101
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Horn P, Bokermann G, Cholewa D, Bork S, Walenda T, Koch C, Drescher W, Hutschenreuther G, Zenke M, Ho AD, Wagner W. Impact of individual platelet lysates on isolation and growth of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:888-98. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.501788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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102
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Hsieh JY, Fu YS, Chang SJ, Tsuang YH, Wang HW. Functional module analysis reveals differential osteogenic and stemness potentials in human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1895-910. [PMID: 20367285 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow (BM)-MSCs are an attractive source for the regeneration of damaged tissues. Alternative postnatal, perinatal, and fetal sources of MSCs are also under intensive investigation. MSCs from the Wharton's jelly matrix of umbilical cord (WJ)-MSCs have higher pancreatic and endothelial differentiation potentials than BM-MSCs, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We compared the gene expression profiles, enriched canonical pathways, and genetic networks of BM-MSCs and WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs express more angiogenesis- and growth-related genes including epidermal growth factor and FLT1, whereas BM-MSCs express more osteogenic genes such as RUNX2, DLX5, and NPR3. The gene expression pattern of BM-MSCs is more similar to osteoblasts than WJ-MSCs, suggesting a better osteogenic potential. In contrast, WJ-MSCs are more primitive because they share more common genes with embryonic stem cells. BM-MSCs are more sensitive to environmental stimulations because their molecular signatures altered more significantly in different culture conditions. WJ-MSCs express genes enriched in vascular endothelial growth factor and PI3K-NFκB canonical pathways, whereas BM-MSCs express genes involved in antigen presentation and chemokine/cytokine pathways. Drylab results could be verified by wetlab experiments, in which BM-MSCs were more efficient in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, whereas WJ-MSCs proliferated better. WJ-MSCs thus constitute a promising option for angiogenesis, whereas BM-MSCs in bone remodeling. Our results reveal systematically the underlying genes and regulatory networks of 2 MSCs from unique ontological and anatomical origins, as well as the resulted phenotypes, thereby providing a better basis for cell-based therapy and the following mechanistic studies on MSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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103
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Russell KC, Phinney DG, Lacey MR, Barrilleaux BL, Meyertholen KE, O'Connor KC. In vitro high-capacity assay to quantify the clonal heterogeneity in trilineage potential of mesenchymal stem cells reveals a complex hierarchy of lineage commitment. Stem Cells 2010; 28:788-98. [PMID: 20127798 DOI: 10.1002/stem.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, bone marrow is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for a broad range of cellular therapies. This research addresses a basic prerequisite to realize the therapeutic potential of MSCs by developing a novel high-capacity assay to quantify the clonal heterogeneity in potency that is inherent to MSC preparations. The assay utilizes a 96-well format to (1) classify MSCs according to colony-forming efficiency as a measure of proliferation capacity and trilineage potential to exhibit adipo-, chondro-, and osteogenesis as a measure of multipotency and (2) preserve a frozen template of MSC clones of known potency for future use. The heterogeneity in trilineage potential of normal bone marrow MSCs is more complex than previously reported: all eight possible categories of trilineage potential were detected. In this study, the average colony-forming efficiency of MSC preparations was 55-62%, and tripotent MSCs accounted for nearly 50% of the colony-forming cells. The multiple phenotypes detected in this study infer a more convoluted hierarchy of lineage commitment than described in the literature. Greater cell amplification, colony-forming efficiency, and colony diameter for tri- versus unipotent clones suggest that MSC proliferation may be a function of potency. CD146 may be a marker of multipotency, with approximately 2-fold difference in mean fluorescence intensity between tri- and unipotent clones. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the efficacy of MSC therapies. The in vitro assay described herein will likely have numerous applications given the importance of heterogeneity to the therapeutic potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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104
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Wagner W, Bork S, Lepperdinger G, Joussen S, Ma N, Strunk D, Koch C. How to track cellular aging of mesenchymal stromal cells? Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 2:224-30. [PMID: 20453259 PMCID: PMC2881510 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are currently tested in a large number of
clinical trials and raise high hope in regenerative medicine. These cells
have to be expanded in vitro before transplantation and several studies
demonstrated that long-term culture evokes continuous changes in MSC:
proliferation rate decays, the cell size increases, differentiation
potential is affected, chromosomal instabilities may arise and molecular
changes are acquired. Long-term culture of cell preparations might also
have therapeutic consequences, although this has hardly been addressed in
ongoing trials so far. Reliable therapeutic regimens necessitate quality
control of cellular products. This research perspective summarizes
available methods to track cellular aging of MSC. We have demonstrated that
gene expression changes and epigenetic modifications are
continuously acquired during replicative senescence. Molecular analysis of
a suitable panel of genes might provide a robust tool to assess efficiency
and safety of long-term expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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105
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Freund D, Fonseca AV, Janich P, Bornhäuser M, Corbeil D. Differential expression of biofunctional GM1 and GM3 gangliosides within the plastic-adherent multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell population. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:131-42. [PMID: 20196693 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903476438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS It is unclear whether the plastic-adherent multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) isolated from human bone marrow (BM) represent a uniform cell population or are heterogeneous in terms of cell-surface constituents and hence functionality. METHODS We investigated the expression profile of certain biofunctional lipids by plastic-adherent MSC, focusing particularly on two membrane microdomain (lipid raft)-associated monosialogangliosides, GM1 and GM3, using indirect confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Phenotypically, we observed a differential expression where certain MSC subsets exhibited GM1, GM3 or both at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, disialoganglioside GD2 detection increased the complexity of the expression patterns, giving rise to seven identifiable cell phenotypes. Variation of standard culture conditions, such as the number of cell passage and period in culture, as well as donors, did not influence the heterologous ganglioside expression profile. In contrast, the binding of various lectins appeared homogeneous throughout the MSC population, indicating that the general glycosylation pattern remained common. Morphologically, the expression of a given ganglioside-based phenotype was not related to a cell with particular size or shape. Interestingly, a segregation of GM1 and GM3 clusters was observed, GM3 being mostly excluded from the highly curved plasma membrane protrusions. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the phenotypic heterogeneity of plastic-adherent MSC in terms of certain lipid constituents of the plasma membrane, and the presence and/or absence of distinct ganglioside-based membrane microdomains suggest their potential functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freund
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC and DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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106
