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Lima CWR, Oliveira NMCD, Silva SVDD, Duarte MEL, Barbosa APF. Ectopic forms of schistosomiasis mansoni in the second macroregion of Alagoas: case series report and review of the literature. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 50:812-818. [PMID: 29340459 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0087-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ectopic forms of schistosomiasis are those in which the parasitic element is localized outside the portal system, the natural habitat of the helminth. Although the prevalence rates of schistosomiasis are high in Brazil, clinical and epidemiological data on ectopic forms of the disease are still scarce. METHODS Cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive epidemiological study in which cases with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of an ectopic form of schistosomiasis were analyzed. The cases were selected from a database of the anatomic pathology files of a referral center. RESULTS Of the 21 cases identified, seven affected the female genital tract and five the male genital tract; four cases were identified in the peritoneum; two cases involved lymph nodes and two involved adipose tissue; and renal involvement was detected in one case. CONCLUSIONS The lack of knowledge of the clinical presentation of ectopic forms of schistosomiasis makes the early identification and treatment of this form difficult, with direct implications in the reduction of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas.
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102
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Urinary Schistosomiasis in an Adolescent Refugee from Africa: An Uncommon Cause of Hematuria and an Emerging Infectious Disease in Europe. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 18:1237-1240. [PMID: 26335551 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-015-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of urinary schistosomiasis in an adolescent refugee from Gambia (arrived to Italy illegally), who was brought to the Emergency Department of our hospital. The patient complained of gross hematuria and, in the absence of clinical evidence of bacterial urinary infection, was admitted to the pediatric ward, considering his provenience and social setting. An appropriate collection and microscopic analysis of urine samples led to the detection of bilharzia. Much attention should be paid to this emerging disease in Europe by physicians in order to recognize and treat it timely, which could prevent future and higher costs for public health systems and could reduce the potential risk of environmental spreading. In fact, there are some areas in Italy where the parasite can find its intermediate host to complete its lifecycle.
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103
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Systematic review and meta-analysis on Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence, and associated risk factors in Brazil. Parasitology 2018; 145:1000-1014. [PMID: 29295718 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection in Brazil. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science and Latin-American and Caribbean System on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) databases, scientific publications articles, according to The PRISMA Statement, from 2000 to 2016. A total of 27 studies were included according to the established criteria. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection varied widely, from 0·1 to 73·1%, based on Kato-Katz technique. Of the identified studies, 42·9% were performed in the state of Minas Gerais, and 33·3% were performed in the northeast region of Brazil. We identified sex, age, education level, family income, contact with water and the presence of the intermediate host snail as major risk factors associated with infection. The meta-analysis summarized a high prevalence rate pooled for Schistosoma mansoni. On the other hand, the analysis of the subgroup showed a highly significant reduction of the prevalence rate after control measures. The epidemiological factors evidenced in the studies show the influence of environmental and social conditions on the occurrence of schistosomiasis.
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104
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Wu J, Wang C, Leas D, Vargas M, White KL, Shackleford DM, Chen G, Sanford AG, Hemsley RM, Davis PH, Dong Y, Charman SA, Keiser J, Vennerstrom JL. Progress in antischistosomal N,N'-diaryl urea SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:244-248. [PMID: 29317164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-Diaryl ureas have recently emerged as a new antischistosomal chemotype. We now describe physicochemical profiling, in vitro ADME, plasma exposure, and ex vivo and in vivo activities against Schistosoma mansoni for twenty new N,N'-diaryl ureas designed primarily to increase aqueous solubility, but also to maximize structural diversity. Replacement of one of the 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl substructures of lead N,N'-diaryl urea 1 with azaheterocycles and benzoic acids, benzamides, or benzonitriles decreased lipophilicity, and in most cases, increased aqueous solubility. There was no clear relationship between lipophilicity and metabolic stability, although all compounds with 3-trifluoromethyl-4-pyridyl substructures were metabolically stable. N,N'-diaryl ureas containing 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-pyridyl, 2,2-difluorobenzodioxole, or 4-benzonitrile substructures had high activity against ex vivo S. mansoni and relatively low cytotoxicity. N,N-diaryl ureas with 3-trifluoromethyl-4-pyridyl and 2,2-difluorobenzodioxole substructures had the highest exposures whereas those with 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl substructures had the best in vivo antischistosomal activities. There was no direct correlation between compound exposure and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chunkai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Derek Leas
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mireille Vargas
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Austin G Sanford
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ryan M Hemsley
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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ZHANG HONG, HARVIM PRINCE, GEORGESCU PAUL. PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN GHANA: POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF INTEGRATED OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES. J BIOL SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339017400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of a future free from schistosomiasis in Ghana can be achieved through integrated strategies, targeting simultaneously several stages of the life cycle of the schistosome parasite. In this paper, the transmission of schistosomiasis is modeled as a multi-scale 12-dimensional system of ODEs that includes vector-host and within-host dynamics of infection. An explicit expression for the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is obtained via the next generation method, this expression being interpreted in biological terms, as well as in terms of reproductive numbers for each type of interaction involved. After discussing the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the existence and uniqueness of the endemic equilibrium, the Center Manifold Theory is used to show that for values of [Formula: see text] larger than 1, but close to 1, the unique endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. A sensitivity analysis indicates that [Formula: see text] is most sensitive to the natural death rate of the vector population, while numerical simulations of optimal control strategies reveal that the most effective strategy for the control and possible elimination of schistosomiasis should combine sanitary measures (access to safe water, improved sanitation and hygiene education), large-scale treatment of infected population and vector control measures (via the use of molluscicides), for a significant amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- HONG ZHANG
- Department of Financial Mathematics, Jiangsu University, ZhenJiang, JiangSu 212013, P. R. China
| | - PRINCE HARVIM
- Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, ZhenJiang, JiangSu 212013, P. R. China
| | - PAUL GEORGESCU
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Iaşi, Bd. Copou 11A, 700506 Iaşi, Romania
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106
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Bajiro M, Dana D, Levecke B. Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren attending primary schools in an urban setting in Southwest, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:677. [PMID: 29202865 PMCID: PMC5716059 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determined both prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren attending primary schools in Jimma town, an urban setting, Southwest, Ethiopia. Results The prevalence of S. mansoni infections was 8.4%. S. mansoni infections were found in all 17 schools, but the school prevalence ranged from 1.7 to 26.7%. This variation in prevalence could be explained by the proximity of the schools to the river crossing the town and water bodies near the schools. Boys were more infected compared to girls (χ2 = 31.587, P value = 0.001; 95% CI), and the infection rate increased as a function of age (χ2 = 21.187; P value = 0.001; 95 %CI). The majority of the infection intensities were of low intensity (57%), the mean number of eggs per stool equal to 17 eggs per gram of stool. Based on the prevalence (8.4%) school children in Jimma Town is considered as a low risk of morbidity caused by S. mansoni (prevalence ≤ 10% according to WHO threshold), for which it is recommended to implement MDA once every 3 years which should be supplemented with health information to create awareness about Schistosomiasis transmission. Male students were more infected than females with majority of the infection intensity were low. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-3023-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitiku Bajiro
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Daniel Dana
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Immunohistochemical Investigations of Treatment with Ro 13-3978, Praziquantel, Oxamniquine, and Mefloquine in Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01142-17. [PMID: 28971860 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01142-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is only one drug in use, praziquantel, to treat more than 250 million people afflicted with schistosomiasis, a debilitating parasitic disease. The aryl hydantoin Ro 13-3978 is a promising drug candidate with in vivo activity superior to that of praziquantel against both adult and juvenile Schistosoma mansoni organisms. Given the drug's contrasting low activity in vitro and the timing of its onset of action in vivo, it was postulated that immune-assisted parasite clearance could contribute to the drug's in vivo activity. We undertook histopathological studies to investigate this hypothesis. Infected mice were treated with an effective dose of Ro 13-3978 (100 mg/kg of body weight) and were dissected before and after the drug's in vivo onset of action. The veins and livers were excised, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned, and macrophages (IBA-1), neutrophils (Neutro), B cells (CD45R), and T cells (CD3) were stained by immunohistochemistry. For comparison, samples from infected untreated mice and mice treated with effective doses of praziquantel (400 mg/kg), oxamniquine (200 mg/kg), and mefloquine (200 mg/kg) were examined. At 24 h after treatment with Ro 13-3978, significant macrophage recruitment to the veins was observed, along with a modest increase in circulating B cells, and at 48 h, neutrophils and T cells are also present. Treatment with praziquantel and oxamniquine showed similar patterns of recruitment but with comparatively higher cellular levels, whereas mefloquine treatment resulted in minimal cell recruitment until 3 days posttreatment. Our study sheds light on the immediate immune responses to antischistosomal treatment in mice and provides further insight into immune effector mechanisms of schistosome clearance.
