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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Cannabidiol and the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073798. [PMID: 33917605 PMCID: PMC8038773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which constitutes the main frequent cause of irreversible blindness. Recent findings have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the causes of glaucoma. Recent studies have shown a down regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in glaucoma, associated with overactivation of the GSK-3β signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway is mainly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa plant which possesses many therapeutic properties across a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Since few years, CBD presents an increased interest as a possible drug in anxiolytic disorders. CBD administration is associated with increase of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and decrease of the GSK-3β activity. CBD has a lower affinity for CB1 but can act through other signaling in glaucoma, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway. CBD downregulates GSK3-β activity, an inhibitor of WNT/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, CBD was reported to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glutamatergic pathway. Thus, this review focuses on the potential effects of cannabidiol, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on glaucoma and some of the presumed mechanisms by which this phytocannabinoid provides its possible benefit properties through the WNT/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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102
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Sun H, Peng CFJ, Wang L, Feng H, Wikramanayake AH. An early global role for Axin is required for correct patterning of the anterior-posterior axis in the sea urchin embryo. Development 2021; 148:dev.191197. [PMID: 33688076 PMCID: PMC8034878 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin (cWnt) signaling at the future posterior end of early bilaterian embryos is a highly conserved mechanism for establishing the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Moreover, inhibition of cWnt at the anterior end is required for development of anterior structures in many deuterostome taxa. This phenomenon, which occurs around the time of gastrulation, has been fairly well characterized, but the significance of intracellular inhibition of cWnt signaling in cleavage-stage deuterostome embryos for normal AP patterning is less well understood. To investigate this process in an invertebrate deuterostome, we defined Axin function in early sea urchin embryos. Axin is ubiquitously expressed at relatively high levels in early embryos and functional analysis revealed that Axin suppresses posterior cell fates in anterior blastomeres by blocking ectopic cWnt activation in these cells. Structure-function analysis of sea urchin Axin demonstrated that only its GSK-3β-binding domain is required for cWnt inhibition. These observations and results in other deuterostomes suggest that Axin plays a crucial conserved role in embryonic AP patterning by preventing cWnt activation in multipotent early blastomeres, thus protecting them from assuming ectopic cell fates. Summary: Axin function is required in the early sea urchin embryo to regulate nuclear β-catenin levels and prevent ectopic cell fates in multipotent early blastomeres, and to ensure correct anterior-posterior axis patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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103
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Abstract
The Ediacara Biota preserves the oldest fossil evidence of abundant, complex metazoans. Despite their significance, assigning individual taxa to specific phylogenetic groups has proved problematic. To better understand these forms, we identify developmentally controlled characters in representative taxa from the Ediacaran White Sea assemblage and compare them with the regulatory tools underlying similar traits in modern organisms. This analysis demonstrates that the genetic pathways for multicellularity, axial polarity, musculature, and a nervous system were likely present in some of these early animals. Equally meaningful is the absence of evidence for major differentiation of macroscopic body units, including distinct organs, localized sensory machinery or appendages. Together these traits help to better constrain the phylogenetic position of several key Ediacara taxa and inform our views of early metazoan evolution. An apparent lack of heads with concentrated sensory machinery or ventral nerve cords in such taxa supports the hypothesis that these evolved independently in disparate bilaterian clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Evans
- Department of Paleobiology MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Mary L Droser
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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104
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Boonekamp KE, Heo I, Artegiani B, Asra P, van Son G, de Ligt J, Clevers H. Identification of novel human Wnt target genes using adult endodermal tissue-derived organoids. Dev Biol 2021; 474:37-47. [PMID: 33571486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling plays a key role during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration and these processes are conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. Mutations in Wnt pathway components are commonly found in various types of cancer. Upon activation of canonical Wnt signaling, β-catenin binds in the nucleus to members of the TCF-LEF family and activates the transcription of target genes. Multiple Wnt target genes, including Lgr5/LGR5 and Axin2/AXIN2, have been identified in mouse models and human cancer cell lines. Here we set out to identify the transcriptional targets of Wnt signaling in five human tissues using organoid technology. Organoids are derived from adult stem cells and recapitulate the functionality as well as the structure of the original tissue. Since the Wnt pathway is critical to maintain the organoids from the human intestine, colon, liver, pancreas and stomach, organoid technology allows us to assess Wnt target gene expression in a human wildtype situation. We performed bulk mRNA sequencing of organoids immediately after inhibition of Wnt pathway and identified 41 genes as commonly regulated genes in these tissues. We also identified large numbers of target genes specific to each tissue. One of the shared target genes is TEAD4, a transcription factor driving expression of YAP/TAZ signaling target genes. In addition to TEAD4, we identified a variety of genes which encode for proteins that are involved in Wnt-independent pathways, implicating the possibility of direct crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways. Collectively, this study identified tissue-specific and common Wnt target gene signatures and provides evidence for a conserved role for these Wnt targets in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Elisabeth Boonekamp
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inha Heo
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Priyanca Asra
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Son
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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105
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Smirnova A, Mentor A, Ranefall P, Bornehag CG, Brunström B, Mattsson A, Jönsson M. Increased apoptosis, reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and altered tail development in zebrafish embryos exposed to a human-relevant chemical mixture. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128467. [PMID: 33032226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in humans and wildlife and the health effects of various chemical exposures are not well understood. Early life stages are generally the most susceptible to chemical disruption and developmental exposure can cause disease in adulthood, but the mechanistic understanding of such effects is poor. Within the EU project EDC-MixRisk, a chemical mixture (Mixture G) was identified in the Swedish pregnancy cohort SELMA by the inverse association between levels in women at around gestational week ten with birth weight of their children. This mixture was composed of mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, mono-isononyl phthalate, triclosan, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfonate. In a series of experimental studies, we characterized effects of Mixture G on early development in zebrafish models. Here, we studied apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling which are two evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways of crucial importance during development. We determined effects on apoptosis by measuring TUNEL staining, caspase-3 activity, and acridine orange staining in wildtype zebrafish embryos, while Wnt/β-catenin signaling was assayed using a transgenic line expressing an EGFP reporter at β-catenin-regulated promoters. We found that Mixture G increased apoptosis, suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the caudal fin, and altered the shape of the caudal fin at water concentrations only 20-100 times higher than the geometric mean serum concentration in the human cohort. These findings call for awareness that pollutant mixtures like mixture G may interfere with a variety of developmental processes, possibly resulting in adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smirnova
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Mentor
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petter Ranefall
- SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, and Dept of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Mattsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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106
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Yaglova NV, Tsomartova DA, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV, Ivanova MY, Chereshneva EV, Yaglov VV, Lomanovskaya TA. Transcription factors β-catenin and Hex in postnatal development of the rat adrenal cortex: implication in proliferation control. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05932. [PMID: 33490685 PMCID: PMC7809185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of growth, maturation, and cell turnover in adrenal cortex during postnatal development has been significantly less studied than in embryonic period, while elucidation of factors mediating its normal postnatal morphogenesis could clarify mechanisms of tumorigenesis in adrenal cortex. Expression of transcription factors Hex, β-catenin, and Wnt signaling in the adrenal cortex of male pubertal and postpubertal Wistar rats were examined. Adrenal cortex morphology and hormone production during postnatal development were also studied. Adrenocortical zones demonstrated similar reduction of Ki-67-expressing cells, but different patterns of morphological and functional changes. Age-dependent decrease in percentage of cells with membrane localization of β-catenin and stable rate of cells with nuclear β-catenin, indicative of Wnt signaling activation, were revealed in each cortical zone. Nuclear β-catenin was not observed in immature areas of zona fasciculata. No association between Wnt signaling activation and rates of proliferation as well as changes in secretion of adrenocortical hormones was observed in postnatal development of rat adrenal cortex. Hex, known as antiproliferative factor, showed up-regulation of expression after puberty. Strong inverse correlations between ratio of Hex-positive cells and proliferating cells were found in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata. Zona reticularis demonstrated moderate correlation. Thus, these findings suggest a role for Hex in proliferation control during postnatal development of the rat adrenal cortex and possible implication of Hex down-regulation in adrenocortical dysplasia and neoplasia, which requires further study. Evaluation of Hex expression may also be considered a potent tool in assessment of cell proliferation in rat adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Yaglova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dibakhan A Tsomartova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S Obernikhin
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Nazimova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Y Ivanova
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Chereshneva
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin V Yaglov
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Lomanovskaya
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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107
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. Parkinson's Disease: Potential Actions of Lithium by Targeting the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Glutamatergic Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:230. [PMID: 33503974 PMCID: PMC7911116 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases (ND) which presents a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is well known that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the development of PD. However, therapies remain uncertain and research for new treatment is mandatory. This review focuses on the potential effects of lithium, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on PD and some of the presumed mechanisms by which lithium provides its benefit properties. Lithium medication downregulates GSK-3beta, the main inhibitor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. The stimulation of the WNT/β-catenin could be associated with the control of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamatergic pathway. Future prospective clinical trials could focus on lithium and its different and multiple interactions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
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108
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Abstract
In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.
