101
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Smalley-Freed WG, Efimov A, Burnett PE, Short SP, Davis MA, Gumucio DL, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Reynolds AB. p120-catenin is essential for maintenance of barrier function and intestinal homeostasis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1824-35. [PMID: 20484816 DOI: 10.1172/jci41414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-cadherin (E-cadherin) is a master organizer of the epithelial phenotype. Its function is regulated in part by p120-catenin (referred to herein as p120), a cytoplasmic binding partner that directly regulates cadherin stability. As it has been suggested that cadherins have a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we sought to investigate this further by assessing the effect of p120 deficiency in mouse small intestine and colon. p120 conditional KO mice were superficially normal at birth but declined rapidly and died within 21 days. Cell-cell adhesion defects and inflammation led to progressive mucosal erosion and terminal bleeding, similar to what is observed in a dominant-negative cadherin mouse model of IBD. Additionally, selective loss of adherens junctions and accumulation of atypical COX-2-expressing neutrophils in p120-null areas of the colon were observed. To elucidate the mechanism, direct effects of p120 deficiency were assessed in vitro in a polarizing colon cancer cell line. Notably, transepithelial electrical resistance was dramatically reduced, neutrophil binding was increased 30 fold, and levels of COX-2, an enzyme associated with IBD, were markedly increased in neutrophils. Our data suggest that p120 loss disrupts the neonatal intestinal barrier and amplifies neutrophil engagement and that these changes lead to catastrophic inflammation during colonization of the neonatal gut with bacteria and other luminal antigens. Thus, we conclude that p120 has an essential role in barrier function and epithelial homeostasis and survival in the intestine.
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102
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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103
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Zhigalova NA, Zhenilo SV, Aithozhina DS, Prokhortchouk EB. Bifunctional role of the zinc finger domains of the methyl-DNA-binding protein Kaiso. Mol Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893310020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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104
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Zhang J, O'Donnell JJ, Holian O, Vincent PA, Kim KS, Lum H. P120 catenin represses transcriptional activity through Kaiso in endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:233-9. [PMID: 20382170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P120 catenin (p120ctn) belongs to the family of Armadillo repeat-containing proteins, which are believed to have dual functions of cell-cell adhesion and transcriptional regulation. In vascular endothelium, p120ctn is mostly recognized for its cell-cell adhesion function through its ability to regulate VE-cadherin. The current study investigated whether p120ctn in endothelial cells also has the capability to signal transcription events. Examination of several endothelial cell types indicated that Kaiso, a p120ctn-binding transcription factor, was abundantly expressed, with a predominant localization to the perinuclear region. Immunoprecipitation of endothelial cell lysates with a p120ctn antibody resulted in p120ctn-Kaiso complex formation, confirming the interactions of the two proteins. Transfection of the KBS (Kaiso-binding sequence) luciferase reporter plasmid into endothelial cells resulted in a 40% lower reporter activity compared to the mutant Kaiso-insensitive construct or empty vector pGL3, indicating that the suppressed reporter activity was attributed to endogenous Kaiso. The knock-down of p120ctn increased the KBS reporter activity 2-fold over control, but had no effects on the mutant KBS reporter activity. Furthermore, p120ctn knock-down also reduced Kaiso expression, suggesting that p120ctn functioned to stabilize Kaiso. Overall, the findings provide evidence that in endothelial cells, p120ctn has a transcription repression function through regulation of Kaiso, possibly as a cofactor with the transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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105
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Tight junctions in salivary epithelium. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:278948. [PMID: 20182541 PMCID: PMC2825559 DOI: 10.1155/2010/278948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell tight junctions (TJs) consist of a narrow belt-like structure in the apical region of the lateral plasma membrane that circumferentially binds each cell to its neighbor. TJs are found in tissues that are involved in polarized secretions, absorption functions, and maintaining barriers between blood and interstitial fluids. The morphology, permeability, and ion selectivity of TJ vary among different types of tissues and species. TJs are very dynamic structures that assemble, grow, reorganize, and disassemble during physiological or pathological events. Several studies have indicated the active role of TJ in intestinal, renal, and airway epithelial function; however, the functional significance of TJ in salivary gland epithelium is poorly understood. Interactions between different combinations of the TJ family (each with their own unique regulatory proteins) define tissue specificity and functions during physiopathological processes; however, these interaction patterns have not been studied in salivary glands. The purpose of this review is to analyze some of the current data regarding the regulatory components of the TJ that could potentially affect cellular functions of the salivary epithelium.
