101
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Moore A, Wu L, Chuang JC, Sun X, Luo X, Gopal P, Li L, Celen C, Zimmer M, Zhu H. Arid1a Loss Drives Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice Through Epigenetic Dysregulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis and Fatty Acid Oxidation. Hepatology 2019; 69:1931-1945. [PMID: 30584660 PMCID: PMC6461494 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly growing cause of chronic liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. How fatty liver pathogenesis is subject to epigenetic regulation is unknown. We hypothesized that chromatin remodeling is important for the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), a DNA-binding component of the SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable adenosine triphosphate-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, contributes to nucleosome repositioning and access by transcriptional regulators. Liver-specific deletion of Arid1a (Arid1a liver knockout [LKO]) caused the development of age-dependent fatty liver disease in mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed up-regulation of lipogenesis and down-regulation of fatty acid oxidation genes. As evidence of direct regulation, ARID1A demonstrated direct binding to the promoters of many of these differentially regulated genes. Additionally, Arid1a LKO mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. We deleted Pten in combination with Arid1a to synergistically drive fatty liver progression. Inhibition of lipogenesis using CAT-2003, a potent sterol regulatory element-binding protein inhibitor, mediated improvements in markers of fatty liver disease progression in this Arid1a/Pten double knockout model. Conclusion: ARID1A plays a role in the epigenetic regulation of hepatic lipid homeostasis, and its suppression contributes to fatty liver pathogenesis. Combined Arid1a and Pten deletion shows accelerated fatty liver disease progression and is a useful mouse model for studying therapeutic strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Moore
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Linwei Wu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuxu Sun
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cemre Celen
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Biology, Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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102
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Ioannou GN, Landis CS, Jin GY, Haigh WG, Farrell GC, Kuver R, Lee SP, Savard C. Cholesterol Crystals in Hepatocyte Lipid Droplets Are Strongly Associated With Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:776-791. [PMID: 31168512 PMCID: PMC6545865 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear what drives the development of fibrosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to determine whether cholesterol crystallization within hepatocyte lipid droplets (LDs) distinguishes patients with fibrosing NASH from patients with isolated hepatic steatosis and to study pathways leading to cholesterol accumulation in hepatocyte LDs. Patients with fibrosing NASH (n = 16) were compared to patients with isolated steatosis (n = 14). Almost all patients with fibrosing NASH had free cholesterol staining by filipin (16/16) and cholesterol crystals (15/16) in hepatocyte LDs, mostly in association with the LD membrane, compared to only 3/14 with cholesterol crystals and 3/14 with faint filipin staining in patients with isolated steatosis (P < 0.05). We were unable to identify significant differences in the expression of genes in liver tissue related to cholesterol homeostasis or LD proteins between patients with fibrosing NASH and isolated steatosis. Human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) cells were supplemented with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and oleic acid to develop large LDs, similar to those observed in patients with NASH. Fluorescent markers were used to track the uptake and intracellular trafficking of LDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol was taken up by HepG2 cells and transported through the endosomal-lysosomal compartment directly to LDs, suggesting direct contact sites between late endosomes and LDs. Exposure of HepG2 cells to LDL-cholesterol resulted in a high concentration of cholesterol and cholesterol crystallization in LDs. Conclusion: Excess cholesterol is stored in the liver primarily within hepatocyte LDs where it can crystallize. Our findings are best explained by direct transport of cholesterol from late endosomes/lysosomes to LDs in hepatocytes. We found a strong association between the presence of LD cholesterol crystals and the development of fibrosing NASH in humans, suggesting a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA.,Research and Development Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA
| | - Charles S Landis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Ga-Young Jin
- Research and Development Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA
| | - W Geoffrey Haigh
- Research and Development Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Garran Australia
| | - Rahul Kuver
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Sum P Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Christopher Savard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA.,Research and Development Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA
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103
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Yoo JJ, Kim W, Kim MY, Jun DW, Kim SG, Yeon JE, Lee JW, Cho YK, Park SH, Sohn JH. Recent research trends and updates on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 30086613 PMCID: PMC6435971 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), together with metabolic syndrome and obesity, has shown a rapid increase in prevalence worldwide and is emerging as a major cause of chronic liver disease and liver transplantation. Among the various phenotypes of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is highly likely to progress to development of end-stage liver disease and cardiometabolic disease, resulting in liver-related and non-liver-related mortality. Nonetheless, there is no standardized pharmacotherapy against NASH and many drugs are under development in ongoing clinical trials. To develop a successful anti-NASH drug, it is necessary to select an appropriate target population and treatment outcomes depending on whether the mode of action is anti-metabolic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic. Recently, innovative surrogate markers have been investigated to replace hard outcomes such as liver histology and mortality and reduce the clinical trial duration. Currently, several drugs with fast track designation are being tested in phase III clinical trials, and many other drugs have moved into phase II clinical trials. Both lean NAFLD and typical obese NAFLD have been extensively studied and genetic variants such as PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 have been identified as significant risk factors for lean NAFLD. In the near future, noninvasive biomarkers and effective targeted therapies for NASH and associated fibrosis are required to develop precision medicine and tailored therapy according to various phenotypes of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Yeon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
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104
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Lee HY, Jun DW, Kim HJ, Oh H, Saeed WK, Ahn H, Cheung RC, Nguyen MH. Ezetimibe decreased nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score but not hepatic steatosis. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:296-304. [PMID: 29551054 PMCID: PMC6406097 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A number of clinical trials reported varying effects of cholesterol lowering agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. We, therefore, assessed the changes in hepatic steatosis and NAFLD activity score (NAS) after treatment with cholesterol lowering agents in NAFLD patients by metaanalysis. METHODS The Cochrane Library, the MEDLINE, and the Embase databases were searched until May 2015, without any language restrictions, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies (NRSs). Additional references were obtained from review of bibliography of relevant articles. The quality of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation guidelines. RESULTS Three RCTs (n = 98) and two NRSs (n = 101) met our study inclusion criteria (adult, NAFLD, liver biopsy). Liver biopsy was performed in all five studies, but only the three studies reported NAS. Ezetimibe significantly decreased NAS (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.57 to -0.03) but not hepatic steatosis in RCT (SMD, -0.1; 95% CI, -0.53 to 0.32), while the effect was significant for both NAS and intrahepatic content in NRSs (SMD, -3.0; 95% CI, -6.9 to 0.91). CONCLUSION Ezetimibe decreased NAS without improving hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Waqar Khalid Saeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeongsik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ramsey C. Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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105
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Hu S, Liu K, Luo H, Xu D, Chen L, Zhang L, Wang H. Caffeine programs hepatic SIRT1-related cholesterol synthesis and hypercholesterolemia via A2AR/cAMP/PKA pathway in adult male offspring rats. Toxicology 2019; 418:11-21. [PMID: 30825513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have indicated that hypercholesterolemia has intrauterine developmental origin. Our previous studies showed that prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) increased the serum total cholesterol (TCH) levels in adult offspring rats. This study investigates the intrauterine programming mechanism of PCE male offspring rats susceptible to adult hypercholesterolemia. Pregnant Wistar rats were intragastrically administered caffeine (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg∙d) from gestational days (GD) 9 to 20. Male offspring were sacrificed under anesthesia at GD20 and postnatal week (PW) 12, and the serum and liver were collected. The effects of caffeine (0-100 μM, 24 h) on the expression of cholesterol synthesis related genes and their epigenetic mechanisms were confirmed in L02 cells. The results showed that PCE induced higher levels of serum TCH, LDL-C and higher ratios of TCH/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C. Furthermore, the high levels of histone acetylation (via H3K14ac and H3K27ac) and the expression of genes (Srebf2, Hmgcr, Hmgcs1) were responsible for cholesterol synthesis. The results of PCE offspring in utero and the data in vitro exhibited similar changes, and accompanied by the reduced expression of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), sirtuin1 and protein kinase A (PKA). These changes could be reversed by A2AR agonist (CGS-21680), cAMP agonist (forskolin) and sirtuin1 agonist (resveratrol). Therefore, our results confirmed that caffeine could enhance histone acetylation and expression levels of genes responsible for cholesterol synthesis via inhibiting the A2AR/cAMP/PKA pathway and down-regulating sirtuin1, which continued throughout adulthood and elevated hepatic cholesterol synthesis and hypercholesterolemia in the male offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanwen Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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106