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108
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Hess J, Panic G, Patra M, Mastrobuoni L, Spingler B, Roy S, Keiser J, Gasser G. Ferrocenyl, Ruthenocenyl, and Benzyl Oxamniquine Derivatives with Cross-Species Activity against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:645-652. [PMID: 28686009 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects more than 250 million people annually, mostly children in poor, tropical, rural areas. Only one treatment (praziquantel) is available, putting control efforts at risk should resistance occur. In pursuit of treatment alternatives, we derivatized an old antischistosomal agent, oxamniquine (OXA). Four organometallic derivatives of OXA were synthesized and tested against Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo. Of these, a ferrocenyl derivative, 1, killed larval and adult worms 24 h postexposure in vitro, in contrast to OXA, which lacks in vitro activity against adult worms. A dose of 200 mg/kg of 1 completely eliminated the worm burden in mice. Subsequently, a ruthenocenyl (5) and a benzyl derivative (6) of OXA were synthesized to probe the importance of the ferrocenyl group in 1. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 were lethal to both S. mansoni and S. haematobium adults in vitro. In vivo, at 100 mg/kg, all three compounds revealed S. mansoni worm burden reductions of 76 to 93%, commensurate with OXA. Our findings present three compounds with activity against S. mansoni in vitro, comparable activity in vivo, and high activity against S. haematobium in vitro. These compounds may possess a different binding mode or mode of action compared to OXA and present excellent starting points for further SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gordana Panic
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Mastrobuoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
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Tasoulas J, Daskalopoulos A, Droukas C, Nonni A, Nikitakis NG. An unusual microscopic pattern of foreign body reaction as a complication of dry socket management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 125:e118-e123. [PMID: 29104032 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Foreign body reactions in the oral cavity are relatively common, frequently resulting from iatrogenic causes. Depending on the nature of the foreign material, various microscopic patterns may be observed, causing diagnostic difficulties. Recognition of the ensuing unusual microscopic pattern, especially for cases in which the possibility of a foreign body reaction is not entertained in the clinical differential diagnosis, necessitates sufficient degree of suspicion, familiarization with the spectrum of microscopic appearances, and careful clinicopathologic correlation. Medicated dressings of various compositions are commonly placed for prevention or management of dry socket (or alveolar osteitis, a common postoperative complication of tooth extraction) and may be a cause of foreign body reaction. Here, we report a foreign body reaction to a medical dressing material in a postextraction socket, with an unusual microscopic pattern bearing resemblance to parasitic infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tasoulas
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Daskalopoulos
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Afroditi Nonni
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Gonçalves-Macedo L, Lopes EP, Domingues ALC, Markman B, Mota VG, Luna CF. Schistosomiasis and hepatopulmonary syndrome: the role of concomitant liver cirrhosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:469-473. [PMID: 28591307 PMCID: PMC5452483 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as an oxygenation defect induced by intrapulmonary vasodilation in patients with liver disease or portal hypertension. It is investigated in patients with liver cirrhosis and less frequently in those with portal hypertension without liver cirrhosis, as may occur in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS). OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of HPS in patients with HSS, and to determine whether the occurrence of HPS is influenced by concomitant cirrhosis. METHODS We evaluated patients with HSS with or without concomitant liver cirrhosis. All patients underwent laboratory testing, ultrasound, endoscopy, contrast echocardiography, and arterial blood gas analysis. FINDINGS Of the 121 patients with HSS, 64 were also diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. HPS was diagnosed in 42 patients (35%) and was more frequent among patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis (42% vs. 26%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.069). HPS was more common in those with spider naevi, Child-Pugh classes B or C and high model for end stage liver disease (MELD) scores (p < 0.05 each). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HPS was 35% in this study. The occurrence of liver cirrhosis concomitantly with HSS may have influenced the frequency of patients presenting with HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Gonçalves-Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Edmundo Pessoa Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Ana Lucia Coutinho Domingues
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Brivaldo Markman
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Cardiologia e Ecocardiografia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Vitor Gomes Mota
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Cardiologia e Ecocardiografia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Carlos Feitosa Luna
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Han Q, Jia B, Hong Y, Cao X, Zhai Q, Lu K, Li H, Zhu C, Fu Z, Shi Y, Lin J. Suppression of VAMP2 Alters Morphology of the Tegument and Affects Glucose uptake, Development and Reproduction of Schistosoma japonicum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5212. [PMID: 28701752 PMCID: PMC5507895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis caused by schsitosomes is a serious global public health concern. The tegument that surrounds the worm is critical to the schistosomes survival. The tegument apical membrane undergoes a continuous process of rupture and repair owing to membranous vacuoles fusing with the plasma membrane. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2), a member of soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNAREs) is required for membrane fusion. Here, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down the expression of VAMP2 of Schistosoma japonicum (SjVAMP2), and both real-time PCR and western blot analysis confirmed the suppression of this molecule, as well as the suppression of the transcript levels of schistosome glucose transporters (SGTP1 and SGTP4), and insulin receptors (SjIR1 and SjIR2). SjVAMP2-suppressed worms exhibited a lower viability, and phenotypic alterations were also observed in the tegument. Moreover, the glucose consumption of SjVAMP2-suppressed worms decreased significantly in 4 and 6 days, respectively, as well as a significant reduction in egg production. We also observed a significant reduction in worm burden and hepatic eggs burden in two independent RNAi experiment in vivo, and minor pathological changes in mice treated with SjVAMP2 specific small interfering (si)RNA. These findings reveal that SjVAMP2 may play important roles in the maintenance of tegument, glucose uptake, worm development and egg production in schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingguang Jia
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hong
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangang Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Lipid testing in infectious diseases: possible role in diagnosis and prognosis. Infection 2017; 45:575-588. [PMID: 28484991 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute infections lead to significant alterations in metabolic regulation including lipids and lipoproteins, which play a central role in the host immune response. In this regard, several studies have investigated the role of lipid levels as a marker of infection severity and prognosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW We review here the role of lipids in immune response and the potential mechanisms underneath. Moreover, we summarize studies on lipid and lipoprotein alterations in acute bacterial, viral and parasitic infections as well as their diagnostic and prognostic significance. Chronic infections (HIV, HBV, HCV) are also considered. RESULTS All lipid parameters have been found to be significantly dearranged during acute infection. Common lipid alterations in this setting include a decrease of total cholesterol levels and an increase in the concentration of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, mainly very low-density lipoproteins. Also, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B levels decrease. These lipid alterations may have prognostic and diagnostic role in certain infections. CONCLUSION Lipid testing may be of help to assess response to treatment in septic patients and those with various acute infections (such as pneumonia, leptospirosis and others). Diagnostically, new onset of altered lipid levels should prompt the clinician to test for underlying infection (such as leishmaniasis).
