 11 main brain regions respond to selection for larger versus smaller brains. We found no differences in relative brain region volumes between large- and small-brained animals and only minor sex-specific variation. Also, selection did not change allometric scaling between brain and brain region sizes. Our results suggest that brain regions respond similarly to strong directional selection on relative brain size, which indicates that brain anatomy variation in contemporary species most likely stem from direct selection on key regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong-Li Zeng
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kurt Kotrschal
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Wolf Science Center, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Ernstbrunn, Austria
| | | | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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148
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Alderson T, Kehoe E, Maguire L, Farrell D, Lawlor B, Kenny RA, Lyons D, Bokde ALW, Coyle D. Disrupted Thalamus White Matter Anatomy and Posterior Default Mode Network Effective Connectivity in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:370. [PMID: 29167639 PMCID: PMC5682321 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its prodromal state amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are characterized by widespread abnormalities in inter-areal white matter fiber pathways and parallel disruption of default mode network (DMN) resting state functional and effective connectivity. In healthy subjects, DMN and task positive network interaction are modulated by the thalamus suggesting that abnormal task-based DMN deactivation in aMCI may be a consequence of impaired thalamo-cortical white matter circuitry. Thus, this article uses a multimodal approach to assess white matter integrity between thalamus and DMN components and associated effective connectivity in healthy controls (HCs) relative to aMCI patients. Twenty-six HC and 20 older adults with aMCI underwent structural, functional and diffusion MRI scanning using the high angular resolution diffusion-weighted acquisition protocol. The DMN of each subject was identified using independent component analysis (ICA) and resting state effective connectivity was calculated between thalamus and DMN nodes. White matter integrity changes between thalamus and DMN were investigated with constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography. Significant structural deficits in thalamic white matter projection fibers to posterior DMN components posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and lateral inferior parietal lobe (IPL) were identified together with significantly reduced effective connectivity from left thalamus to left IPL. Crucially, impaired thalamo-cortical white matter circuitry correlated with memory performance. Disrupted thalamo-cortical structure was accompanied by significant reductions in IPL and PCC cortico-cortical effective connectivity. No structural deficits were found between DMN nodes. Abnormal posterior DMN activity may be driven by changes in thalamic white matter connectivity; a view supported by the close anatomical and functional association of thalamic nuclei effected by AD pathology and the posterior DMN nodes. We conclude that dysfunctional posterior DMN activity in aMCI is consistent with disrupted cortico-thalamo-cortical processing and thalamic-based dissemination of hippocampal disease agents to cortical hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Alderson
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University Ulster, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kehoe
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam Maguire
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University Ulster, Derry, United Kingdom
| | - Dervla Farrell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose A Kenny
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Arun L W Bokde
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Coyle
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University Ulster, Derry, United Kingdom
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149
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The core and beyond in the language-ready brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 81:194-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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150
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Coulon P, Landisman CE. The Potential Role of Gap Junctional Plasticity in the Regulation of State. Neuron 2017; 93:1275-1295. [PMID: 28334604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrical synapses are the functional correlate of gap junctions and allow transmission of small molecules and electrical current between coupled neurons. Instead of static pores, electrical synapses are actually plastic, similar to chemical synapses. In the thalamocortical system, gap junctions couple inhibitory neurons that are similar in their biochemical profile, morphology, and electrophysiological properties. We postulate that electrical synaptic plasticity among inhibitory neurons directly interacts with the switching between different firing patterns in a state-dependent and type-dependent manner. In neuronal networks, electrical synapses may function as a modifiable resonance feedback system that enables stable oscillations. Furthermore, the plasticity of electrical synapses may play an important role in regulation of state, synchrony, and rhythmogenesis in the mammalian thalamocortical system, similar to chemical synaptic plasticity. Based on their plasticity, rich diversity, and specificity, electrical synapses are thus likely to participate in the control of consciousness and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Coulon
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Carole E Landisman
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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