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Chen C, Li J, Matye DJ, Wang Y, Li T. Hepatocyte sortilin 1 knockout and treatment with a sortilin 1 inhibitor reduced plasma cholesterol in Western diet-fed mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:539-549. [PMID: 30670473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin 1 (Sort1) is a member of the Vps10p domain intracellular trafficking receptor family. Genetic variations of the SORT1 gene are strongly associated with plasma cholesterol levels in humans. Recent studies have linked Sort1 to regulation of cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes and pro-inflammatory response in macrophages, but the tissue-specific roles of Sort1 in lipid metabolism have not been well defined. We developed Sort1 floxed mice and investigated the development of Western diet (WD)-induced steatosis, hepatic inflammatory response, and hyperlipidemia in hepatocyte Sort1 KO mice and myeloid cell Sort1 KO mice. Our findings suggest that hepatocyte Sort1 deficiency attenuated diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice. In contrast, myeloid Sort1 deficiency did not reduce hepatic cytokine expression or plasma cholesterol levels, but exacerbated hepatic triglyceride accumulation in WD-fed mice. Finally, we showed that treating WD-fed mice with an orally bioavailable Sort1 inhibitor, AF38469, decreased plasma cholesterol and hepatic cytokine expression. AF38469 treatment did not affect diet-induced obesity or insulin resistance, but was associated with reduced hepatic VLDL secretion and higher hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydrolase expression in WD-fed mice. In conclusion, findings from this study suggest that Sort1 loss-of-function in hepatocytes contributes to lower plasma cholesterol, and pharmacological inhibition of Sort1 attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Jibiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - David J Matye
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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107
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Miura K, Ohnishi H, Morimoto N, Minami S, Ishioka M, Watanabe S, Tsukui M, Takaoka Y, Nomoto H, Isoda N, Yamamoto H. Ezetimibe suppresses development of liver tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:771-783. [PMID: 30520543 PMCID: PMC6361611 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, effective therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating NASH‐mediated liver cirrhosis and HCC are lacking. Cholesterol is closely associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key factor that promotes HCC. Recent reports have demonstrated that statins could prevent HCC development. In contrast, we have little information on ezetimibe, an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, in regards to the prevention of NASH‐related liver cirrhosis and HCC. In the present study, a steatohepatitis‐related HCC model, hepatocyte‐specific phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten)‐deficient (PtenΔhep) mice were fed a high‐fat (HF) diet with/without ezetimibe. In the standard‐diet group, ezetimibe did not reduce the development of liver tumors in PtenΔhep mice, in which the increase of serum cholesterol levels was mild. Feeding of a HF diet increased serum cholesterol levels markedly and subsequently increased serum levels of VEGF, a crucial component of angiogenesis. The HF diet increased the number of VEGF‐positive cells and vascular endothelial cells in the tumors of PtenΔhep mice. Kupffer cells, macrophages in the liver, increased VEGF expression in response to fat overload. Ezetimibe treatment lowered cholesterol levels and these angiogenetic processes. As a result, ezetimibe also suppressed inflammation, liver fibrosis and tumor growth in PtenΔhep mice on the HF diet. Tumor cells were highly proliferative with HF‐diet feeding, which was inhibited by ezetimibe. In conclusion, ezetimibe suppressed development of liver tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis in PtenΔhep mice with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Minami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishioka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shunji Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mamiko Tsukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norio Isoda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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108
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Basic Pathogenetic Mechanisms in the Progression From NAFLD to NASH. Transplantation 2019; 103:e1-e13. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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109
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Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N. Lipid mediators of liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G75-G81. [PMID: 30383414 PMCID: PMC6383373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00170.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of histopathological phenotypes ranging from simple steatosis to more severe liver disease associated with cell injury, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Only a subset of patients with NAFLD develop NASH from yet incompletely understood mechanisms. Emerging data suggest lipid species other than triglycerides as contributors to the pathogenesis of NASH. In this mini review, we focus on the recent data on the mechanisms of NASH, focusing on these lipid mediators and their potential as therapeutic targets in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthat Liangpunsakul
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,3Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Naga Chalasani
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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110
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Kochan K, Kus E, Szafraniec E, Wislocka A, Chlopicki S, Baranska M. Changes induced by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes: spectroscopic imaging of single live cells at the subcellular level. Analyst 2018; 142:3948-3958. [PMID: 28944783 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disorder worldwide, involving pathogenic mechanisms of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatocytes and other liver cells. Here, we used a novel approach of label-free Raman confocal imaging to study primary LSECs and hepatocytes freshly isolated from the livers of mice with NAFLD induced by a high fat diet (HFD), in comparison to healthy controls. Our aim was to characterize changes in the biochemical composition in LSECs and hepatocytes that occur in a single cell at the subcellular level. LSECs from NAFLD livers displayed a significant increase in the intensity of marker bands of nuclear DNA that was not associated with changes in LSEC nucleus size. A number of changes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes were identified. However, the most prominent change in hepatocytes was a substantial increase in the degree of unsaturation of LBs' (lipid bodies) lipids in NAFLD, suggesting an increase in the de novo lipogenesis of unsaturated lipids. The confocal Raman imaging of single live cells isolated from the liver provided a unique tool to better understand disease-induced cell-specific changes in the biochemical phenotype of primary liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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111
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Karimi-Sales E, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Alipour MR. Preventive effect of trans-chalcone on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Improvement of hepatic lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1306-1312. [PMID: 30551380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory and progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, there are no FDA-approved drugs for this condition. Lipids accumulated in NASH have a direct role in the progression of this disease. Therefore, this study for the first time explored the preventive effect of trans-chalcone on NASH through the modulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, SREBP-2, hepatic fatty acid synthesis (FAS) enzyme, proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, and PPAR-γ2 levels, which are involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. In this study, male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7): Control, received 10% tween 80; NASH, received 10% tween 80 and 10 ml/kg high-fat emulsion (high-fat diet, HFD); and NASH + TC, received 20 mg/kg trans-chalcone and 10 ml/kg HFD. All treatments were performed by once-daily oral gavage for 6 weeks. Liver and blood samples were collected and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, as well as hepatic levels of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, FAS, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ2, were measured. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin stained tissues were used for histological analysis. In this study, treatment of HFD-fed rats with trans-chalcone significantly reduced abnormalities in liver histology, serum levels of liver injury markers, liver index, and hepatic levels of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, FAS, and PPAR-γ2. Furthermore, trans-chalcone significantly increased hepatic PPARα levels in these rats. Therefore, it seems that trans-chalcone protects the liver of HFD-fed rats against NASH development through reduction of SREBP-1c/ FAS- and PPAR-γ2-related lipogenesis, attenuation of SREBP-2-related cholesterol synthesis, and elevation of PPARα-related fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi-Sales
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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112
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García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants Balance in Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1425-1439. [PMID: 30556032 PMCID: PMC6287487 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is one of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease that encompasses both alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are intermediate stages of ALD and NAFLD, which can progress to more advanced forms, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress and particularly alterations in mitochondrial function are thought to play a significant role in both ASH and NASH and recognized to contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as documented in experimental models. Despite the evidence of ROS generation, the therapeutic efficacy of treatment with antioxidants in patients with fatty liver disease has yielded poor results. Although oxidative stress is considered to be the disequilibrium between ROS and antioxidants, there is evidence that a subtle balance among antioxidants, particularly in mitochondria, is necessary to avoid the generation of ROS and hence oxidative stress. Conclusion: As mitochondria are a major source of ROS, the present review summarizes the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in ASH and NASH and presents emerging data indicating the need to preserve mitochondrial antioxidant balance as a potential approach for the treatment of human fatty liver disease, which may pave the way for the design of future trials to test the therapeutic role of antioxidants in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas Barcelona Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Cínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD Barcelona Spain
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas Barcelona Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Cínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD Barcelona Spain.,University of Southern California Research Center for ALPD Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA
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113