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Hocking AM, Gibran NS. Mesenchymal stem cells: paracrine signaling and differentiation during cutaneous wound repair. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2213-9. [PMID: 20471978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds persist as a health care crisis in spite of increased understanding of the cellular and molecular responses to injury. Contributing significantly to this crisis is the lack of reliable therapies for treatment of wounds that are slow to heal including chronic wounds and deep dermal wounds that develop hypertrophic scars. This article will review the growing evidence demonstrating the promise of multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSCs) for the treatment of impaired wound healing. MSCs are often referred to as mesenchymal stem cells despite concerns that these cells are not truly stem cells given the lack of evidence demonstrating self-renewal in vivo. Regardless, abundant evidence demonstrates the therapeutic potential of MSCs for repair and regeneration of damaged tissue due to injury or disease. To date, MSC treatment of acute and chronic wounds results in accelerated wound closure with increased epithelialization, granulation tissue formation and angiogenesis. Although there is evidence for MSC differentiation in the wound, most of the therapeutic effects are likely due to MSCs releasing soluble factors that regulate local cellular responses to cutaneous injury. Important challenges need to be overcome before MSCs can be used effectively to treat wounds that are slow to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Hocking
- University of Washington, Campus Box 359796, 300 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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107
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Bergfeld SA, DeClerck YA. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:249-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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108
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Yi W, Sun Y, Wei X, Gu C, Dong X, Kang X, Guo S, Dou K. Proteomic profiling of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under shear stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 341:9-16. [PMID: 20407807 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells for tissue engineering of blood vessels. As seed cells, MSCs must endure blood fluid shear stress after transplantation. It has been shown that fluid shear stress can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. However, the effects of fluid shear stress on MSCs including the types of proteins modulated are still not well understood. In this study, we exposed human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) to 3 dyn/cm(2) shear stress for 6 h and compared them to a control group using proteomic analysis. Thirteen specific proteins were affected by shear stress, 10 of which were up-regulated. Shear stress especially induced sustained increases in the expression of Annexin A2 and GAPDH, which have been specifically shown to affect HMSCs function. We present here the first comparative proteome analysis of effect of shear stress on HMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, 4th Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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109
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Han Y, Chen JD, Liu ZM, Zhou Y, Xia JH, Du XL, Jin MW. Functional ion channels in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1109-17. [PMID: 20130208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00207.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac c-kit(+) cells are generally believed to be the major population of stem/progenitor cells in the heart and can be used as a cell source for cardiomyoplasty; however, the cellular electrophysiological properties are not understood in this type of cells. The present study was designed to investigate functional ion channels in undifferentiated mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells using approaches of whole cell patch voltage clamp, RT-PCR, and cell proliferation assay. It was found that three types of ionic currents were present in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells, including a delayed rectifier K(+) current (IK(DR)) inhibited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an inward rectifier K(+) current (I(Kir)) decreased by Ba(2+), and a volume-sensitive chloride current (I(Cl.vol)) inhibited by 5-nitro-1-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB). RT-PCR revealed that the corresponding ion channel genes, Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.6 (for IK(DR)), Kir.1.1, Kir2.1, and Kir2.2 (likely responsible for I(Kir)), and Clcn3 (for I(Cl.vol)), were significant in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. The inhibition of I(Cl.vol) with NPPB and niflumic acid, but not IK(DR) with 4-AP and tetraethylammonium, reduced cell proliferation and accumulated the cell progression at G(0)/G(1) phase in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. Our results demonstrate that three types of functional ion channel currents (i.e., IK(DR), I(Kir), and I(Cl.vol)) are present in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells, and I(Cl.vol) participates in regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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110
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Wein F, Pietsch L, Saffrich R, Wuchter P, Walenda T, Bork S, Horn P, Diehlmann A, Eckstein V, Ho AD, Wagner W. N-cadherin is expressed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells and mediates interaction with human mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res 2010; 4:129-39. [PMID: 20116358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific cell-cell junctions between hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and their niche have been shown to regulate stem cell function. N-cadherin was suggested to play a central role in this process, whereas other studies indicated that it did not play an essential role in the murine model. We have analyzed the role of N-cadherin for interaction between hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and supportive mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in a human-human setting. Expression of N-cadherin and of cadherin-11 (osteoblast cadherin) was analyzed in HPC by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometry. N-cadherin and cadherin-11 were expressed in HPC at a moderate level, whereas they were not detectable in differentiated cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that N-cadherin and beta-catenin are colocalized at the junction of HPC and MSC. siRNA knockdown of N-cadherin or cadherin-11 as well as treatment with the blocking function antibody decreased adhesive interaction of HPC to MSC. Furthermore, knockdown of N-cadherin or blocking function antibody impaired maintenance of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) on coculture of HPC and MSC. These results indicate that N-cadherin is involved in the bidirectional interaction of human HPC with their cellular determinants in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wein
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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111
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Lee SK, Kim Y, Kim SS, Lee JH, Cho K, Lee SS, Lee ZW, Kwon KH, Kim YH, Suh-Kim H, Yoo JS, Park YM. Differential expression of cell surface proteins in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured with or without basic fibroblast growth factor containing medium. Proteomics 2009; 9:4389-405. [PMID: 19655310 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which have the capability to differentiate into various mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. However, they lose the capability of multi-lineage differentiation after several passages. It is known that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increases growth rate, differentiation potential, and morphological changes of MSCs in vitro. In this report, we have used 2-DE coupled to MS to identify differentially expressed proteins at the cell membrane level in MSCs growing in bFGF containing medium. The cell surface proteins isolated by the biotin-avidin affinity column were separated by 2-DE in triplicate experiments. A total of 15 differentially expressed proteins were identified by quadrupole-time of flight tandem MS. Nine of the proteins were upregulated and six proteins were downregulated in the MSCs cultured with bFGF containing medium. The expression level of three actin-related proteins, F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2, and myosin regulatory light chain 2, was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The results indicate that the expression levels of F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2, and myosin regulatory light chain 2 are important in bFGF-induced morphological change of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kwang Lee
