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Lectin microarray analyses reveal host cell-specific glycan profiles of the hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses. Virology 2019; 527:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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102
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Laursen NS, Friesen RHE, Zhu X, Jongeneelen M, Blokland S, Vermond J, van Eijgen A, Tang C, van Diepen H, Obmolova G, van der Neut Kolfschoten M, Zuijdgeest D, Straetemans R, Hoffman RMB, Nieusma T, Pallesen J, Turner HL, Bernard SM, Ward AB, Luo J, Poon LLM, Tretiakova AP, Wilson JM, Limberis MP, Vogels R, Brandenburg B, Kolkman JA, Wilson IA. Universal protection against influenza infection by a multidomain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin. Science 2018; 362:598-602. [PMID: 30385580 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly variable pathogens have stimulated the design of vaccines and therapeutics. We report the use of diverse camelid single-domain antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin to generate multidomain antibodies with impressive breadth and potency. Multidomain antibody MD3606 protects mice against influenza A and B infection when administered intravenously or expressed locally from a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. Crystal and single-particle electron microscopy structures of these antibodies with hemagglutinins from influenza A and B viruses reveal binding to highly conserved epitopes. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that multidomain antibodies targeting multiple epitopes exhibit enhanced virus cross-reactivity and potency. In combination with adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery, they may provide an effective strategy to prevent infection with influenza virus and other highly variable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Laursen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mandy Jongeneelen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Vermond
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alida van Eijgen
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Chan Tang
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Diepen
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Galina Obmolova
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | | | - David Zuijdgeest
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roel Straetemans
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ryan M B Hoffman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Center of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anna P Tretiakova
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria P Limberis
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald Vogels
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boerries Brandenburg
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost A Kolkman
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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103
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Wang Y, Deng L, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Universal influenza vaccines: from viruses to nanoparticles. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:967-976. [PMID: 30365905 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1541408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current seasonal influenza vaccine confers only limited protection due to waning antibodies or the antigenic shift and drift of major influenza surface antigens. A universal influenza vaccine which induces broad cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses with a comparable or better efficacy to seasonal influenza vaccines against matched strains will negate the need for an annual update of vaccine strains and protect against possible influenza pandemics. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the recent progress in nanoparticle-based universal influenza vaccine development. We compared the most potent nanoparticle categories, focusing on how they encapsulate conserved influenza epitopes, stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems, exhibit antigen depot effect, extend the period for antigen-processing and presentation, and exert an intrinsic adjuvant effect on inducing robust immune responses. EXPERT COMMENTARY The development of an effective universal influenza vaccine is an urgent task. Traditional influenza vaccine approaches are not sufficient for preventing recurrent epidemics or occasional pandemics. Nanoparticles are compatible with different immunogens and immune stimulators and can overcome the intrinsically low immunogenicity of conserved influenza virus antigens. We foresee that an affordable universal influenza vaccine will be available within ten years by integrating nanoparticles with other targeted delivery and controlled release technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Lei Deng
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
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104
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Structural Basis for the Broad, Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of H5N1 Influenza Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00547-18. [PMID: 29925655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00547-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses causes severe disease and fatalities. We previously identified a potent and broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), 13D4, against the H5N1 virus. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of 13D4 in complex with the hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). We show that heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) of 13D4 confers broad yet specific neutralization against H5N1, undergoing conformational rearrangement to bind to the receptor binding site (RBS). Further, we show that mutating four critical residues within the RBS-Trp153, Lys156, Lys193, and Leu194-disrupts the binding between 13D4 and HA. Viruses bearing Asn193 instead of Lys/Arg can evade 13D4 neutralization, indicating that Lys193 polymorphism might be, at least in part, involved in the antigenicity of recent H5 genotypes (such as H5N6 and H5N8) as distinguished from H5N1. BnAb 13D4 may offers a template for therapeutic RBS inhibitor design and serve as an indicator of antigenic change for current H5 viruses.IMPORTANCE Infection by highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus remains a threat to public health. Our broadly neutralizing antibody, 13D4, is capable of neutralizing all representative H5N1 viruses and protecting mice against lethal challenge. Structural analysis revealed that 13D4 uses heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) to fit the receptor binding site (RBS) via conformational rearrangement. Four conserved residues within the RBS are critical for the broad potency of 13D4. Importantly, polymorphism of Lys193 on the RBS may be associated with the antigenicity shift from H5N1 to other newly emerging viruses, such as H5N6 and H5N8. Our findings may pave the way for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus vaccine development and therapeutic RBS inhibitor design.