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106
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RETRACTED: Kaiso is expressed in lung cancer: Its expression and localization is affected by p120ctn. Lung Cancer 2010; 67:205-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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107
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Oas RG, Xiao K, Summers S, Wittich KB, Chiasson CM, Martin WD, Grossniklaus HE, Vincent PA, Reynolds AB, Kowalczyk AP. p120-Catenin is required for mouse vascular development. Circ Res 2010; 106:941-51. [PMID: 20110533 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.207753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE p120-catenin (p120) is an armadillo family protein that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and prevents cadherin endocytosis. The role of p120 in vascular development is unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to examine the role of p120 in mammalian vascular development by generating a conditionally mutant mouse lacking endothelial p120 and determining the effects of the knockout on vasculogenesis, angiogenic remodeling, and the regulation of endothelial cadherin levels. METHODS AND RESULTS A conditional Cre/loxP gene deletion strategy was used to ablate p120 expression, using the Tie2 promoter to drive endothelial Cre recombinase expression. Mice lacking endothelial p120 died embryonically beginning at embryonic day 11.5. Major blood vessels appeared normal at embryonic day 9.5. However, both embryonic and extraembryonic vasculature of mutant animals were disorganized and displayed decreased microvascular density by embryonic day 11.5. Importantly, both vascular endothelial cadherin and N-cadherin levels were significantly reduced in vessels lacking p120. This decrease in cadherin expression was accompanied by reduced pericyte recruitment and hemorrhaging. Furthermore, p120-null cultured endothelial cells exhibited proliferation defects that could be rescued by exogenous expression of vascular endothelial cadherin. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a fundamental role for p120 in regulating endothelial cadherin levels during vascular development, as well as microvascular patterning, vessel integrity, and endothelial cell proliferation. Loss of endothelial p120 results in lethality attributable to decreased microvascular density and hemorrhages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Oas
- Department of Cell Biology, 615 Michael St, Room 465, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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108
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Stepniak E, Radice GL, Vasioukhin V. Adhesive and signaling functions of cadherins and catenins in vertebrate development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a002949. [PMID: 20066120 PMCID: PMC2773643 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Properly regulated intercellular adhesion is critical for normal development of all metazoan organisms. Adherens junctions play an especially prominent role in development because they link the adhesive function of cadherin-catenin protein complexes to the dynamic forces of the actin cytoskeleton, which helps to orchestrate a spatially confined and very dynamic assembly of intercellular connections. Intriguingly, in addition to maintaining intercellular adhesion, cadherin-catenin proteins are linked to several major developmental signaling pathways crucial for normal morphogenesis. In this article we will highlight the key genetic studies that uncovered the role of cadherin-catenin proteins in vertebrate development and discuss the potential role of these proteins as molecular biosensors of external cellular microenvironment that may spatially confine signaling molecules and polarity cues to orchestrate cellular behavior throughout the complex process of normal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stepniak
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Glenn L. Radice
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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109
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Gu D, Sater AK, Ji H, Cho K, Clark M, Stratton SA, Barton MC, Lu Q, McCrea PD. Xenopus delta-catenin is essential in early embryogenesis and is functionally linked to cadherins and small GTPases. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4049-61. [PMID: 19843587 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.031948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Catenins of the p120 subclass display an array of intracellular localizations and functions. Although the genetic knockout of mouse delta-catenin results in mild cognitive dysfunction, we found severe effects of its depletion in Xenopus. delta-catenin in Xenopus is transcribed as a full-length mRNA, or as three (or more) alternatively spliced isoforms designated A, B and C. Further structural and functional complexity is suggested by three predicted and alternative translation initiation sites. Transcript analysis suggests that each splice isoform is expressed during embryogenesis, with the B and C transcript levels varying according to developmental stage. Unlike the primarily neural expression of delta-catenin reported in mammals, delta-catenin is detectable in most adult Xenopus tissues, although it is enriched in neural structures. delta-catenin associates with classical cadherins, with crude embryo fractionations further revealing non-plasma-membrane pools that might be involved in cytoplasmic and/or nuclear functions. Depletion of delta-catenin caused gastrulation defects, phenotypes that were further enhanced by co-depletion of the related p120-catenin. Depletion was significantly rescued by titrated p120-catenin expression, suggesting that these catenins have shared roles. Biochemical assays indicated that delta-catenin depletion results in reduced cadherin levels and cell adhesion, as well as perturbation of RhoA and Rac1. Titrated doses of C-cadherin, dominant-negative RhoA or constitutively active Rac1 significantly rescued delta-catenin depletion. Collectively, our experiments indicate that delta-catenin has an essential role in amphibian development, and has functional links to cadherins and Rho-family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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110
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Fei Y, Cheng Z, Liu S, Liu X, Ge Z, Wang F, Zong G, Wang W. Expression and clinical significance of p120 catenin mRNA and protein in pancreatic carcinoma. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2009; 9:191-7. [PMID: 19754472 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2009.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was investigate the association of P120 catenin expression with the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma. RT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of P120 catenin mRNA and western blotting were performed to investigate the expression of P120 catenin protein in 52 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. The relationships between P120 catenin expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. The mRNA and protein expression of P120 catenin detected by RT-PCR and western blotting in pancreatic carcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal pancreatic tissues (0.227+/-0.067 vs 0.793+/-0.162, t=9.157, P =0.000; 0.665+/-0.192 vs 0.936+/-0.251, t=3.857, P=0.002). Reduced expression of P120 catenin mRNA and protein was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P =0.004, P =0.006), vascular invasion (P =0.022, P =0.039 ), distant metastasis (P =0.037 , P =0.025), differentiated (P =0.033, P =0.013) and pTNM stage (P =0.003, P =0.022) of tumours. Additionally, reduced expression of P120 catenin mRNA and protein in tumour correlated with a worse prognosis and normal expression with a better survival rate (P=0.022, P=0.007). The reduced expression of both P120 catenin mRNA and protein in pancreatic carcinoma suggest that low expressions relate to pancreatic carcinoma development. P120 catenin may be related to pancreatic carcinoma behaviour and be a potential prognostic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fei
- Department of General Surgery, the 81st Hospital of P.L.A., P.L.A. Cancer Center, Nanjing, China
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111
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Liu Y, Li QC, Miao Y, Xu HT, Dai SD, Wei Q, Dong QZ, Dong XJ, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Wang EH. Ablation of p120-catenin enhances invasion and metastasis of human lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:441-8. [PMID: 19154401 PMCID: PMC11158803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-catenin, a member of the Armadillo gene family, has emerged as both a master regulator of cadherin stability and an important modulator of small GTPase activities. Therefore, it plays novel roles in tumor malignant phenotype, such as invasion and metastasis. We have reported previously that abnormal expression of p120-catenin is associated with lymph node metastasis in lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and adenocarcinomas. To investigate the role and possible mechanism of p120-catenin in lung cancer, we knocked down p120-catenin using small interfering RNA (siRNA). We found that ablation of p120-catenin reduced the levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin proteins, as well as the mRNA of beta-catenin. Furthermore, p120-catenin depletion inactivated RhoA, but increased the activity of Cdc42 and Rac1, and promoted proliferation and the invasive ability of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that p120-catenin gene knockdown enhances the metastasis of lung cancer cells, probably by either depressing cell-cell adhesion due to lower levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, or altering the activity of small GTPase, such as inactivation of RhoA and activation of Cdc42/Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
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112