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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112
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Elder SH, Cooley AJ, Borazjani A, Sowell BL, To H, Tran SC. Production of hyaline-like cartilage by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a self-assembly model. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3025-36. [PMID: 19335060 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A scaffoldless or self-assembly approach to cartilage tissue engineering has been used to produce hyaline cartilage from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), but the mechanical properties of such engineered cartilage and the effects the transforming growth factor (TGF) isoform have not been fully explored. This study employs a cell culture insert model to produce tissue-engineered cartilage using bMSCs. Neonatal pig bMSCs were isolated by plastic adherence and expanded in monolayer before being seeded into porous transwell inserts and cultured for 4 or 8 weeks in defined chondrogenic media containing either TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3. Following biomechanical evaluation in confined compression, colorimetric dimethyl methylene blue and Sircol dye-binding assays were used to analyze glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents, respectively. Histological sections were stained with toluidine blue for proteoglycans and with picrosirius red to reveal collagen orientation, and immunostained for detection of collagen types I and II. Neocartilage increased in thickness, collagen, and GAG content between 4 and 8 weeks. Proteoglycan concentration increased with depth from the top surface. The tissue contained much more collagen type II than type I, and there was a consistent pattern of collagen alignment. TGF-beta1-treated and TGF-beta3-treated constructs were similar at 4 weeks, but 8-week TGF-beta1 constructs had a higher aggregate modulus and GAG content compared to TGF-beta3. These results demonstrate that bMSCs can generate functional hyaline-like cartilage through a self-assembling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Elder
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, USA.
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113
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Kuhn NZ, Tuan RS. Regulation of stemness and stem cell niche of mesenchymal stem cells: implications in tumorigenesis and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:268-77. [PMID: 19847802 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues have been considered a candidate cell type for cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These multipotent cells have the ability to differentiate along several mesenchymal lineages and possibly along non-mesenchymal lineages. MSCs possess considerable immunosuppressive properties that can influence the surrounding tissue positively during regeneration, but perhaps negatively towards the pathogenesis of cancer and metastasis. The balance between the naïve stem state and differentiation is highly dependent on the stem cell niche. Identification of stem cell niche components has helped to elucidate the mechanisms of stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Ultimately, the fate of stem cells is dictated by their microenvironment. In this review, we describe the identification and characterization of bone marrow-derived MSCs, the properties of the bone marrow stem cell niche, and the possibility and likelihood of MSC involvement in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Z Kuhn
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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114
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Cironi L, Provero P, Riggi N, Janiszewska M, Suva D, Suva ML, Kindler V, Stamenkovic I. Epigenetic features of human mesenchymal stem cells determine their permissiveness for induction of relevant transcriptional changes by SYT-SSX1. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7904. [PMID: 19936258 PMCID: PMC2775947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A characteristic SYT-SSX fusion gene resulting from the chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11;q11) is detectable in almost all synovial sarcomas, a malignant soft tissue tumor widely believed to originate from as yet unidentified pluripotent stem cells. The resulting fusion protein has no DNA binding motifs but possesses protein-protein interaction domains that are believed to mediate association with chromatin remodeling complexes. Despite recent advances in the identification of molecules that interact with SYT-SSX and with the corresponding wild type SYT and SSX proteins, the mechanisms whereby the SYT-SSX might contribute to neoplastic transformation remain unclear. Epigenetic deregulation has been suggested to be one possible mechanism. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We addressed the effect of SYT/SSX expression on the transcriptome of four independent isolates of primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). We observed transcriptional changes similar to the gene expression signature of synovial sarcoma, principally involving genes whose regulation is linked to epigenetic factors, including imprinted genes, genes with transcription start sites within a CpG island and chromatin related genes. Single population analysis revealed hMSC isolate-specific transcriptional changes involving genes that are important for biological functions of stem cells as well as genes that are considered to be molecular markers of synovial sarcoma including IGF2, EPHRINS, and BCL2. Methylation status analysis of sequences at the H19/IGF2 imprinted locus indicated that distinct epigenetic features characterize hMSC populations and condition the transcriptional effects of SYT-SSX expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our observations suggest that epigenetic features may define the cellular microenvironment in which SYT-SSX displays its functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cironi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Provero
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michalina Janiszewska
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Domizio Suva
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario-Luca Suva
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Kindler
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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115
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Lazzarotto-Silva C, Binato R, Rocher BD, Costa JACE, Pizzatti L, Bouzas LF, Abdelhay E. Similar proteomic profiles of human mesenchymal stromal cells from different donors. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:268-77. [PMID: 19333800 DOI: 10.1080/14653240902783268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, also referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), can be expanded ex vivo and are able to differentiate along multiple lineages, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. MSC are known to secrete a number of cytokines and regulatory molecules implicated in different aspects of hematopoiesis, and seem to modulate the immune system. MSC appear to be promising candidates for cellular therapy associated with BM transplantation (BMT). METHODS We compared protein expression profiles of MSC cultures derived from different BM donors using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and compared mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays in the absence and presence of third-party human (h) MSC derived from different donors during the same culture passage. RESULTS In a window of observation (pH 4-7, molecular weight 10-220 kDa), about 172 protein spots were obtained in each 2-D gel, corresponding to 84 distinct proteins. A comparative analysis demonstrated a very similar proteomic profile of cells of the first passage derived from different donors, suggesting that these cells have the same expression pattern. Additionally, cells derived from different donors were equally able to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results encourage the use of third-party MSC in cellular therapies, as cells derived from different individuals seem to have the same proteomic pattern and exhibit functionally similar properties.