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113
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Homann A, Schramm G, Jappe U. Glycans and glycan-specific IgE in clinical and molecular allergology: Sensitization, diagnostics, and clinical symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:356-368. [PMID: 28479330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycan-specific IgE antibodies cross-react with highly similar or even identical carbohydrate structures on a variety of different natural allergens, the so-called cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). In clinical practice CCDs often interfere with the specificity of in vitro allergy diagnostics, thus impairing allergy therapy decisions for individual patients. Strikingly, these IgE antibodies directed against CCDs often do not cause clinically relevant allergy symptoms. On the other hand, the IgE-binding glycan allergen galactose-α-(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal) is associated with IgE-mediated delayed anaphylaxis in meat allergy. The reason for this discrepancy is not known. The discovery of α-Gal stimulated new discussions and investigations regarding the relevance of anti-glycan IgE for allergic diseases. In this review the effect of glycans and glycan-specific IgE on sensitization to allergens and allergy diagnosis is described. Because parasite infections elicit a similar immunologic environment as allergic diseases, the association of glycan-specific antibodies against parasite glycoproteins with glycan structures on allergens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Homann
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany; Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02582-16. [PMID: 28264841 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02582-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Treatment of schistosomiasis has relied on the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) for more than a generation. PZQ is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis; it is effective against all major forms of schistosomiasis, although it is less active against juvenile than mature parasites. A pyrazino-isoquinoline derivative, PZQ is not considered to be toxic and generally causes few or transient, mild side effects. Increasingly, mass drug administration targeting populations in sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is endemic has led to the appearance of reduced efficacy of PZQ, which portends the selection of drug-resistant forms of these pathogens. The synthesis of improved derivatives of PZQ is attracting attention, e.g., in the (i) synthesis of drug analogues, (ii) rational design of pharmacophores, and (iii) discovery of new compounds from large-scale screening programs. This article reviews reports from the 1970s to the present on the metabolism and mechanism of action of PZQ and its derivatives against schistosomes.
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115
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Vale N, Gouveia MJ, Rinaldi G, Santos J, Santos LL, Brindley PJ, da Costa JMC. The role of estradiol metabolism in urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692247. [PMID: 28345469 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to bladder cancer. How urogenital schistosomiasis induces carcinogenesis remains unclear, although there is evidence that the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, the infectious agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, releases estradiol-like metabolites. These kind of compounds have been implicated in other cancers. Aiming for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of the urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer, here we review, interpret, and discuss findings of estradiol-like metabolites detected in both the parasite and in the human urine during urogenital schistosomiasis. Moreover, we predict pathways and enzymes that are involved in the production of these metabolites emphasizing their potential effects on the dysregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 expression during urogenital schistosomiasis. Enhanced understanding of these potential carcinogens may not only shed light on urogenital schistosomiasis-induced neoplasia of the bladder, but would also facilitate development of interventions and biomarkers for this and other infection-associated cancers at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Gouveia
- 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,4 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Júlio Santos
- 5 Clínica da Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola.,6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- 6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J Brindley
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José M Correia da Costa
- 2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,7 Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal
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116
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Impedimetric nanostructured genosensor for detection of schistosomiasis in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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117
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Linsuke S, Mpabanzi L, Nundu S, Mukunda F, Lutumba P, Polman K. The road towards sustainable control of schistosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Pre-assessment of staff performance and material resources in endemic regions. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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118
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Bergquist R, Utzinger J, Keiser J. Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: How much longer without a viable alternative? Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:74. [PMID: 28351414 PMCID: PMC5371198 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approach of morbidity control of schistosomiasis, a helminth disease of poverty with considerable public health and socioeconomic impact, is based on preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel. There is a pressing need for new drugs against this disease whose control entirely depends on this single drug that has been widely used over the past 40 years. We argue that a broader anthelminthic approach supplementing praziquantel with new antischistosomals targeting different parasite development stages would not only increase efficacy but also reduce the risk for drug resistance. Repositioning drugs already approved for other diseases provides a shortcut to clinical trials, as it is expected that such drugs rapidly pass the regulatory authorities. The antischistosomal properties of antimalarial drugs (e.g., semisynthetic artemisinins, synthetic trioxolanes, trioxaquines and mefloquine) and of drugs being developed or registered for other purposes (e.g., moxidectin and miltefosin), administered alone or in combination with praziquantel, have been tested in the laboratory and clinical trials. Another avenue to follow is the continued search for new antischistosomal properties in plants. Here, we summarise recent progress made in schistosomiasis chemotherapy, placing particular emphasis on repositioning of existing drugs against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland.