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Walker JL, Menko AS, Khalil S, Rebustini I, Hoffman MP, Kreidberg JA, Kukuruzinska MA. Diverse roles of E-cadherin in the morphogenesis of the submandibular gland: insights into the formation of acinar and ductal structures. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3128-41. [PMID: 18816447 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of acinar and ductal structures during epithelial tissue branching morphogenesis is not well understood. We report that in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG), acinar and ductal cell fates are determined early in embryonic morphogenesis with E-cadherin playing pivotal roles in development. We identified two morphologically distinct cell populations at the single bud stage, destined for different functions. The outer layer of columnar cells with organized E-cadherin junctions expressed the neonatal acinar marker B1 by E13.5, demonstrating their acinar fate. The interior cells initially lacked distinct E-cadherin junctions, but with morphogenesis formed cytokeratin 7 (K7) -positive ductal structures with organized E-cadherin junctions and F-actin filaments. Inhibition of E-cadherin function with either siRNA or function blocking antibody caused extensive apoptosis of ductal cells and aberrantly dilated lumens, providing the first evidence that E-cadherin regulates ductal lumen formation during branching morphogenesis of the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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113
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Dohn MR, Brown MV, Reynolds AB. An essential role for p120-catenin in Src- and Rac1-mediated anchorage-independent cell growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 184:437-50. [PMID: 19188496 PMCID: PMC2646551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200807096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p120-catenin regulates epithelial cadherin stability and has been suggested to function as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we used anchorage-independent growth (AIG), a classical in vitro tumorigenicity assay, to examine the role of p120 in a different context, namely oncogene-mediated tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, p120 ablation by short hairpin RNA completely blocked AIG induced by both Rac1 and Src. This role for p120 was traced to its activity in suppression of the RhoA-ROCK pathway, which appears to be essential for AIG. Remarkably, the AIG block associated with p120 ablation was completely reversed by inhibition of the downstream RhoA effector ROCK. Harvey-Ras (H-Ras)-induced AIG was also dependent on suppression of the ROCK cascade but was p120 independent because its action on the pathway occurred downstream of p120. The data suggest that p120 modulates oncogenic signaling pathways important for AIG. Although H-Ras bypasses p120, a unifying theme for all three oncogenes is the requirement to suppress ROCK, which may act as a gatekeeper for the transition to anchorage independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dohn
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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114
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Liu Y, Dong QZ, Zhao Y, Dong XJ, Miao Y, Dai SD, Yang ZQ, Zhang D, Wang Y, Li QC, Zhao C, Wang EH. P120-catenin isoforms 1A and 3A differently affect invasion and proliferation of lung cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:890-8. [PMID: 19150613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different isoforms of p120-catenin (p120ctn), a member of the Armadillo gene family, are variably expressed in different tissues as a result of alternative splicing and the use of multiple translation initiation codons. When expressed in cancer cells, these isoforms may confer different properties with respect to cell adhesion and invasion. We have previously reported that the p120ctn isoforms 1 and 3 were the most highly expressed isoforms in normal lung tissues, and their expression level was reduced in lung tumor cells. To precisely define their biological roles, we transfected p120ctn isoforms 1A and 3A into the lung cancer cell lines A549 and NCI-H460. Enhanced expression of p120ctn isoform 1A not only upregulated E-cadherin and beta-catenin, but also downregulated the Rac1 activity, and as a result, inhibited the ability of cells to invade. In contrast, overexpression of p120ctn isoform 3A led to the inactivation of Cdc42 and the activation of RhoA, and had a smaller influence on invasion. However, we found that isoform 3A had a greater ability than isoform 1A in both inhibiting the cell cycle and reducing tumor cell proliferation. The present study revealed that p120ctn isoforms 1A and 3A differently regulated the adhesive, proliferative, and invasive properties of lung cancer cells through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University and Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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115
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Abstract
Morphogenesis of epithelial tissues involves various forms of reshaping of cell layers, such as invagination or bending, convergent extension, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. At the cellular level, these processes include changes in the shape, position, and assembly pattern of cells. During such morphogenetic processes, epithelial sheets in general maintain their multicellular architecture, implying that they must engage the mechanisms to change the spatial relationship with their neighbors without disrupting the junctions. A major junctional structure in epithelial tissues is the "adherens junction," which is composed of cadherin adhesion receptors and associated proteins including F-actin. The adherens junctions are required for the firm associations between cells, as disruption of them causes disorganization of the epithelial architecture. The adherens junctions, however, appear to be a dynamic entity, allowing the rearrangement of cells within cell sheets. This dynamic nature of the adherens junctions seems to be supported by various mechanisms, such as the interactions of cadherins with actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis and recycling of cadherins, and the cooperation of cadherins with other adhesion receptors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of these mechanisms analyzed in vitro and in vivo.
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116
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Soto E, Yanagisawa M, Marlow LA, Copland JA, Perez EA, Anastasiadis PZ. p120 catenin induces opposing effects on tumor cell growth depending on E-cadherin expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 183:737-49. [PMID: 19015320 PMCID: PMC2582886 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200805113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
p120 catenin regulates the activity of the Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (including RhoA and Rac1) in an adhesion-dependent manner. Through this action, p120 promotes a sessile cellular phenotype when associated with epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) or a motile phenotype when associated with mesenchymal cadherins. In this study, we show that p120 also exerts significant and diametrically opposing effects on tumor cell growth depending on E-cadherin expression. Endogenous p120 acts to stabilize E-cadherin complexes and to actively promote the tumor-suppressive function of E-cadherin, potently inhibiting Ras activation. Upon E-cadherin loss during tumor progression, the negative regulation of Ras is relieved; under these conditions, endogenous p120 promotes transformed cell growth both in vitro and in vivo by activating a Rac1-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway normally activated by the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. These data indicate that both E-cadherin and p120 are important regulators of tumor cell growth and imply roles for both proteins in chemoresistance and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Soto
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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117
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Abstract
Once engaged by soluble or matrix-anchored ligands, cell surface proteins are commonly sorted to lysosomal degradation through several endocytic pathways. Defective vesicular trafficking of growth factor receptors, as well as unbalanced recycling of integrin- and cadherin-based adhesion complexes, has emerged in the past 5 years as a multifaceted hallmark of malignant cells. In line with the cooperative nature of endocytic machineries, multiple oncogenic alterations underlie defective endocytosis, such as altered ubiquitylation (Cbl and Nedd4 ubiquitin ligases, for example), altered cytoskeletal interactions and alterations to Rab family members. Pharmaceutical interception of the propensity of tumour cells to derail their signalling and their adhesion receptors may constitute a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Mosesson
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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118
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Loss of p120 catenin and links to mitotic alterations, inflammation, and skin cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15399-404. [PMID: 18809907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807301105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor formation involves epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental changes as well as cumulative genetic alterations encompassing somatic mutations, loss of heterozygosity, and aneuploidy. Here, we show that conditional targeting of p120 catenin in mice leads to progressive development of skin neoplasias associated with intrinsic NF-kappaB activation. We find that, similarly, squamous cell carcinomas in humans display altered p120 and activated NF-kappaB. We show that epidermal hyperproliferation arising from p120 loss can be abrogated by IkappaB kinase 2 inhibitors. Although this underscores the importance of this pathway, the role of NF-kappaB in hyperproliferation appears rooted in its impact on epidermal microenvironment because as p120-null keratinocytes display a growth-arrested phenotype in culture. We trace this to a mitotic defect, resulting in unstable, binucleated cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that the abnormal mitoses can be ameliorated by inhibiting RhoA, the activity of which is abnormally high. Conversely, we can elicit such mitotic defects in control keratinocytes by elevating RhoA activity. The ability of p120 deficiency to elicit mitotic alterations and chronic inflammatory responses, that together may facilitate the development of genetic instability in vivo, provides insights into why it figures so prominently in skin cancer progression.