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109
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Perfetto M, Xu X, Lu C, Shi Y, Yousaf N, Li J, Yien YY, Wei S. The RNA helicase DDX3 induces neural crest by promoting AKT activity. Development 2021; 148:dev.184341. [PMID: 33318149 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the RNA helicase DDX3 have emerged as a frequent cause of intellectual disability in humans. Because many individuals carrying DDX3 mutations have additional defects in craniofacial structures and other tissues containing neural crest (NC)-derived cells, we hypothesized that DDX3 is also important for NC development. Using Xenopus tropicalis as a model, we show that DDX3 is required for normal NC induction and craniofacial morphogenesis by regulating AKT kinase activity. Depletion of DDX3 decreases AKT activity and AKT-dependent inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β, leading to reduced levels of β-catenin and Snai1: two GSK3β substrates that are crucial for NC induction. DDX3 function in regulating these downstream signaling events during NC induction is likely mediated by RAC1, a small GTPase whose translation depends on the RNA helicase activity of DDX3. These results suggest an evolutionarily conserved role of DDX3 in NC development by promoting AKT activity, and provide a potential mechanism for the NC-related birth defects displayed by individuals harboring mutations in DDX3 and its downstream effectors in this signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Perfetto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.,Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Congyu Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Natasha Yousaf
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jiejing Li
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shuo Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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110
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Nygaard R, Yu J, Kim J, Ross DR, Parisi G, Clarke OB, Virshup DM, Mancia F. Structural Basis of WLS/Evi-Mediated Wnt Transport and Secretion. Cell 2021; 184:194-206.e14. [PMID: 33357447 PMCID: PMC7797000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are evolutionarily conserved ligands that signal at short range to regulate morphogenesis, cell fate, and stem cell renewal. The first and essential steps in Wnt secretion are their O-palmitoleation and subsequent loading onto the dedicated transporter Wntless/evenness interrupted (WLS/Evi). We report the 3.2 Å resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of palmitoleated human WNT8A in complex with WLS. This is accompanied by biochemical experiments to probe the physiological implications of the observed association. The WLS membrane domain has close structural homology to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A Wnt hairpin inserts into a conserved hydrophobic cavity in the GPCR-like domain, and the palmitoleate protrudes between two helices into the bilayer. A conformational switch of highly conserved residues on a separate Wnt hairpin might contribute to its transfer to receiving cells. This work provides molecular-level insights into a central mechanism in animal body plan development and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nygaard
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel R Ross
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David M Virshup
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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111
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Wang L, Long J, Chen H, Sun S, Lv K, Li Q, Wang X. Manipulation of focal Wnt activity via synthetic cells in a double-humanized zebrafish model of tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2815-2824. [PMID: 33368276 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is activated in numerous contexts, including normal and cancerous tissues. Here, we describe a synthetic cell-based therapeutic strategy that inhibits aberrant Wnt activity in specific focuses without interfering with the normal tissues in vivo. As a proof of principle, we generated a triple transgenic zebrafish liver cancer model that conditionally expressed human MET and induced ectopic Wnt signaling in hepatocytes. Then, we generated a customized synthetic Notch receptor (synNotch) cascade to express Wnt inhibitor DKK1 in Jurkat T cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after recognizing MET as antigen. After that, the synNotch PBMCs were sorted and microinjected into different tissues of the zebrafish model. In MET-expressing cancerous liver tissues, the injected cells expressed DKK1 and inhibited the local proliferation and Wnt activity; while in the yolk sac without MET, the injected cells remained inactive. Overall, our studies revealed the use of synthetic cells with antigen receptors to improve the spatiotemporal accuracy of anti-Wnt therapy, and proposed that the genetically humanized zebrafish model may serve as a small-scale and highly optically accessible platform for the functional evaluation of human synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Cancer Institute; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Cancer Institute; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Chen
- National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform (2005DKA21300), Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunpeng Lv
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Cancer Institute; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Cancer Institute; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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112
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Barati M, Akhondi M, Mousavi NS, Haghparast N, Ghodsi A, Baharvand H, Ebrahimi M, Hassani SN. Pluripotent Stem Cells: Cancer Study, Therapy, and Vaccination. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1975-1992. [PMID: 34115316 PMCID: PMC8193020 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are promising tools for modern regenerative medicine applications because of their stemness properties, which include unlimited self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body. Evidence suggests that a rare population of cells within a tumor, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), exhibit stemness and phenotypic plasticity properties that are primarily responsible for resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, metastasis, cancer development, and tumor relapse. Different therapeutic approaches that target CSCs have been developed for tumor eradication. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this review, we first provide an overview of different viewpoints about the origin of CSCs. Particular attention has been paid to views believe that CSCs are probably appeared through dysregulation of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) which reside in various tissues as the main candidate for tissue-specific stem cells. The expression of pluripotency markers in these two types of cells can strengthen the validity of this theory. In this regard, we discuss the common properties of CSCs and PSCs, and highlight the potential of PSCs in cancer studies, therapeutic applications, as well as educating the immune system against CSCs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the resemblance of CSCs to PSCs can provide an appropriate source of CSC-specific antigens through cultivation of PSCs which brings to light promising ideas for prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Barati
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhondi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Sabahi Mousavi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Newsha Haghparast
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Ghodsi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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113
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de Man SMA, van Amerongen R. Zooming in on the WNT/CTNNB1 Destruction Complex: Functional Mechanistic Details with Implications for Therapeutic Targeting. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:137-173. [PMID: 34486095 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
WNT/CTNNB1 signaling is crucial for balancing cell proliferation and differentiation in all multicellular animals. CTNNB1 accumulation is the hallmark of WNT/CTNNB1 pathway activation and the key downstream event in both a physiological and an oncogenic context. In the absence of WNT stimulation, the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of CTNNB1 are kept low because of its sequestration and phosphorylation by the so-called destruction complex, which targets CTNNB1 for proteasomal degradation. In the presence of WNT proteins, or as a result of oncogenic mutations, this process is impaired and CTNNB1 levels become elevated.Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of destruction complex activity and inactivation, focusing on the individual components and interactions that ultimately control CTNNB1 turnover (in the "WNT off" situation) and stabilization (in the "WNT on" situation). We especially highlight the insights gleaned from recent quantitative, image-based studies, which paint an unprecedentedly detailed picture of the dynamic events that control destruction protein complex composition and function. We argue that these mechanistic details may reveal new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and could result in the destruction complex re-emerging as a target for therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Madelon Ada de Man
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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114
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Fields C, Levin M. Why isn't sex optional? Stem-cell competition, loss of regenerative capacity, and cancer in metazoan evolution. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:170-183. [PMID: 33403054 PMCID: PMC7746248 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1838809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals that can reproduce vegetatively by fission or budding and also sexually via specialized gametes are found in all five primary animal lineages (Bilateria, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Porifera). Many bilaterian lineages, including roundworms, insects, and most chordates, have lost the capability of vegetative reproduction and are obligately gametic. We suggest a developmental explanation for this evolutionary phenomenon: obligate gametic reproduction is the result of germline stem cells winning a winner-take-all competition with non-germline stem cells for control of reproduction and hence lineage survival. We develop this suggestion by extending Hamilton's rule, which factors the relatedness between parties into the cost/benefit analysis that underpins cooperative behaviors, to include similarity of cellular state. We show how coercive or deceptive cell-cell signaling can be used to make costly cooperative behaviors appear less costly to the cooperating party. We then show how competition between stem-cell lineages can render an ancestral combination of vegetative reproduction with facultative sex unstable, with one or the other process driven to extinction. The increased susceptibility to cancer observed in obligately-sexual lineages is, we suggest, a side-effect of deceptive signaling that is exacerbated by the loss of whole-body regenerative abilities. We suggest a variety of experimental approaches for testing our predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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115
