101
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Haack T, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. The force within: endocardial development, mechanotransduction and signalling during cardiac morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:373-86. [PMID: 26839341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocardial cells are cardiac endothelial cells that line the interior of the heart tube. Historically, their contribution to cardiac development has mainly been considered from a morphological perspective. However, recent studies have begun to define novel instructive roles of the endocardium, as a sensor and signal transducer of biophysical forces induced by blood flow, and as an angiocrine signalling centre that is involved in myocardial cellular morphogenesis, regeneration and reprogramming. In this Review, we discuss how the endocardium develops, how endocardial-myocardial interactions influence the developing embryonic heart, and how the dysregulation of blood flow-responsive endocardial signalling can result in pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Haack
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
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102
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Zhou Z, Tang AT, Wong WY, Bamezai S, Goddard LM, Shenkar R, Zhou S, Yang J, Wright AC, Foley M, Arthur JSC, Whitehead KJ, Awad IA, Li DY, Zheng X, Kahn ML. Corrigendum: Cerebral cavernous malformations arise from endothelial gain of MEKK3-KLF2/4 signalling. Nature 2016; 536:488. [PMID: 27281211 DOI: 10.1038/nature18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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103
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Andrés-Delgado L, Mercader N. Interplay between cardiac function and heart development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1707-16. [PMID: 26952935 PMCID: PMC4906158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical or electrical signals that initiate structural and functional remodeling in cells and tissues. The heart is a kinetic organ whose form changes considerably during development and disease. This requires cardiomyocytes to be mechanically durable and able to mount coordinated responses to a variety of environmental signals on different time scales, including cardiac pressure loading and electrical and hemodynamic forces. During physiological growth, myocytes, endocardial and epicardial cells have to adaptively remodel to these mechanical forces. Here we review some of the recent advances in the understanding of how mechanical forces influence cardiac development, with a focus on fluid flow forces. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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104
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Baeyens N, Bandyopadhyay C, Coon BG, Yun S, Schwartz MA. Endothelial fluid shear stress sensing in vascular health and disease. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:821-8. [PMID: 26928035 DOI: 10.1172/jci83083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells transduce the frictional force from blood flow (fluid shear stress) into biochemical signals that regulate gene expression and cell behavior via specialized mechanisms and pathways. These pathways shape the vascular system during development and during postnatal and adult life to optimize flow to tissues. The same pathways also contribute to atherosclerosis and vascular malformations. This Review covers recent advances in basic mechanisms of flow signaling and the involvement of these mechanisms in vascular physiology, remodeling, and these diseases. We propose that flow sensing pathways that govern normal morphogenesis can contribute to disease under pathological conditions or can be altered to induce disease. Viewing atherosclerosis and vascular malformations as instances of pathological morphogenesis provides a unifying perspective that may aid in developing new therapies.
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105
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Marchi S, Trapani E, Corricelli M, Goitre L, Pinton P, Retta SF. Beyond multiple mechanisms and a unique drug: Defective autophagy as pivotal player in cerebral cavernous malformation pathogenesis and implications for targeted therapies. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1142640. [PMID: 27141412 PMCID: PMC4838318 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a major cerebrovascular disease of proven genetic origin affecting 0.3-0.5% of the general population. It is characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries, which predispose to seizures, focal neurological deficits and intracerebral hemorrhage. Causative loss-of-function mutations have been identified in 3 genes, KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2 and PDCD10 (CCM3). While providing new options for the development of pharmacological therapies, recent advances in knowledge of the functions of these genes have clearly indicated that they exert pleiotropic effects on several biological pathways. Recently, we found that defective autophagy is a common feature of loss-of-function mutations of the 3 known CCM genes, and underlies major phenotypic signatures of CCM disease, including endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and enhanced ROS production, suggesting a unifying pathogenetic mechanism and reconciling the distinct therapeutic approaches proposed so far. In this invited review, we discuss autophagy as a possible unifying mechanism in CCM disease pathogenesis, and new perspectives and avenues of research for disease prevention and treatment, including novel potential drug repurposing and combination strategies, and identification of genetic risk factors as basis for development of personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network; Italy
| | - Eliana Trapani
- CCM Italia Research Network; Italy; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Corricelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network; Italy
| | - Luca Goitre
- CCM Italia Research Network; Italy; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network; Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- CCM Italia Research Network; Italy; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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106