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119
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Abstract
Proper embryonic development is guaranteed under conditions of regulated cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. The cells of an embryo have to be able to distinguish their neighbours as being alike or different. Cadherins, single-pass transmembrane, Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion molecules that mainly interact in a homophilic manner, are major contributors to cell-cell adhesion. Cadherins play pivotal roles in important morphogenetic and differentiation processes during development, and in maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis. Changes in cadherin expression throughout development enable differentiation and the formation of various organs. In addition to these functions, cadherins have strong implications in tumourigenesis, since frequently tumour cells show deregulated cadherin expression and inappropriate switching among family members. In this review, I focus on E- and N-cadherin, giving an overview of their structure, cellular function, importance during development, role in cancer, and of the complexity of Ecadherin gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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120
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Liu H, Komiya S, Shimizu M, Fukunaga Y, Nagafuchi A. Involvement of p120 carboxy-terminal domain in cadherin trafficking. Cell Struct Funct 2008; 32:127-37. [PMID: 18159125 DOI: 10.1247/csf.07023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
P120 plays an essential role in cadherin turnover. The molecular mechanism involved, however, remains only partially understood. Here, using a gene trap targeting technique, we replaced the genomic sequence of p120 with HA-tagged p120 cDNA in mouse teratocarcinoma F9 cells. In the p120 knock-in (p120KI) cells, we found that the expression level of p120 was severely reduced and that the expression level of other components of the cadherin-catenin complex was also reduced. The stable expression of various p120 mutants in p120KI cells revealed that the armadillo repeat domain of p120 is sufficient to restore the expression level of E-cadherin. In p120KI cells, internalized E-cadherin was frequently detected as large aggregates. Transient expression of wild-type p120 and mutant p120 lacking the N-terminal region induced both relocalization of E-cadherin at the cell-cell boundaries and the disappearance of cytoplasmic E-cadherin aggregates. Transient expression of mutant p120 lacking the C-terminal region, however, only induced a small increase in E-cadherin signals at the cell-cell boundary. In these cells, the cytoplasmic E-cadherin signals became brighter and the expressed mutant p120 was incorporated in the E-cadherin aggregates. These results suggested the novel function of the p120 C-terminal region in regulating the trafficking of cytoplasmic E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Liu
- Division of Cellular Interactions, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
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121
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Larson DE, Liberman Z, Cagan RL. Cellular behavior in the developing Drosophila pupal retina. Mech Dev 2007; 125:223-32. [PMID: 18166433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Correct patterning of cells within an epithelium is key to establishing their normal function. However, the precise mechanisms by which individual cells arrive at their final developmental niche remains poorly understood. We developed an optimized system for imaging the developing Drosophila retina, an ideal tissue for the study of cell positioning. Using this technique, we characterized the cellular dynamics of developing wild-type pupal retinas. We also analyzed two mutants affecting eye patterning and demonstrate that cells mutant for Notch or Roughest signaling were aberrantly dynamic in their cell movements. Finally, we establish a role for the adherens junction regulator P120-Catenin in retinal patterning through its regulation of normal adherens junction integrity. Our results indicate a requirement for P120-Catenin in the developing retina, the first reported developmental function of this protein in the epithelia of lower metazoa. Based upon our live visualization of the P120-Catenin mutant as well as genetic data, we conclude that P120-Catenin is acting to stabilize E-cadherin and adherens junction integrity during eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Larson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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122
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Abstract
Breast cancer is not a single disease, but is instead a collection of diseases that have distinct histopathological features, genetic and genomic variability, and diverse prognostic outcomes. Thus, no individual model would be expected to completely recapitulate this complex disease. Here, the models commonly used to investigate breast cancer including cell lines, xenografts and genetically engineered mice, are discussed to help address the question: what is the most powerful way to investigate this heterogeneous disease?