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van der Wal T, van Amerongen R. Walking the tight wire between cell adhesion and WNT signalling: a balancing act for β-catenin. Open Biol 2020; 10:200267. [PMID: 33292105 PMCID: PMC7776579 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CTNNB1 (catenin β-1, also known as β-catenin) plays a dual role in the cell. It is the key effector of WNT/CTNNB1 signalling, acting as a transcriptional co-activator of TCF/LEF target genes. It is also crucial for cell adhesion and a critical component of cadherin-based adherens junctions. Two functional pools of CTNNB1, a transcriptionally active and an adhesive pool, can therefore be distinguished. Whether cells merely balance the distribution of available CTNNB1 between these functional pools or whether interplay occurs between them has long been studied and debated. While interplay has been indicated upon artificial modulation of cadherin expression levels and during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, it is unclear to what extent CTNNB1 exchange occurs under physiological conditions and in response to WNT stimulation. Here, we review the available evidence for both of these models, discuss how CTNNB1 binding to its many interaction partners is controlled and propose avenues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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116
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WNK regulates Wnt signalling and β-Catenin levels by interfering with the interaction between β-Catenin and GID. Commun Biol 2020; 3:666. [PMID: 33184430 PMCID: PMC7665214 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin is an important component of the Wnt signalling pathway. As dysregulation or mutation of this pathway causes many diseases, including cancer, the β-Catenin level is carefully regulated by the destruction complex in the Wnt signalling pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of β-Catenin ubiquitination and degradation remain unclear. Here, we find that WNK (With No Lysine [K]) kinase is a potential regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway. We show that WNK protects the interaction between β-Catenin and the Glucose-Induced degradation Deficient (GID) complex, which includes an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting β-Catenin, and that WNK regulates the β-Catenin level. Furthermore, we show that WNK inhibitors induced β-Catenin degradation and that one of these inhibitors suppressed xenograft tumour development in mice. These results suggest that WNK is a previously unrecognized regulator of β-Catenin and a therapeutic target of cancer. Sato et al. find that WNK (With No Lysine [K]) acts as a positive regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by attenuating the interaction between β-Catenin and the Glucose Induce degradation Deficient (GID) complex, and show that a WNK inhibitor also functions as a Wnt inhibitor, suppressing xenograft tumor development in mice. These findings suggest that WNK is a regulator of β-Catenin and a potential therapeutic target
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117
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Abstract
Meaning has traditionally been regarded as a problem for philosophers and psychologists. Advances in cognitive science since the early 1960s, however, broadened discussions of meaning, or more technically, the semantics of perceptions, representations, and/or actions, into biology and computer science. Here, we review the notion of “meaning” as it applies to living systems, and argue that the question of how living systems create meaning unifies the biological and cognitive sciences across both organizational and temporal scales.
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118
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Hongdusit A, Liechty ET, Fox JM. Optogenetic interrogation and control of cell signaling. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:195-206. [PMID: 33053496 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Signaling networks control the flow of information through biological systems and coordinate the chemical processes that constitute cellular life. Optogenetic actuators - genetically encoded proteins that undergo light-induced changes in activity or conformation - are useful tools for probing signaling networks over time and space. They have permitted detailed dissections of cellular proliferation, differentiation, motility, and death, and enabled the assembly of synthetic systems with applications in areas as diverse as photography, chemical synthesis, and medicine. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to optogenetic systems and describe their application to molecular-level analyses of cell signaling. Our discussion highlights important research achievements and speculates on future opportunities to exploit optogenetic systems in the study and assembly of complex biochemical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akarawin Hongdusit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Evan T Liechty
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Jerome M Fox
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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119
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Mohamamdinejad R, Yaribeygi H, Serban MC, Orafai HM, Sahebkar A. Curcumin Therapeutic Modulation of the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1006-1015. [PMID: 32133961 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200305115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is one of the most extensively studied phytochemicals. This natural compound has a variety of pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, cardio-protective, hepato-protective and anti-diabetic. Wnt signaling pathway, one of the potential targets of curcumin through upregulation and/or downregulation, plays a significant role in many diseases, even in embryogenesis and development of various organs and systems. In order to exert an anti-tumor activity in the organism, curcumin seems to inhibit the Wnt pathway. The downstream mediators of Wnt signaling pathway such as c-Myc and cyclin D1 are also modified by curcumin. This review demonstrates how curcumin influences the Wnt signaling pathway and is beneficial for the treatment of neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), cancers (melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, endothelial carcinoma, gastric carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma) and other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shushtar University, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Mohamamdinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Romania
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein M Orafai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
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120
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Xu D, Li F, Xue G, Hou K, Fang W, Li Y. Effect of Wnt signaling pathway on neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia and its therapeutic potential. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:1-13. [PMID: 32763283 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis process in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke has become the focus of research on stroke treatment recently, mainly through the activation of related pathways to increase the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) areas into neurons, promoting neurogenesis. While there is still debate about the longevity of active adult neurogenesis in humans, the SVZ and SGZ have the capacity to upregulate neurogenesis in response to cerebral ischemia, which opens discussion about potential treatment strategies to harness this neuronal regenerative response. Wnt signaling pathway is one of the most important approaches potentially targeting on neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia, appropriate activation of which in NSCs may help to improve the sequelae of cerebral ischemia. Various therapeutic approaches are explored on preclinical stage to target endogenous neurogenesis induced by Wnt signaling after stroke onset. This article describes the composition of Wnt signaling pathway and the process of neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia, and emphatically introduces the recent studies on the mechanisms of this pathway for post-stroke neurogenesis and the therapeutic possibility of activating the pathway to improve neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gou Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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121
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Albrecht LV, Tejeda-Muñoz N, Bui MH, Cicchetto AC, Di Biagio D, Colozza G, Schmid E, Piccolo S, Christofk HR, De Robertis EM. GSK3 Inhibits Macropinocytosis and Lysosomal Activity through the Wnt Destruction Complex Machinery. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107973. [PMID: 32726636 PMCID: PMC7666578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is emerging as a major regulator of endocytosis. Here, we report that Wnt-induced macropinocytosis is regulated through glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and the β-catenin destruction complex. We find that mutation of Axin1, a tumor suppressor and component of the destruction complex, results in the activation of macropinocytosis. Surprisingly, inhibition of GSK3 by lithium chloride (LiCl), CHIR99021, or dominant-negative GSK3 triggers macropinocytosis. GSK3 inhibition causes a rapid increase in acidic endolysosomes that is independent of new protein synthesis. GSK3 inhibition or Axin1 mutation increases lysosomal activity, which can be followed with tracers of active cathepsin D, β-glucosidase, and ovalbumin degradation. Microinjection of LiCl into the blastula cavity of Xenopus embryos causes a striking increase in dextran macropinocytosis. The effects of GSK3 inhibition on protein degradation in endolysosomes are blocked by the macropinocytosis inhibitors EIPA or IPA-3, suggesting that increases in membrane trafficking drive lysosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Maggie H Bui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Andrew C Cicchetto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Daniele Di Biagio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Ernst Schmid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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122