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Mihm S. Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): Molecular Triggers for Sterile Inflammation in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103104. [PMID: 30309020 PMCID: PMC6213769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory liver diseases in the absence of pathogens such as intoxication by xenobiotics, cholestatic liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain threatening conditions demanding specific therapeutic options. Caused by various different noxae, all these conditions have been recognized to be triggered by danger- or death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), discompartmentalized self-structures released by dying cells. These endogenous, ectopic molecules comprise proteins, nucleic acids, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), or mitochondrial compounds, among others. This review resumes the respective modes of their release—passively by necrotic hepatocytes or actively by viable or apoptotic parenchymal cells—and their particular roles in sterile liver pathology. It addresses their sensors and the initial inflammatory responses they provoke. It further addresses a resulting second wave of parenchymal death that might be of different mode, boosting the release of additional, second-line DAMPs. Thus, triggering a more complex and pronounced response. Initial and secondary inflammatory responses comprise the activation of Kupffer cells (KCs), the attraction and activation of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes, and the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and their effectors. A thorough understanding of pathophysiology is a prerequisite for identifying rational therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mihm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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114
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Lebeaupin C, Vallée D, Hazari Y, Hetz C, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69:927-947. [PMID: 29940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity has been accompanied by a rising burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, potentially developing into hepatocellular carcinoma. Although much attention has focused on NAFLD, its pathogenesis remains largely obscure. The hallmark of NAFLD is the hepatic accumulation of lipids, which subsequently leads to cellular stress and hepatic injury, eventually resulting in chronic liver disease. Abnormal lipid accumulation often coincides with insulin resistance in steatotic livers and is associated with perturbed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in hepatocytes. In response to chronic ER stress, an adaptive signalling pathway known as the unfolded protein response is triggered to restore ER proteostasis. However, the unfolded protein response can cause inflammation, inflammasome activation and, in the case of non-resolvable ER stress, the death of hepatocytes. Experimental data suggest that the unfolded protein response influences hepatic tumour development, aggressiveness and response to treatment, offering novel therapeutic avenues. Herein, we provide an overview of the evidence linking ER stress to NAFLD and discuss possible points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Vallée
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Chevet
- "Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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Kim JY, Garcia-Carbonell R, Yamachika S, Zhao P, Dhar D, Loomba R, Kaufman RJ, Saltiel AR, Karin M. ER Stress Drives Lipogenesis and Steatohepatitis via Caspase-2 Activation of S1P. Cell 2018; 175:133-145.e15. [PMID: 30220454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in response to elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Whereas the onset of simple steatosis requires elevated de novo lipogenesis, progression to NASH is triggered by accumulation of hepatocyte-free cholesterol. We now show that caspase-2, whose expression is ER-stress inducible and elevated in human and mouse NASH, controls the buildup of hepatic-free cholesterol and triglycerides by activating sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in a manner refractory to feedback inhibition. Caspase-2 colocalizes with site 1 protease (S1P) and cleaves it to generate a soluble active fragment that initiates SCAP-independent SREBP1/2 activation in the ER. Caspase-2 ablation or pharmacological inhibition prevents diet-induced steatosis and NASH progression in ER-stress-prone mice. Caspase-2 inhibition offers a specific and effective strategy for preventing or treating stress-driven fatty liver diseases, whereas caspase-2-generated S1P proteolytic fragments, which enter the secretory pathway, are potential NASH biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricard Garcia-Carbonell
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shinichiro Yamachika
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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116
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Taylor E, Huang N, Bodde J, Ellison A, Killiany R, Bachschmid MM, Hamilton J. MRI of atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease in cholesterol fed rabbits. J Transl Med 2018; 16:215. [PMID: 30068362 PMCID: PMC6071403 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The globally rising obesity epidemic is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases including atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) disease. In the past, research focused on the vasculature or liver, but chronic systemic effects and inter-organ communication may promote the development of NAFL. Here, we investigated the impact of confined vascular endothelial injury, which produces highly inflamed aortic plaques that are susceptible to rupture, on the progression of NAFL in cholesterol fed rabbits. Methods Aortic atherosclerotic inflammation (plaque Gd-enhancement), plaque size (vessel wall area), and composition, were measured with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in rabbits fed normal chow or a 1% cholesterol-enriched atherogenic diet. Liver fat was quantified with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) over 3 months. Blood biomarkers were monitored in the animals, with follow-up by histology. Results Cholesterol-fed rabbits with and without injury developed hypercholesterolemia, NAFL, and atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Compared with rabbits fed cholesterol diet alone, rabbits with injury and cholesterol diets exhibited larger, and more highly inflamed plaques by MRI (P < 0.05) and aggravated liver steatosis by MRS (P < 0.05). Moreover, after sacrifice, damaged (ballooning) hepatocytes and extensive liver fibrosis were observed by histology. Elevated plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT; P = 0.014) and the ratio of liver enzymes aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST/ALT; P = 0.033) indicated the progression of steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Conclusions Localized regions of highly inflamed aortic atherosclerotic plaques in cholesterol-fed rabbits may contribute to progression of fatty liver disease to NASH with fibrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1587-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W302, Boston, MA, 02118-2526, USA
| | - Nasi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W302, Boston, MA, 02118-2526, USA
| | - Jacob Bodde
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W302, Boston, MA, 02118-2526, USA
| | - Andrew Ellison
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Michael Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Hamilton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W302, Boston, MA, 02118-2526, USA.
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Tsuchida T, Lee YA, Fujiwara N, Ybanez M, Allen B, Martins S, Fiel MI, Goossens N, Chou HI, Hoshida Y, Friedman SL. A simple diet- and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis, fibrosis and liver cancer. J Hepatol 2018; 69:385-395. [PMID: 29572095 PMCID: PMC6054570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the majority of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have only steatosis without progression, a sizeable fraction develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many established diet-induced mouse models for NASH require 24-52 weeks, which makes testing for drug response costly and time consuming. METHODS We have sought to establish a murine NASH model with rapid progression of extensive fibrosis and HCC by using a western diet (WD), which is high-fat, high-fructose and high-cholesterol, combined with low weekly dose of intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which serves as an accelerator. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet ± CCl4 or WD ± CCl4 for 12 and 24 weeks. Addition of CCl4 exacerbated histological features of NASH, fibrosis, and tumor development induced by WD, which resulted in stage 3 fibrosis at 12 weeks and HCC development at 24 weeks. Furthermore, whole liver transcriptomic analysis indicated that dysregulated molecular pathways in WD/CCl4 mice and immunologic features were similar to those of human NASH. CONCLUSIONS Our mouse NASH model exhibits rapid progression of advanced fibrosis and HCC, and mimics histological, immunological and transcriptomic features of human NASH, suggesting that it will be a useful experimental tool for preclinical drug testing. LAY SUMMARY A carefully characterized model has been developed in mice that recapitulates the progressive stages of human fatty liver disease, from simple steatosis, to inflammation, fibrosis and cancer. The functional pathways of gene expression and immune abnormalities in this model closely resemble human disease. The ease and reproducibility of this model make it ideal to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuchida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Youngmin A Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Maria Ybanez
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Allen
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sebastiao Martins
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Hsin-I Chou
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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118
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Mendez-Sanchez N, Cruz-Ramon VC, Ramirez-Perez OL, Hwang JP, Barranco-Fragoso B, Cordova-Gallardo J. New Aspects of Lipotoxicity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2034. [PMID: 30011790 PMCID: PMC6073816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NASH is becoming increasingly common worldwide because of the growing global prevalence of obesity and consequently NAFLD. Unfortunately, the mechanism of progression of NAFLD to NASH and then cirrhosis is not completely understood. Several factors, including insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and bile acid (BA) toxicity, have been reported to be associated with NASH progression. The release of fatty acids from dysfunctional and insulin-resistant adipocytes results in lipotoxicity, which is caused by the ectopic accumulation of triglyceride-derived toxic metabolites and the subsequent activation of inflammatory pathways, cellular dysfunction, and lipoapoptosis. Adipose tissue (AT), especially visceral AT, comprises multiple cell populations that produce adipokines and insulin-like growth factor, plus macrophages and other immune cells that stimulate the development of lipotoxic liver disease. These biomolecules have been recently linked with many digestive diseases and gastrointestinal malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma. This made us question what role lipotoxicity has in the natural history of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this review focuses on the close relationship between AT and NASH. A good comprehension of the pathways that are related to dysregulated AT, metabolic dysfunction, and hepatic lipotoxicity will result in the development of prevention strategies and promising therapeutics for patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica P Hwang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Beatriz Barranco-Fragoso
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Medical Center "20 Noviembre", 03229 Mexico City, Mexico.