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116
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Horn P, Bork S, Diehlmann A, Walenda T, Eckstein V, Ho AD, Wagner W. Isolation of human mesenchymal stromal cells is more efficient by red blood cell lysis. Cytotherapy 2009; 10:676-85. [PMID: 18985474 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802398845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have raised high hopes for tissue engineering and clinical therapy. Their isolation usually involves density fractionation of mononuclear cells (MNC) but this is difficult to standardize, especially under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. MSC represent a heterogeneous mixture of cell types and the composition of subpopulations is affected by the initial steps of cell preparation. METHODS This study describes a straightforward method for isolation of human MSC based on red blood cell (RBC) lysis with ammonium chloride. Colony formation was compared directly with Ficoll density fractionation and culture of an untreated whole bone marrow (BM) aspirate. RESULTS After 7 days the number of fibroblastic colony-forming units (CFU-F) per milliliter of BM aspirate was slightly higher upon RBC lysis and the colonies were significantly larger compared with density fractionation, possibly because of maintenance of platelets. In contrast, colony formation was much lower in untreated BM. The heterogeneous composition of subpopulations was reflected by differences between the initial colonies with regard to growth pattern (tight or disperse) and cell morphology (round or elongated). This heterogeneous composition was not affected by the three different isolation methods. Furthermore, enrichment of CD271(+) cells resulted in the same morphologic heterogeneity. All cell preparations demonstrated the same immunophenotype using a panel of surface markers and displayed adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that human MSC can be efficiently isolated by RBC lysis. This technique is faster and can be standardized more easily for clinical application of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Horn
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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117
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Abstract
In recent years mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have emerged as a major new form of cell therapy. While the original perception was that MSC were stem/progenitor cells with the potential to contribute to the regeneration of tissue, more recent data suggest that the principal mechanism of MSC activity is through the release of soluble mediators that elicit the observed biologic response. Future studies are needed to identify more completely the spectrum of therapeutic applications and delineate better the associated molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Horwitz
- Division of Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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118
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Wagner W, Bork S, Horn P, Krunic D, Walenda T, Diehlmann A, Benes V, Blake J, Huber FX, Eckstein V, Boukamp P, Ho AD. Aging and replicative senescence have related effects on human stem and progenitor cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5846. [PMID: 19513108 PMCID: PMC2688074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative potential diminishes with age and this has been ascribed to functional impairments of adult stem cells. Cells in culture undergo senescence after a certain number of cell divisions whereby the cells enlarge and finally stop proliferation. This observation of replicative senescence has been extrapolated to somatic stem cells in vivo and might reflect the aging process of the whole organism. In this study we have analyzed the effect of aging on gene expression profiles of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). MSC were isolated from bone marrow of donors between 21 and 92 years old. 67 genes were age-induced and 60 were age-repressed. HPC were isolated from cord blood or from mobilized peripheral blood of donors between 27 and 73 years and 432 genes were age-induced and 495 were age-repressed. The overlap of age-associated differential gene expression in HPC and MSC was moderate. However, it was striking that several age-related gene expression changes in both MSC and HPC were also differentially expressed upon replicative senescence of MSC in vitro. Especially genes involved in genomic integrity and regulation of transcription were age-repressed. Although telomerase activity and telomere length varied in HPC particularly from older donors, an age-dependent decline was not significant arguing against telomere exhaustion as being causal for the aging phenotype. These studies have demonstrated that aging causes gene expression changes in human MSC and HPC that vary between the two different cell types. Changes upon aging of MSC and HPC are related to those of replicative senescence of MSC in vitro and this indicates that our stem and progenitor cells undergo a similar process also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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119
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Mariotti E, Mirabelli P, Abate G, Schiattarella M, Martinelli P, Fortunato G, Di Noto R, Del Vecchio L. Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and placenta: CD10, CD49d, and CD56 make a difference. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1039-41. [PMID: 18713024 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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120
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Apel A, Groth A, Schlesinger S, Bruns H, Schemmer P, Büchler MW, Herr I. Suitability of human mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy depends on the expansion medium. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:498-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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121
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Horwitz EM. Culture conditions shape mesenchymal stromal cell phenotype and function. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:101-2. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240902757064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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122
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La Rocca G, Anzalone R, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Lo Iacono M, Di Stefano A, Giannuzzi P, Marasà L, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F. Isolation and characterization of Oct-4+/HLA-G+ mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord matrix: differentiation potential and detection of new markers. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:267-82. [PMID: 18836737 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multipotent cells in several adult and embryo-related tissues opened new paths for their use in regenerative medicine. Extraembryonic tissues such as umbilical cord are considered a promising source of stem cells, potentially useful in therapy. The characterization of cells from the umbilical cord matrix (Wharton's Jelly) and amniotic membrane revealed the presence of a population of mesenchymal-like cells, sharing a set of core-markers expressed by "mesenchymal stem cells". Several reports enlightened the differentiation capabilities of these cells, even if at times the lack of an extensive characterization of surface markers and immune co-stimulators expression revealed hidden pitfalls when in vivo transplantation was performed. The present work describes a novel isolation protocol for obtaining mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord matrix. These cells are clonogenic, retain long telomeres, can undergo several population doublings in vitro, and can be differentiated in mature mesenchymal tissues as bone and adipose. We describe for the first time that these cells, besides expressing all of the core-markers for mesenchymal stem cells, feature also the expression, at both protein and mRNA level, of tolerogenic molecules and markers of all the three main lineages, potentially important for both their differentiative potential as well as immunological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero La Rocca
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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123
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Khoo ML, Shen B, Tao H, Ma DD. Long-Term Serial Passage and Neuronal Differentiation Capability of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:883-96. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L.M. Khoo