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119
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Schistosomiasis haematobium prevalence among haematuric patients: Parasitological and immuno-assay. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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120
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Abstract
The existence of a link between urinary schistosomiasis (US) and bladder carcinoma was first suspected by C. Goebel in 1905. In 1911, A.R Ferguson, who was a professor of Pathology and Microbiology at the Faculty of Medicine in Cairo, published a more detailed survey from 40 autopsies, and reported a likely association of bladder carcinoma with granulomas caused by US. Subsequently, published results from several studies reinforced Ferguson's hypothesis. Moreover, in most countries where US was endemic, association of high prevalence of bladder carcinoma with US had been pointed out. A further circumstantial evidence was a higher prevalence of bladder squamous cell carcinoma in areas endemic for SU, whereas urothelial carcinomas were more prevalent in areas which were free of SU. However, evidence of a positive correlation between SU and bladder carcinoma was delivered only many decades later, following the results from case-control studies which were adjusted on age, sex, type of dwelling and tobacco consumption. During SU, the mechanisms underlying the onset of bladder carcinoma are still poorly understood due to the lack of any convenient animal model. Classically, two processes are thought to be involved. Chronic inflammation inside bladder would be caused by granulomas centered by eggs, and would result in a neoplasmic evolution, after years. Moreover, alteration of the bladder dynamics would elicit urine stasis which in turn would cause repeated infection of bacterial or viral origin. Beside the high prevalence of squamous cell type, the natural history of bladder carcinomas caused by SU is similar to that of other malignant tumors of the bladder. Also the treatment and prognosis are identical. Albeit genital involvement is very frequent during SU, Schistosoma haematobium does not appear to be a cause of cancers of genital organs. Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum have been suspected to be associated with liver or colic carcinomas, but epidemiological studies have not yielded any firm evidence so far. The entire sequencing of S. haematobium genome, along with the recent availability of a more efficient mouse model, must provide a better understanding of the genesis of bladder carcinomas during SU. However, the key for a sharp decrease in both morbidity and mortality due to SU-linked carcinomas lies in a better control of haematobium schistosomiasis, such as observed in Egypt since 1970.
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121
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most common parasitic disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It induces remodeling via complex inflammatory processes produced by the parasite eggs. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature after Schistosoma infection are common, but may not always be associated with a clinical manifestation of PAH. Those patients who presented with PAH show clinical signs and symptoms that are not distinguishable from other forms of PAH.
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122
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Taman A, El-Beshbishi SN, Bardicy SE, Tadros M, Ayoub M, Mansour B, El-Bialy S. In vitro screening of BTP-Iso on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria alexandrina. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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123
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Differential pulmonic NK and NKT cell responses in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:559-567. [PMID: 27904959 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) and natural killer T cells (NKT cells) play a role in anti-infection, anti-tumor, transplantation immunity, and autoimmune regulation. However, the role of NK and NKT cells during Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection has not been widely reported, especially regarding lung infections. The aim of this study was to research the NK and NKT cell response to S. japonicum infection in the lungs of mice. Using immunofluorescent histological analysis, NK and NKT cells were found near pulmonary granulomas. Moreover, flow cytometry revealed that the percentage and number of pulmonic NK cells in S. japonicum-infected mice were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, the percentage and cell number of NKT cells were decreased compared to those of normal mice (P < 0.05). The expression of CD69 on pulmonic NK and NKT cells was increased after infection (P < 0.05), and CD25 expression increased only on NKT cells (P < 0.05). Intracellular cytokine staining showed a higher percentage of IFN-γ+ and lower percentage of IL-5+ pulmonic NK cells (P < 0.05) compared to controls. However, the percentage of IL-17+, IL-10+, and IL-5+ pulmonic NKT cells significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in NKG2A/C/E (CD94) expression and an increase of NKG2D (CD314) expression on pulmonic NKT cells (P < 0.05), which might serve as a mechanism for NKT cell activation during S. japonicum infection.
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124
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Wang C, Zhao Q, Vargas M, Jones JO, White KL, Shackleford DM, Chen G, Saunders J, Ng ACF, Chiu FCK, Dong Y, Charman SA, Keiser J, Vennerstrom JL. Revisiting the SAR of the Antischistosomal Aryl Hydantoin (Ro 13-3978). J Med Chem 2016; 59:10705-10718. [PMID: 27933964 PMCID: PMC5150661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The aryl hydantoin 1 (Ro 13-3978) was identified in
the early 1980s as a promising antischistosomal lead compound. However,
this series of aryl hydantoins produced antiandrogenic side effects
in the host, a not unexpected outcome given their close structural
similarity to the antiandrogenic drug nilutamide. Building on the
known SAR of this compound series, we now describe a number of analogs
of 1 designed to maximize structural diversity guided
by incorporation of substructures and functional groups known to diminish
ligand–androgen receptor interactions. These analogs had calculated
polar surface area (PSA), measured LogD7.4, aqueous kinetic
solubility, and estimated plasma protein binding values in ranges
predictive of good ADME profiles. The principal SAR insight was that
the hydantoin core of 1 is required for high antischistosomal
activity. We identified several compounds with high antischistosomal
efficacy that were less antiandrogenic than 1. These
data provide direction for the ongoing optimization of antischistosomal
hydantoins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mireille Vargas
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute , Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alice C F Ng
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute , Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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125
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Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases. Insights Imaging 2016; 8:101-125. [PMID: 27882478 PMCID: PMC5265192 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-016-0525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiologists seldom encounter parasitic diseases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to migration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain European regions, and immunocompromised individuals also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. This article reviews and summarises the imaging findings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the parasite's life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radiologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases where they are suspected. Teaching Points • Incidence of parasitic diseases is increasing due to migratory movements and travelling. • Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions in Europe. • Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involving different hosts. • Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient management in parasitic diseases. • Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the most relevant parasitic diseases.