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Bai Y, Nie H, Wang Z, Yan X. Genome-wide identification and transcriptome-based expression profiling of Wnt gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100709. [PMID: 32688272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt genes encode a set of conserved glycoproteins regulating early development, cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue regeneration in metazoans. In some mollusks, the knowledge of Wnt gene family has been limited because of the short of the genomic and transcriptomic resources. Ruditapes philippinarum is an economically important bivalve with a variety of shell coloration patterns and ability to regenerate its siphon. To gain a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of Wnt gene family, we carried out a genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of Wnt gene family in R. philippinarum and other four mollusks. A total of 12 Wnt genes were identified in the genome of R. philippinarum, and the dynamic patterns of gene conservation, loss and duplication of Wnt genes were analyzed in mollusks and model organisms. Furthermore, the transcriptome analyses demonstrated the expression profiles of the Wnt genes at different developmental stage, in adult tissues, during siphon regeneration, in four different shell color strains, and at uncolored and colored developmental stages in two different shell color strains. These findings suggest that the expansion of Wnt genes may play vital roles in the larval development, the formation of shell color pattern and siphon regeneration in R. philippinarum. This study provides a valuable insight into Wnt function and evolution in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Bai
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhengxing Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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123
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Ghandadi M, Valadan R, Mohammadi H, Akhtari J, Khodashenas S, Ashari S. Wnt-β-catenin Signaling Pathway, the Achilles' Heels of Cancer Multidrug Resistance. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4192-4207. [PMID: 31721699 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191112142943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the anticancer chemotherapies are hampered via the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), which is the resistance of tumor cells against cytotoxic effects of multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Overexpression and/or over-activation of ATP-dependent drug efflux transporters is a key mechanism underlying MDR development. Moreover, enhancement of drug metabolism, changes in drug targets and aberrant activation of the main signaling pathways, including Wnt, Akt and NF-κB are also responsible for MDR. METHODS In this study, we have reviewed the roles of Wnt signaling in MDR as well as its potential therapeutic significance. Pubmed and Scopus have been searched using Wnt, β-catenin, cancer, MDR and multidrug resistance as keywords. The last search was done in March 2019. Manuscripts investigating the roles of Wnt signaling in MDR or studying the modulation of MDR through the inhibition of Wnt signaling have been involved in the study. The main focus of the manuscript is regulation of MDR related transporters by canonical Wnt signaling pathway. RESULT AND CONCLUSION Wnt signaling has been involved in several pathophysiological states, including carcinogenesis and embryonic development. Wnt signaling is linked to various aspects of MDR including P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 regulation through its canonical pathways. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β- catenin signaling leads to the induction of cancer MDR mainly through the overexpression and/or over-activation of MDR related transporters. Accordingly, Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be a potential target for modulating cancer MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ghandadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of toxicology and pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shabanali Khodashenas
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sorour Ashari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of toxicology and pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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124
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Vora SM, Fassler JS, Phillips BT. Centrosomes are required for proper β-catenin processing and Wnt response. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1951-1961. [PMID: 32583737 PMCID: PMC7525817 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is central to metazoan development and routinely dysregulated in cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signaling initiates transcriptional reprogramming upon stabilization of the transcription factor β-catenin, which is otherwise posttranslationally processed by a destruction complex and degraded by the proteasome. Since various Wnt signaling components are enriched at centrosomes, we examined the functional contribution of centrosomes to Wnt signaling, β-catenin regulation, and posttranslational modifications. In HEK293 cells depleted of centrosomes we find that β-catenin synthesis and degradation rates are unaffected but that the normal accumulation of β-catenin in response to Wnt signaling is attenuated. This is due to accumulation of a novel high-molecular-weight form of phosphorylated β-catenin that is constitutively degraded in the absence of Wnt. Wnt signaling operates by inhibiting the destruction complex and thereby reducing destruction complex–phosphorylated β-catenin, but high-molecular-weight β-catenin is unexpectedly increased by Wnt signaling. Therefore these studies have identified a pool of β-catenin effectively shielded from regulation by Wnt. We present a model whereby centrosomes prevent inappropriate β-catenin modifications that antagonize normal stabilization by Wnt signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu M Vora
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
| | - Jan S Fassler
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
| | - Bryan T Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
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125
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Rim EY, Kinney LK, Nusse R. β-catenin-mediated Wnt signal transduction proceeds through an endocytosis-independent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1425-1436. [PMID: 32320321 PMCID: PMC7353137 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is a key intercellular signaling cascade that regulates development, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the molecular events that take place between ligand-receptor binding and target gene transcription. We used a novel tool for quantitative, real-time assessment of endogenous pathway activation, measured in single cells, to answer an unresolved question in the field-whether receptor endocytosis is required for Wnt signal transduction. We combined knockdown or knockout of essential components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis with quantitative assessment of Wnt signal transduction in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Disruption of clathrin-mediated endocytosis did not affect accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, as measured by single-cell live imaging of endogenous β-catenin, and subsequent target gene transcription. Disruption of another receptor endocytosis pathway, caveolin-mediated endocytosis, did not affect Wnt pathway activation in mESCs. Additional results in multiple cell lines support that endocytosis is not a requirement for Wnt signal transduction. We show that off-target effects of a drug used to inhibit endocytosis may be one source of the discrepancy among reports on the role of endocytosis in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Youngsoo Rim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Leigh Katherine Kinney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Roeland Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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126
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Zhou Y, Hu XW, Yang SJ, Yu Z. Knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 suppresses cell proliferation and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:107-113. [PMID: 32489690 PMCID: PMC7241457 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1736623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of LncRNAZFAS1 on cell proliferation and tumor metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we detected the expression level of LncRNAZFAS1 in NSCLC-related tissues and cells. qRT-PCR results revealed that LncRNAZFAS1 in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue, especially significantly up-regulated in stage III / IV and in metastatic NSCLC tissues. LncRNAZFAS1 expression was dramatically up-regulated in 4 NSCLC-related cells (A549, SPC-A1, SK-MES-1, and NCI-H1299), with having the highest expression level in A549 cells. Furthermore, we implemented a knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 in A549 cells, and the results of CCK8 and Transwell assays suggested that knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Next, we constructed a tumor xenograft model to evaluate the effect of LncRNAZFAS1 on the NSCLC cell proliferation in vivo. The results indicated that knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 dramatically inhibited A549 cells proliferation and repressed tumor growth. Additionally, knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 drastically weakened the expressions of MMP2, MMP9 and Bcl-2 proteins, whereas noticeably strengthened the expression of BAX protein. Our results altogether suggest that knockdown of LncRNAZFAS1 has a negative effect on the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cell, which implying LncRNAZFAS1 is a potential unfavorable biomarker in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, HwaMei Hospital, University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, HwaMei Hospital, University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, HwaMei Hospital, University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, HwaMei Hospital, University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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127