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105
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Becker AC, Gannagé M, Giese S, Hu Z, Abou-Eid S, Roubaty C, Paul P, Bühler L, Gretzmeier C, Dumit VI, Kaeser-Pebernard S, Schwemmle M, Münz C, Dengjel J. Influenza A Virus Induces Autophagosomal Targeting of Ribosomal Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1909-1921. [PMID: 29980615 PMCID: PMC6166674 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics of influenza A virus are a major cause of severe illness and are of high socio-economic relevance. For the design of effective antiviral therapies, a detailed knowledge of pathways perturbed by virus infection is critical. We performed comprehensive expression and organellar proteomics experiments to study the cellular consequences of influenza A virus infection using three human epithelial cell lines derived from human lung carcinomas: A549, Calu-1 and NCI-H1299. As a common response, the type I interferon pathway was up-regulated upon infection. Interestingly, influenza A virus infection led to numerous cell line-specific responses affecting both protein abundance as well as subcellular localization. In A549 cells, the vesicular compartment appeared expanded after virus infection. The composition of autophagsomes was altered by targeting of ribosomes, viral mRNA and proteins to these double membrane vesicles. Thus, autophagy may support viral protein translation by promoting the clustering of the respective molecular machinery in autophagosomes in a cell line-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Becker
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,§Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monique Gannagé
- ¶Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Giese
- §Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,‖Institute for Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zehan Hu
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,§Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,§§Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shadi Abou-Eid
- §§Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carole Roubaty
- §§Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Petra Paul
- **Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Bühler
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,§Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Gretzmeier
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,§Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica I Dumit
- ‡‡Core Facility Proteomics, Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- §Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,‖Institute for Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- **Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; .,§Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,§§Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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106
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Trost JF, LeMasters EH, Liu F, Carney P, Lu X, Sugawara K, Hongo S, Stevens J, Steinhauer DA, Tumpey T, Katz JM, Levine MZ, Li ZN. Development of a high-throughput assay to detect antibody inhibition of low pH induced conformational changes of influenza virus hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199683. [PMID: 29949635 PMCID: PMC6021090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) bind to conserved areas of the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk region and can inhibit the low pH induced HA conformational changes necessary for viral membrane fusion activity. We developed and evaluated a high-throughput virus-free and cell-free ELISA based low pH induced HA Conformational Change Inhibition Antibody Detection Assay (HCCIA) and a complementary proteinase susceptibility assay. Human serum samples (n = 150) were tested by HCCIA using H3 recombinant HA. Optical density (OD) ratios of mAb HC31 at pH 4.8 to pH 7.0 ranged from 0.87 to 0.09. Our results demonstrated that low pH induced HA conformational change inhibition antibodies (CCI) neutralized multiple H3 strains after removal of head-binding antibodies. The results suggest that HCCIA can be utilized to detect and characterize CCI in sera, that are potentially broadly neutralizing, and serves as a useful tool for evaluating universal vaccine candidates targeting the HA stalk.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/blood
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Trost
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. LeMasters
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Carney
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Terrence Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min Z. Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhu-Nan Li
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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107
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Garretson TA, Petrie JG, Martin ET, Monto AS, Hensley SE. Identification of human vaccinees that possess antibodies targeting the egg-adapted hemagglutinin receptor binding site of an H1N1 influenza vaccine strain. Vaccine 2018; 36:4095-4101. [PMID: 29861178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza viruses passaged in eggs often acquire mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site (RBS). To determine if egg-adapted H1N1 vaccines commonly elicit antibodies targeting the egg-adapted RBS of HA, we completed hemagglutinin-inhibition assays with A/California/7/2009 HA and egg-adapted A/California/7/2009-X-179A HA using sera collected from 159 humans vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccines during the 2015-16 season. We found that ∼5% of participants had ≥4-fold higher antibody titers to the egg-adapted viral strain compared to wild type viral strain. We used reverse-genetics to demonstrate that a single egg-adapted HA RBS mutation (Q226R) was responsible for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Garretson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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108
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Shaping a universally broad antibody response to influenza amidst a variable immunoglobulin landscape. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:96-101. [PMID: 29730560 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, the 1918 H1N1 Pandemic killed 20 million people worldwide. Despite the introduction of a worldwide surveillance system, large-scale production of influenza vaccines coupled with annual vaccination schemes, influenza remains a major public health concern. Prevention of influenza on a population basis requires intimate knowledge of the interplay between the virus' ability to escape the immune response and persistent recall and regeneration of the antibody response. Here we will briefly outline the nature of the antibody response, focusing on the response to intransigent regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) and speculate on the how this data may be used to inform and ultimately develop a universal influenza vaccine.
