101
|
Kamalakannan M, Chang LM, Grishina G, Sampson HA, Masilamani M. Identification and characterization of DC-SIGN-binding glycoproteins in allergenic foods. Allergy 2016; 71:1145-55. [PMID: 26948687 DOI: 10.1111/all.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells. DC-SIGN has high affinity for fucosylated glycans in several plant glycoproteins and pathogens. DC-SIGN is thought to be crucial for the development of allergic sensitization. However, the precise role of DC-SIGN in food allergy pathogenesis is not yet understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize DC-SIGN-binding glycoproteins in a panel of allergenic and non-allergenic foods. METHODS Fluorescent-labeled peanut and soy extracts were used to test protein binding to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) by flow cytometry. DC-SIGN-blocking assays were performed by incubating DCs with food extracts followed by staining with anti-DC-SIGN antibody. Using a DC-SIGN-Fc chimera, food extracts were tested for binding by ELISA and autoradiography. IgE immunoblotting was performed with pooled sera from food-allergic subjects. DC activation and maturation were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that peanut agglutinin, a minor peanut allergen, is a novel ligand for DC-SIGN. Peanut agglutinin activates DCs to induce the expression of costimulatory molecules in vitro. We present a comprehensive report on the characterization of DC-SIGN-binding proteins in common allergenic foods such as peanut, soy, tree nuts, egg, and milk. Foods that rarely induce allergy, such as pine nuts, chickpea, and corn, showed no binding to DC-SIGN. Several DC-SIGN-binding proteins show reactivity in serum IgE immunoblots. We have also identified novel non-IgE-binding proteins that interact with DC-SIGN; these proteins may be important for regulating immune responses to these foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kamalakannan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - L. M. Chang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - G. Grishina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - H. A. Sampson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Immunology Institute and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - M. Masilamani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Immunology Institute and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Le NPL, Bowden TA, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Immune recruitment or suppression by glycan engineering of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1655-68. [PMID: 27105835 PMCID: PMC4922387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum IgG contains multiple glycoforms which exhibit a range of binding properties to effector molecules such as cellular Fc receptors. Emerging knowledge of how the Fc glycans contribute to the antibody structure and effector functions has opened new avenues for the exploitation of defined antibody glycoforms in the treatment of diseases. Here, we review the structure and activity of antibody glycoforms and highlight developments in antibody glycoengineering by both the manipulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery and by chemoenzymatic synthesis. We discuss wide ranging applications of antibody glycoengineering in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: what we know. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:513-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
104
|
The Role of Phlebovirus Glycoproteins in Viral Entry, Assembly and Release. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070202. [PMID: 27455305 PMCID: PMC4974537 DOI: 10.3390/v8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are enveloped viruses with a tripartite RNA genome that can pose a serious threat to animal and human health. Members of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae are transmitted by mosquitos and ticks to humans and include highly pathogenic agents like Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) as well as viruses that do not cause disease in humans, like Uukuniemi virus (UUKV). Phleboviruses and other bunyaviruses use their envelope proteins, Gn and Gc, for entry into target cells and for assembly of progeny particles in infected cells. Thus, binding of Gn and Gc to cell surface factors promotes viral attachment and uptake into cells and exposure to endosomal low pH induces Gc-driven fusion of the viral and the vesicle membranes. Moreover, Gn and Gc facilitate virion incorporation of the viral genome via their intracellular domains and Gn and Gc interactions allow the formation of a highly ordered glycoprotein lattice on the virion surface. Studies conducted in the last decade provided important insights into the configuration of phlebovirus Gn and Gc proteins in the viral membrane, the cellular factors used by phleboviruses for entry and the mechanisms employed by phlebovirus Gc proteins for membrane fusion. Here, we will review our knowledge on the glycoprotein biogenesis and the role of Gn and Gc proteins in the phlebovirus replication cycle.