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Zhang C, Mei H, Robertson SYT, Lee HJ, Deng SX, Zheng JJ. A Small-Molecule Wnt Mimic Improves Human Limbal Stem Cell Ex Vivo Expansion. iScience 2020; 23:101075. [PMID: 32361505 PMCID: PMC7200314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo cultured limbal stem/progenitor cells is an effective alternative to other surgical treatments for limbal stem cell deficiency, but a standard xenobiotic-free method for culturing the LSCs in vitro needs to be optimized. Because Wnt ligands are required for LSC expansion and preservation in vitro, to create a small-molecule Wnt mimic, we created a consolidated compound by linking a Wnt inhibitor that binds to the Wnt co-receptor Frizzled to a peptide derived from the N-terminal Dickkopf-1 that binds to Lrp (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) 5/6, another Wnt co-receptor. This Wnt mimic not only enhances cellular Wnt signaling activation, but also improves the progenitor cell phenotype of in vitro cultured limbal epithelial cells. As the maintenance of stem cell characteristics in the process of culture expansion is essential for the success of ocular surface reconstruction, the small molecules generated in this study may be helpful in the development of pharmaceutical reagents for treating corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hua Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Sarah Y T Robertson
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southwest Tennessee Community College, Memphis, TN 38134, USA
| | - Sophie X Deng
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jie J Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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128
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129
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Vyas B, Nandkishore N, Sambasivan R. Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1933-1945. [PMID: 31722070 PMCID: PMC11105048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a discrete developmental unit compared to the mesoderm below the developing neck. An extraordinary feature of the cranial mesoderm is that it includes a common progenitor pool contributing to the chambered heart and the craniofacial skeletal muscles. This striking developmental potential and the excitement it generated led to advances in our understanding of cranial mesoderm developmental mechanism. Remarkably, recent findings have begun to unravel the origin of its distinct developmental characteristics. Here, we take a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm and its regulatory network. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest step of the process that patterns the mesoderm germ layer along the anterior-posterior body axis. Further, we discuss the latest evidence and their impact on our current understanding of the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm. Overall, the review highlights the findings from contemporary research, which lays the foundation to probe the molecular basis of unique developmental potential and evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitya Nandkishore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Karakambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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130
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Matos I, Asare A, Levorse J, Ouspenskaia T, de la Cruz-Racelis J, Schuhmacher LN, Fuchs E. Progenitors oppositely polarize WNT activators and inhibitors to orchestrate tissue development. eLife 2020; 9:e54304. [PMID: 32310087 PMCID: PMC7224699 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To spatially co-exist and differentially specify fates within developing tissues, morphogenetic cues must be correctly positioned and interpreted. Here, we investigate mouse hair follicle development to understand how morphogens operate within closely spaced, fate-diverging progenitors. Coupling transcriptomics with genetics, we show that emerging hair progenitors produce both WNTs and WNT inhibitors. Surprisingly, however, instead of generating a negative feedback loop, the signals oppositely polarize, establishing sharp boundaries and consequently a short-range morphogen gradient that we show is essential for three-dimensional pattern formation. By establishing a morphogen gradient at the cellular level, signals become constrained. The progenitor preserves its WNT signaling identity and maintains WNT signaling with underlying mesenchymal neighbors, while its overlying epithelial cells become WNT-restricted. The outcome guarantees emergence of adjacent distinct cell types to pattern the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Matos
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Amma Asare
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Levorse
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tamara Ouspenskaia
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - June de la Cruz-Racelis
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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131
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Bokhari HA, Shaik NA, Banaganapalli B, Nasser KK, Ageel HI, Al Shamrani AS, Rashidi OM, Al Ghubayshi OY, Shaik J, Ahmad A, Alrayes NM, Al-Aama JY, Elango R, Saadah OI. Whole exome sequencing of a Saudi family and systems biology analysis identifies CPED1 as a putative causative gene to Celiac Disease. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1494-1502. [PMID: 32489286 PMCID: PMC7254030 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a gastrointestinal disorder whose genetic basis is not fully understood. Therefore, we studied a Saudi family with two CD affected siblings to discover the causal genetic defect. Through whole exome sequencing (WES), we identified that both siblings have inherited an extremely rare and deleterious CPED1 genetic variant (c.241 A > G; p.Thr81Ala) segregating as autosomal recessive mutation, suggesting its putative causal role in the CD. Saudi population specific minor allele frequency (MAF) analysis has confirmed its extremely rare prevalence in homozygous condition (MAF is 0.0004). The Sanger sequencing analysis confirmed the absence of this homozygous variant in 100 sporadic Saudi CD cases. Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data has revealed that CPED1 is abundantly expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. By using a combination of systems biology approaches like protein 3D modeling, stability analysis and nucleotide sequence conservation analysis, we have further established that this variant is deleterious to the structural and functional aspects of CPED1 protein. To the best of our knowledge, this variant has not been previously reported in CD or any other gastrointestinal disease. The cell culture and animal model studies could provide further insight into the exact role of CPED1 p.Thr81Ala variant in the pathophysiology of CD. In conclusion, by using WES and systems biology analysis, present study for the first-time reports CPED1 as a potential causative gene for CD in a Saudi family with potential implications to both disease diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifaa A Bokhari
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalidah Khalid Nasser
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Saad Al Shamrani
- Department of Pedidatrics, Maternity and Children Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omran M Rashidi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jilani Shaik
- Dept of Biochemistry, Genome Research Chair, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Mohammad Alrayes
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Ibrahim Saadah
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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132
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Nrf1 Is Endowed with a Dominant Tumor-Repressing Effect onto the Wnt/ β-Catenin-Dependent and Wnt/ β-Catenin-Independent Signaling Networks in the Human Liver Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5138539. [PMID: 32273945 PMCID: PMC7125503 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5138539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work revealed that Nrf1α exerts a tumor-repressing effect because its genomic loss (to yield Nrf1α-/- ) results in oncogenic activation of Nrf2 and target genes. Interestingly, β-catenin is concurrently activated by loss of Nrf1α in a way similar to β-catenin-driven liver tumor. However, a presumable relationship between Nrf1 and β-catenin is not yet established. Here, we demonstrate that Nrf1 enhanced ubiquitination of β-catenin for targeting proteasomal degradation. Conversely, knockdown of Nrf1 by its short hairpin RNA (shNrf1) caused accumulation of β-catenin so as to translocate the nucleus, allowing activation of a subset of Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive genes, which leads to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and related cellular processes. Such silencing of Nrf1 resulted in malgrowth of human hepatocellular carcinoma, along with malignant invasion and metastasis to the lung and liver in xenograft model mice. Further transcriptomic sequencing unraveled significant differences in the expression of both Wnt/β-catenin-dependent and Wnt/β-catenin-independent responsive genes implicated in the cell process, shape, and behavior of the shNrf1-expressing tumor. Notably, we identified that β-catenin is not a target gene of Nrf1, but this CNC-bZIP factor contributes to differential or opposing expression of other critical genes, such as CDH1, Wnt5A, Wnt11A, FZD10, LEF1, TCF4, SMAD4, MMP9, PTEN, PI3K, JUN, and p53, each of which depends on the positioning of distinct cis-regulatory sequences (e.g., ARE and/or AP-1 binding sites) in the gene promoter contexts. In addition, altered expression profiles of some Wnt/β-catenin signaling proteins were context dependent, as accompanied by decreased abundances of Nrf1 in the clinic human hepatomas with distinct differentiation. Together, these results corroborate the rationale that Nrf1 acts as a bona fide dominant tumor repressor, by its intrinsic inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and relevant independent networks in cancer development and malignant progression.