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Goto K, Takemura G, Takahashi T, Okada H, Kanamori H, Kawamura I, Watanabe T, Morishita K, Tsujimoto A, Miyazaki N, Ushikoshi H, Kawasaki M, Mikami A, Kosai KI, Minatoguchi S. Intravenous Administration of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells Overexpressing Integrin β1 Augments Angiogenesis in Ischemic Legs. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 5:218-26. [PMID: 26702126 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
When injected directly into ischemic tissue in patients with peripheral artery disease, the reparative capacity of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) appears to be limited by their poor survival. We, therefore, attempted to improve the survival of transplanted EPCs through intravenous injection and gene modification. We anticipated that overexpression of integrin β1 will enable injected EPCs to home to ischemic tissue, which abundantly express extracellular matrix proteins, the ligands for integrins. In addition, integrin β1 has an independent angiogenesis-stimulating function. Human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs; late-outgrowth EPCs) were transduced using a lentiviral vector encoding integrin β1 (ITGB1) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). We then locally or systemically injected phosphate-buffered saline or the genetically modified ECFCs (GFP-ECFCs or ITGB1-ECFCs; 1 × 10(5) cells each) into NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull mice whose right femoral arteries had been occluded 24 hours earlier. Upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin, was apparent in the ischemic legs. Four weeks later, blood perfusion of the ischemic limb was significantly augmented only in the ITGB1-ECFC group. Scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts revealed increases in the perfused blood vessels in the ischemic legs of mice in the ITGB1-ECFC group and significant increases in the density of both capillaries and arterioles. Transplanted ECFC-derived vessels accounted for 28% ± 4.2% of the vessels in the ITGB1-ECFC group, with no cell fusion. Intravenous administration of ECFCs engineered to home to ischemic tissue appears to efficiently mediate therapeutic angiogenesis in a mouse model of peripheral artery disease. Significance: The intravenous administration of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) genetically modified to overexpress integrin β1 effectively stimulated angiogenesis in ischemic mouse hindlimbs. Transplanted ECFCs were observed in the ischemic leg tissue, even at the chronic stage. Moreover, the cells appeared functional, as evidenced by the improved blood flow. The cell type used (ECFCs), the route of administration (intravenous, not directly injected into the affected area), and the use of ligand-receptor interactions (extracellular matrix and integrins) for homing represent substantial advantages over previously reported cell therapies for the treatment of peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Goto
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Genzou Takemura
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Itta Kawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takatomo Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morishita
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsujimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nagisa Miyazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ushikoshi
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mikami
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Kosai
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Minatoguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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107
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Hemodynamics driven cardiac valve morphogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1760-6. [PMID: 26608609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are instrumental to cardiovascular development and physiology. The heart beats approximately 2.6 billion times in a human lifetime and heart valves ensure that these contractions result in an efficient, unidirectional flow of the blood. Composed of endocardial cells (EdCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM), cardiac valves are among the most mechanically challenged structures of the body both during and after their development. Understanding how hemodynamic forces modulate cardiovascular function and morphogenesis is key to unraveling the relationship between normal and pathological cardiovascular development and physiology. Most valve diseases have their origins in embryogenesis, either as signs of abnormal developmental processes or the aberrant re-expression of fetal gene programs normally quiescent in adulthood. Here we review recent discoveries in the mechanobiology of cardiac valve development and introduce the latest technologies being developed in the zebrafish, including live cell imaging and optical technologies, as well as modeling approaches that are currently transforming this field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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108
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The cerebral cavernous malformation proteins CCM2L and CCM2 prevent the activation of the MAP kinase MEKK3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14284-9. [PMID: 26540726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510495112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Three genes, CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3, interact genetically and biochemically and are mutated in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM). A recently described member of this CCM family of proteins, CCM2-like (CCM2L), has high homology to CCM2. Here we show that its relative expression in different tissues differs from that of CCM2 and, unlike CCM2, the expression of CCM2L in endothelial cells is regulated by density, flow, and statins. In vitro, both CCM2L and CCM2 bind MEKK3 in a complex with CCM1. Both CCM2L and CCM2 interfere with MEKK3 activation and its ability to phosphorylate MEK5, a downstream target. The in vivo relevance of this regulation was investigated in zebrafish. A knockdown of ccm2l and ccm2 in zebrafish leads to a more severe "big heart" and circulation defects compared with loss of function of ccm2 alone, and also leads to substantial body axis abnormalities. Silencing of mekk3 rescues the big heart and body axis phenotype, suggesting cross-talk between the CCM proteins and MEKK3 in vivo. In endothelial cells, CCM2 deletion leads to activation of ERK5 and a transcriptional program that are downstream of MEKK3. These findings suggest that CCM2L and CCM2 cooperate to regulate the activity of MEKK3.
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