Collapse
|
105
|
Meri S. Self-nonself discrimination by the complement system. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2418-34. [PMID: 27393384 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of complement can recognize nonself structures by only two molecules, C3b and factor H. The AP deposits C3b covalently on nonself structures via an amplification system. The actual discrimination is performed by factor H, which has binding sites for polyanions (sialic acids, glycosaminoglycans, phospholipids). This robust recognition of 'self' protects our own intact viable cells and tissues, while activating structures are recognized by default. Foreign targets are opsonized for phagocytosis or killed. Mutations in factor H predispose to severe diseases. In hemolytic uremic syndrome, they promote complement attack against blood cells and vascular endothelial cells and lead, for example, to kidney and brain damage. Even pathogens can exploit factor H. In fact, the ability to bind factor H discriminates most pathogenic microbes from nonpathogenic ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Meri
- Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Direct Delivery of Antigens to Dendritic Cells via Antibodies Specific for Endocytic Receptors as a Promising Strategy for Future Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020008. [PMID: 27043640 PMCID: PMC4931625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenting cells and are therefore indispensable for the control of immunity. The technique of antibody mediated antigen targeting to DC subsets has been the basis of intense research for more than a decade. Many murine studies have utilized this approach of antigen delivery to various kinds of endocytic receptors of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Today, it is widely accepted that different DC subsets are important for the induction of select immune responses. Nevertheless, many questions still remain to be answered, such as the actual influence of the targeted receptor on the initiation of the immune response to the delivered antigen. Further efforts to better understand the induction of antigen-specific immune responses will support the transfer of this knowledge into novel treatment strategies for human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the state-of-the-art aspects of the basic principles of antibody mediated antigen targeting approaches. A table will also provide a broad overview of the latest studies using antigen targeting including addressed DC subset, targeted receptors, outcome, and applied coupling techniques.
Collapse
|
107
|
Brugia malayi Antigen (BmA) Inhibits HIV-1 Trans-Infection but Neither BmA nor ES-62 Alter HIV-1 Infectivity of DC Induced CD4+ Th-Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146527. [PMID: 26808476 PMCID: PMC4726616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of HIV-1 disease is the association of heightened CD4+ T-cell activation with HIV-1 replication. Parasitic helminths including filarial nematodes have evolved numerous and complex mechanisms to skew, dampen and evade human immune responses suggesting that HIV-1 infection may be modulated in co-infected individuals. Here we studied the effects of two filarial nematode products, adult worm antigen from Brugia malayi (BmA) and excretory-secretory product 62 (ES-62) from Acanthocheilonema viteae on HIV-1 infection in vitro. Neither BmA nor ES-62 influenced HIV-1 replication in CD4+ enriched T-cells, with either a CCR5- or CXCR4-using virus. BmA, but not ES-62, had the capacity to bind the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) thereby inhibiting HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4+ enriched T-cells. As for their effect on DCs, neither BmA nor ES-62 could enhance or inhibit DC maturation as determined by CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR expression, or the production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α. As expected, due to the unaltered DC phenotype, no differences were found in CD4+ T helper (Th) cell phenotypes induced by DCs treated with either BmA or ES-62. Moreover, the HIV-1 susceptibility of the Th-cell populations induced by BmA or ES-62 exposed DCs was unaffected for both CCR5- and CXCR4-using HIV-1 viruses. In conclusion, although BmA has the potential capacity to interfere with HIV-1 transmission or initial viral dissemination through preventing the virus from interacting with DCs, no differences in the Th-cell polarizing capacity of DCs exposed to BmA or ES-62 were observed. Neither antigenic source demonstrated beneficial or detrimental effects on the HIV-1 susceptibility of CD4+ Th-cells induced by exposed DCs.
Collapse
|
108
|
Rodríguez E, Noya V, Cervi L, Chiribao ML, Brossard N, Chiale C, Carmona C, Giacomini C, Freire T. Glycans from Fasciola hepatica Modulate the Host Immune Response and TLR-Induced Maturation of Dendritic Cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004234. [PMID: 26720149 PMCID: PMC4697847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths express various carbohydrate-containing glycoconjugates on their surface, and they release glycan-rich excretion/secretion products that can be very important in their life cycles, infection and pathology. Recent evidence suggests that parasite glycoconjugates could play a role in the evasion of the immune response, leading to a modified Th2-polarized immune response that favors parasite survival in the host. Nevertheless, there is limited information about the nature or function of glycans produced by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of fasciolosis. In this paper, we investigate whether glycosylated molecules from F. hepatica participate in the modulation of host immunity. We also focus on dendritic cells, since they are an important target of immune-modulation by helminths, affecting their activity or function. Our results indicate that glycans from F. hepatica promote the production of IL-4 and IL-10, suppressing IFNγ production. During infection, this parasite is able to induce a semi-mature phenotype of DCs expressing low levels of MHCII and secrete IL-10. Furthermore, we show that parasite glycoconjugates mediate the modulation of LPS-induced maturation of DCs since their oxidation restores the capacity of LPS-treated DCs to secrete high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12/23p40 and low levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Inhibition assays using carbohydrates suggest that the immune-modulation is mediated, at least in part, by the recognition of a mannose specific-CLR that signals by recruiting the phosphatase Php2. The results presented here contribute to the understanding of the role of parasite glycosylated molecules in the modulation of the host immunity and might be useful in the design of vaccines against fasciolosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Vaccine Development, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Noya
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Vaccine Development, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Natalie Brossard
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Vaccine Development, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Chiale
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Vaccine Development, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Giacomini
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Teresa Freire