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119
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Boeckmans J, Natale A, Buyl K, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rodrigues RM. Human-based systems: Mechanistic NASH modelling just around the corner? Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:257-267. [PMID: 29964161 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by excessive triglyceride accumulation in the liver accompanied by inflammation, cell stress and apoptosis. It is the tipping point to the life-threatening stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite the high prevalence of NASH, up to five percent of the global population, there are currently no approved drugs to treat this disease. Animal models, mostly based on specific diets and genetic modifications, are often employed in anti-NASH drug development. However, due to interspecies differences and artificial pathogenic conditions, they do not represent the human situation accurately and are inadequate for testing the efficacy and safety of potential new drugs. Human-based in vitro models provide a more legitimate representation of the human NASH pathophysiology and can be used to investigate the dysregulation of cellular functions associated with the disease. Also in silico methodologies and pathway-based approaches using human datasets, may contribute to a more accurate representation of NASH, thereby facilitating the quest for new anti-NASH drugs. In this review, we describe the molecular components of NASH and how human-based tools can contribute to unraveling the pathogenesis of this disease and be used in anti-NASH drug development. We also propose a roadmap for the development and application of human-based approaches for future investigation of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessandra Natale
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Karolien Buyl
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In VitroToxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Karin M. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma: a balancing act between immunosuppression and immunosurveillance. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2018; 1:21-28. [PMID: 30687560 PMCID: PMC6333043 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pby005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths
worldwide. HCC initiates as a consequence of chronic liver damage and inflammation caused
by hepatitis B and C virus infections, excessive alcohol consumption, or non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Until recently, no effective treatments for advanced HCC were
available and the 5-year survival rate had remained below 8% for many years. New insights
into the mechanisms that drive the development of NAFLD-related HCC indicate that loss of
T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance plays a cardinal role in tumor growth and malignant
progression, in addition to previously identified inflammation-driven compensatory
proliferation. Recently completed groundbreaking clinical studies have shown that
treatments that restore antitumor immunity represent a highly effective therapeutic option
for approximately 20% of advanced HCC patients. Understanding the causes of
inflammation-driven immunosuppression and immune system dysfunction in the 80% of patients
who fail to reignite antitumor immunity despite treatment with checkpoint inhibitors
should lead to further and even more dramatic improvements in HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
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121
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Hypoxic Signaling and Cholesterol Lipotoxicity in Fatty Liver Disease Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2548154. [PMID: 29955245 PMCID: PMC6000860 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2548154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is the only lipid whose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is limited by gate-keeping transporters and efflux mechanisms, preventing its rapid absorption and accumulation in the liver and blood vessels. In this review, I explored the current data regarding cholesterol accumulation in liver cells and key mechanisms in cholesterol-induced fatty liver disease associated with the activation of deleterious hypoxic and nitric oxide signal transduction pathways. Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects both obese and nonobese individuals, the mechanism of NAFLD progression in lean individuals with healthy metabolism is puzzling. Lean NAFLD individuals exhibit normal metabolic responses, implying that liver damage is not associated with impaired metabolism per se and that direct lipotoxic effects are crucial for disease progression. Several redox and oxidant signaling pathways involving cholesterol are at play in fatty liver disease development. These include impairment of the mitochondrial and lysosomal function by cholesterol loading of the inner-cell membranes; formation of cholesterol crystals and hepatocyte degradation; and crown-like structures surrounding degrading hepatocytes, activating Kupffer cells, and evoking inflammation. The current review focuses on the induction of liver inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis by free cholesterol via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a main oxygen-sensing transcription factor involved in all stages of NAFLD. Cholesterol loading in hepatocytes can result in chronic HIF-1α activity because of the decreased oxygen availability and excessive production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
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122
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Wang C, Liu S, Lu L, Liao S, Yue H, Dong Q, Xin Y, Xuan S. Association Between Four ABCA1 gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese Han Population. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2018; 18. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.66149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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123
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Qiu Y, Wang S, Wan T, Ye M, Jiang R, Pei L, Yang L. Blood-based novel biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomark Med 2018; 12:501-515. [PMID: 29712439 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has become a social health challenge of global concern. The term nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more severe condition than simple steatosis and distinguishing NASH from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is particularly important. Liver biopsy remains a gold standard in diagnosing NASH. Meanwhile, radiological techniques such as ultrasonography and MRI are also applied widely. However, the invasive and expensive examination is not suitable for screening, and there is a great need for reliable and appropriate biomarkers to screen patients for NASH. Based on the current studies of blood-based novel biomarkers, we attempt to summarize the latest findings on biomarkers for NASH, including blood biomarkers encompassing proteins, lipids and miRNAs; the correlation between extracellular vesicles and NASH; and treatment strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Sufan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Mingtong Ye
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic cholesterol deposition drives inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein plays an important role in regulating intracellular cholesterol trafficking and homeostasis. We hypothesized that intravenous NPC2 supplementation reduces cholesterol accumulation, hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis in a nutritional NASH rat model. METHODS Rats were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for four weeks resulting in moderately severe NASH. Animals were treated with intravenous NPC2 or placebo twice weekly for either the last two weeks or the entire four weeks. End-points were liver/body- and spleen/body weight ratios, histopathological NASH scores, fibrosis, serum liver enzymes, cholesterol, lipoproteins, cytokines, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction derived hepatic gene expression related to cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. RESULTS HFHC rats developed hepatomegaly, non-fibrotic NASH histopathology, elevated liver enzymes, serum cholesterol, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their sterol regulatory element binding factor 2 (SREBF2) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) mRNAs were down-regulated compared with rats on standard chow. NPC2 did not improve liver weight, histopathology, levels of serum liver enzymes or pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), Interleukin (IL)-6, or IL-1β in HFHC rats. Two weeks of NPC2 treatment lowered hepatic TNFα and COL1A1 mRNA expression. However, this effect was ultimately reversed following additional two weeks of treatment. Four weeks NPC2 treatment of rats raised ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNAs in the liver, concurrent with a strong tendency towards higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Furthermore, the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-ɣ (PPARG) gene expression was reduced. CONCLUSIONS NPC2 proved inefficient at modifying robust hepatic NASH end-points in a HFHC NASH model. Nonetheless, our data suggest that hepatic ABCA1 expression and reverse cholesterol transport were upregulated by NPC2 treatment, thus presenting putative therapeutic effects in diseases associated with deregulated lipid metabolism.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and ultimately may lead to cirrhosis. Hepatic steatosis or fatty liver is defined as increased accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes and results from increased production or reduced clearance of hepatic triglycerides or fatty acids. Fatty liver can progress to NASH in a significant proportion of subjects. NASH is a necroinflammatory liver disease governed by multiple pathways that are not completely elucidated. This review describes the main mechanisms that have been reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH.
