101
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Maba IK, Cruz JV, Zampronio AR. Change in prostaglandin signaling during sickness syndrome hyperalgesia after ovariectomy in female rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113368. [PMID: 34000337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated hyperalgesia during sickness syndrome in female rats. Hyperalgesia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or an intracerebroventricular injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No differences were found in basal mechanical and thermal thresholds or in LPS-induced hyperalgesia in sham-operated animals in the diestrus or proestrus phase or in ovariectomized (OVX) animals. However, higher levels of PGE2 where found in the cerebrospinal fluid of OVX animals compared to sham-operated females. Intracerebroventricular injection of PGE2 produced rapid mechanical hyperalgesia in sham-operated rats while these responses were observed at later times in OVX animals. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 reduced mechanical PGE2-induced hyperalgesia in OVX female rats, whereas no effect was observed in sham-operated animals. In contrast, the exchange protein activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; Epac) inhibitor ESI-09 reduced mechanical PGE2-induced hyperalgesia, whereas no effect was observed in OVX animals. PGE2 also induced thermal hyperalgesia in sham-operated and OVX female rats and a similar effect of ESI-09 was observed. These results suggest that PGE2-induced hyperalgesia that is observed during sickness syndrome has different signaling mechanisms in cycling and OVX female rats involving the activation of the cAMP-Epac or cAMP-PKA pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Maba
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Section, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - J V Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Section, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A R Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Section, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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102
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What Is the Cause of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection? Contemporary Microscopic Concepts of Pathophysiology. Int Neurourol J 2021; 25:192-201. [PMID: 34044483 PMCID: PMC8497731 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040472.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious disease and are mainly caused by Escherichia coli. In this review, we introduce the current concept of recurrent UTI (rUTI) based on recent research dealing with pathophysiology of the disease. Although urine is considered sterile, recent studies dealing with microbiome have proposed different ideas. UTIs have typically been considered as extracellular infections, but recently, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has been shown to bind and replicate in the urothelium to make intracellular bacterial communities. Binding UPECs might proceed in many ways including extracellular expulsion for clearance or survival and quiescent intracellular reservoirs that can cause rUTI. Moreover, it is also suggested that other important factors, such as lipopolysaccharide and multimicrobial infection, can be the cause of rUTI. This review article reveals a key mechanism of recurrence and discusses what makes a pathway of resolution or recurrence in a host after initial infection.
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103
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Gong H, Hu X, Liao M, Fa K, Ciumac D, Clifton LA, Sani MA, King SM, Maestro A, Separovic F, Waigh TA, Xu H, McBain AJ, Lu JR. Structural Disruptions of the Outer Membranes of Gram-Negative Bacteria by Rationally Designed Amphiphilic Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16062-16074. [PMID: 33797891 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are covered by both an inner cytoplasmic membrane (IM) and an outer membrane (OM). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) must first permeate through the OM and cell wall before attacking the IM to cause cytoplasmic leakage and kill the bacteria. The bacterial OM is an asymmetric bilayer with the outer leaflet primarily composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and the inner leaflet composed of phospholipids (PLs). Two cationic α-helical AMPs were designed to target Gram-negative bacteria, a full peptide G(IIKK)3I-NH2 (G3), and a hydrophobic lipopeptide C8-G(IIKK)2I-NH2 (C8G2, with C8 denoting the octanoyl chain). LPS dominates OM functions as the first line of defense against antibiotics, thereby reducing drug susceptibility. This work explores how the two AMPs interact with LPS through several carefully chosen OM models that facilitated measurements from solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and neutron reflectivity (NR). The results revealed that G3 molecules bound preferably to the LPS head region and functioned as bridge molecules to reassemble the dislocated lipids into bilayer stacks. In contrast, C8G2 lipopeptides could quickly penetrate into the central region of the OM to cause direct removal of some membrane lipids. Different structural disruptions implicated different antimicrobial efficacies from these AMPs. The demonstration of the structural features underlying different susceptibilities of the OM to AMPs offers a useful route for the future development of strain-specific AMPs against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ke Fa
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Daniela Ciumac
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Luke A Clifton
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen M King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Armando Maestro
- Institute Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-20156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas A Waigh
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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104
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Roumia AF, Tsirigos KD, Theodoropoulou MC, Tamposis IA, Hamodrakas SJ, Bagos PG. OMPdb: A Global Hub of Beta-Barrel Outer Membrane Proteins. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:646581. [PMID: 36303794 PMCID: PMC9581022 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.646581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OMPdb (www.ompdb.org) was introduced as a database for β-barrel outer membrane proteins from Gram-negative bacteria in 2011 and then included 69,354 entries classified into 85 families. The database has been updated continuously using a collection of characteristic profile Hidden Markov Models able to discriminate between the different families of prokaryotic transmembrane β-barrels. The number of families has increased ultimately to a total of 129 families in the current, second major version of OMPdb. New additions have been made in parallel with efforts to update existing families and add novel families. Here, we present the upgrade of OMPdb, which from now on aims to become a global repository for all transmembrane β-barrel proteins, both eukaryotic and bacterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Roumia
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis A. Tamposis
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | - Stavros J. Hamodrakas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
- *Correspondence: Pantelis G. Bagos
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105
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Multiple concurrent and convergent stages of genome reduction in bacterial symbionts across a stink bug family. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7731. [PMID: 33833268 PMCID: PMC8032781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional symbioses between bacteria and insects are prevalent and diverse, allowing insects to expand their feeding strategies and niches. A common consequence of long-term associations is a considerable reduction in symbiont genome size likely influenced by the radical shift in selective pressures as a result of the less variable environment within the host. While several of these cases can be found across distinct insect species, most examples provide a limited view of a single or few stages of the process of genome reduction. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) contain inherited gamma-proteobacterial symbionts in a modified organ in their midgut and are an example of a long-term nutritional symbiosis, but multiple cases of new symbiont acquisition throughout the history of the family have been described. We sequenced the genomes of 11 symbionts of stink bugs with sizes that ranged from equal to those of their free-living relatives to less than 20%. Comparative genomics of these and previously sequenced symbionts revealed initial stages of genome reduction including an initial pseudogenization before genome reduction, followed by multiple stages of progressive degeneration of existing metabolic pathways likely to impact host interactions such as cell wall component biosynthesis. Amino acid biosynthesis pathways were retained in a similar manner as in other nutritional symbionts. Stink bug symbionts display convergent genome reduction events showing progressive changes from a free-living bacterium to a host-dependent symbiont. This system can therefore be used to study convergent genome evolution of symbiosis at a scale not previously available.