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Vaccine Development, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Macrophage receptor SR-AI is crucial to maintain normal plasma levels of coagulation factor X. Blood 2015; 127:778-86. [PMID: 26608330 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-647032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside its classical role in the coagulation cascade, coagulation factor X (FX) is involved in several major biological processes including inflammation and enhancement of virus-induced immune responses. We recently reported that the long circulatory half-life of FX is linked to its interaction with liver-resident macrophages. Importantly, we now observed that macrophages, but not undifferentiated monocytes, support this interaction. Using cell biology approaches with primary and THP1-derived macrophages as well as transfected cells, we further identified the scavenger receptor type A member I (SR-AI) to be a macrophage-specific receptor for FX. This result was confirmed using SR-AI-deficient mice, which exhibit reduced circulating levels of FX in vivo and loss of FX-macrophage interactions in vitro. Binding studies using purified proteins revealed that FX binds specifically (half-maximal binding, 3 μg/mL) to the extracellular domain of SR-AI. Altogether, we demonstrate that macrophages regulate FX plasma levels in an SR-AI-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
110
|
Stamm CE, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:204-19. [PMID: 25703561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Yan X, Li W, Pan L, Fu E, Xie Y, Chen M, Mu D. Lewis Lung Cancer Cells Promote SIGNR1(CD209b)-Mediated Macrophages Polarization Induced by IL-4 to Facilitate Immune Evasion. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1158-66. [PMID: 26447454 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are a prominent component of lung cancer and contribute to tumor progression by facilitating the immune evasion of cancer cells. DC-SIGN (CD209) assists in the immune evasion of a broad spectrum of pathogens and neoplasms by inhibiting the maturation of DCs and subsequent cytokines production. However, the expression of DC-SIGN in macrophages and its role in mediating immune evasion in lung cancer and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Our study aimed to identify the immunosuppressive role of SIGNR1 in murine macrophage differentiation and lung cancer progression. We found that SIGNR1-positive RAW264.7 macrophages were enriched in mixed cultures with Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC) (ratio of RAW 264.7 to LLC being 1:1) after stimulation with IL-4. Moreover, LLC-educated macrophages exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-10 but lower IL-12 in response to IL-4 treatment as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA. However, inhibition of SIGNR1 markedly hampered the production of IL-10, indicating that SIGNR1 was indispensable for IL-4+LLC induced macrophage polarization towards the M2 subtype. Furthermore, polarized M2 cells immersed in a tumor microenvironment promoted the migration of LLCs, as measured by transwell assays, but migration was suppressed after blockade of SIGNR1 using CD209b antibody. In addition, IL-4+LLC-educated macrophages reduced the proliferation of the activated T cells and reduced IFN-γ-mediated Th1 response in T cells, while SIGNR1 inhibition rescued Th1 cell functions. In conclusion, murine SIGNR1 expressed in LLC-educated macrophages appears to mediate IL-4-induced RAW264.7 macrophage polarization and thus facilitate lung cancer evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenhai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enqing Fu
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Deguang Mu
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Thomas M, Langella P, Neyrolles O. [Lactobacillus acidophilus: a promising tool for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:715-7. [PMID: 26340825 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Thomas
- Laboratoire interactions hôtes-commensaux et probiotiques, UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France - AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Laboratoire interactions hôtes-commensaux et probiotiques, UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France - AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale, 205, route de Narbonne, 31000 Toulouse, France - Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale, université de Toulouse, université Paul Sabatier, 205, route de Narbonne, 31000 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Conde et al. (2015) showed that a costimulatory blockade favors the accumulation of CD209a(+) macrophages which, upon interaction with fucosylated tissue ligands, promotes the expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cell number.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam MF-B242, 1081BT, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam MF-B242, 1081BT, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
DC-SIGN-expressing macrophages trigger activation of mannosylated IgM B-cell receptor in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2015; 126:1911-20. [PMID: 26272216 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-640912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) results from the accumulation of malignant germinal center (GC) B cells leading to the development of an indolent and largely incurable disease. FL cells remain highly dependent on B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and on a specific cell microenvironment, including T cells, macrophages, and stromal cells. Importantly, FL BCR is characterized by a selective pressure to retain surface immunoglobulin M (IgM) BCR despite an active class-switch recombination process, and by the introduction, in BCR variable regions, of N-glycosylation acceptor sites harboring unusual high-mannose oligosaccharides. However, the relevance of these 2 FL BCR features for lymphomagenesis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IgM(+) FL B cells activated a stronger BCR signaling network than IgG(+) FL B cells and normal GC B cells. BCR expression level and phosphatase activity could both contribute to such heterogeneity. Moreover, we underlined that a subset of IgM(+) FL samples, displaying highly mannosylated BCR, efficiently bound dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), which could in turn trigger delayed but long-lasting BCR aggregation and activation. Interestingly, DC-SIGN was found within the FL cell niche in situ. Finally, M2 macrophages induced a DC-SIGN-dependent adhesion of highly mannosylated IgM(+) FL B cells and triggered BCR-associated kinase activation. Interestingly, pharmacologic BCR inhibitors abolished such crosstalk between macrophages and FL B cells. Altogether, our data support an important role for DC-SIGN-expressing infiltrating cells in the biology of FL and suggest that they could represent interesting therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
116
|
Drickamer K, Taylor ME. Recent insights into structures and functions of C-type lectins in the immune system. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:26-34. [PMID: 26163333 PMCID: PMC4681411 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-binding C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains fall in five structural groups. Structures for many of these domains, covering all of the groups, have been obtained. Not all human C-type lectins have clear orthologues in other mammals such as mice. Different mechanisms by which C-type lectins initiate signalling remain to be defined. Hetero-oligomeric receptors add to the complexity of overlapping specificities.