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126
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Kennedy BE, Charman M, Karten B. Measurement of Mitochondrial Cholesterol Import Using a Mitochondria-Targeted CYP11A1 Fusion Construct. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1583:163-184. [PMID: 28205173 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6875-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
All animal membranes require cholesterol as an essential regulator of biophysical properties and function, but the levels of cholesterol vary widely among different subcellular compartments. Mitochondria, and in particular the inner mitochondrial membrane, have the lowest levels of cholesterol in the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria need cholesterol for membrane maintenance and biogenesis, as well as oxysterol, steroid, and hepatic bile acid production. Alterations in mitochondrial cholesterol have been associated with a range of pathological conditions, including cancer, hepatosteatosis, cardiac ischemia, Alzheimer's, and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. The mechanisms of mitochondrial cholesterol import are not fully elucidated yet, and may vary in different cell types and environmental conditions. Measuring cholesterol trafficking to the mitochondrial membranes is technically challenging because of its low abundance; for example, traditional pulse-chase experiments with isotope-labeled cholesterol are not feasible. Here, we describe improvements to a method first developed by the Miller group at the University of California to measure cholesterol trafficking to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) through the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This method uses a mitochondria-targeted, ectopically expressed fusion construct of CYP11A1, ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. Pregnenolone is formed exclusively from cholesterol at the IMM, and can be analyzed with high sensitivity and specificity through ELISA or radioimmunoassay of the medium/buffer to reflect mitochondrial cholesterol import. This assay can be used to investigate the effects of genetic or pharmacological interventions on mitochondrial cholesterol import in cultured cells or isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Mark Charman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2.
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127
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de Castro GS, Calder PC. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:37-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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128
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Lu J, Cheng B, Meng Z, Fang B, Li T, Sun M, Liu M, Guan S. Alliin attenuates 1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol-induced lipogenesis in HepG2 cells through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Life Sci 2018; 195:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pacia MZ, Czamara K, Zebala M, Kus E, Chlopicki S, Kaczor A. Rapid diagnostics of liver steatosis by Raman spectroscopyviafiber optic probe: a pilot study. Analyst 2018; 143:4723-4731. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopyviafiber optic probes enables assessment of the liver condition and rapid quantification of liver steatosis, thus, this technique has the potential as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Z. Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Magdalena Zebala
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Edyta Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
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130
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Farrell GC, Haczeyni F, Chitturi S. Pathogenesis of NASH: How Metabolic Complications of Overnutrition Favour Lipotoxicity and Pro-Inflammatory Fatty Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1061:19-44. [PMID: 29956204 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8684-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition, usually with obesity and genetic predisposition, lead to insulin resistance, which is an invariable accompaniment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The associated metabolic abnormalities, pre- or established diabetes, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia (clustered as metabolic syndrome) tend to be worse for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), revealing it as part of a continuum of metabolic pathogenesis. The origins of hepatocellular injury and lobular inflammation which distinguish NASH from simple steatosis have intrigued investigators, but it is now widely accepted that NASH results from liver lipotoxicity. The key issue is not the quantity of liver fat but the type(s) of lipid molecules that accumulate, and how they are "packaged" to avoid subcellular injury. Possible lipotoxic mediators include free (unesterified) cholesterol, saturated free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, lysophosphatidyl-choline, sphingolipids and ceramide. Lipid droplets are intracellular storage organelles for non-structural lipid whose regulation is influenced by genetic polymorphisms, such as PNPLA3. Cells unable to sequester chemically reactive lipid molecules undergo mitochondrial injury, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy, all processes of interest for NASH pathogenesis. Lipotoxicity kills hepatocytes by apoptosis, a highly regulated, non-inflammatory form of cell death, but also by necrosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis; the latter involve mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs stimulate innate immunity by binding pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which release a cascade of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Thus, lipotoxic hepatocellular injury attracts inflammatory cells, particularly activated macrophages which surround ballooned hepatocytes as crown-like structures. In both experimental and human NASH, livers contain cholesterol crystals which are a second signal for NLRP3 activation; this causes interleukin (IL)-1β and IL18 secretion to attract and activate macrophages and neutrophils. Injured hepatocytes also liberate plasma membrane-derived extracellular vesicles; these have been shown to circulate in NASH and to be pro-inflammatory. The way metabolic dysfunction leads to lipotoxicity, innate immune responses and the resultant pattern of cellular inflammation in the liver are likely also relevant to hepatic fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Pinpointing the key molecules involved pharmacologically should eventually lead to effective pharmacotherapy against NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Farrell
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia.
| | - Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia
| | - Shivakumar Chitturi
- Australian National University Medical School, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia
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131
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Malhotra P, Aloman C, Ankireddy A, Khadra H, Ooka K, Gill RK, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Alrefai WA. Overactivation of intestinal sterol response element-binding protein 2 promotes diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G376-G385. [PMID: 28774869 PMCID: PMC5792218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00174.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver that may progress to hepatic fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mechanisms underlying NAFLD and NASH are not yet fully understood. Dietary cholesterol was recently shown to be a risk factor for the development of NASH, suggesting a role for intestinal handling of cholesterol. One important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis is the sterol response element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) transcription factor. We tested the hypothesis that the overactivation of intestinal SREBP-2 increases the susceptibility to diet-induced NASH. A transgenic mouse model with intestine-specific overexpression of active SREBP-2 (ISR2 mice) driven by villin promoter was used. ISR2 mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a regular chow diet or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet (15% fat, 1% cholesterol) for 15 wk. Results showed that HFHC feeding to ISR2 mice caused hepatic inflammation with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Histological examination demonstrated extensive fibrosis after a HFHC diet associated with a perivascular as well as pericellular collagen deposits in ISR2 mice compared with wild-type littermates. The severe hepatic inflammation and advanced fibrosis in ISR2 mice was not associated with a difference in lipid accumulation in ISR2 mice compared with wild type littermates after HFHC feeding. These data indicate that overactivation of intestinal SREBP2 promotes diet-induced hepatic inflammation with features of human NASH resulting in rapid severe fibrosis and provide a novel link between regulatory processes of intestinal cholesterol and progression of fatty liver.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study highlights the role of overactivation of intestinal SREBP-2 transcription factor in the progression of hepatic fibrosis associated with diet-induced NASH. Mice with intestine-specific overexpression of SREBP-2 demonstrated more inflammation and severe fibrosis in the liver in response to 15 wk of being fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet as compared with their wild-type littermates. These data demonstrate a novel link between intestinal regulatory processes of cholesterol metabolism and the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Malhotra
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Aparna Ankireddy
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Hani Khadra
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Kohtaro Ooka
- 3Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Seema Saksena
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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132
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Cholesterol overload in the liver aggravates oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage and accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104136-104148. [PMID: 29262627 PMCID: PMC5732793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancers represent the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diverse etiological factors include chronic viral hepatitis, aflatoxin and alcohol exposure as well as aberrant liver lipid overload. Cholesterol has been identified as a key inducer of metabolic impairment, oxidative stress and promoter of cellular dysfunction. The aim of this work was to address the oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage induced by cholesterol overload, and its role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. C57BL/6 male mice were fed with a high cholesterol diet, followed by a single dose of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 10 μg/g, ip). Reactive oxygen species generation, DNA oxidation, antioxidant and DNA repair proteins were analyzed at different time points. Diet-induced cholesterol overload caused enhanced oxidative DNA damage in the liver and was associated with a decrease in key DNA repair genes as early as 7 days. Interestingly, we found a cell survival response, induced by cholesterol, judged by a decrement in Bax to Bcl2 ratio. Importantly, N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation significantly prevented DNA oxidation damage. Furthermore, at 8 months after DEN administration, tumor growth was significantly enhanced in mice under cholesterol diet in comparison to control animals. Together, these results suggest that cholesterol overload exerts an oxidative stress-mediated effects and promotes the development of liver cancer.