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Tao
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David D.F. Ma
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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124
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Nesselmann C, Ma N, Bieback K, Wagner W, Ho A, Konttinen YT, Zhang H, Hinescu ME, Steinhoff G. Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac repair. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1795-810. [PMID: 18684237 PMCID: PMC4506151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cell types in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction. They may trigger production of reparative growth factors, replace damaged cells and create an environment that favours endogenous cardiac repair. However, identifying mechanisms which regulate the role of MSCs in cardiac repair is still at work. To achieve the maximal clinical benefits, ex vivo manipulation can further enhance MSC therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the mechanism of MSCs in cardiac repair, with emphasis on ex vivo manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of RostockGermany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg – HessenGermany
| | | | - Anthony Ho
- Medizinische Klinik V, Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| | | | - Hao Zhang
- Cardiovascular Institute & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R.China
| | - Mihail E Hinescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
- Victor Babes National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
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125
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Abstract
As an archetype of human adult stem cells that can readily be harvested, enriched and expanded in vitro, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been reported to be of significance for regenerative medicine. The literature is replete with reports on their developmental potentials in pre-clinical model systems. Different preparative protocols have been shown to yield MSC-like cell cultures or even cell lines, from starting materials as diverse as bone marrow, fat tissue, fetal cord blood and peripheral blood. However, MSC are still ill-defined by physical, phenotypic and functional properties. The quality of preparations from different laboratories varies tremendously and the cell products are notoriously heterogeneous. The source and freshness of the starting material, culture media used, presence of animal sera, cytokines, cell density, number of passages upon culture, etc., all have a significant impact on the (1) cell type components and heterogeneity of the initial population, (2) differential expansion of specific subsets, with different potentials of the end products, and (3) long-term functional fate of MSC as well as other types of progenitor cells that are co-cultivated with them. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of reliable reagents, common guidelines and standards for MSC preparations and of precise molecular and cellular markers to define subpopulations with diverse pathways of differentiation and divergent potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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126
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Differential proteome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from osteoarthritis patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:929-35. [PMID: 18222713 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells whose primary reservoir is bone marrow (BM). Following situations of extensive tissue damage, MSCs are mobilized and migrate to the site of injury. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that involves extensive cartilage and bone damage. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of OA, we have analyzed the differential BM-MSCs proteome of OA patients. METHODS MSCs protein extracts were prepared from BM aspirates from six patients with OA and from six hip fracture subjects without OA, and analyzed by Two-dimensional gels, using the differential in-gel electrophoresis approach. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. In addition, the chemotactic responses of OA and control MSCs were assessed. RESULTS The majority of proteins that changed at least 1.5-fold (P<0.05) belonged to the following three categories: metabolic enzymes (14 proteins, 36%), cytoskeleton/motility (12 proteins, 32%), and transporters (three proteins, 8%). In OA MSCs, a high percentage of metabolic enzymes (n=8, 57%) were up-regulated and most of the proteins related to cytoskeleton/motility (n=9, 75%) were down-regulated. There was a significant increase in the migration response of OA MSCs to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (chemotaxis index CI: 5.13+/-1.19 vs 3.35+/-0.42, P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have described the differential proteome of BM-MSCs from OA patients together with an increased chemotactic response of these cells in the context of OA. These results could indicate an activation of OA BM-MSCs in response to chemotactic signals sent by the altered subchondral bone in an attempt to heal damaged tissue.
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127
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Abstract
The recent advancements in stem cell (SC) biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on the potential of SC for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues. Nonetheless, prior to large scale clinical applications, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments. Most problematic among the risks of SC-based therapies, in addition to the possible rejection or loss of function of the infused cells, is their potential neoplastic transformation. Indeed, SCs may be used to cure devastating diseases, but their specific properties of self-renewal and clonogenicity may render them prone to generate cancers. In this respect, ‘Stemness’ might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by cancer SCs. A better understanding of SC biology will help fulfill the promise of regenerative medicine aimed at curing human pathologies and fighting cancer from its roots.
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128
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Wagner W, Horn P, Castoldi M, Diehlmann A, Bork S, Saffrich R, Benes V, Blake J, Pfister S, Eckstein V, Ho AD. Replicative senescence of mesenchymal stem cells: a continuous and organized process. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2213. [PMID: 18493317 PMCID: PMC2374903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) comprise a promising tool for cellular therapy. These cells are usually culture expanded prior to their application. However, a precise molecular definition of MSC and the sequel of long-term in vitro culture are yet unknown. In this study, we have addressed the impact of replicative senescence on human MSC preparations. Within 43 to 77 days of cultivation (7 to 12 passages), MSC demonstrated morphological abnormalities, enlargement, attenuated expression of specific surface markers, and ultimately proliferation arrest. Adipogenic differentiation potential decreased whereas the propensity for osteogenic differentiation increased. mRNA expression profiling revealed a consistent pattern of alterations in the global gene expression signature of MSC at different passages. These changes are not restricted to later passages, but are continuously acquired with increasing passages. Genes involved in cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA repair are significantly down-regulated in late passages. Genes from chromosome 4q21 were over-represented among differentially regulated transcripts. Differential expression of 10 genes has been verified in independent donor samples as well as in MSC that were isolated under different culture conditions. Furthermore, miRNA expression profiling revealed an up-regulation of hsa-mir-371, hsa-mir-369-5P, hsa-mir-29c, hsa-mir-499 and hsa-let-7f upon in vitro propagation. Our studies indicate that replicative senescence of MSC preparations is a continuous process starting from the first passage onwards. This process includes far reaching alterations in phenotype, differentiation potential, global gene expression patterns, and miRNA profiles that need to be considered for therapeutic application of MSC preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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129