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126
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Tekwu EM, Anyan WK, Boamah D, Baffour-Awuah KO, Keyetat Tekwu S, Penlap Beng V, Nyarko AK, Bosompem KM. Mechanically produced schistosomula as a higher-throughput tools for phenotypic pre-screening in drug sensitivity assays: current research and future trends. Biomark Res 2016; 4:21. [PMID: 27895916 PMCID: PMC5120492 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-016-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to develop new antischistosomal drugs since there is no vaccine and the whole world is relying on only a single drug for the treatment of schistosomiasis. One of the obstacles to the development of drugs is the absence of the high throughput objective screening methods to assess drug compounds efficacy. Thus for identification of new drug compounds candidates, fast and accurate in vitro assays are unavoidable and more research efforts in the field of drug discovery can target schistosomula. This review presents a substantial overview of the present state of in vitro drug sensitivity assays developed so far for the determination of anti-schistosomula activity of drug compounds, natural products and derivatives using newly transformed schistosomula (NTS). It highlights some of the challenges involved in in vitro compound screening using NTS and the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mouafo Tekwu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG581 Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research and Pharmacology, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - William Kofi Anyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG581 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Boamah
- Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR), Akwapim, Mampong, Ghana
| | - Kofi Owusu Baffour-Awuah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG581 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Veronique Penlap Beng
- Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research and Pharmacology, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Kwabena Mante Bosompem
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG581 Legon, Accra, Ghana
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127
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Attallah AM, Abdallah SO, Albannan MS, Omran MM, Attallah AA, Farid K. Impact of Hepatitis C Virus/Schistosoma mansoni Coinfection on the Circulating Levels of HCV-NS4 Protein and Extracellular-Matrix Deposition in Patients with Different Hepatic Fibrosis Stages. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1044-1050. [PMID: 27527625 PMCID: PMC5094215 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)/Schistosoma mansoni coinfection is common in Egypt and other developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HCV/S. mansoni coinfection on the concentration of HCV-nonstructural protein-4 (NS4) in addition to collagen III and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in different hepatic fibrosis stages. We found that coinfected patients (N = 186) showed significantly (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) higher concentrations of HCV-NS4, collagen III, and collagen III/MMP-1 ratio (CMR) than those with HCV monoinfection (N = 104) in different fibrosis stages. Conversely, coinfected patients showed significantly lower concentrations of MMP-1 when compared with HCV monoinfection. The elevated levels of CMR in case of HCV monoinfection yielded an estimated odds ratio of 1.8 and 2.6 for developing significant fibrosis (F2-F4) and cirrhosis (F4), respectively. HCV/S. mansoni coinfection increased the risk for developing F2-F4 and F4 several fold yielding an estimated odds ratio of 11.1 and 5.2, respectively. This means that coinfected patients have a 6-fold and 2-fold increased risk of developing F2-F4 and F4, respectively, over HCV-monoinfected patients. Thus, elevated levels of HCV-NS4 and CMR in HCV/S. mansoni coinfection suggest increased susceptibility of coinfected patients, compared with those with HCV monoinfection, for accelerating hepatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Khaled Farid
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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128
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Suttiprapa S, Rinaldi G, Tsai IJ, Mann VH, Dubrovsky L, Yan HB, Holroyd N, Huckvale T, Durrant C, Protasio AV, Pushkarsky T, Iordanskiy S, Berriman M, Bukrinsky MI, Brindley PJ. HIV-1 Integrates Widely throughout the Genome of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005931. [PMID: 27764257 PMCID: PMC5072744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthic disease of humanity in terms of morbidity and mortality. Facile manipulation of schistosomes using lentiviruses would enable advances in functional genomics in these and related neglected tropical diseases pathogens including tapeworms, and including their non-dividing cells. Such approaches have hitherto been unavailable. Blood stream forms of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of the hepatointestinal schistosomiasis, were infected with the human HIV-1 isolate NL4-3 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. The appearance of strong stop and positive strand cDNAs indicated that virions fused to schistosome cells, the nucleocapsid internalized and the RNA genome reverse transcribed. Anchored PCR analysis, sequencing HIV-1-specific anchored Illumina libraries and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of schistosomes confirmed chromosomal integration; >8,000 integrations were mapped, distributed throughout the eight pairs of chromosomes including the sex chromosomes. The rate of integrations in the genome exceeded five per 1,000 kb and HIV-1 integrated into protein-encoding loci and elsewhere with integration bias dissimilar to that of human T cells. We estimated ~ 2,100 integrations per schistosomulum based on WGS, i.e. about two or three events per cell, comparable to integration rates in human cells. Accomplishment in schistosomes of post-entry processes essential for HIV-1replication, including integrase-catalyzed integration, was remarkable given the phylogenetic distance between schistosomes and primates, the natural hosts of the genus Lentivirus. These enigmatic findings revealed that HIV-1 was active within cells of S. mansoni, and provided the first demonstration that HIV-1 can integrate into the genome of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isheng J. Tsai
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Hong-bin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, The People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Huckvale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Durrant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna V. Protasio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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129
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Wijayawardena BK, Minchella DJ, DeWoody JA. The influence of trematode parasite burden on gene expression in a mammalian host. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:600. [PMID: 27514777 PMCID: PMC4982272 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites can profoundly impact their hosts and are responsible for a plethora of debilitating diseases. To identify global changes in host gene expression related to parasite infection, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the liver transcriptomes of Balb/cj mice infected with the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni and compared the results to uninfected mice. We used two different methodologies (i.e. de novo and reference guided) to evaluate the influence of parasite sequences on host transcriptome assembly. Results Our results demonstrate that the choice of assembly methodology significantly impacted the proportion of parasitic reads detected from the host library, yet the presence of non-target (xenobiotic) sequences did not create significant structural errors in the assembly. After removing parasite sequences from the mouse transcriptomes, we analyzed host gene expression under different parasite infection levels and observed significant differences in the associated immunologic and metabolic responses based on infection level. In particular, genes associated with T–helper type 1 (Th–1) and T–helper type 2 (Th–2) were up-regulated in infected mice whereas genes related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated in infected mice. These changes in gene expression scale with infection status and likely impact the evolutionary fitness of hosts. Conclusions Overall, our data indicate that a) infected mice reduce the expression of key metabolic genes in direct proportion to their infection level; b) infected mice similarly increase the expression of key immune genes in response to infection; c) patterns of gene expression correspond to the pathological symptoms of schistosomiasis; and d) identifying and filtering out non-target sequences (xenobiotics) improves differential expression prediction. Our findings identify parasite targets for RNAi or other therapies and provide a better understanding of the pathology and host immune repertoire involved in response to S. mansoni infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2950-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya K Wijayawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Dennis J Minchella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - J Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Departments of Biological Sciences, Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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130
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Nested polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosing spinal cord schistosomiasis: A promising method. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:87-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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131