The majority of the C-type lectin-like domains in the human genome likely to bind sugars have been investigated structurally, although novel mechanisms of sugar binding are still being discovered. In the immune system, adhesion and endocytic receptors that bind endogenous mammalian glycans are often conserved, while pathogen-binding C-type lectins on cells of the innate immune system are more divergent. Lack of orthology between some human and mouse receptors, as well as overlapping specificities of many receptors and formation of receptor hetero-oligomers, can make it difficult to define the roles of individual receptors. There is good evidence that C-type lectins initiate signalling pathways in several different ways, but this function remains the least well understood from a mechanistic perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Drickamer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
DC-SIGN activation mediates the differential effects of SAP and CRP on the innate immune system and inhibits fibrosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8385-90. [PMID: 26106150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500956112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is caused by scar tissue formation in internal organs and is associated with 45% of deaths in the United States. Two closely related human serum proteins, serum amyloid P (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), strongly affect fibrosis. In multiple animal models, and in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials, SAP affects several aspects of the innate immune system to reduce fibrosis, whereas CRP appears to potentiate fibrosis. However, SAP and CRP bind the same Fcγ receptors (FcγR) with similar affinities, and why SAP and CRP have opposing effects is unknown. Here, we report that SAP but not CRP binds the receptor DC-SIGN (SIGN-R1) to affect the innate immune system, and that FcγR are not necessary for SAP function. A polycyclic aminothiazole DC-SIGN ligand and anti-DC-SIGN antibodies mimic SAP effects in vitro. In mice, the aminothiazole reduces neutrophil accumulation in a model of acute lung inflammation and, at 0.001 mg/kg, alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by increasing levels of the immunosuppressant IL-10. DC-SIGN (SIGN-R1) is present on mouse lung epithelial cells, and SAP and the aminothiazole potentiate IL-10 production from these cells. Our data suggest that SAP activates DC-SIGN to regulate the innate immune system differently from CRP, and that DC-SIGN is a target for antifibrotics.