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Vargo-Gogola
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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123
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Ichii T, Takeichi M. p120-catenin regulates microtubule dynamics and cell migration in a cadherin-independent manner. Genes Cells 2007; 12:827-39. [PMID: 17584295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120-catenin (p120) has been shown to be essential for cadherin stability. Here, we show that p120 is capable of regulating microtubule (MT) dynamics in a cadherin-independent manner. When p120 was depleted in cadherin-deficient Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, MT stability was reduced, as assessed by the nocodazole sensitivity of MTs. On the contrary, over-expression of p120 caused MTs to become resistant to nocodazole. Time-lapse recording of GFP-tagged EB1, a protein which binds the growing plus-ends of MTs, introduced into these cells demonstrated that the plus ends underwent more frequent catastrophe in p120-depleted cells. In addition, p120 knockdown up-regulated the motility of isolated cells, whereas it down-regulated the directional migration of cells from wound edges; and these migratory behaviors of cells were mimicked by nocodazole-induced MT depolymerization. These results suggest that p120 has the ability to regulate MT dynamics and that this activity, in turn, affects cell motility independently of the cadherin adhesion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ichii
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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124
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Liu Y, Xu HT, Dai SD, Wei Q, Yuan XM, Wang EH. Reduction of p120(ctn) isoforms 1 and 3 is significantly associated with metastatic progression of human lung cancer. APMIS 2007; 115:848-56. [PMID: 17614852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
P120-catenin plays an important role in cell adhesion and signalling transduction though the function of its isoforms is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of p120-catenin isoforms in lung cancer and investigate their relationship to clinicopathological factors in lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and adenocarcinomas. The expression patterns of p120-catenin in lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cells were examined by p120-catenin immunofluorescence, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clear and continuous red fluorescence of p120-catenin is displayed at the cell membrane of corresponding normal bronchial epithelial cells, but not in lung cancer tissues that show reduction or absence of membrane expression of p120-catenin or cytoplasmic accumulation of p120-catenin. Compared with corresponding normal lung tissues, lung cancer tissues have significantly lower levels of p120-catenin proteins (P<0.001) and mRNA (P<0.001). The isoforms 1 (120 kD) and 3 (100 kD) proteins were major isoforms of p120-catenin expressed in normal lung tissues, which were significantly reduced in lung cancer samples (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The mRNA of p120-catenin isoforms 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 3.1 and 3.3 was detected in corresponding normal lung tissues, but was significantly absent in lung cancer samples (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, p120-catenin isoform 1 is negatively associated--whereas p120-catenin isoform 3 is positively associated--with lymph node metastasis. We conclude that reductions of isoforms 1 and 3 may play different roles in metastatic progression of human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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125
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Boguslavsky S, Grosheva I, Landau E, Shtutman M, Cohen M, Arnold K, Feinstein E, Geiger B, Bershadsky A. p120 catenin regulates lamellipodial dynamics and cell adhesion in cooperation with cortactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10882-7. [PMID: 17576929 PMCID: PMC1904144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702731104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The armadillo-family protein, p120 catenin (p120), binds to the juxtamembrane domain of classical cadherins and increases cell-cell junction stability. Overexpression of p120 modulates the activity of Rho family GTPases and augments cell migratory ability. Here we show that down-regulation of p120 in epithelial MCF-7 cells by siRNA leads to a striking decrease in lamellipodial persistence and focal adhesion formation. Similar alterations in lamellipodial activity were observed in MCF-7 cells treated with siRNA to cortactin, an activator of Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization. We found that, in many cell types, p120 is colocalized with cortactin-containing actin structures not only at cell-cell junctions, but also at extrajunctional sites including membrane ruffles and actin-rich halos around endocytotic vesicles. p120 depletion led to dramatic loss of cortactin and its partner, Arp3, from the cell leading edges. Cortactin and p120 are shown to directly interact with each other via the cortactin N-terminal region. We propose that the mechanism underlying p120 functions at the leading edge involves its cooperation with cortactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Boguslavsky
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Inna Grosheva
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elad Landau
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, Inc., Albany, NY 12208; and
| | - Miriam Cohen
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Katya Arnold
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Benjamin Geiger
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Bershadsky
- *Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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126
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Tao Q, Nandadasa S, McCrea PD, Heasman J, Wylie C. G-protein-coupled signals control cortical actin assembly by controlling cadherin expression in the early Xenopus embryo. Development 2007; 134:2651-61. [PMID: 17567666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.002824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, each cell of a multicellular organ rudiment polymerizes its cytoskeletal elements in an amount and pattern that gives the whole cellular population its characteristic shape and mechanical properties. How does each cell know how to do this? We have used the Xenopus blastula as a model system to study this problem. Previous work has shown that the cortical actin network is required to maintain shape and rigidity of the whole embryo, and its assembly is coordinated throughout the embryo by signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors. In this paper, we show that the cortical actin network colocalizes with foci of cadherin expressed on the cell surface. We then show that cell-surface cadherin expression is both necessary and sufficient for cortical actin assembly and requires the associated catenin p120 for this function. Finally, we show that the previously identified G-protein-coupled receptors control cortical actin assembly by controlling the amount of cadherin expressed on the cell surface. This identifies a novel mechanism for control of cortical actin assembly during development that might be shared by many multicellular arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Tao
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Division of Developmental Biology, and Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45219, USA
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127
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Ling K, Bairstow SF, Carbonara C, Turbin DA, Huntsman DG, Anderson RA. Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase modulates adherens junction and E-cadherin trafficking via a direct interaction with mu 1B adaptin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:343-53. [PMID: 17261850 PMCID: PMC2063960 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200606023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of E-cadherin–based adherens junctions (AJ) is obligatory for establishment of polarized epithelia and plays a key role in repressing the invasiveness of many carcinomas. Here we show that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPKIγ) directly binds to E-cadherin and modulates E-cadherin trafficking. PIPKIγ also interacts with the μ subunits of clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes and acts as a signalling scaffold that links AP complexes to E-cadherin. Depletion of PIPKIγ or disruption of PIPKIγ binding to either E-cadherin or AP complexes results in defects in E-cadherin transport and blocks AJ assembly. An E-cadherin germline mutation that loses PIPKIγ binding and shows disrupted basolateral membrane targeting no longer forms AJs and leads to hereditary gastric cancers. These combined results reveal a novel mechanism where PIPKIγ serves as both a scaffold, which links E-cadherin to AP complexes and the trafficking machinery, and a regulator of trafficking events via the spatial generation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ling
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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128
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Abstract
The catenin p120 is involved in many processes, including cell-cell adhesion and cancer. Recent work explores whether p120 independently regulates two key binding partners, RhoGTPase and cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
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129
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Macpherson IR, Hooper S, Serrels A, McGarry L, Ozanne BW, Harrington K, Frame MC, Sahai E, Brunton VG. p120-catenin is required for the collective invasion of squamous cell carcinoma cells via a phosphorylation-independent mechanism. Oncogene 2007; 26:5214-28. [PMID: 17334396 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions has been correlated with cancer cell invasion and poor patient survival. p120-catenin has emerged as a key player in promoting E-cadherin stability and adherens junction integrity and has been proposed as a potential invasion suppressor by preventing release of cells from the constraints imposed by cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. However, it has been proposed that tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 may contribute to cadherin-dependent junction disassembly during invasion. Here, we use small interfering RNA (siRNA) in A431 cells to show that knockdown of p120 promotes two-dimensional migration of cells. In contrast, p120 knockdown impairs epidermal growth factor-induced A431 invasion into three-dimensional matrix gels or in organotypic culture, whereas re-expression of siRNA-resistant p120, or a p120 isoform that cannot be phosphorylated on tyrosine, restores the collective mode of invasion employed by A431 cells in vitro. Thus, p120 promotes A431 cell invasion in a phosphorylation-independent manner. We show that the collective invasion of A431 cells depends on the presence of cadherin-mediated (P- and E-cadherin) cell-cell contacts, which are lost in cells where p120 expression is knocked down. Furthermore, membranous p120 is maintained in invasive squamous cell carcinomas in tumours suggesting that p120 may be important for the collective invasion of tumours cells in vivo.