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Person B, Ali SM, A’Kadir FM, Ali JN, Mohammed UA, Mohammed KA, Rollinson D, Knopp S. Community Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Associated with Urogenital Schistosomiasis among School-Aged Children in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004814. [PMID: 27399310 PMCID: PMC4939940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the Zanzibar islands, United Republic of Tanzania, elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis is strived for in the coming years. This qualitative study aimed to better understand community knowledge, perceptions, and practices associated with schistosomiasis among school-aged children on Unguja and Pemba islands, in order to inform the development of behavior change interventions contributing to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY In 2011, we conducted 35 children's discussion groups, 41 in-depth interviews with parents and teachers, and 5 focus group discussions with community members in Zanzibar. Using a modified-grounded theory approach, we transcribed and coded the narrative data followed by thematic analysis of the emergent themes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Urogenital schistosomiasis is a common experience among children in Zanzibar and typically considered a boys' disease. Children engage in multiple high-risk behaviors for acquiring schistosomiasis because of poor knowledge on disease transmission, lack of understanding on severity of disease-associated consequences, and lack of alternative options for water related activities of daily living and recreational play. Local primary school teachers had little to no training about the disease and no teaching tools or materials for students. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Conducting activities in open natural freshwater contaminated by S. haematobium larvae compromises the health of school-aged children in Zanzibar. The perception of urogenital schistosomiasis as a minor illness rather than a serious threat to a child's well-being contributes to the spread of disease. Understanding community perceptions of disease along with the barriers and facilitators to risk reduction behaviors among children can inform health promotion activities, campaigns, and programs for the prevention, control, and elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Person
- The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Said M. Ali
- Public Health Laboratory—Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Faiza M. A’Kadir
- Zanzibar Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar Town, Unguja, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jamal N. Ali
- Zanzibar Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar Town, Unguja, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ulfat A. Mohammed
- Public Health Laboratory—Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Khalfan A. Mohammed
- Zanzibar Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar Town, Unguja, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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132
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Magalhães LG, Morais ER, Machado CB, Gomes MS, Cabral FJ, Souza JM, Soares CS, Sá RG, Castro-Borges W, Rodrigues V. Uncovering Notch pathway in the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3951-61. [PMID: 27344453 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several signaling molecules that govern development in higher animals have been identified in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, including the transforming growth factor β, protein tyrosine kinases, nuclear hormone receptors, among others. The Notch pathway is a highly conserved signaling mechanism which is involved in a wide variety of developmental processes including embryogenesis and oogenesis in worms and flies. Here we aimed to provide the molecular reconstitution of the Notch pathway in S. mansoni using the available transcriptome and genome databases. Our results also revealed the presence of the transcripts coded for SmNotch, SmSu(H), SmHes, and the gamma-secretase complex (SmNicastrin, SmAph-1, and SmPen-2), throughout all the life stages analyzed. Besides, it was observed that the viability and separation of adult worm pairs were not affected by treatment with N-[N(3,5)-difluorophenacetyl)-L-Alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a Notch pathway inhibitor. Moreover, DAPT treatment decreased the production of phenotypically normal eggs and arrested their development in culture. Our results also showed a significant decrease in SmHes transcript levels in both adult worms and eggs treated with DAPT. These results provide, for the first time, functional validation of the Notch pathway in S. mansoni and suggest its involvement in parasite oogenesis and embryogenesis. Given the complexity of the Notch pathway, further experiments shall highlight the full repertoire of Notch-mediated cellular processes throughout the S. mansoni life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizandra G Magalhães
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Avenida, Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Franca, SP, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Enyara R Morais
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla B Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda J Cabral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia M Souza
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Avenida, Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata G Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Sun Q, Mao R, Wang D, Hu C, Zheng Y, Sun D. The cytotoxicity study of praziquantel enantiomers. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2061-8. [PMID: 27445457 PMCID: PMC4928669 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s98096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is prescribed as a racemic mixture (racemic-PZQ, rac-PZQ), which is composed of (R)-PZQ and (S)-PZQ. In this work, the cytotoxicity of rac-PZQ and its two enantiomers (R)-PZQ and (S)-PZQ on eight cell lines (L-02, HepG2, prf-plc-5, SH-SY5Y, HUVEC, A549, HCT-15, Raw264.7) was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe-nyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The morphology of apoptotic cells was studied by fluorescence microscope using Hoechst 33342 staining, and the cytotoxicity of the compounds was also tested by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Results revealed that (R)-PZQ had negligible cytotoxicity against L-02, SH-SY5Y, HUVEC, A549, HCT-15, and Raw264.7 cells but selectively inhibited tumor cell lines (prf-plc-5 and HepG2). However, in contrast to (R)-PZQ, the (S)-isomer showed higher cytotoxicity against L-02 cells and lower inhibition on prf-plc-5 and HepG2 cells. Besides, (R)-PZQ showed lower cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cells than (S)-PZQ. Meanwhile, (R)-PZQ at <80 μM concentration could promote proliferation of macrophage cells (Raw264.7). Our research revealed that (R)-PZQ has lower cytotoxicity than (S)-PZQ and has similar cytotoxicity with rac-PZQ. (S)-PZQ is the principal enantiomer to cause side effects on human definitive hosts. These findings gave the reasonable reasons for World Health Organization to produce (R)-PZQ as a replacement for rac-PZQ for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dequn Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, People's Republic of China
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134
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Linder E, Varjo S, Thors C. Mobile Diagnostics Based on Motion? A Close Look at Motility Patterns in the Schistosome Life Cycle. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:E24. [PMID: 27322330 PMCID: PMC4931419 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging at high resolution and subsequent image analysis with modified mobile phones have the potential to solve problems related to microscopy-based diagnostics of parasitic infections in many endemic regions. Diagnostics using the computing power of "smartphones" is not restricted by limited expertise or limitations set by visual perception of a microscopist. Thus diagnostics currently almost exclusively dependent on recognition of morphological features of pathogenic organisms could be based on additional properties, such as motility characteristics recognizable by computer vision. Of special interest are infectious larval stages and "micro swimmers" of e.g., the schistosome life cycle, which infect the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively. The ciliated miracidium, emerges from the excreted egg upon its contact with water. This means that for diagnostics, recognition of a swimming miracidium is equivalent to recognition of an egg. The motility pattern of miracidia could be defined by computer vision and used as a diagnostic criterion. To develop motility pattern-based diagnostics of schistosomiasis using simple imaging devices, we analyzed Paramecium as a model for the schistosome miracidium. As a model for invasive nematodes, such as strongyloids and filaria, we examined a different type of motility in the apathogenic nematode Turbatrix, the "vinegar eel." The results of motion time and frequency analysis suggest that target motility may be expressed as specific spectrograms serving as "diagnostic fingerprints."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewert Linder
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biuology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sami Varjo
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Cecilia Thors
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden.
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135
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Melo-Filho CC, Dantas RF, Braga RC, Neves BJ, Senger MR, Valente WCG, Rezende-Neto JM, Chaves WT, Muratov EN, Paveley RA, Furnham N, Kamentsky L, Carpenter AE, Silva-Junior FP, Andrade CH. QSAR-Driven Discovery of Novel Chemical Scaffolds Active against Schistosoma mansoni. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:1357-72. [PMID: 27253773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Schistosoma mansoni (SmTGR) is a validated drug target that plays a crucial role in the redox homeostasis of the parasite. We report the discovery of new chemical scaffolds against S. mansoni using a combi-QSAR approach followed by virtual screening of a commercial database and confirmation of top ranking compounds by in vitro experimental evaluation with automated imaging of schistosomula and adult worms. We constructed 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models using a series of oxadiazoles-2-oxides reported in the literature as SmTGR inhibitors and combined the best models in a consensus QSAR model. This model was used for a virtual screening of Hit2Lead set of ChemBridge database and allowed the identification of ten new potential SmTGR inhibitors. Further experimental testing on both shistosomula and adult worms showed that 4-nitro-3,5-bis(1-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole (LabMol-17) and 3-nitro-4-{[(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)oxy]methyl}-1,2,5-oxadiazole (LabMol-19), two compounds representing new chemical scaffolds, have high activity in both systems. These compounds will be the subjects for additional testing and, if necessary, modification to serve as new schistosomicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber C Melo-Filho
- LabMol-Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias , Rua 240, Qd.87, Goiania, GO 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Dantas
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho C Braga
- LabMol-Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias , Rua 240, Qd.87, Goiania, GO 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Bruno J Neves
- LabMol-Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias , Rua 240, Qd.87, Goiania, GO 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Mario R Senger