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
While the interactions between Gram-positive bacteria and platelets have been well characterized, there is a paucity of data on the interaction between other pathogens and platelets. However, thrombocytopenia is a common feature with many infections especially viral hemorrhagic fever. The little available data on these interactions indicate a similarity with bacteria-platelet interactions with receptors such as FcγRIIa and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) playing key roles with many pathogens. This review summarizes the known interactions between platelets and pathogens such as viruses, fungi and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez Alonso
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y, Geurts JJG, Gran B. The primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:581-93. [PMID: 26000330 PMCID: PMC4435712 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an enigmatic autoimmune-driven inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), affecting brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The cause of the disease is not known and the number of effective treatments is limited. Despite some clear successes, translation of immunological discoveries in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model into effective therapies for MS patients has been difficult. This translation gap between MS and its elected EAE animal model reflects the phylogenetic distance between humans and their experimental counterpart, the inbred/specific pathogen free (SPF) laboratory mouse. Objective Here, we discuss that important new insights can be obtained into the mechanistic basis of the therapy paradox from the study of nonhuman primate EAE (NHP-EAE) models, the well-validated EAE model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in particular. Interpretation Data presented in this review demonstrate that due to a considerable immunological and pathological overlap with mouse EAE on one side and MS on the other, the NHP EAE model can help us bridge the translation gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre Rijswijk, The Netherlands ; Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Free University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Abstract
Beneficial microbes hold great promise for the treatment of a wide range of immune and inflammatory disorders. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Lightfoot and colleagues report how the food-grade bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus helps the immune system to limit experimental colitis in mice through interaction between SIGNR3 and surface layer protein A (SlpA) in L. acidophilus. These results pave the way for future development of novel therapies for inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Département Tuberculosis and Infection Biology, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, France UPS, IPBS Université Paul Sabatier Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Département Tuberculosis and Infection Biology, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, France UPS, IPBS Université Paul Sabatier Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Fehres CM, Kalay H, Bruijns SCM, Musaafir SAM, Ambrosini M, van Bloois L, van Vliet SJ, Storm G, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Cross-presentation through langerin and DC-SIGN targeting requires different formulations of glycan-modified antigens. J Control Release 2015; 203:67-76. [PMID: 25656175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LC) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that initiate humoral and cellular immune responses. Targeted delivery of antigen towards DC- or LC-specific receptors enhances vaccine efficacy. In this study, we compared the efficiency of glycan-based antigen targeting to both the human DC-specific C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-SIGN and the LC-specific CLR langerin. Since DC-SIGN and langerin are able to recognize the difucosylated oligosaccharide Lewis Y (Le(Y)), we prepared neoglycoconjugates bearing this glycan epitope to allow targeting of both lectins. Le(Y)-modified liposomes, with an approximate diameter of 200nm, were significantly endocytosed by DC-SIGN(+) DCs and mediated efficient antigen presentation to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Surprisingly, although langerin bound to Le(Y)-modified liposomes, LCs exposed to Le(Y)-modified liposomes could not endocytose liposomes nor mediate antigen presentation to T cells. However, LCs mediated an enhanced cross-presentation when antigen was delivered through langerin using Le(Y)-modified synthetic long peptides. In contrast, Le(Y)-modified synthetic long peptides were recognized by DC-SIGN, but did not trigger antigen internalization nor antigen cross-presentation. These data demonstrate that langerin and DC-SIGN have different size requirements for antigen uptake. Although using glycans remains an interesting option in the design of anti-cancer vaccines targeting multiple CLRs, aspects such as molecule size and conformation need to be taken in consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara A M Musaafir
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Smeekens SP, Gresnigt MS, Becker KL, Cheng SC, Netea SA, Jacobs L, Jansen T, van de Veerdonk FL, Williams DL, Joosten LAB, Dinarello CA, Netea MG. An anti-inflammatory property of Candida albicans β-glucan: Induction of high levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist via a Dectin-1/CR3 independent mechanism. Cytokine 2014; 71:215-22. [PMID: 25461401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that induces strong proinflammatory responses, such as IL-1β production. Much less is known about the induction of immune modulatory cytokines, such as the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) that is the main natural antagonist of IL-1, by C. albicans. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy individuals were stimulated with C. albicans and different components of the fungal cell wall. The role of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) for the induction of IL-1β and IL-1Ra was investigated by using specific blockers or in PBMC from Dectin-1 deficient patients. RESULTS C. albicans induced a strong IL-1Ra response, and this induction was primarily induced by the cell-wall component β-glucan. Blocking IL-1Ra significantly increased C. albicans β-glucan hyphae induced IL-1β and IL-6 production. Surprisingly, blocking the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 or the downstream Syk or Raf-1 pathways only marginally reduced C. albicans-induced IL-1Ra production, while blocking of the complement receptor 3 (CR3), TLR2 or TLR4 had no effect. In line with this, blocking MAP kinases had little effect on Candida-induced IL-1Ra production. PBMC isolated from Dectin-1 deficient patients produced normal IL-1Ra amounts in response to C. albicans stimulation. Interestingly, the IL-1Ra synthesis induced by β-glucan was blocked by inhibitors of the Akt/PI3K pathway. CONCLUSIONS β-glucan of C. albicans induces a strong IL-1Ra response, which is independent of the β-glucan receptors dectin-1 and CR3. These data strongly argue for the existence of an unknown β-glucan receptor that specifically induces an Akt/PI3K-dependent anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra response upon recognition of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina L Becker