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130
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Perrin-Tricaud C, Rutishauser U, Tricaud N. P120 catenin is required for thickening of Schwann cell myelin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:120-9. [PMID: 17382558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell myelin is comprised of compacted membrane regions and cytoplasmic regions with non-compacted membrane. While adherens junctions (AJ) are abundant in non-compact regions, their role in the myelination process is largely undefined. To explore this issue, a small inhibitory hairpin RNA directed against p120ctn has been delivered using adenovirus infection of Schwann cells at early stages of myelination in vivo. With strong and specific reduction in p120ctn levels for over 2 months, (a) the adherens junctions of the infected cells were reduced in size and immature with respect to recruitment of alpha-catenin; and (b) the formation of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures was prevented and there was a marked reduction in the thickness of the myelin sheath without a change in internodal length. These data show that p120ctn is necessary in the myelinating Schwann cell for the formation of mature adherens junctions and a normal myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Perrin-Tricaud
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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131
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Wildenberg GA, Dohn MR, Carnahan RH, Davis MA, Lobdell NA, Settleman J, Reynolds AB. p120-catenin and p190RhoGAP regulate cell-cell adhesion by coordinating antagonism between Rac and Rho. Cell 2007; 127:1027-39. [PMID: 17129786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Integration of receptor tyrosine kinase, integrin, and cadherin activities is crucial for normal cell growth, motility, and adhesion. Here, we describe roles for p120-catenin (p120) and p190RhoGAP that coordinate crosstalk between these systems and regulate cadherin function. Surprisingly, PDGFR-induced actin remodeling in NIH3T3 cells is blocked in the absence of p120, and the cells are partially transformed via constitutive activation of Rho. We have traced the mechanism to unexpected codependent roles for p120 and p190RhoGAP in regulating Rac-dependent antagonism of Rho. Receptor-induced Rac activity causes translocation of p190RhoGAP to adherens junctions (AJs), where it couples to the cadherin complex via interaction with p120. AJ formation is dependent on this p120-p190RhoGAP interaction and fails altogether if either of these proteins are compromised. We propose that Rac activation links diverse signaling systems to AJ assembly by controlling transient p190RhoGAP interactions with p120 and localized inhibition of Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A Wildenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, 438 Preston Building, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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132
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Abstract
Adherens junctions have been traditionally viewed as building blocks of tissue architecture. The foundations for this view began to change with the discovery that a central component of AJs, beta-catenin, can also function as a transcriptional cofactor in Wnt signaling. In recent years, conventional views have similarly been shaken about the other two major AJ catenins, alpha-catenin and p120-catenin. Catenins have emerged as molecular sensors that integrate cell-cell junctions and cytoskeletal dynamics with signaling pathways that govern morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and even intercellular communication between different cell types within a tissue. These findings reveal novel aspects of AJ function in normal tissues and offer insights into how changes in AJs and their associated proteins and cytoskeletal dynamics impact wound-repair and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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133
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Anastasiadis PZ. p120-ctn: A nexus for contextual signaling via Rho GTPases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:34-46. [PMID: 17028013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120 catenin (p120) is the prototypic member of a subfamily of armadillo repeat domain proteins involved in intercellular adhesion. Recent evidence indicates that p120 associates with classical cadherins and regulates their stability. Ectopic p120 expression results in a variety of morphological effects, and promotes cell migration. There is now strong evidence that p120 acts, at least in part, through regulation of Rho GTPases. The data suggest that p120 may act as a signaling nexus, conveying messages from the cellular micro- and macro-environment to the cell's interior. By regulating Rho GTPases in a context-dependent manner p120 can exert profound effects on cellular responses from synaptic plasticity to vesicle trafficking, as well as regulate the motile vs. sessile, and possibly the proliferative vs. quiescent phenotype of epithelial cells. Here, we review the new evidence on the relationship of p120 to Rho GTPases, and discuss potential roles for the p120-Rho connection in normal and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Z Anastasiadis
- Department Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Rm. 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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134
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Daniel JM. Dancing in and out of the nucleus: p120ctn and the transcription factor Kaiso. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:59-68. [PMID: 17050009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The catenin p120 (hereafter p120(ctn)) was first identified as a Src kinase substrate and subsequently characterized as an Armadillo catenin member of the cell-cell adhesion cadherin-catenin complex. In the past decade, many studies have revealed roles for p120(ctn) in regulating Rho family GTPase activity and E-cadherin stability and turnover, events that occur predominantly at the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm. However, the recent discovery of the nuclear BTB/POZ-ZF transcription factor Kaiso as a p120(ctn) binding partner, coupled with the detection of p120(ctn) in the nucleus of some cell lines and tumor tissues, suggested that like the classical beta-catenin, p120(ctn) undergoes nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and regulates gene expression. Indeed, p120(ctn) has a classic nuclear localization signal and does traffic to the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear p120(ctn) regulates Kaiso DNA-binding and transcriptional activity, similar to beta-catenin's modulation of TCF/LEF transcription activity. However unlike beta-catenin, p120(ctn) does not appear to be a transcriptional activator. Hence it remains to be determined whether the sole role of nuclear p120(ctn) is regulation of Kaiso or whether p120(ctn) binds and regulates other transcription factors or nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M Daniel
- Department of Biology, LSB-331, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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135
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Xiao K, Oas RG, Chiasson CM, Kowalczyk AP. Role of p120-catenin in cadherin trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:8-16. [PMID: 16949165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
p120-catenin (p120) has emerged over the past several years as an important regulatory component of the cadherin adhesive complex. A core function of p120 in mammalian cells is to stabilize cadherins at the cell membrane by modulating cadherin membrane trafficking and degradation. In this way, p120 levels act as a set point mechanism that tunes cell-cell adhesive interactions. The primary control point for this regulatory activity appears to be at the level of cadherin internalization from the plasma membrane, although p120 may also impact other aspects of cadherin trafficking and turnover. In the following review, the general mechanisms of cadherin trafficking are discussed, and models for how p120 may influence cadherin membrane dynamics are presented. In one model, p120 may function as a "cap" to bind the cadherin cytoplasmic tail and prevent cadherin interactions with endocytic membrane trafficking machinery. Alternatively, p120 may stabilize cell junctions or regulate membrane trafficking machinery through interactions with small GTPases such as Rho A, Rac and Cdc42. Through these mechanisms p120 exerts influence over a wide range of biological processes that are dependent upon tight regulation of cell surface cadherin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyan Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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136