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109
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Crowe JE. Principles of Broad and Potent Antiviral Human Antibodies: Insights for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:193-206. [PMID: 28799905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are the principal immune effectors that mediate protection against reinfection following viral infection or vaccination. Robust techniques for human mAb isolation have been developed in the last decade. The study of human mAbs isolated from subjects with prior immunity has become a mainstay for rational structure-based, next-generation vaccine development. The plethora of detailed molecular and genetic studies coupling the structure of antigen-antibody complexes with their antiviral function has begun to reveal common principles of critical interactions on which we can build better vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. This review outlines the approaches to isolating and studying human antiviral mAbs and discusses the common principles underlying the basis for their activity. This review also examines progress toward the goal of achieving a comprehensive understanding of the chemical and physical basis for molecular recognition of viral surface proteins in order to build predictive molecular models that can be used for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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110
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A complex epistatic network limits the mutational reversibility in the influenza hemagglutinin receptor-binding site. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1264. [PMID: 29593268 PMCID: PMC5871881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding site (RBS) in human influenza A viruses is critical for attachment to host cells, which imposes a functional constraint on its natural evolution. On the other hand, being part of the major antigenic sites, the HA RBS of human H3N2 viruses needs to constantly mutate to evade the immune system. From large-scale mutagenesis experiments, we here show that several of the natural RBS substitutions become integrated into an extensive epistatic network that prevents substitution reversion. X-ray structural analysis reveals the mechanistic consequences as well as changes in the mode of receptor binding. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether such entrenchment limits future options for immune escape or adversely affect long-term viral fitness. The receptor-binding site (RBS) of influenza A viruses evolves to evade immune pressure, while maintaining efficient attachment to the host receptor. Wu et al. here identify the complex epistatic network in RBS of H3N2 viruses that limits reversibility of naturally occurring mutations to retain infectivity.
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111
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Conformational Occlusion of Blockade Antibody Epitopes, a Novel Mechanism of GII.4 Human Norovirus Immune Evasion. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00518-17. [PMID: 29435493 PMCID: PMC5806210 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00518-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive antigenic diversity within the GII.4 genotype of human norovirus is a major driver of pandemic emergence and a significant obstacle to development of cross-protective immunity after natural infection and vaccination. However, human and mouse monoclonal antibody studies indicate that, although rare, antibodies to conserved GII.4 blockade epitopes are generated. The mechanisms by which these epitopes evade immune surveillance are uncertain. Here, we developed a new approach for identifying conserved GII.4 norovirus epitopes. Utilizing a unique set of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing the in vivo-evolved sequence diversity within an immunocompromised person, we identify key residues within epitope F, a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. The residues critical for antibody binding are proximal to evolving blockade epitope E. Like epitope F, antibody blockade of epitope E was temperature sensitive, indicating that particle conformation regulates antibody access not only to the conserved GII.4 blockade epitope F but also to the evolving epitope E. These data highlight novel GII.4 mechanisms to protect blockade antibody epitopes, map essential residues of a GII.4 conserved epitope, and expand our understanding of how viral particle dynamics may drive antigenicity and antibody-mediated protection by effectively shielding blockade epitopes. Our data support the notion that GII.4 particle breathing may well represent a major mechanism of humoral immune evasion supporting cyclic pandemic virus persistence and spread in human populations. IMPORTANCE In this study, we use norovirus virus-like particles to identify key residues of a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. Further, we identify an additional GII.4 blockade antibody epitope to be occluded, with antibody access governed by temperature and particle dynamics. These findings provide additional support for particle conformation-based presentation of binding residues mediated by a particle "breathing core." Together, these data suggest that limiting antibody access to blockade antibody epitopes may be a frequent mechanism of immune evasion for GII.4 human noroviruses. Mapping blockade antibody epitopes, the interaction between adjacent epitopes on the particle, and the breathing core that mediates antibody access to epitopes provides greater mechanistic understanding of epitope camouflage strategies utilized by human viral pathogens to evade immunity.