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shih-Chin Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stejara A Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trees Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, TN, USA
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Unger WW, Mayer CT, Engels S, Hesse C, Perdicchio M, Puttur F, Streng-Ouwehand I, Litjens M, Kalay H, Berod L, Sparwasser T, van Kooyk Y. Antigen targeting to dendritic cells combined with transient regulatory T cell inhibition results in long-term tumor regression. Oncoimmunology 2014; 4:e970462. [PMID: 26405564 PMCID: PMC4570108 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.970462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccinations against cancer are still largely ineffective. Major caveats are inefficient delivery of tumor antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) and excessive immune suppression by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in defective T cell priming and failure to induce tumor regression. To circumvent these problems we evaluated a novel combinatorial therapeutic strategy. We show that tumor antigen targeting to DC-SIGN in humanized hSIGN mice via glycans or specific antibodies induces superior T cell priming. Next, this targeted therapy was combined with transient Foxp3+ Treg depletion employing hSIGNxDEREG mice. While Treg depletion alone slightly delayed B16-OVA melanoma growth, only the combination therapy instigated long-term tumor regression in a substantial fraction of mice. This novel strategy resulted in optimal generation of antigen-specific activated CD8+ T cells which accumulated in regressing tumors. Notably, Treg depletion also allowed the local appearance of effector T cells specific for endogenous B16 antigens. This indicates that antitumor immune responses can be broadened by therapies aimed at controlling Tregs in tumor environments. Thus, transient inhibition of Treg-mediated immune suppression potentiates DC targeted antigen vaccination and tumor-specific immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wj Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
| | - Steef Engels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Hesse
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
| | - Maurizio Perdicchio
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Puttur
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Streng-Ouwehand
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manja Litjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Vento-Tormo R, Álvarez-Errico D, Rodríguez-Ubreva J, Ballestar E. Gains of DNA methylation in myeloid terminal differentiation are dispensable for gene silencing but influence the differentiated phenotype. FEBS J 2014; 282:1815-25. [PMID: 25219924 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation-mediated regulation drives and stabilizes transcription states throughout development. In myeloid differentiation, DNA methylation changes occur predominantly in the direction towards hypomethylation. Also, in vitro differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and macrophages is characterized by DNA demethylation. In this study, we identified the existence of methylation changes in the direction of hypermethylation among genes that become repressed during monocyte-to-dendritic cell differentiation. We identified the acquisition of DNA methylation in genes such as CSF3R, FYN, and CX3CR1, but not in others, such as CD14. Analysis of the dynamics of methylation and expression changes of these genes revealed that loss of expression was rapid and was associated with the loss of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, whereas gains of DNA methylation were progressive and partially concomitant with increases in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases, with the DNA replication-independent drug nanaomycin A, revealed that there were no effects on expression and H3K4me3 changes, despite the partial impairment of DNA methylation and H3K27me3 acquisition. However, cells treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor showed lower levels of dendritic cell surface markers, suggesting a potential effect on the stability of the differentiated phenotype. Our data give rise to a novel perspective on the functional relevance and mechanisms of the acquisition of DNA methylation in myeloid cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Vento-Tormo
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Mulcahy LA, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:24641. [PMID: 25143819 PMCID: PMC4122821 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1741] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. Despite their discovery decades ago, it has only recently become apparent that EVs play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs can carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins which can have a significant impact on the phenotype of the recipient. For this phenotypic effect to occur, EVs need to fuse with target cell membranes, either directly with the plasma membrane or with the endosomal membrane after endocytic uptake. EVs are of therapeutic interest because they are deregulated in diseases such as cancer and they could be harnessed to deliver drugs to target cells. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which EVs are taken up into cells. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge of EV uptake mechanisms. Cells appear to take up EVs by a variety of endocytic pathways, including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and clathrin-independent pathways such as caveolin-mediated uptake, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and lipid raft–mediated internalization. Indeed, it seems likely that a heterogeneous population of EVs may gain entry into a cell via more than one route. The uptake mechanism used by a given EV may depend on proteins and glycoproteins found on the surface of both the vesicle and the target cell. Further research is needed to understand the precise rules that underpin EV entry into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ann Mulcahy