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Castaño J, Solanas G, Casagolda D, Raurell I, Villagrasa P, Bustelo XR, García de Herreros A, Duñach M. Specific phosphorylation of p120-catenin regulatory domain differently modulates its binding to RhoA. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1745-57. [PMID: 17194753 PMCID: PMC1820477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01974-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-catenin is an adherens junction-associated protein that controls E-cadherin function and stability. p120-catenin also binds intracellular proteins, such as the small GTPase RhoA. In this paper, we identify the p120-catenin N-terminal regulatory domain as the docking site for RhoA. Moreover, we demonstrate that the binding of RhoA to p120-catenin is tightly controlled by the Src family-dependent phosphorylation of p120-catenin on tyrosine residues. The phosphorylation induced by Src and Fyn tyrosine kinases on p120-catenin induces opposite effects on RhoA binding. Fyn, by phosphorylating a residue located in the regulatory domain of p120-catenin (Tyr112), inhibits the interaction of this protein with RhoA. By contrast, the phosphorylation of Tyr217 and Tyr228 by Src promotes a better affinity of p120-catenin towards RhoA. In agreement with these biochemical data, results obtained in cell lines support the important role of these phosphorylation sites in the regulation of RhoA activity by p120-catenin. Taken together, these observations uncover a new regulatory mechanism acting on p120-catenin that contributes to the fine-tuned regulation of the RhoA pathways during specific signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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137
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Adherens junctions in Drosophila retinal morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 17:26-35. [PMID: 17134901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions and their core molecular components, classic cadherins, make major contributions to animal morphogenesis. Although the significance of cadherins in development is generally accepted, the mechanisms regulating adherens junction function during morphogenesis remain a subject of intense research. Adherens junctions are involved in the organization of simple cellular patterns, and more complex cell shape changes and cell movements that depend on the dynamic modulation of adherens junctions.
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138
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Abstract
Homotypic cell-cell adhesion is essential for tissue and organ development, remodeling, regeneration, and physiological function. Whereas a significant number of homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecules have been identified, much more is known about those concentrated in epithelia than in endothelia. Among the endothelial cell-cell adhesion molecules, very little is known that is specific to endothelium in the pulmonary and bronchial circulations. This review focuses primarily on homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecules that are or are likely to be important in lung endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michael Shasby
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 140E EMRB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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139
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Park JI, Ji H, Jun S, Gu D, Hikasa H, Li L, Sokol SY, McCrea PD. Frodo Links Dishevelled to the p120-Catenin/Kaiso Pathway: Distinct Catenin Subfamilies Promote Wnt Signals. Dev Cell 2006; 11:683-95. [PMID: 17084360 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p120-catenin is an Arm repeat protein that interacts with varied components such as cadherin, small G proteins, kinases, and the Kaiso transcriptional repressor. Despite recent advances in understanding the roles that p120-catenin and Kaiso play in downstream modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, the identity of the upstream regulators of the p120-catenin/Kaiso pathway have remained unclear. Here, we find that p120-catenin binds Frodo, which itself interacts with the Wnt pathway protein Dishevelled (Dsh). In Xenopus laevis, we demonstrate that Wnt signals result in Frodo-mediated stabilization of p120-catenin, which, in turn, promotes Kaiso sequestration or removal from the nucleus. Our results point to Dsh and Frodo as upstream regulators of the p120-catenin/Kaiso signaling pathway. Importantly, this suggests that Wnt signals acting through Dsh regulate the stability of p120-catenin in addition to that of beta-catenin, and that each catenin promotes its respective signal in parallel to regulate distinct, as well as shared, direct downstream gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-il Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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140
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Abstract
Salivary gland branching morphogenesis involves coordinated cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and interaction of epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal cells. The ex vivo analysis of embryonic mouse submandibular glands, which branch so reproducibly and beautifully in culture, is a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating epithelium-mesenchyme interactions during development. The more recent analysis of genetically modified mice provides insight into the genetic regulation of branching morphogenesis. The review begins, as did the field historically, focusing on the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and its components such as glycosaminoglycans, collagens, and laminins. Following sections describe the modification of the ECM by proteases and the role of cell-matrix and cell-cell receptors. The review then focuses on two major families of growth factors implicated in salivary gland development, the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and the epidermal growth factors (EGFs). The salivary gland phenotypes in mice with genetic modification of FGFs and their receptors highlight the central role of FGFs during salivary gland branching morphogenesis. A broader section mentions other molecules implicated from analysis of the phenotypes of genetically modified mice or organ culture experiments. The review concludes with speculation on some future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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141
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Reynolds AB. p120-catenin: Past and present. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:2-7. [PMID: 17175391 PMCID: PMC2892545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p120-catenin was first described in 1989 as a Src substrate whose phosphorylation correlated with transformation. It was identified by cDNA cloning in 1992, and shown to interact with cadherins in 1994. Though enigmatic for some time, p120 has emerged as a master regulator of cadherin stability, and an important modulator of RhoGTPase activities. With the discovery of p120 family members and evidence for fundamental roles in cell biology and cancer, the field has expanded dramatically in recent years. As an introduction to this collection of reviews on p120 and its relatives, the editors have requested a personal commentary and historical perspective on the discovery of p120. The anecdotal parts have no particular purpose, but are mostly unpublished and perhaps of interest to some.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, 438 Preston Building Nashville, TN 37232-684, USA.