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112
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. Structural insights into the design of novel anti-influenza therapies. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:115-121. [PMID: 29396418 PMCID: PMC5930012 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A limited arsenal of therapies is currently available to tackle the emergence of a future influenza pandemic or even to deal effectively with the continual outbreaks of seasonal influenza. However, recent findings hold great promise for the design of novel vaccines and therapeutics, including the possibility of more universal treatments. Structural biology has been a major contributor to those advances, in particular through the many studies on influenza hemagglutinin (HA), the major surface antigen. HA's primary function is to enable the virus to enter host cells, and structural work has revealed the various HA conformational forms generated during the entry process. Other studies have explored how human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), designed proteins, peptides and small molecules, can inhibit and neutralize the virus. Here we review milestones in HA structural biology and how the recent insights from bnAbs are paving the way to design novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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113
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Abstract
Antibodies have been used for over a century prophylactically and, less often, therapeutically against viruses. 'Super-antibodies' — a new generation of highly potent and/or broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies — offer new opportunities for prophylaxis and therapy of viral infections. Super-antibodies are typically generated infrequently and/or in a limited number of individuals during natural infections. Isolation of these antibodies has primarily been achieved by large-scale screening for suitable donors and new single B cell approaches to human monoclonal antibody generation. Super-antibodies may offer the possibility of treating multiple viruses of a given family with a single reagent. They are also valuable templates for rational vaccine design. The great potency of super-antibodies has many advantages for practical development as therapeutic reagents. These advantages can be enhanced by a variety of antibody engineering technologies.
So-called super-antibodies are highly potent, broadly reactive antiviral antibodies that offer promise for the treatment of various chronic and emerging viruses. This Review describes how recent technological advances led to their isolation from rare, infected individuals and their development for the prevention and treatment of various viral infections. Antibodies have been used for more than 100 years in the therapy of infectious diseases, but a new generation of highly potent and/or broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (sometimes referred to as 'super-antibodies') offers new opportunities for intervention. The isolation of these antibodies, most of which are rarely induced in human infections, has primarily been achieved by large-scale screening for suitable donors and new single B cell approaches to human monoclonal antibody generation. Engineering the antibodies to improve half-life and effector functions has further augmented their in vivo activity in some cases. Super-antibodies offer promise for the prophylaxis and therapy of infections with a range of viruses, including those that are highly antigenically variable and those that are newly emerging or that have pandemic potential. The next few years will be decisive in the realization of the promise of super-antibodies.
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Johnson BA, Graham RL, Menachery VD. Viral metagenomics, protein structure, and reverse genetics: Key strategies for investigating coronaviruses. Virology 2017; 517:30-37. [PMID: 29279138 PMCID: PMC5869085 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics, modeling of protein structure, and manipulation of viral genetics are key approaches that have laid the foundations of our understanding of coronavirus biology. In this review, we discuss the major advances each method has provided and discuss how future studies should leverage these strategies synergistically to answer novel questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Wright PE, Hodak H. Marking the Milestones in Structural Biology. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2591-2593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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