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133
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Fields C, Levin M. Does regeneration recapitulate phylogeny? Planaria as a model of body-axis specification in ancestral eumetazoa. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:27-38. [PMID: 32128026 PMCID: PMC7039665 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1729601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan body plans combine well-defined primary, secondary, and in many bilaterians, tertiary body axes with structural asymmetries at multiple scales. Despite decades of study, how axis-defining symmetries and system-defining asymmetries co-emerge during both evolution and development remain open questions. Regeneration studies in asexual planaria have demonstrated an array of viable forms with symmetrized and, in some cases, duplicated body axes. We suggest that such forms may point toward an ancestral eumetazoan form with characteristics of both cnidarians and placazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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134
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van Schie EH, van Amerongen R. Aberrant WNT/CTNNB1 Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Human Breast Cancer: Weighing the Evidence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:25. [PMID: 32083079 PMCID: PMC7005411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is crucial for tissue morphogenesis during development in all multicellular animals. After birth, WNT/CTNNB1 responsive stem cells are responsible for tissue homeostasis in various organs and hyperactive WNT/CTNNB1 signaling is observed in many different human cancers. The first link between WNT signaling and breast cancer was established almost 40 years ago, when Wnt1 was identified as a proto-oncogene capable of driving mammary tumor formation in mice. Since that discovery, there has been a dedicated search for aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer. However, much debate and controversy persist regarding the importance of WNT signaling for the initiation, progression or maintenance of different breast cancer subtypes. As the first drugs designed to block functional WNT signaling have entered clinical trials, many questions about the role of aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer remain. Here, we discuss three major research gaps in this area. First, we still lack a basic understanding of the function of WNT signaling in normal human breast development and physiology. Second, the overall extent and precise effect of (epi)genetic changes affecting the WNT pathway in different breast cancer subtypes are still unknown. Which underlying molecular and cell biological mechanisms are disrupted as a result also awaits further scrutiny. Third, we survey the current status of targeted therapeutics that are aimed at interfering with the WNT pathway in breast cancer patients and highlight the importance and complexity of selecting the subset of patients that may benefit from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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135
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Magri MS, Jiménez-Gancedo S, Bertrand S, Madgwick A, Escrivà H, Lemaire P, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. Assaying Chromatin Accessibility Using ATAC-Seq in Invertebrate Chordate Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:372. [PMID: 32039199 PMCID: PMC6992535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA regions involved in the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. Gene regulatory changes drive animal development and play major roles during evolution of animal body plans. Therefore, we believe that determining CREs at different developmental stages and across animal lineages is critical to understand how evolution operates through development. The Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin followed by high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is a powerful technique for the study of CREs that takes advantage of Tn5 transposase activity. Starting from fewer than 105 cells, in a 1-day procedure, it is possible to detect, at a genome-wide level, CREs located in open chromatin regions with high resolution. Here, we describe a detailed step-by-step ATAC-seq protocol for invertebrate chordate marine embryos. We have successfully applied this technique to amphioxus and two species of tunicate embryos. We also show an easy workflow to analyze data generated with this technique. Moreover, we point out that this method and our bioinformatic pipeline are efficient to detect CREs associated with Wnt signaling pathway by simply using embryos treated with a drug that perturbs this pathway. This approach can be extended to other signaling pathways and also to embryo mutants for critical genes. Our results therefore demonstrate the power of ATAC-seq for the identification of CREs that play essential functions during animal development in a wide range of invertebrate or vertebrate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Silvia Magri
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Sandra Jiménez-Gancedo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Stephanie Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alicia Madgwick
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hector Escrivà
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Lemaire
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
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136
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Nielsen BF, Nissen SB, Sneppen K, Mathiesen J, Trusina A. Model to Link Cell Shape and Polarity with Organogenesis. iScience 2020; 23:100830. [PMID: 31986479 PMCID: PMC6994644 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How do flat sheets of cells form gut and neural tubes? Across systems, several mechanisms are at play: cells wedge, form actomyosin cables, or intercalate. As a result, the cell sheet bends, and the tube elongates. It is unclear to what extent each mechanism can drive tube formation on its own. To address this question, we computationally probe if one mechanism, either cell wedging or intercalation, may suffice for the entire sheet-to-tube transition. Using a physical model with epithelial cells represented by polarized point particles, we show that either cell intercalation or wedging alone can be sufficient and that each can both bend the sheet and extend the tube. When working in parallel, the two mechanisms increase the robustness of the tube formation. The successful simulations of the key features in Drosophila salivary gland budding, sea urchin gastrulation, and mammalian neurulation support the generality of our results. Cell wedging and intercalation are modeled using a polarized point-particle approach Cell intercalation is sufficient for tube budding Tube budding is more robust when intercalation is complemented by wedging Wedging and differential proliferation are sufficient for mammalian neurulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Frost Nielsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Sneppen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Mathiesen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ala Trusina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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137
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Fields C, Bischof J, Levin M. Morphological Coordination: A Common Ancestral Function Unifying Neural and Non-Neural Signaling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:16-30. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are traditionally thought of as providing sensing and behavioral coordination functions at the level of the whole organism. What is the evolutionary origin of the mechanisms enabling the nervous systems’ information processing ability? Here, we review evidence from evolutionary, developmental, and regenerative biology suggesting a deeper, ancestral function of both pre-neural and neural cell-cell communication systems: the long-distance coordination of cell division and differentiation required to create and maintain body-axis symmetries. This conceptualization of the function of nervous system activity sheds new light on the evolutionary transition from the morphologically rudimentary, non-neural Porifera and Placazoa to the complex morphologies of Ctenophores, Cnidarians, and Bilaterians. It further allows a sharp formulation of the distinction between long-distance axis-symmetry coordination based on external coordinates, e.g., by whole-organism scale trophisms as employed by plants and sessile animals, and coordination based on body-centered coordinates as employed by motile animals. Thus we suggest that the systems that control animal behavior evolved from ancient mechanisms adapting preexisting ionic and neurotransmitter mechanisms to regulate individual cell behaviors during morphogenesis. An appreciation of the ancient, non-neural origins of bioelectrically mediated computation suggests new approaches to the study of embryological development, including embryological dysregulation, cancer, regenerative medicine, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 23 Rue des Lavandières, Caunes Minervois, France
| | - Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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138
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Rao DM, Shackleford MT, Bordeaux EK, Sottnik JL, Ferguson RL, Yamamoto TM, Wellberg EA, Bitler BG, Sikora MJ. Wnt family member 4 (WNT4) and WNT3A activate cell-autonomous Wnt signaling independent of porcupine O-acyltransferase or Wnt secretion. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19950-19966. [PMID: 31740580 PMCID: PMC6937561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcupine O-acyltransferase (PORCN) is considered essential for Wnt secretion and signaling. However, we observed that PORCN inhibition does not phenocopy the effects of WNT4 knockdown in WNT4-dependent breast cancer cells. This suggests a unique relationship between PORCN and WNT4 signaling. To examine the role of PORCN in WNT4 signaling, here we overexpressed WNT4 or WNT3A in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and fibrosarcoma cell lines. Conditioned media from these lines and co-culture systems were used to assess the dependence of Wnt secretion and activity on the critical Wnt secretion proteins PORCN and Wnt ligand secretion (WLS) mediator. We observed that WLS is universally required for Wnt secretion and paracrine signaling. In contrast, the dependence of WNT3A secretion and activity on PORCN varied across the cell lines, and WNT4 secretion was PORCN-independent in all models. Surprisingly, WNT4 did not exhibit paracrine activity in any tested context. Absent the expected paracrine activity of secreted WNT4, we identified cell-autonomous Wnt signaling activation by WNT4 and WNT3A, independent of PORCN or Wnt secretion. The PORCN-independent, cell-autonomous Wnt signaling demonstrated here may be critical in WNT4-driven cellular contexts or in those that are considered to have dysfunctional Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deviyani M Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Madeleine T Shackleford
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Evelyn K Bordeaux
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rebecca L Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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139
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Martínez-Bartolomé M, Range RC. A biphasic role of non-canonical Wnt16 signaling during early anterior-posterior patterning and morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo. Development 2019; 146:dev168799. [PMID: 31822478 PMCID: PMC6955209 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A Wnt signaling network governs early anterior-posterior (AP) specification and patterning of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo. We have previously shown that non-canonical Fzl1/2/7 signaling antagonizes the progressive posterior-to-anterior downregulation of the anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) gene regulatory network (GRN) by canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt1/Wnt8-Fzl5/8-JNK signaling. This study focuses on the non-canonical function of the Wnt16 ligand during early AP specification and patterning. Maternally supplied wnt16 is expressed ubiquitously during cleavage and zygotic wnt16 expression is concentrated in the endoderm/mesoderm beginning at mid-blastula stage. Wnt16 antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism and this activity depends on a functional Fzl1/2/7 receptor. Our results also show that zygotic wnt16 expression depends on both Fzl5/8 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, Wnt16 is necessary for the activation and/or maintenance of key regulatory endoderm/mesoderm genes and is essential for gastrulation. Together, our data show that Wnt16 has two functions during early AP specification and patterning: (1) an initial role activating the Fzl1/2/7 pathway that antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism; and (2) a subsequent function in activating key endoderm GRN factors and the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan C Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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140