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Rojewski MT, Weber BM, Schrezenmeier H. Phenotypic Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Various Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 35:168-184. [PMID: 21547115 DOI: 10.1159/000129013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY: Research on expanded human stem cells has become an increasing field of interest during the last decade. The increasing interest in adult stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem and mesenchymal stromal cells, in hematology and regenerative medicine is also based on the simplicity of isolation and ex vivo expansion of these cells. These processes require an adequate quality control of source and product. In this review, we summarize various different attempts to characterize mesenchymal stem cells based on surface protein expression by flow cytometry and to define multipotent subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells for prospective isolation. The importance of defining functional assays and a unique marker panel to characterize mesenchymal stem cells for clinical trials as well as the factors that can modulate the marker expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thomas Rojewski
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik gemeinnützige GmbH, DRK Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
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130
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Noël D, Caton D, Roche S, Bony C, Lehmann S, Casteilla L, Jorgensen C, Cousin B. Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal–stromal cells despite similar differentiation potentials. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1575-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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131
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Roubelakis MG, Pappa KI, Bitsika V, Zagoura D, Vlahou A, Papadaki HA, Antsaklis A, Anagnou NP. Molecular and proteomic characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from amniotic fluid: comparison to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:931-52. [PMID: 18047393 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) constitute a population of multipotent adherent cells able to give rise to multiple mesenchymal lineages such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes. So far, the most common source of MSCs has been the bone marrow (BM); however BM-MSC harvesting and processing exhibits major drawbacks and limitations. Thus, identification and characterization of alternative sources of MSCs are of great importance. In the present study, we isolated and expanded fetal MSCs from second-trimester amniotic fluid (AF). We documented that these cells are of embryonic origin, can differentiate under appropriate conditions into cell types derived from all three germ layers, and express the pluripotency marker Oct-4, the human Nanog protein, and the stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4). Furthermore, we systematically tested the immunophenotype of cultured MSCs by flow cytometry analysis using a wide variety of markers. Direct comparison of this phenotype to the one derived from cultured BM-MSCs demonstrated that cultured MSCs from both sources exhibit similar expression patterns. Using the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) approach, we have generated for the first time the protein map of cultured AF-MSCs by identifying 261 proteins, and we compared it directly to that of cultured BM-MSCs. The functional pattern of the identified proteins from both sources was similar. However, cultured AF-MSCs displayed a number of unique proteins related to proliferation and primitive phenotype, which may confer to the distinct features of the two types. Considering the easy access to this new cell source and the yield of expanded MSCs for stem cell research, AF may provide an excellent source of MSCs both for basic research and for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Roubelakis
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRF), Athens, Greece
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132
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a type of adult stem cells that can easily be isolated from various tissues and expanded in vitro. Past reports on their pluripotency and possible clinical applications have raised hopes and interest in MSC. Multiple designations have been given to different MSC preparations. So far MSC are poorly defined by a combination of physical, phenotypical and functional properties. As MSC could be derived from different tissues as starting material, by diverse isolation protocols, cultured and expanded in different media and conditions, the MSC preparations from different laboratories are highly heterogeneous. All of these variables might have implications (1) on the selection of cell types and the composition of heterogeneous subpopulations; (2) they can selectively favor expansion of different cell populations with totally different potentials; or (3) they might alter the long term fate of adult stem cells upon in vitro culture. The recent controversy on the multilineage differentiation potentials of some specific MSC preparations might be attributed to this lack of common standards. More precise molecular and cellular markers to define subsets of MSC and to standardize the protocols for expansion of MSC are urgently needed.
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133
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Kallifatidis G, Beckermann BM, Groth A, Schubert M, Apel A, Khamidjanov A, Ryschich E, Wenger T, Wagner W, Diehlmann A, Saffrich R, Krause U, Eckstein V, Mattern J, Chai M, Schütz G, Ho AD, Gebhard MM, Büchler MW, Friess H, Büchler P, Herr I. Improved lentiviral transduction of human mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic intervention in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:231-40. [PMID: 18202717 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is highly valuable for their exploitation in basic science and therapeutic applications, for example in cancer. We present here a new, fast and easy-to-use method to enrich a functional population of lentiviral (LV)-transduced MSC expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). We replaced the eGFP gene by a fusion gene of puromycin acetyltransferase and eGFP. Upon LV gene transfer and puromycin selection, we quickly obtained a pure transduced MSC population, in which growth, differentiation capacity and migration preferences were not compromised. Furthermore, we are the first to report the migration velocity of MSC among which 30% were moving and velocity of about 15 mum h(-1) was not altered by LV transduction. Manipulated MSC underwent senescence one passage earlier than non-transduced cells, suggesting the use for therapeutic intervention in early passage numbers. Upon tail vein application in nude mice, the majority of LV-transduced MSC could be detected in human orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts and to a minor extent in mouse liver, kidney and lung. Together, LV transduction of genes to MSC followed by puromycin selection is a powerful tool for basic research and improves the therapeutic prospects of MSC as vehicles in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kallifatidis
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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134
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Wagner W, Wein F, Roderburg C, Saffrich R, Diehlmann A, Eckstein V, Ho AD. Adhesion of human hematopoietic progenitor cells to mesenchymal stromal cells involves CD44. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 188:160-9. [PMID: 18160820 DOI: 10.1159/000112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct cell-cell contact between hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and their cellular microenvironment is essential for maintenance of 'stemness'. We have previously demonstrated that a feeder layer of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) could provide a surrogate model as a niche for human HPC. Maintenance of long-term culture-initiating cells was significantly lower on fibroblasts. METHODS Adhesion of HPC to MSC was further analyzed using our recently described adhesion assay based on gravitational force upon inversion and in combination with specific antibodies against CD44. RESULTS Adhesion of KG1a and CD34+ cells was significantly reduced by administration of a monoclonal CD44 antibody and for KG1a to a greater extent than for CD34+ cells. Interaction of HPC and MSC was further analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. CD44 was located on the uropod of CD34+ cells at the site of contact with MSC and both cell types were interwoven by a network of fibronectin. CONCLUSION Various adhesion proteins, including CD44, are involved in the contact of human HPC and human MSC and further analysis of the relative significance and interaction of these proteins will be crucial for the understanding of the mechanism of this specific cell-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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135