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Walter C G Valente
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - João M Rezende-Neto
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Willian T Chaves
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University , 1. Shevchenko Ave., Odessa, 65000, Ukraine
| | - Ross A Paveley
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology & Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Furnham
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology & Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Kamentsky
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Floriano P Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- LabMol-Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias , Rua 240, Qd.87, Goiania, GO 74605-510, Brazil
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Pinto-Almeida A, Mendes T, de Oliveira RN, Corrêa SDAP, Allegretti SM, Belo S, Tomás A, Anibal FDF, Carrilho E, Afonso A. Morphological Characteristics of Schistosoma mansoni PZQ-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains Are Different in Presence of Praziquantel. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:594. [PMID: 27199925 PMCID: PMC4844704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most common human parasitic diseases whose socioeconomic impact is only surpassed by malaria. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug commercially available for the treatment of all schistosome species causing disease in humans. However, there has been stronger evidences of PZQ-resistance on Schistosoma mansoni and thus it is very important to study the phenotypic characteristics associated with it. The aim of this study was to evaluate morphological alterations in S. mansoni PZQ-resistant adult worms and eggs, by comparing a PZQ- resistant strain obtained under PZQ drug pressure with a PZQ-susceptible strain. For this, scanning electronic microscopy was used to assess tegumental responsiveness of both strains under PZQ exposure, and optical microscopy allowed the monitoring of worms and eggs in the presence of the drug. Those assays showed that PZQ-susceptible worms exposed to the drug had more severe tegumental damages than the resistant one, which had only minor alterations. Moreover, contrary to what occurred in the susceptible strain, resistant worms were viable after PZQ exposure and gradually regaining full motility after removal of the drug. Eggs from resistant strain parasites are considerably smaller than those from susceptible strain. Our results suggest that there might be a difference in the tegument composition of the resistant strain and that worms are less responsive to PZQ. Changes observed in egg morphology might imply alterations in the biology of schistosomes associated to PZQ-resistance, which could impact on transmission and pathology of the disease. Moreover, we propose a hypothetical scenario where there is a different egg tropism of the S. mansoni resistant strain. This study is the first comparing two strains that only differ in their resistance characteristics, which makes it a relevant step in the search for resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Pinto-Almeida
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São PauloSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Departamento De Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silmara Marques Allegretti
- Departamento De Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Belo
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São PauloSão Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil
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137
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Acosta AM, Tarjan G. Identification of miracidia of Schistosoma haematobium in a bladder wash sample. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:413-5. [PMID: 26972707 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabor Tarjan
- Department of Pathology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (CCHHS), Chicago, Illinois
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138
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Interactions between mefloquine and the anti-fibrotic drug silymarin on Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice. J Helminthol 2016; 90:760-765. [PMID: 26824480 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study tests the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of silymarin alone or combined with mefloquine on acute schistosomiasis by evaluating parasitological, histopathological, biochemical and immunological parameters. Male CDI Swiss mice were divided into seven groups, which included healthy controls, mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni or treated with silymarin (140 mg/kg body weight) or mefloquine (400 mg/kg body weight), or mice treated with a combination of both drugs and uninfected mice simply treated with mefloquine or silymarin alone. All mouse groups were sacrificed 8 weeks post-infection (pi) and/or post-treatment. Those infected mice treated with both silymarin and mefloquine showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in worm burden, immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), liver function enzymes and granuloma diameter, with complete eradication of immature and mature eggs. In conclusion, treatment with silymarin combined with mefloquine in murine schistosomiasis was able to reduce granulomatous reactions and hepatic fibrosis. Hence, this combination is a new strategy to be studied as an efficient tool in the treatment of schistosomal liver fibrosis.
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139
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A Curious Case of Iron-Deficiency Anemia. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016:8954308. [PMID: 27446874 PMCID: PMC4904702 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8954308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 49-year-old Brazilian male presented to the emergency department with a five-day history of abdominal pain, dark stools, and syncope. Physical examination did not reveal any melena on digital rectal examination and there were no stigmata of chronic liver disease. Laboratory results showed hemoglobin of 47 g/L, MCV of 80 fL, and ferritin of 6 ng/mL. Liver enzymes and liver function tests were normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed a cirrhotic liver with splenomegaly and varices suggestive of portal hypertension. His past history was significant for cirrhosis based on a previous variceal bleed but a workup for chronic liver disease was negative and a liver biopsy did not show steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. A gastroscopy in this admission showed large esophageal varices without high-risk stigmata and no overt bleeding was seen. A colonoscopy was subsequently completed to the terminal ileum and was normal aside from a 5 mm sessile polyp in the descending colon.
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140
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Mafud AC, Silva MP, Monteiro DC, Oliveira MF, Resende JG, Coelho ML, de Sousa DP, Mendonça RZ, Pinto PL, Freitas RM, Mascarenhas YP, de Moraes J. Structural parameters, molecular properties, and biological evaluation of some terpenes targeting Schistosoma mansoni parasite. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 244:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Anderson L, Amaral MS, Beckedorff F, Silva LF, Dazzani B, Oliveira KC, Almeida GT, Gomes MR, Pires DS, Setubal JC, DeMarco R, Verjovski-Almeida S. Schistosoma mansoni Egg, Adult Male and Female Comparative Gene Expression Analysis and Identification of Novel Genes by RNA-Seq. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004334. [PMID: 26719891 PMCID: PMC4699917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide and is a public health problem. Schistosoma mansoni is the most widespread species responsible for schistosomiasis in the Americas, Middle East and Africa. Adult female worms (mated to males) release eggs in the hepatic portal vasculature and are the principal cause of morbidity. Comparative separate transcriptomes of female and male adult worms were previously assessed with using microarrays and Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), thus limiting the possibility of finding novel genes. Moreover, the egg transcriptome was analyzed only once with limited bacterially cloned cDNA libraries. Methodology/Principal findings To compare the gene expression of S. mansoni eggs, females, and males, we performed RNA-Seq on these three parasite forms using 454/Roche technology and reconstructed the transcriptome using Trinity de novo assembly. The resulting contigs were mapped to the genome and were cross-referenced with predicted Smp genes and H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq public data. For the first time, we obtained separate, unbiased gene expression profiles for S. mansoni eggs and female and male adult worms, identifying enriched biological processes and specific enriched functions for each of the three parasite forms. Transcripts with no match to predicted genes were analyzed for their protein-coding potential and the presence of an encoded conserved protein domain. A set of 232 novel protein-coding genes with putative functions related to reproduction, metabolism, and cell biogenesis was detected, which contributes to the understanding of parasite biology. Conclusions/Significance Large-scale RNA-Seq analysis using de novo assembly associated with genome-wide information for histone marks in the vicinity of gene models constitutes a new approach to transcriptome analysis that has not yet been explored in schistosomes. Importantly, all data have been consolidated into a UCSC Genome Browser search- and download-tool (http://schistosoma.usp.br/). This database provides new ways to explore the schistosome genome and transcriptome and will facilitate molecular research on this important parasite. Schistosomiasis is a public health problem caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, of which S. mansoni is the primary causative agent. The parasite has a complex life cycle; their sexual reproductive stage is dependent on female and male adult worms mating inside the mesenteric circulation of the human host, with the female releasing hundreds of eggs daily. This phase of the life cycle is responsible for the development of pathology, which is proportional to the number of eggs accumulating in the liver and intestine of the human host. Genome and transcriptome sequencing of this parasite represent important advances in schistosome research, but there is still a need for integrated analyses to better understand the biology of this parasite. In this study, we describe the first large-scale transcriptomes of eggs, and female and male adult worms, the parasite forms that are mainly responsible for the pathology of schistosomiasis. We were able to cross-reference the gene transcription regions with promoter regions, thus improving the gene annotations. Moreover, we identified the expression of novel protein-coding genes not yet described in the current genome annotation, advancing the biological knowledge regarding this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Anderson