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Portela M, Venkataramani V, Fahey-Lozano N, Seco E, Losada-Perez M, Winkler F, Casas-Tintó S. Glioblastoma cells vampirize WNT from neurons and trigger a JNK/MMP signaling loop that enhances glioblastoma progression and neurodegeneration. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000545. [PMID: 31846454 PMCID: PMC6917273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most lethal brain tumor, and Wingless (Wg)-related integration site (WNT) pathway activation in these tumors is associated with a poor prognosis. Clinically, the disease is characterized by progressive neurological deficits. However, whether these symptoms result from direct or indirect damage to neurons is still unresolved. Using Drosophila and primary xenografts as models of human GB, we describe, here, a mechanism that leads to activation of WNT signaling (Wg in Drosophila) in tumor cells. GB cells display a network of tumor microtubes (TMs) that enwrap neurons, accumulate Wg receptor Frizzled1 (Fz1), and, thereby, deplete Wg from neurons, causing neurodegeneration. We have defined this process as "vampirization." Furthermore, GB cells establish a positive feedback loop to promote their expansion, in which the Wg pathway activates cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in GB cells, and, in turn, JNK signaling leads to the post-transcriptional up-regulation and accumulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which facilitate TMs' infiltration throughout the brain, TMs' network expansion, and further Wg depletion from neurons. Consequently, GB cells proliferate because of the activation of the Wg signaling target, β-catenin, and neurons degenerate because of Wg signaling extinction. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism for TM production, infiltration, and maintenance that can explain both neuron-dependent tumor progression and also the neural decay associated with GB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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141
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Zhong Z, Virshup DM. Wnt Signaling and Drug Resistance in Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:72-89. [PMID: 31787618 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted proteins that bind to cell surface receptors to activate downstream signaling cascades. Normal Wnt signaling plays key roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The secretion of Wnt ligands, the turnover of Wnt receptors, and the signaling transduction are tightly regulated and fine-tuned to keep the signaling output "just right." Hyperactivated Wnt signaling due to recurrent genetic alterations drives several human cancers. Elevated Wnt signaling also confers resistance to multiple conventional and targeted cancer therapies through diverse mechanisms including maintaining the cancer stem cell population, enhancing DNA damage repair, facilitating transcriptional plasticity, and promoting immune evasion. Different classes of Wnt signaling inhibitors targeting key nodes of the pathway have been developed and show efficacy in treating Wnt-driven cancers and subverting Wnt-mediated therapy resistance in preclinical studies. Several of these inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials, both singly and in combination with other existing US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-cancer modalities. In the near future, pharmacological inhibition of Wnt signaling may be a real choice for patients with cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The latest insights in Wnt signaling, ranging from basic biology to therapeutic implications in cancer, are reviewed. Recent studies extend understanding of this ancient signaling pathway and describe the development and improvement of anti-Wnt therapeutic modalities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z.); Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z., D.M.V.); and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (D.M.V.)
| | - David M Virshup
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z.); Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z., D.M.V.); and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (D.M.V.)
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142
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Li N, Wei L, Liu X, Bai H, Ye Y, Li D, Li N, Baxa U, Wang Q, Lv L, Chen Y, Feng M, Lee B, Gao W, Ho M. A Frizzled-Like Cysteine-Rich Domain in Glypican-3 Mediates Wnt Binding and Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumor Growth in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 70:1231-1245. [PMID: 30963603 PMCID: PMC6783318 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the key regulators of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor progression. In addition to the classical receptor frizzled (FZD), various coreceptors including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in Wnt activation. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an HSPG that is overexpressed in HCC and functions as a Wnt coreceptor that modulates HCC cell proliferation. These features make GPC3 an attractive target for liver cancer therapy. However, the precise interaction of GPC3 and Wnt and how GPC3, Wnt, and FZD cooperate with each other are poorly understood. In this study, we established a structural model of GPC3 containing a putative FZD-like cysteine-rich domain at its N-terminal lobe. We found that F41 and its surrounding residues in GPC3 formed a Wnt-binding groove that interacted with the middle region located between the lipid thumb domain and the index finger domain of Wnt3a. Mutating residues in this groove significantly inhibited Wnt3a binding, β-catenin activation, and the transcriptional activation of Wnt-dependent genes. In contrast with the heparan sulfate chains, the Wnt-binding groove that we identified in the protein core of GPC3 seemed to promote Wnt signaling in conditions when FZD was not abundant. Specifically, blocking this domain using an antibody inhibited Wnt activation. In HCC cells, mutating residue F41 on GPC3 inhibited activation of β-catenin in vitro and reduced xenograft tumor growth in nude mice compared with cells expressing wild-type GPC3. Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrates a detailed interaction of GPC3 and Wnt3a, reveals the precise mechanism of GPC3 acting as a Wnt coreceptor, and provides a potential target site on GPC3 for Wnt blocking and HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China.,Bio-medical Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvonne Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lv
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- Bio-medical Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China.,Corresponding to: Dr. Wei Gao, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Xuehai Building, Room A110, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China. Tel: 86-25-86869471; Fax: 86-25-86869471, . Dr. Mitchell Ho, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5002, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264. Tel: (240)760-7848; Fax: (301)402-1344;
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Corresponding to: Dr. Wei Gao, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Xuehai Building, Room A110, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China. Tel: 86-25-86869471; Fax: 86-25-86869471, . Dr. Mitchell Ho, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5002, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264. Tel: (240)760-7848; Fax: (301)402-1344;
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143
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Cosin-Roger J, Ortiz-Masià MD, Barrachina MD. Macrophages as an Emerging Source of Wnt Ligands: Relevance in Mucosal Integrity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2297. [PMID: 31608072 PMCID: PMC6769121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a conserved pathway involved in important cellular processes such as the control of embryonic development, cellular polarity, cellular migration, and cell proliferation. In addition to playing a central role during embryogenesis, this pathway is also an essential part of adult homeostasis. Indeed, it controls the proliferation of epithelial cells in different organs such as intestine, lung, and kidney, and guarantees the maintenance of the mucosa in physiological conditions. The origin of this molecular pathway is the binding between Wnt ligands (belonging to a family of 19 different homologous secreted glycoproteins) and their specific membrane receptors, from the Frizzled receptor family. This specific interaction triggers the activation of the signaling cascade, which in turn activates or suppresses the expression of different genes in order to change the behavior of the cell. On the other hand, alterations of this pathway have been described in pathological conditions such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. In recent years, macrophages-among other cell types-have emerged as a potential source of Wnt ligands. Due to their high plasticity, macrophages, which are central to the innate immune response, are capable of adopting different phenotypes depending on their microenvironment. In the past, two different phenotypes were described: a proinflammatory phenotype-M1 macrophages-and an anti-inflammatory phenotype-M2 macrophages-and a selective expression of Wnt ligands has been associated with said phenotypes. However, nowadays it is assumed that macrophages in vivo move through a continual spectrum of functional phenotypes. In both physiological and pathological (inflammation, fibrosis and cancer) conditions, the accumulation and polarization of macrophages conditions the future of the tissue, facilitating various scenarios, such as resolution of inflammation, activation of fibrosis, and cancer development due to the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, in autocrine and paracrine manner. In this work, we provide an overview of studies that have explored the role of macrophages and how they act as a source of Wnt ligands and as mediators of mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mª Dolores Ortiz-Masià
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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144
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Condamine T, Jager M, Leclère L, Blugeon C, Lemoine S, Copley RR, Manuel M. Molecular characterisation of a cellular conveyor belt in Clytia medusae. Dev Biol 2019; 456:212-225. [PMID: 31509769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tentacular system of Clytia hemisphaerica medusa (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has recently emerged as a promising experimental model to tackle the developmental mechanisms that regulate cell lineage progression in an early-diverging animal phylum. From a population of proximal stem cells, the successive steps of tentacle stinging cell (nematocyte) elaboration, are spatially ordered along a "cellular conveyor belt". Furthermore, the C. hemisphaerica tentacular system exhibits bilateral organisation, with two perpendicular polarity axes (proximo-distal and oral-aboral). We aimed to improve our knowledge of this cellular system by combining RNAseq-based differential gene expression analyses and expression studies of Wnt signalling genes. RNAseq comparisons of gene expression levels were performed (i) between the tentacular system and a control medusa deprived of all tentacles, nematogenic sites and gonads, and (ii) between three samples staggered along the cellular conveyor belt. The behaviour in these differential expression analyses of two reference gene sets (stem cell genes; nematocyte genes), as well as the relative representations of selected gene ontology categories, support the validity of the cellular conveyor belt model. Expression patterns obtained by in situ hybridisation for selected highly differentially expressed genes and for Wnt signalling genes are largely consistent with the results from RNAseq. Wnt signalling genes exhibit complex spatial deployment along both polarity axes of the tentacular system, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway probably acting along the oral-aboral axis rather than the proximo-distal axis. These findings reinforce the idea that, despite overall radial symmetry, cnidarians have a full potential for elaboration of bilateral structures based on finely orchestrated deployment of an ancient developmental gene toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Condamine
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France.