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Muñoz MJ, Jaramillo-Koupermann G, Rodriguez O, Leone PE, Paz-y-Miño C. Association of genetic variants of membrane receptors related to recognition and induction of immune response with Helicobacter pylori infection in Ecuadorian individuals. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:281-8. [PMID: 24754375 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) has a worldwide distribution showing its higher prevalence of infection in developing countries. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an innate immune response by promoting growth and differentiation of specialized hematopoietic cells for host defense. Gastric infections led by Hp induce a Th-1 cellular immune response, regulated mainly by the expression of IFN-γ. In this retrospective case-control study, we evaluated the TLR1 1805T/G, TLR2 2029C/T, TLR4 896A/G, CD209 -336A/G and IFNGR1 -56C/T polymorphisms and their relationship with susceptibility to Hp infection. TLR1 1805T/G showed statistical differences when the control (Hp-) and infected (Hp+) groups (P = 0.041*) were compared; the TLR1 1805G allele had a protective effect towards infection (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = 0.01-0.88, P = 0.033*). Similarly, the IFNGR1 -56C/T polymorphism showed statistical differences between Hp+ and Hp- (P = 0.018*), and the IFNGR1 -56TT genotype exhibited significant risk to Hp infection (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.27-6.54, P = 0.018*). In conclusion, the pro-inflammatory TLR1 1805T and IFNGR1 -56T alleles are related with susceptibility to Hp infection in Ecuadorian individuals. The presence of these polymorphisms in individuals with chronic infection increases the risk of cellular damage and diminishes the cellular immune response efficiency towards colonizing agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Ecuador
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Retrospective Studies
- Toll-Like Receptor 1/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 1/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Young Adult
- Interferon gamma Receptor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cabrera-Andrade
- Biomedical Research Institute, School of Health Science, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Ciré S, Da Rocha S, Yao R, Fisson S, Buchholz CJ, Collins MK, Galy A. Immunization of mice with lentiviral vectors targeted to MHC class II+ cells is due to preferential transduction of dendritic cells in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101644. [PMID: 25058148 PMCID: PMC4109917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors such as lentiviral vectors offer versatile possibilities to express transgenic antigens for vaccination purposes. However, viral vaccines leading to broad transduction and transgene expression in vivo, are undesirable. Therefore, strategies capable of directing gene transfer only to professional antigen-presenting cells would increase the specific activity and safety of genetic vaccines. A lentiviral vector pseudotype specific for murine major histocompatibilty complex class II (LV-MHCII) was recently developed and the present study aims to characterize the in vivo biodistribution profile and immunization potential of this vector in mice. Whereas the systemic administration of a vector pseudotyped with a ubiquitously-interacting envelope led to prominent detection of vector copies in the liver of animals, the injection of an equivalent amount of LV-MHCII resulted in a more specific biodistribution of vector and transgene. Copies of LV-MHCII were found only in secondary lymphoid organs, essentially in CD11c+ dendritic cells expressing the transgene whereas B cells were not efficiently targeted in vivo, contrary to expectations based on in vitro testing. Upon a single injection of LV-MHCII, naive mice mounted specific effector CD4 and CD8 T cell responses against the intracelllular transgene product with the generation of Th1 cytokines, development of in vivo cytotoxic activity and establishment of T cell immune memory. The targeting of dendritic cells by recombinant viral vaccines must therefore be assessed in vivo but this strategy is feasible, effective for immunization and cross-presentation and constitutes a potentially safe alternative to limit off-target gene expression in gene-based vaccination strategies with integrative vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ciré
- Inserm, U 951, Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies, Genethon, Evry, France
- UMR_S951, University of Evry, Genethon, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Sylvie Da Rocha
- Inserm, U 951, Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies, Genethon, Evry, France
- UMR_S951, University of Evry, Genethon, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Roseline Yao
- Inserm, U 951, Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies, Genethon, Evry, France
- UMR_S951, University of Evry, Genethon, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Fisson
- Inserm, U 951, Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies, Genethon, Evry, France
- UMR_S951, University of Evry, Genethon, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | | | - Mary K. Collins
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Galy
- Inserm, U 951, Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies, Genethon, Evry, France
- UMR_S951, University of Evry, Genethon, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Update on crescentic glomerulonephritis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:479-90. [PMID: 24948005 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent years have seen a number of major progresses in the field of extracapillary glomerulonephritis. This entity is the final damage caused by unrelated immunological disorders such as immune complexes glomerular deposits or microvascular injury caused by proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), and cell adhesion molecules in the context of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This review provides a summary of recent advances in the understanding of crescentic glomerulonephritis, focusing on interplays of local immune cells and on local mediators participating to crescent formation especially in anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease. The recent advances about AAV and lupus nephritis are covered by other chapters of this issue. Nevertheless, these considerations may apply to the general case of crescentic glomerulonephritis of all causes.