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133
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Artemisia iwayomogi plus Curcuma longa Synergistically Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in HepG2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4390636. [PMID: 29234397 PMCID: PMC5664258 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4390636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The combination of Artemisia iwayomogi and Curcuma longa radix is frequently prescribed for liver diseases in TKM. However, the synergic effects of the two herbs on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have not yet been studied. Therefore, we investigated the anti-NASH effects of the water extract of A. iwayomogi (AI), C. longa radix (CL), and combination of the two herbs (ACE). Hepatic steatosis and NASH were induced in HepG2 cells by treatment with palmitic acid (PA, for 6 h) with/without pretreatment of ACE (25 or 50 μg/mL), AI (50 or 100 μg/mL), CL (50 or 100 μg/mL), curcumin (5 μg/mL), or scopoletin (5 μg/mL). The PA treatment (200 μM) drastically altered intracellular triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, and expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism (CD36, SREBP1c, PPAR-γ, and PPAR-α), whereas pretreatment with ACE significantly attenuated these alterations. ACE also protected HepG2 cells from PA- (300 μM-) induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis and attenuated the related key molecules including GRP78, eIF2, and CHOP, respectively. In conclusion, we found synergic effects of A. iwayomogi and C. longa on NASH, supporting the clinical potential for fatty liver disorders. In addition, modulation of ER stress-relative molecules would be involved in its underlying mechanism.
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134
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Bellanti F, Villani R, Facciorusso A, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Lipid oxidation products in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:173-185. [PMID: 28109892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the major public health challenge for hepatologists in the twenty-first century. NAFLD comprises a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis or fatty liver, to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It can be categorized into two principal phenotypes: (1) non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and (2) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms of NAFLD progression consist of lipid homeostasis alterations, redox unbalance, insulin resistance, and inflammation in the liver. Even though several studies show an association between the levels of lipid oxidation products and disease state, experimental evidence suggests that compounds such as reactive aldehydes and cholesterol oxidation products, in addition to representing hallmarks of hepatic oxidative damage, may behave as active players in liver dysfunction and the development of NAFLD. This review summarizes the processes that contribute to the metabolic alterations occurring in fatty liver that produce fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation products in NAFLD, with a focus on inflammation, the control of insulin signalling, and the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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135
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Critical Role of the Human ATP-Binding Cassette G1 Transporter in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091892. [PMID: 28869506 PMCID: PMC5618541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) is a member of the large family of ABC transporters which are involved in the active transport of many amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules including lipids, drugs or endogenous metabolites. It is now well established that ABCG1 promotes the export of lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingomyelin and oxysterols, and plays a key role in the maintenance of tissue lipid homeostasis. Although ABCG1 was initially proposed to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and then to protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), it becomes now clear that ABCG1 exerts a larger spectrum of actions which are of major importance in cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Beyond a role in cellular lipid homeostasis, ABCG1 equally participates to glucose and lipid metabolism by controlling the secretion and activity of insulin and lipoprotein lipase. Moreover, there is now a growing body of evidence suggesting that modulation of ABCG1 expression might contribute to the development of diabetes and obesity, which are major risk factors of CVD. In order to provide the current understanding of the action of ABCG1 in CMD, we here reviewed major findings obtained from studies in mice together with data from the genetic and epigenetic analysis of ABCG1 in the context of CMD.
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136
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Shao D, Han J, Hou X, Fry J, Behring JB, Seta F, Long MT, Roy HK, Cohen RA, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Glutaredoxin-1 Deficiency Causes Fatty Liver and Dyslipidemia by Inhibiting Sirtuin-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:313-327. [PMID: 27958883 PMCID: PMC5563925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a common liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes that is rising in prevalence worldwide. Various molecular perturbations of key regulators and enzymes in hepatic lipid metabolism cause NAFL. However, redox regulation through glutathione (GSH) adducts in NAFL remains largely elusive. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small thioltransferase that removes protein GSH adducts without having direct antioxidant properties. The liver contains abundant Glrx but its metabolic function is unknown. RESULTS Here we report that normal diet-fed Glrx-deficient mice (Glrx-/-) spontaneously develop obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis by 8 months of age. Adenoviral Glrx repletion in the liver of Glrx-/- mice corrected lipid metabolism. Glrx-/- mice exhibited decreased sirtuin-1 (SirT1) activity that leads to hyperacetylation and activation of SREBP-1 and upregulation of key hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. We found that GSH adducts inhibited SirT1 activity in Glrx-/- mice. Hepatic expression of nonoxidizable cysteine mutant SirT1 corrected hepatic lipids in Glrx-/- mice. Wild-type mice fed high-fat diet develop metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and NAFL within several months. Glrx deficiency accelerated high-fat-induced NAFL and progression to steatohepatitis, manifested by hepatic damage and inflammation. INNOVATION These data suggest an essential role of hepatic Glrx in regulating SirT1, which controls protein glutathione adducts in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION We provide a novel redox-dependent mechanism for regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, and propose that upregulation of hepatic Glrx may be a beneficial strategy for NAFL. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 313-327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shao
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingyan Han
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuyun Hou
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Fry
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica B Behring
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Seta
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle T Long
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hemant K Roy
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A Cohen
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Matsui
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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137
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Yousef MH, Al Juboori A, Albarrak AA, Ibdah JA, Tahan V. Fatty liver without a large “belly”: Magnified review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese patients. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:100-107. [PMID: 28868179 PMCID: PMC5561430 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is well described as a common cause of chronic liver disease, mostly in the obese population. It refers to a spectrum of chronic liver disease that starts with simple steatosis than progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in patients without significant alcohol consumption. NAFLD in the non-obese population has been increasingly reported and studied recently. The pathogenesis of nonobese NAFLD is poorly understood and is related to genetic predisposition, most notably patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 33 G allele polymorphism that leads to intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. Non-obese NAFLD is associated with components of metabolic syndrome and, especially, visceral obesity which seems to be an important etiological factor in this group. Dietary factors and, specifically, a high fructose diet seem to play a role. Cardiovascular events remain the main cause of mortality and morbidity in NAFLD, including in the non-obese population. There is not enough data regarding treatment in non-obese NAFLD patients, but similar to NAFLD in obese subjects, lifestyle changes that include dietary modification, physical activity, and weight loss remain the mainstay of treatment.