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145
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Gomez GA, Prasad MS, Wong M, Charney RM, Shelar PB, Sandhu N, Hackland JOS, Hernandez JC, Leung AW, García-Castro MI. WNT/β-catenin modulates the axial identity of embryonic stem cell-derived human neural crest. Development 2019; 146:dev.175604. [PMID: 31399472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signaling is crucial for neural crest (NC) formation, yet the effects of the magnitude of the WNT signal remain ill-defined. Using a robust model of human NC formation based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we expose that the WNT signal modulates the axial identity of NCs in a dose-dependent manner, with low WNT leading to anterior OTX+ HOX- NC and high WNT leading to posterior OTX- HOX+ NC. Differentiation tests of posterior NC confirm expected derivatives, including posterior-specific adrenal derivatives, and display partial capacity to generate anterior ectomesenchymal derivatives. Furthermore, unlike anterior NC, posterior NC exhibits a transient TBXT+/SOX2+ neuromesodermal precursor-like intermediate. Finally, we analyze the contributions of other signaling pathways in posterior NC formation, which suggest a crucial role for FGF in survival/proliferation, and a requirement of BMP for NC maturation. As expected retinoic acid (RA) and FGF are able to modulate HOX expression in the posterior NC. Surprisingly, early RA supplementation prohibits NC formation. This work reveals for the first time that the amplitude of WNT signaling can modulate the axial identity of NC cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Gomez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Man Wong
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patrick B Shelar
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nabjot Sandhu
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James O S Hackland
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Hernandez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alan W Leung
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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146
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Newman SA. Inherency and homomorphy in the evolution of development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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147
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Malsin ES, Kim S, Lam AP, Gottardi CJ. Macrophages as a Source and Recipient of Wnt Signals. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1813. [PMID: 31417574 PMCID: PMC6685136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are often viewed through the lens of their core functions, but recent transcriptomic studies reveal them to be largely distinct across tissue types. While these differences appear to be shaped by their local environment, the key signals that drive these transcriptional differences remain unclear. Since Wnt signaling plays established roles in cell fate decisions, and tissue patterning during development and tissue repair after injury, we consider evidence that Wnt signals both target and are affected by macrophage functions. We propose that the Wnt gradients present in developing and adult tissues effectively shape macrophage fates and phenotypes. We also highlight evidence that macrophages, through an ability to dispatch Wnt signals, may couple tissue debridement and matrix remodeling with stem cell activation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Malsin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Seokjo Kim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anna P Lam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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148
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Curcumin: a therapeutic strategy in cancers by inhibiting the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:323. [PMID: 31331376 PMCID: PMC6647277 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have presented that curcumin could have a positive effect in the prevention of cancer and then in tumor therapy. Several hypotheses have highlighted that curcumin could decreases tumor growth and invasion by acting on both chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This review focuses on the interest of use curcumin in cancer therapy by acting on the WNT/β-catenin pathway to repress chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In the cancer process, one of the major signaling pathways involved is the WNT/β-catenin pathway, which appears to be upregulated. Curcumin administration participates to the downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and thus, through this action, in tumor growth control. Curcumin act as PPARγ agonists. The WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ act in an opposed manner. Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and circadian clock disruption are common and co-substantial pathological processes accompanying and promoting cancers. Circadian clock disruption related to the upregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is involved in cancers. By stimulating PPARγ expression, curcumin can control circadian clocks through the regulation of many key circadian genes. The administration of curcumin in cancer treatment would thus appear to be an interesting therapeutic strategy, which acts through their role in regulating WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, 1 place du Parvis de Notre-Dame, Paris, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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149
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Targeting the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer Treatment Using Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070726. [PMID: 31311204 PMCID: PMC6679009 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are common and co-substantial pathological processes accompanying and contributing to cancers. Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could have a positive effect on both the prevention of cancer and tumor therapy. Numerous hypotheses have postulated that NSAIDs could slow tumor growth by acting on both chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This review takes a closer look at these hypotheses. In the cancer process, one of the major signaling pathways involved is the WNT/β-catenin pathway, which appears to be upregulated. This pathway is closely associated with both chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in cancers. The administration of NSAIDs has been observed to help in the downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and thus in the control of tumor growth. NSAIDs act as PPARγ agonists. The WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ act in opposing manners. PPARγ agonists can promote cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, and can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation, invasion, and cell migration. In parallel, the dysregulation of circadian rhythms (CRs) contributes to cancer development through the upregulation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. By stimulating PPARγ expression, NSAIDs can control CRs through the regulation of many key circadian genes. The administration of NSAIDs in cancer treatment would thus appear to be an interesting therapeutic strategy, which acts through their role in regulating WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, 75004 Paris, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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González S, Oh D, Baclagon ER, Zheng JJ, Deng SX. Wnt Signaling Is Required for the Maintenance of Human Limbal Stem/Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:107-112. [PMID: 30640975 PMCID: PMC6333110 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A chemical approach to examine the role of Wnt signaling in maintaining the stemness and/or proliferation of limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs). Methods LSCs were isolated from human donor eyes and cultured as single cells for 12 to 14 days with the following small molecules: IIIC3, an antagonist of the Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkopf (DKK), and IC15, a Wnt signaling inhibitor. Proliferation of LSCs in the presence of IIIC3 and IC15 was determined by the number of cells and colonies established. Maintenance of stemness was determined by p63α, cytokeratin (K)12, and K14 expression. Results Activation of Wnt, through IIIC3-mediated DKK inhibition, resulted in similar colony forming efficiency (CFE) as in the untreated LSCs, but significantly increased the number of cultivated cells 7.21% with 5 μM. Inhibition of Wnt with IC15 significantly reduced the CFE (P ≤ 0.01) and the number of cultivated cells by 16% to 29%. Percentage of cells expressing high levels of p63α (p63αbright) and quantity of small cells (≤12 μm), which contain the LSCs, increased 4.71% and 11.26% (both P < 0.05), respectively, with 5 μM IIIC3. All concentrations of IIIC3 and IC15 retained the K14 undifferentiated marker (97%), while differentiation, as detected by expression of K12, was found in up to 2% of cells in 1 μM IIIC3, 1 μM IC15, or 5 μM IIIC3. Conclusions Wnt signaling is required in LSC proliferation and maintenance of an undifferentiated state. The current study is a proof of concept that the Wnt pathway could be modulated in LSCs to enhance or decrease the efficiency of human LSC expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyla González
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Denise Oh
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Elfren R Baclagon
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jie J Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sophie X Deng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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