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo S. Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Beckedorff
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas F. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Dazzani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia C. Oliveira
- Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giulliana T. Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monete R. Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David S. Pires
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João C. Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kalenda YDJ, Kato K, Goto Y, Fujii Y, Hamano S. Tandem repeat recombinant proteins as potential antigens for the sero-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:503-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sah VK, Wang L, Min X, Rizal R, Feng Z, Ke Z, Deng M, Li L, Li H. Human schistosomiasis: A diagnostic imaging focused review of a neglected disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sady H, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Webster BL, Ngui R, Atroosh WM, Al-Delaimy AK, Nasr NA, Chua KH, Lim YAL, Surin J. New insights into the genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobiumin Yemen. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:544. [PMID: 26482435 PMCID: PMC4617239 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of great importance that remains highly prevalent in Yemen, especially amongst rural communities. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of human Schistosoma species, a DNA barcoding study was conducted on S. mansoni and S. haematobium in Yemen. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect urine and faecal samples from 400 children from five provinces in Yemen. The samples were examined for the presence of Schistosoma eggs. A partial fragment of the schistosome cox1 mitochondrial gene was analysed from each individual sample to evaluate the genetic diversity of the S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. The data was also analysed together with previous published cox1 data for S. mansoni and S. haematobium from Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands. Results Overall, 31.8 % of participants were found to be excreting schistosome eggs in either the urine or faeces (8.0 % S. mansoni and 22.5 % S. haematobium). Nineteen unique haplotypes of S. mansoni were detected and split into four lineages. Furthermore, nine unique haplotypes of S. haematobium were identified that could be split into two distinct groups. Conclusion This study provides novel and interesting insights into the population diversity and structure of S. mansoni and S. haematobium in Yemen. The data adds to our understanding of the evolutionary history and phylogeography of these devastating parasites whilst the genetic information could support the control and monitoring of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis in these endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Sady
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen.
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Azal National Research Center, Azal University for Human Development, 447, Sana'a, Yemen. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, 1247, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Parasites and Vectors Division, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wahib M Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nabil A Nasr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Johari Surin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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de Rezende MC, Araújo ES, Moreira JMP, Rodrigues VF, Rodrigues JL, Pereira CADJ, Negrão-Corrêa D. Effect of different stages of Schistosoma mansoni infection on the parasite burden and immune response to Strongyloides venezuelensis in co-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4601-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Splenectomy Improves Hemostatic and Liver Functions in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis Mansoni. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135370. [PMID: 26267788 PMCID: PMC4534302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis mansoni is a chronic liver disease, in which some patients (5-10%) progress to the most severe form, hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. This form is associated with portal hypertension and splenomegaly, and often episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, even with liver function preserved. Splenectomy is a validated procedure to reduce portal hypertension following digestive bleeding. Here, we evaluate beneficial effects of splenectomy on blood coagulation factors and liver function tests in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni compared to non-operated patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Forty-five patients who had undergone splenectomy surgery were assessed by laboratory analyses and ultrasound examination and compared to a non-operated group (n = 55). Blood samples were obtained for liver function tests, platelet count and prothrombin time. Coagulation factors (II, VII, VIII, IX and X), protein C and antithrombin IIa, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were measured by routine photometric, chromogenic or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, while hyperfibrinolysis was defined by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Both groups had similar age, gender and pattern of periportal fibrosis. Splenectomized patients showed significant reductions in portal vein diameter, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels compared to non-operated patients, while for coagulation factors there were significant improvement in prothrombin, partial thromboplastin times and higher levels of factor VII, VIII, IX, X, protein C and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that the decrease of flow pressure in portal circulation after splenectomy restores the capacity of hepatocyte synthesis, especially on the factor VII and protein C levels, and these findings suggest that portal hypertension in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis influences liver functioning and the blood coagulation status.
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Li J, Zhao GH, Lin R, Blair D, Sugiyama H, Zhu XQ. Rapid detection and identification of four major Schistosoma species by high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4225-32. [PMID: 26253799 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes belonging to several species of the genus Schistosoma, is a serious and widespread parasitic disease. Accurate and rapid differentiation of these etiological agents of animal and human schistosomiasis to species level can be difficult. We report a real-time PCR assay coupled with a high-resolution melt (HRM) assay targeting a portion of the nuclear 18S rDNA to detect, identify, and distinguish between four major blood fluke species (Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma mekongi). Using this system, the Schistosoma spp. was accurately identified and could also be distinguished from all other trematode species with which they were compared. As little as 10(-5) ng genomic DNA from a Schistosoma sp. could be detected. This process is inexpensive, easy, and can be completed within 3 h. Examination of 21 representative Schistosoma samples from 15 geographical localities in seven endemic countries validated the value of the HRM detection assay and proved its reliability. The melting curves were characterized by peaks of 83.65 °C for S. japonicum and S. mekongi, 85.65 °C for S. mansoni, and 85.85 °C for S. haematobium. The present study developed a real-time PCR coupled with HRM analysis assay for detection and differential identification of S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mekongi. This method is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive. It has important implications for epidemiological studies of Schistosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - RuiQing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - David Blair
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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148
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Panic G, Vargas M, Scandale I, Keiser J. Activity Profile of an FDA-Approved Compound Library against Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003962. [PMID: 26230921 PMCID: PMC4521867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As plans to expand mass drug treatment campaigns to fight schistosomiasis form, worries about reliance on praziquantel as the sole available treatment motivate the investigation for novel antischistosomal compounds. Drug repurposing might be an inexpensive and effective source of novel antischistosomal leads. METHODOLOGY 1600 FDA approved compounds were first assayed against Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula at a concentration of 10 µM. Active compounds identified from this screen were advanced to the adult worm screen at 33.33 µM, followed by hit characterization. Leads with complementary pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were then selected for in vivo studies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The in vitro screen identified 121 and 36 compounds active against the schistosomula and adult stage, respectively. Further, in vitro characterization and comparison with already available pharmacokinetic and toxicity data identified 11 in vivo candidates. Doramectin (10 mg/kg) and clofazimine (400 mg/kg) were found to be active in vivo with worm burden reductions of 60.1% and 82.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The work presented here expands the knowledge of antischistosomal properties of already approved compounds and underscores variations observed between target-based and phenotypic approaches and among laboratories. The two in vivo-active drugs identified in this study, doramectin and clofazimine are widely available and present as novel drug classes as starting points for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Panic
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Vargas
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Berry A, Moné H, Iriart X, Mouahid G, Aboo O, Boissier J, Fillaux J, Cassaing S, Debuisson C, Valentin A, Mitta G, Théron A, Magnaval JF. Schistosomiasis haematobium, Corsica, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1595-7. [PMID: 25153697 PMCID: PMC4178424 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.140928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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