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142
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Melnick M, Mocarski ES, Abichaker G, Huang J, Jaskoll T. Cytomegalovirus-induced embryopathology: mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial-mesenchymal ontogeny as a model. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:42. [PMID: 16959038 PMCID: PMC1601957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human studies suggest, and mouse models clearly demonstrate, that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is dysmorphic to early organ and tissue development. CMV has a particular tropism for embryonic salivary gland and other head mesenchyme. CMV has evolved to co-opt cell signaling networks so to optimize replication and survival, to the detriment of infected tissues. It has been postulated that mesenchymal infection is the critical step in disrupting organogenesis. If so, organogenesis dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions would be particularly vulnerable. In this study, we chose to model the vulnerability by investigating the cell and molecular pathogenesis of CMV infected mouse embryonic submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). RESULTS We infected E15 SMG explants with mouse CMV (mCMV). Active infection for up to 12 days in vitro results in a remarkable cell and molecular pathology characterized by atypical ductal epithelial hyperplasia, apparent epitheliomesenchymal transformation, oncocytic-like stromal metaplasia, beta-catenin nuclear localization, and upregulation of Nfkb2, Relb, Il6, Stat3, and Cox2. Rescue with an antiviral nucleoside analogue indicates that mCMV replication is necessary to initiate and maintain SMG dysmorphogenesis. CONCLUSION mCMV infection of embryonic mouse explants results in dysplasia, metaplasia, and, possibly, anaplasia. The molecular pathogenesis appears to center around the activation of canonical and, perhaps more importantly, noncanonical NFkappaB. Further, COX-2 and IL-6 are important downstream effectors of embryopathology. At the cellular level, there appears to be a consequential interplay between the transformed SMG cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, resulting in the nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. From these studies, a tentative framework has emerged within which additional studies may be planned and performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
| | - George Abichaker
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
| | - Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
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143
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Elia LP, Yamamoto M, Zang K, Reichardt LF. p120 catenin regulates dendritic spine and synapse development through Rho-family GTPases and cadherins. Neuron 2006; 51:43-56. [PMID: 16815331 PMCID: PMC2587166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the cadherin-catenin complex and Rho-family GTPases have been shown to regulate dendrite development. We show here a role for p120 catenin (p120ctn) in regulating spine and synapse formation in the developing mouse brain. p120catenin gene deletion in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vivo resulted in reduced spine and synapse densities along dendrites. In addition, p120 catenin loss resulted in reduced cadherin levels and misregulation of Rho-family GTPases, with decreased Rac1 and increased RhoA activity. Analyses in vitro indicate that the reduced spine density reflects aberrant Rho-family GTPase signaling, whereas the effects on spine maturation appear to result from reduced cadherin levels and possibly aberrant Rho-family GTPase signaling. Thus, p120ctn acts as a signal coordinator between cadherins and Rho-family GTPases to regulate cytoskeletal changes required during spine and synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Elia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, 1550 Fourth Street, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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144
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van Hengel J, van Roy F. Diverse functions of p120ctn in tumors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:78-88. [PMID: 17030444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120ctn is a member of the Armadillo protein family. It stabilizes the cadherin-catenin adhesion complex at the plasma membrane, but also has additional roles in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Extensive alternative mRNA splicing and multiple phosphorylation sites generate additional complexity. Evidence is emerging that complete loss, downregulation or mislocalization of p120ctn correlates with progression of different types of human tumors. It remains to be determined whether a causal relationship exists between specific isoform expression, subcellular localization or selective phosphorylation of p120ctn on the one hand and tumor prognosis on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda van Hengel
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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145
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Xia X, Carnahan RH, Vaughan MH, Wildenberg GA, Reynolds AB. p120 serine and threonine phosphorylation is controlled by multiple ligand-receptor pathways but not cadherin ligation. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3336-48. [PMID: 16935280 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
p120-catenin (p120) regulates cadherin turnover and is required for cadherin stability. Extensive and dynamic phosphorylation on tyrosine, serine and threonine residues in the N-terminal regulatory domain has been postulated to regulate p120 function, possibly through modulation of the efficiency of p120/cadherin interaction. Here we have utilized novel phospho-specific monoclonal antibodies to four major p120 serine and threonine phosphorylation sites to monitor individual phosphorylation events and their consequences. Surprisingly, membrane-localization and not cadherin interaction is the main determinant in p120 serine and threonine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Furthermore, the phospho-status of these four residues had no obvious effect on p120's role in cadherin complex stabilization or cell-cell adhesion. Interestingly, dephosphorylation was dramatically induced by PKC activation, but PKC-independent pathways were also evident. The data suggest that p120 dephosphorylation at these sites is modulated by multiple cell surface receptors primarily through PKC-dependent pathways, but these changes do not seem to reduce p120/cadherin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 771 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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146
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Lien WH, Klezovitch O, Vasioukhin V. Cadherin-catenin proteins in vertebrate development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:499-506. [PMID: 16859905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin adhesion is pivotal for the development of multicellular organisms. Features such as a large repertoire of homotypically interacting cadherins, rapid assembly and disassembly, and a connection to a force-generating actin cytoskeleton make cadherin-mediated junctions ideal structures for the execution of complex changes in cell and tissue morphology during development. Recent findings highlight the role of cadherin-catenin proteins as critical regulators of major developmental pathways. We re-evaluate the significance of cadherin-catenin adhesion structures and propose that in addition to intercellular adhesion, they may be used as biosensors of the external cellular environment that help adjust the behavior of individual cells to ensure survival of the entire organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Lien
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., C3-168, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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147
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McCrea PD, Park JI. Developmental functions of the P120-catenin sub-family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:17-33. [PMID: 16942809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade, cell, developmental and cancer investigators have brought about a wide interest in the biology of catenin proteins, an attraction being their varied functions within differing cellular compartments. While the diversity of catenin localizations and roles has been intriguing, it has also posed a challenge to the clear interpretation of loss- or gain-of-function developmental phenotypes. The most deeply studied member of the larger catenin family is beta-catenin, whose contributions span areas including cell adhesion and intracellular signaling/ transcriptional control. More recently, attention has been directed towards p120-catenin, which in conjunction with the p120-catenin sub-family members ARVCF- and delta-catenins, are the subjects of this review. Although the requirement for vertebrate versus invertebrate p120-catenin are at variance, vertebrate p120-catenin sub-family members may each inter-link cadherin, cytoskeletal and gene regulatory functions in embryogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston TX 77030, USA.
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148
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Alemà S, Salvatore AM. p120 catenin and phosphorylation: Mechanisms and traits of an unresolved issue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:47-58. [PMID: 16904204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120 catenin is a scaffold protein that interacts with cadherin cytoplasmic domain and acts as a crucial component of the signalling that regulates the cycle of adherens junction formation and disassembly. Here, we review the nature of stimuli that modulate p120ctn function and are translated as serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation events at this multisite substrate for a variety of protein kinases. We also highlight recent findings that tentatively link phosphorylation of p120ctn to its role as a signal integrator capable to influence the state of the cadherin adhesive bond, the cytoskeleton and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Alemà
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, CNR, 00016 Monterotondo, Italy
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