Collapse
|
129
|
Baum LG, Garner OB, Schaefer K, Lee B. Microbe-Host Interactions are Positively and Negatively Regulated by Galectin-Glycan Interactions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:284. [PMID: 24995007 PMCID: PMC4061488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe–host interactions are complex processes that are directly and indirectly regulated by a variety of factors, including microbe presentation of specific molecular signatures on the microbial surface, as well as host cell presentation of receptors that recognize these pathogen signatures. Cell surface glycans are one important class of microbial signatures that are recognized by a variety of host cell lectins. Host cell lectins that recognize microbial glycans include members of the galectin family of lectins that recognize specific glycan ligands on viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In this review, we will discuss the ways that the interactions of microbial glycans with host cell galectins positively and negatively regulate pathogen attachment, invasion, and survival, as well as regulate host responses that mitigate microbial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Omai B Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
García-Vallejo JJ, Ilarregui JM, Kalay H, Chamorro S, Koning N, Unger WW, Ambrosini M, Montserrat V, Fernandes RJ, Bruijns SCM, van Weering JRT, Paauw NJ, O'Toole T, van Horssen J, van der Valk P, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Bajramovic J, Dijkstra CD, 't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y. CNS myelin induces regulatory functions of DC-SIGN-expressing, antigen-presenting cells via cognate interaction with MOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1465-83. [PMID: 24935259 PMCID: PMC4076586 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that are recognized by DC-SIGN+ DCs and microglia that control immune homeostasis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a constituent of central nervous system myelin, is an important autoantigen in the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its function remains unknown. Here, we show that, in healthy human myelin, MOG is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that support recognition by the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on microglia and DCs. The interaction of MOG with DC-SIGN in the context of simultaneous TLR4 activation resulted in enhanced IL-10 secretion and decreased T cell proliferation in a DC-SIGN-, glycosylation-, and Raf1-dependent manner. Exposure of oligodendrocytes to proinflammatory factors resulted in the down-regulation of fucosyltransferase expression, reflected by altered glycosylation at the MS lesion site. Indeed, removal of fucose on myelin reduced DC-SIGN–dependent homeostatic control, and resulted in inflammasome activation, increased T cell proliferation, and differentiation toward a Th17-prone phenotype. These data demonstrate a new role for myelin glycosylation in the control of immune homeostasis in the healthy human brain through the MOG–DC-SIGN homeostatic regulatory axis, which is comprised by inflammatory insults that affect glycosylation. This phenomenon should be considered as a basis to restore immune tolerance in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Ilarregui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Chamorro
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - V Montserrat
- Division of Cell Biology, Dutch Cancer Institute, 1066X Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R J Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N J Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - C D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A 't Hart
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Y van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Chappell CP, Giltiay NV, Draves KE, Chen C, Hayden-Ledbetter MS, Shlomchik MJ, Kaplan DH, Clark EA. Targeting antigens through blood dendritic cell antigen 2 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells promotes immunologic tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5789-5801. [PMID: 24829416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor blood dendritic cell Ag 2 (BDCA2) is expressed exclusively on human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and plays a role in Ag capture, internalization, and presentation to T cells. We used transgenic mice that express human BDCA2 and anti-BDCA2 mAbs to deliver Ags directly to BDCA2 on pDCs in vivo. Targeting Ag to pDCs in this manner resulted in significant suppression of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell and Ab responses upon secondary exposure to Ag in the presence of adjuvant. Suppression of Ab responses required both a decrease in effector CD4(+) T cells and preservation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Reduction in Treg numbers following Ag delivery to BDCA2 restored both CD4(+) T cell activation and Ab responses, demonstrating that Tregs were required for the observed tolerance. Our results demonstrate that Ag delivery to pDCs through BDCA2 is an effective method to induce immunological tolerance, which may be useful for treating autoimmune diseases or to inhibit unwanted Ab responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Chappell
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Jones HE, Copland A, Hamstra HJ, Cohen J, Brown J, Klein N, van der Ley P, Dixon G. LOS oligosaccharide modification enhances dendritic cell responses to meningococcal native outer membrane vesicles expressing a non-toxic lipid A. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:519-34. [PMID: 24152255 PMCID: PMC4204155 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are released by many bacteria, and contain immunogenic antigens in addition to harmful inflammatory factors, like lipopolysaccharides. Chemically detoxified OMV have been used in vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (Nm); however, little is known about their interaction with antigen presenting cells. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Nm OMV with human dendritic cells (DC) to gain further understanding of their biological activity. We engineered a novel serogroup B Nm that is unencapsulated (siaD), expresses pentacylated lipid A (lpxL1), hence conferring reduced toxicity, and expresses an lgtB oligosaccharide structure designed to target OMV to DC via DC-SIGN. We show that the lgtB moiety is critical for internalization of NOMV by DC. Furthermore, the lgtB moiety significantly enhances DC maturation, IL-10 and IL-23 production in the presence of a pentacylated lipid A. While different DC phenotypes were observed for each NOMV, this had little effect on Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation; however, lgtBsignificantly increased Th17 cell expansion in the presence of pentacylated lipid A. We believe that lpxL1/lgtB NOMV should be considered further as a vaccine vector, particularly considering the importance of lgtB in antigen uptake and further human studies on antigen-specific responses should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- Infectious Diseases Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|