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Abstract
Proteomics has evolved, in recent years, into effective tools for basic and applied stem cell research, and has been extensively used to facilitate the identification of changes in signal transduction components, especially with regard to plasticity, proliferation, and differentiation. Several recent reports have also employed proteomic strategies to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their differentiated derivatives. Although these approaches have yielded valuable data, the results highlight the fact that only the limited numbers of proteins are characterized at the protein level in these cells, thus necessitating expandable MSC proteome dataset. This review presents, for the first time, an expandable list of MSC proteins, which will function as a starting point for the generation of a comprehensive reference map of their proteome. Also, the better way to bridge current gap between genomics and proteomics study such as integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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136
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Tao R, Lau CP, Tse HF, Li GR. Functional ion channels in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1561-7. [PMID: 17699636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00240.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as a cell source for cardiomyoplasty; however, the cellular electrophysiological properties are not fully understood. The present study was to investigate the functional ionic channels in undifferentiated mouse bone marrow MSCs using whole cell patch-voltage clamp technique, RT-PCR, and Western immunoblotting analysis. We found that three types of ionic currents were present in mouse MSCs, including a Ca2+-activated K+ current ( IKCa), an inwardly rectifying K+ current ( IKir), and a chloride current ( ICl). IKir was inhibited by Ba2+, and IKCa was activated by the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187 and inhibited by the intermediate-conductance IKCa channel blocker clotrimazole. ICl was activated by hyposmotic (0.8 T) conditions and inhibited by the chloride channel blockers DIDS and NPPB. The corresponding ion channel genes and proteins, KCa3.1 for IKCa, Kir2.1 for IKir, and Clcn3 for ICl, were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting analysis in mouse MSCs. These results demonstrate that three types of functional ion channel currents (i.e., IKir, IKCa, and ICl) are present in mouse bone marrow MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tao
- Department of Medicine and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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137
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Beyer S, Mix E, Hoffrogge R, Lünser K, Völker U, Rolfs A. Neuroproteomics in stem cell differentiation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1513-23. [PMID: 21136647 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The term "proteome" is used to describe the entire complement of proteins in a given organism or in a system at a given time. Proteome analysis in neuroscience, also called "neuroproteomics" or "neuromics" is in its initial stage, and shows a deficit of studies in the context of brain development. It is the main objective of this review to illustrate the potential of neuroproteomics as a tool to unravel the differentiation of neural stem or progenitor cells to terminally differentiated neurons. Experimental results regarding the rat striatal progenitor model cell line ST14A are presented to illustrate the large rearrangements of the proteome during the differentiation process of neural progenitor cells and their modification by neurotrophic factors like the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Thereby native stem cells and cells transfected with GDNF gene were investigated at the proliferative state and at seven time points up to 72 h after induction of differentiation. In addition, the immortalized human fetal midbrain stem cell line ReNcell VM was analyzed in order to detect stem cell differentiation associated changes of the protein profile. This review gives also an outlook on technical improvements and perspectives of application of neural stem cell proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beyer
- Neurobiological Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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138
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Gallardo K, Firnhaber C, Zuber H, Héricher D, Belghazi M, Henry C, Küster H, Thompson R. A combined proteome and transcriptome analysis of developing Medicago truncatula seeds: evidence for metabolic specialization of maternal and filial tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:2165-79. [PMID: 17848586 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700171-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of proteome and transcriptome changes during Medicago truncatula (cultivar Jemalong) seed development has been carried out. Transcript and protein profiles were parallel across the time course for 50% of the comparisons made, but divergent patterns were also observed, indicative of post-transcriptional events. These data, combined with the analysis of transcript and protein distribution in the isolated seed coat, endosperm, and embryo, demonstrated the major contribution made to the embryo by the surrounding tissues. First, a remarkable compartmentalization of enzymes involved in methionine biosynthesis between the seed tissues was revealed that may regulate the availability of sulfur-containing amino acids for embryo protein synthesis during seed filling. This intertissue compartmentalization, which was also apparent for enzymes of sulfur assimilation, is relevant to strategies for modifying the nutritional value of legume seeds. Second, decreasing levels during seed filling of seed coat and endosperm metabolic enzymes, including essential steps in Met metabolism, are indicative of a metabolic shift from a highly active to a quiescent state as the embryo assimilates nutrients. Third, a concomitant persistence of several proteases in seed coat and endosperm highlighted the importance of proteolysis in these tissues as a supplementary source of amino acids for protein synthesis in the embryo. Finally, the data revealed the sites of expression within the seed of a large number of transporters implied in nutrient import and intraseed translocations. Several of these, including a sulfate transporter, were preferentially expressed in seeds compared with other plant organs. These findings provide new directions for genetic improvement of grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Gallardo
- UMR102 INRA/ENESAD, Genetics and Ecophysiology of Grain Legumes, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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139
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Gottschling S, Eckstein V, Saffrich R, Jonás A, Uhrig M, Krause U, Seckinger A, Miesala K, Horsch K, Straub BK, Ho AD. Primitive and committed human hematopoietic progenitor cells interact with primary murine neural cells and are induced to undergo self-renewing cell divisions. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1858-71. [PMID: 17697743 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in animal models have indicated that hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) migrate and home to the central nervous system and might acquire neural features under specific circumstances. The interaction between HPC and the neural environment and the functional effect on hematopoiesis have not yet been defined. METHODS CD34(+)133(+) cells from mobilized peripheral blood were cocultured with primary murine neurons or astrocytes. Chemotaxis and adhesive interactions were studied by applying beta(1)- and beta(2)-integrin function-blocking anibodies. The impact of neural feeder layers on integrin expression of HPC and the presence of appropriate adhesion ligands on neural cells were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry. The hematopoietic long-term fate was monitored by time-lapse microscopy of individual cell-division history followed by long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) and colony-forming cell (CFC) assays. Neural differentiation was assessed by immunostaining against specific neuronal and glial antigens. RESULTS The 23.0% +/- 4.9% of HPC showed stromal cell-derived factor-1-induced migration toward neural cells, and 20.2% +/- 1.6% displayed firm beta(1)-integrin-mediated adhesion to astrocytes. The latter expressed appropriate adhesion ligands, stabilized beta(1)-integrin expression, and increased beta(2)-integrin expression of HPC. Neural differentiation of HPC could not be identified but astrocytes were able to induce limited self-renewing cell divisions of HPC and thus maintain 25.8% +/- 3.4% of the initial LTC-IC and 80.7% +/- 1.9% of the initial CFC. CONCLUSION Human HPC are able to interact with neural cells and interaction maintains, albeit to a limited extent, the self-renewal capability of HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gottschling