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138
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Jang JE, Park HS, Yoo HJ, Baek IJ, Yoon JE, Ko MS, Kim AR, Kim HS, Park HS, Lee SE, Kim SW, Kim SJ, Leem J, Kang YM, Jung MK, Pack CG, Kim CJ, Sung CO, Lee IK, Park JY, Fernández-Checa JC, Koh EH, Lee KU. Protective role of endogenous plasmalogens against hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:416-431. [PMID: 28073164 PMCID: PMC5503808 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in the liver is an important pathogenic mechanism of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Plasmalogens, key structural components of the cell membrane, act as endogenous antioxidants and are primarily synthesized in the liver. However, the role of hepatic plasmalogens in metabolic liver disease is unclear. In this study, we found that hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing plasmalogens, expression of glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (Gnpat; the rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen biosynthesis), and expression of Pparα were lower in mice with NASH caused by accumulation of FC in the liver. Cyclodextrin-induced depletion of FC transactivated Δ-6 desaturase by increasing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 expression in cultured hepatocytes. DHA, the major product of Δ-6 desaturase activation, activated GNPAT, thereby explaining the association between high hepatic FC and decreased Gnpat expression. Gnpat small interfering RNA treatment significantly decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Pparα) expression in cultured hepatocytes. In addition to GNPAT, DHA activated PPARα and increased expression of Pparα and its target genes, suggesting that DHA in the DHA-containing plasmalogens contributed to activation of PPARα. Accordingly, administration of the plasmalogen precursor, alkyl glycerol (AG), prevented hepatic steatosis and NASH through a PPARα-dependent increase in fatty acid oxidation. Gnpat+/- mice were more susceptible to hepatic lipid accumulation and less responsive to the preventive effect of fluvastatin on NASH development, suggesting that endogenous plasmalogens prevent hepatic steatosis and NASH. CONCLUSION Increased hepatic FC in animals with NASH decreased plasmalogens, thereby sensitizing animals to hepatocyte injury and NASH. Our findings uncover a novel link between hepatic FC and plasmalogen homeostasis through GNPAT regulation. Further study of AG or other agents that increase hepatic plasmalogen levels may identify novel therapeutic strategies against NASH. (Hepatology 2017;66:416-431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Sik Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyo Jung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Yeol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - José C. Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,University of Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
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139
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Sun JH, Liu X, Cong LX, Li H, Zhang CY, Chen JG, Wang CM. Metabolomics study of the therapeutic mechanism of Schisandra Chinensis lignans in diet-induced hyperlipidemia mice. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:145. [PMID: 28764799 PMCID: PMC5537938 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schisandra, a globally distributed plant, has been widely applied for the treatment of diseases such as hyperlipidemia, fatty liver and obesity in China. In the present work, a rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics was conducted to investigate the intervention effect of Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL) on hyperlipidemia mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Hyperlipidemia mice were orally administered with SCL (100 mg/kg) once a day for 4 weeks. Serum biochemistry assay of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was conducted to confirm the treatment of SCL on lipid regulation. Metabolomics analysis on serum samples was carried out, and principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were carried out for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. The relative levels of critical regulatory factors of liver lipid metabolism, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and its related gene expressions were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for investigating the underlying mechanism. Results Oral administration of SCL significantly decreased the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-c and increased the serum level of HDL-c in the hyperlipidemia mice, and no effect of SCL on blood lipid levels was observed in control mice. Serum samples were scattered in the PCA scores plots in response to the control, HFD and SCL group. Totally, thirteen biomarkers were identified and nine of them were recovered to the normal levels after SCL treatment. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, the anti-hyperlipidemia mechanisms of SCL may be involved in the following metabolic pathways: tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, synthesis of ketone body and cholesterol, choline metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Meanwhile, SCL significantly inhibited the mRNA expression level of hepatic lipogenesis genes such as SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and decreased the mRNA expression of liver X receptor α (LXRα). Moreover, SCL also significantly decreased the expression level of SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the liver of hyperlipidemia mice. Conclusion Anti-hyperlipidemia effect of SCL was confirmed by both serum biochemistry and metabolomics analysis. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of LXRα/SREBP-1c/FAS/ACC and SREBP2/HMGCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Li-Xin Cong
- Second Treatment Area of Senile Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1478, Gongnong Road, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - He Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Jian-Guang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China.
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, China.
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140
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Nuñez-Garcia M, Gomez-Santos B, Buqué X, García-Rodriguez JL, Romero MR, Marin JJG, Arteta B, García-Monzón C, Castaño L, Syn WK, Fresnedo O, Aspichueta P. Osteopontin regulates the cross-talk between phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol metabolism in mouse liver. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1903-1915. [PMID: 28754826 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is involved in different liver pathologies in which metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark. Here, we investigated whether OPN could alter liver, and more specifically hepatocyte, lipid metabolism and the mechanism involved. In mice, lack of OPN enhanced cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) levels and promoted loss of phosphatidylcholine (PC) content in liver; in vivo treatment with recombinant (r)OPN caused opposite effects. rOPN directly decreased CYP7A1 levels through activation of focal adhesion kinase-AKT signaling in hepatocytes. PC content was also decreased in OPN-deficient (OPN-KO) hepatocytes in which de novo FA and PC synthesis was lower, whereas cholesterol (CHOL) synthesis was higher, than in WT hepatocytes. In vivo inhibition of cholesterogenesis normalized liver PC content in OPN-KO mice, demonstrating that OPN regulates the cross-talk between liver CHOL and PC metabolism. Matched liver and serum samples showed a positive correlation between serum OPN levels and liver PC and CHOL concentration in nonobese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. In conclusion, OPN regulates CYP7A1 levels and the metabolic fate of liver acetyl-CoA as a result of CHOL and PC metabolism interplay. The results suggest that CYP7A1 is a main axis and that serum OPN could disrupt liver PC and CHOL metabolism, contributing to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in nonobese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Nuñez-Garcia
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Santos
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Juan L García-Rodriguez
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Liver Research Unit, Santa Cristina University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain.,Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,CIBERDEM, CIBERER Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Regeneration and Repair, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Olatz Fresnedo
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain .,Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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141
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Zhang D, Tong X, VanDommelen K, Gupta N, Stamper K, Brady GF, Meng Z, Lin J, Rui L, Omary MB, Yin L. Lipogenic transcription factor ChREBP mediates fructose-induced metabolic adaptations to prevent hepatotoxicity. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28628040 DOI: 10.1172/jci89934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and animal studies implicate overconsumption of fructose in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying fructose-induced chronic liver diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we have presented evidence supporting the essential function of the lipogenic transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) in mediating adaptive responses to fructose and protecting against fructose-induced hepatotoxicity. In WT mice, a high-fructose diet (HFrD) activated hepatic lipogenesis in a ChREBP-dependent manner; however, in Chrebp-KO mice, a HFrD induced steatohepatitis. In Chrebp-KO mouse livers, a HFrD reduced levels of molecular chaperones and activated the C/EBP homologous protein-dependent (CHOP-dependent) unfolded protein response, whereas administration of a chemical chaperone or Chop shRNA rescued liver injury. Elevated expression levels of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in HFrD-fed Chrebp-KO livers were paralleled by an increased nuclear abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2). Atorvastatin-mediated inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis or depletion of hepatic Srebp2 reversed fructose-induced liver injury in Chrebp-KO mice. Mechanistically, we determined that ChREBP binds to nuclear SREBP2 to promote its ubiquitination and destabilization in cultured cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that ChREBP provides hepatoprotection against a HFrD by preventing overactivation of cholesterol biosynthesis and the subsequent CHOP-mediated, proapoptotic unfolded protein response. Our findings also identified a role for ChREBP in regulating SREBP2-dependent cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyle VanDommelen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Neil Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kenneth Stamper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Graham F Brady
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhuoxian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiandie Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4060046. [PMID: 28587303 PMCID: PMC5483621 DOI: 10.3390/children4060046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the epidemic of obesity across the world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders in children and adolescents. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of fat-associated liver conditions that can result in end-stage liver disease and the need for liver transplantation. Simple steatosis, or fatty liver, occurs early in NAFLD and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism of the liver injury in NAFLD is currently thought to be a “multiple-hit process” where the first “hit” is an increase in liver fat, followed by multiple additional factors that trigger the inflammatory activity. At the onset of disease, NAFLD is characterized by hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. Liver fat accumulation is associated with increased lipotoxicity from high levels of free fatty acids, free cholesterol and other lipid metabolites. As a consequence, mitochondrial dysfunction with oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated mechanisms, are activated. The present review focuses on the relationship between intra-cellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, as well as on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in NAFLD.