- Department of Medicine V, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
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140
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Wagner W, Roderburg C, Wein F, Diehlmann A, Frankhauser M, Schubert R, Eckstein V, Ho AD. Molecular and secretory profiles of human mesenchymal stromal cells and their abilities to maintain primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2638-47. [PMID: 17615262 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) provide a supportive cellular microenvironment and are able to maintain the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Isolation procedures for MSC vary extensively, and this may influence their biologic properties. In this study, we have compared human MSC isolated from bone marrow (BM) using two culture conditions, from cord blood (CB), and from adipose tissue (AT). The ability to maintain long-term culture-initiating cell frequency and a primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) immunophenotype was significantly higher for MSC derived from BM and CB compared with those from AT. These results were in line with a significantly higher adhesion of HPC to MSC from BM and CB versus MSC from AT. We have compared the cytokine production of MSC by cytokine antibody arrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a cytometric bead array. There were reproducible differences in the chemokine secretion profiles of various MSC preparations, but there was no clear concordance with differences in their potential to maintain primitive function of HPC. Global gene expression profiles of MSC preparations were analyzed and showed that adhesion proteins including cadherin-11, N-cadherin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, neural cell adhesion molecule 1, and integrins were highly expressed in MSC preparations derived from BM and CB. Thus, MSC from BM and CB are superior to MSC from AT for maintenance of primitive HPC. The latter property is associated with specific molecular profiles indicating the significance of cell-cell junctions but not with secretory profiles. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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141
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Abstract
Gene expression analyses of stem cells (SCs) will help to uncover or further define signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of self-renewal, pluripotency, and/or multipotency. In recent years, proteomic approaches have produced a wealth of data identifying proteins and mechanisms involved in SC proliferation and differentiation. Although many proteomics techniques have been developed and improved in peptide and protein separation, as well as mass spectrometry, several important issues, including sample heterogeneity, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interaction, and high-throughput quantification of hydrophobic and low-abundance proteins, still remain to be addressed and require further technical optimization. This review summarizes the methodologies used and the information gathered with proteome analyses of SCs, and it discusses biological and technical challenges for proteomic study of SCs. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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142
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Faber A, Roderburg C, Wein F, Saffrich R, Seckinger A, Horsch K, Diehlmann A, Wong D, Bridger G, Eckstein V, Ho AD, Wagner W. The many facets of SDF-1alpha, CXCR4 agonists and antagonists on hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:26065. [PMID: 17541466 PMCID: PMC1874670 DOI: 10.1155/2007/26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1α) has pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). We have monitored podia formation, migration, proliferation, and cell-cell adhesion of human HPC under the influence of SDF-1α, a peptide agonist of CXCR4 (CTCE-0214), a peptide antagonist (CTCE-9908), and a nonpeptide antagonist (AMD3100). Whereas SDF-1α induced migration of CD34+ cells in a dose-dependent manner, CTCE-0214, CTCE-9908, and AMD3100 did not induce chemotaxis in this concentration range albeit the peptides CTCE-0214 and CTCE-9908 increased podia formation. Cell-cell adhesion of HPC to human mesenchymal stromal cells was impaired by the addition of SDF-1α, CTCE-0214, and AMD3100. Proliferation was not affected by SDF-1α or its analogs. Surface antigen detection of CXCR4 was reduced upon treatment with SDF-1α or AMD3100 and it was enhanced by CTCE-9908. Despite the fact that all these molecules target the same CXCR4 receptor, CXCR4 agonists and antagonists have selective effects on different functions of the natural molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Faber
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Wein
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Horsch
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anke Diehlmann
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Donald Wong
- Chemokine Therapeutics Corporation, 6190 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Gary Bridger
- AnorMED Inc., 20353 64th Avenue, Langley, BC, Canada V2Y 1N5
| | - Volker Eckstein
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D. Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- *Anthony D. Ho:
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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143
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Wagner W, Wein F, Roderburg C, Saffrich R, Faber A, Krause U, Schubert M, Benes V, Eckstein V, Maul H, Ho AD. Adhesion of hematopoietic progenitor cells to human mesenchymal stem cells as a model for cell−cell interaction. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:314-25. [PMID: 17258080 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The significant role of direct contact between hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and the cellular microenvironment for maintaining "stemness" has been demonstrated. Human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) feeder layers represent a surrogate model for this interaction. Specific adhesion molecules are responsible for this cell-cell contact. METHODS To define cell-cell contact between HPC and MSC, we have studied adhesive interaction of various fractions of HPC by using a novel assay based on gravitational force upon inversion. Adherent and nonadherent cells were separated and further analyzed with regard to gene expression and long-term hematopoietic culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) frequency. RESULTS HPC subsets with higher self-renewing capacity demonstrated significantly higher adherence to human MSC (CD34(+) vs CD34(-), CD34(+)/CD38(-) vs CD34(+)/CD38(+), slow dividing fraction vs fast dividing fraction). LTC-IC frequency was significantly higher in the adherent fraction than in the nonadherent fraction. Furthermore, genes coding for adhesion proteins and extracellular matrix were higher expressed in the adherent subsets of CD34(+) cells (fibronectin 1, cadherin 11, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, connexin 43, integrin beta-like 1, and TGFBI). CONCLUSION In this study we have demonstrated that primitive subsets of HPC have higher affinity to human MSC. The essential role of specific junction proteins for stabilization of cell-cell contact is indicated by their significant higher expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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