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143
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Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids improve atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol metabolism. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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144
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Mridha AR, Wree A, Robertson AA, Yeh MM, Johnson CD, Van Rooyen DM, Haczeyni F, Teoh NCH, Savard C, Ioannou GN, Masters SL, Schroder K, Cooper MA, Feldstein AE, Farrell GC. NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1037-1046. [PMID: 28167322 PMCID: PMC6536116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation occurs in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We used the first small molecule NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, to test whether inflammasome blockade alters inflammatory recruitment and liver fibrosis in two murine models of steatohepatitis. METHODS We fed foz/foz and wild-type mice an atherogenic diet for 16weeks, gavaged MCC950 or vehicle until 24weeks, then determined NAFLD phenotype. In mice fed an methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet, we gavaged MCC950 or vehicle for 6weeks and determined the effects on liver fibrosis. RESULTS In vehicle-treated foz/foz mice, hepatic expression of NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, active caspase-1 and IL-1β increased at 24weeks, in association with cholesterol crystal formation and NASH pathology; plasma IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, ALT/AST all increased. MCC950 treatment normalized hepatic caspase 1 and IL-1β expression, plasma IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6, lowered ALT/AST, and reduced the severity of liver inflammation including designation as NASH pathology, and liver fibrosis. In vitro, cholesterol crystals activated Kupffer cells and macrophages to release IL-1β; MCC950 abolished this, and the associated neutrophil migration. MCD diet-fed mice developed fibrotic steatohepatitis; MCC950 suppressed the increase in hepatic caspase 1 and IL-1β, lowered numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in the liver, and improved liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION MCC950, an NLRP3 selective inhibitor, improved NAFLD pathology and fibrosis in obese diabetic mice. This is potentially attributable to the blockade of cholesterol crystal-mediated NLRP3 activation in myeloid cells. MCC950 reduced liver fibrosis in MCD-fed mice. Targeting NLRP3 is a logical direction in pharmacotherapy of NASH. LAY SUMMARY Fatty liver disease caused by being overweight with diabetes and a high risk of heart attack, termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is the most common serious liver disease with no current treatment. There could be several causes of inflammation in NASH, but activation of a protein scaffold within cells termed the inflammasome (NLRP3) has been suggested to play a role. Here we show that cholesterol crystals could be one pathway to activate the inflammasome in NASH. We used a drug called MCC950, which has already been shown to block NLRP3 activation, in an attempt to reduce liver injury in NASH. This drug partly reversed liver inflammation, particularly in obese diabetic mice that most closely resembles the human context of NASH. In addition, such dampening of liver inflammation in NASH achieved with MCC950 partly reversed liver scarring, the process that links NASH to the development of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auvro R. Mridha
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;,Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Avril A.B. Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew M. Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Casey D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Derrick M. Van Rooyen
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Narci C.-H. Teoh
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher Savard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Seth L. Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Geoffrey C. Farrell
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia;,Corresponding author. Address: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, PO Box 111, Woden, ACT 2605, Australia. Fax: +61 2 62443235. (G.C. Farrell)
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145
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Kim D, Kim WR. Nonobese Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:474-485. [PMID: 27581063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a group of conditions characterized by hepatic steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. NAFLD is seen commonly in patients with metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, such as type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Evidently, however, not all obese subjects develop NAFLD and, more importantly, NAFLD can be found in nonobese individuals. Although NAFLD occurring in nonobese subjects has been reported in children and adults of all ethnicities, it appears to be recognized more frequently in Asians, even when strict ethnicity-specific body mass index criteria are used to define obesity. Studies based on liver biopsies suggest that the prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis does not differ significantly between nonobese NAFLD and NAFLD in obese patients. Visceral obesity as opposed to general obesity, high fructose and cholesterol intake, and genetic risk factors (eg, palatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3) may be associated with nonobese NAFLD. In general, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased mortality, primarily from cardiovascular causes, independent of other metabolic factors. Although data regarding the mortality impact of nonobese NAFLD are not as mature, it may be important to identify high-risk nonobese NAFLD patients and manage their metabolic profile. Currently, lifestyle modification to reduce visceral adiposity, including dietary changes and physical activity, remains the standard of care in patients with nonobese NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - W Ray Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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146
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Vega-Badillo J. ALTERACIONES EN LA HOMEOSTASIS DEL COLESTEROL HEPÁTICO Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN LA ESTEATOHEPATITIS NO ALCOHÓLICA. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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147
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine Attenuated Hepatic Steatosis Through Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Lipids 2016; 52:119-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lake AD, Chaput AL, Novak P, Cherrington NJ, Smith CL. Transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis predicts drivers of altered gene expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 122:62-71. [PMID: 27836672 PMCID: PMC5129657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind the transition from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not clearly understood. This hinders development of effective therapies for treatment and prevention of NASH. In this study expression profiling data from normal, steatosis, and NASH human livers were used to predict transcription factors that are misregulated as mechanistic features of NAFLD progression. Previously-published human NAFLD gene expression profiling data from normal, steatosis, and NASH livers were subjected to transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis. Selected transcription factors that bind enriched transcription factor binding sites were analyzed for changes in expression. Distinct transcription factor binding sites were enriched in genes significantly up- or down-regulated in NASH livers. Those enriched in up-regulated genes were bound by transcription factors such as FOXA, CEBP, and HNF1 family members, while those enriched in down-regulated genes were bound by nuclear receptors involved in xenobiotic sensing and lipid metabolism. Levels of mRNA and protein for selected transcription factors were significantly changed during disease progression. The study indicates that NAFLD progression involves changes in activity or expression of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in hepatic processes known to be altered in NASH. Transcription factors such as PPAR receptors, FoxA family members, and HNF4A might be targeted therapeutically to prevent NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Lake
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Alexandria L Chaput
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Petr Novak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Biology Centre ASCR, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Catharine L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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149
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Li J, Wang Y, Matye DJ, Chavan H, Krishnamurthy P, Li F, Li T. Sortilin 1 Modulates Hepatic Cholesterol Lipotoxicity in Mice via Functional Interaction with Liver Carboxylesterase 1. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:146-160. [PMID: 27881673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism. Impaired hepatic cholesterol homeostasis causes intracellular free cholesterol accumulation and hepatocyte injury. Sortilin 1 (SORT1) is a lysosomal trafficking receptor that was identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as a novel regulator of cholesterol metabolism in humans. Here we report that SORT1 deficiency protected against cholesterol accumulation-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice. Using an LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach, we identified liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) as a novel SORT1-interacting protein. Mechanistic studies further showed that SORT1 may regulate CES1 lysosomal targeting and degradation and that SORT1 deficiency resulted in higher liver CES1 protein abundance. Previous studies have established an important role of hepatic CES1 in promoting intracellular cholesterol mobilization, cholesterol efflux, and bile acid synthesis. Consistently, high cholesterol atherogenic diet-challenged Sort1 knock-out mice showed less hepatic free cholesterol accumulation, increased bile acid synthesis, decreased biliary cholesterol secretion, and the absence of gallstone formation. SORT1 deficiency did not alter hepatic ceramide and fatty acid metabolism in high cholesterol atherogenic diet-fed mice. Finally, knockdown of liver CES1 in mice markedly increased the susceptibility to high cholesterol diet-induced liver injury and abolished the protective effect against cholesterol lipotoxicity in Sort1 knock-out mice. In summary, this study identified a novel SORT1-CES1 axis that regulates cholesterol-induced liver injury, which provides novel insights that improve our current understanding of the molecular links between SORT1 and cholesterol metabolism. This study further suggests that therapeutic inhibition of SORT1 may be beneficial in improving hepatic cholesterol homeostasis in metabolic and inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Yifeng Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - David J Matye
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Feng Li
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tiangang Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
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150
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Wang CM, Yuan RS, Zhuang WY, Sun JH, Wu JY, Li H, Chen JG. Schisandra polysaccharide inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation by downregulating expression of SREBPs in NAFLD mice. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:195. [PMID: 27852305 PMCID: PMC5112637 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatoprotective effects of Chinese herbal medicine Schisandra Chinensis (Schisandra) have been widely investigated. However, most studies were focused on its lignan extracts. We investigated the effects of Schisandra polysaccharide (SCP) in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and studied its effect on sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and the related genes. METHODS The mouse model of NAFLD was established by feeding mice with a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Effect of SCP-treatment (100 mg/kg, once daily for 12 weeks) on biochemical parameters and liver histopathology was assessed. Relative levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and their gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot. RESULTS SCP significantly reduced the liver index by 12.0%. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased by 31.3, 28.3, 42.8, 20.1 and 15.5%, respectively. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased by 26.9%. Further, SCP lowered hepatic TC and TG content by 27.0% and 28.3%, respectively, and alleviated fatty degeneration and necrosis of liver cells. A significant downregulation of mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic lipogenesis genes, SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the mRNA expression of liver X receptor α (LXRα) was observed in NAFLD mice treated with SCP. SCP also significantly reduced the hepatic expression of SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the hepatoprotective effects of SCP in a mouse model of NAFLD; the effects may be mediated via downregulation of LXRα/SREBP-1c/FAS/ACC and SREBP-2/HMGCR signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Shuang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yue Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Jing-Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Guang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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