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106
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Malishev R, Salinas N, Gibson J, Eden AB, Mieres-Perez J, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Malka O, Kolusheva S, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Sanchez-Garcia E, Wang C, Landau M, Bitan G, Jelinek R. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-forming functional amyloid by molecular tweezers. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1310-1320.e5. [PMID: 33852903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are rigid and largely impenetrable three-dimensional matrices constituting virulence determinants of various pathogenic bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that molecular tweezers, unique supramolecular artificial receptors, modulate biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. In particular, the tweezers affect the structural and assembly properties of phenol-soluble modulin α1 (PSMα1), a biofilm-scaffolding functional amyloid peptide secreted by S. aureus. The data reveal that CLR01, a diphosphate tweezer, exhibits significant S. aureus biofilm inhibition and disrupts PSMα1 self-assembly and fibrillation, likely through inclusion of lysine side chains of the peptide. In comparison, different peptide binding occurs in the case of CLR05, a tweezer containing methylenecarboxylate units, which exhibits lower affinity for the lysine residues yet disrupts S. aureus biofilm more strongly than CLR01. Our study points to a possible role for molecular tweezers as potent biofilm inhibitors and antibacterial agents, particularly against untreatable biofilm-forming and PSM-producing bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Malishev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nir Salinas
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - James Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Angela Bailey Eden
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Department of Computational Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Department of Computational Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Orit Malka
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Computational Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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107
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Yang W, Chen CH, Jia M, Xing X, Gao L, Tsai HT, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zeng B, Yeung SCJ, Lee MH, Cheng C. Tumor-Associated Microbiota in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641270. [PMID: 33681225 PMCID: PMC7930383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Important evidence indicates the microbiota plays a key role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The esophageal microbiota was prospectively investigated in 18 patients with ESCC and 11 patients with physiological normal (PN) esophagus by 16S rRNA gene profiling, using next-generation sequencing. The microbiota composition in tumor tissues of ESCC patients were significantly different from that of patients with PN tissues. The ESCC microbiota was characterized by reduced microbial diversity, by decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Spirochaetes. Employing these taxa into a microbial dysbiosis index demonstrated that dysbiosis microbiota had good capacity to discriminate between ESCC and PN esophagus. Functional analysis characterized that ESCC microbiota had altered nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase functions compared with PN group. These results suggest that specific microbes and the microbiota may drive or mitigate ESCC carcinogenesis, and this study will facilitate assigning causal roles in ESCC development to certain microbes and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Han Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, and Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou County, Taiwan
| | - Minghan Jia
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbin Xing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Gao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsin-Ting Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, and Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou County, Taiwan
| | - Zhanfei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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108
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Comprehensive Bioinformatic Assessments of the Variability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Vaccine Candidates. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e00977-20. [PMID: 33536323 PMCID: PMC7860988 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00977-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A protective vaccine is the only viable way to stop the spread of gonorrhea in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. However, the notorious phase and antigenic variation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface proteins remains one of the challenges in vaccine development. To facilitate vaccine advancement efforts, we carried out comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of sequence variation by comparing 34 gonorrhea antigen candidates among >5,000 clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates deposited in the Neisseria PubMLST database. Eight protein antigens showed exceptional conservation by having a single allele variant distributed in >80% of isolates. An additional 18 vaccine candidates were represented by ≤3 alleles in >50% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates globally. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted closely related antigen variants and additionally showed that AniA and FetB were the closest between N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis Up to 44% of N. meningitidis alleles for both antigens have premature stop codons, suggesting differential expression. Mapping polymorphisms to the available three-dimensional structures of 12 antigens revealed low-frequency surface polymorphisms. PorB and TbpB possessed numerous high-prevalence polymorphic sites. While TbpA was also highly variable, conserved loops were nonetheless identified. A high degree of sequence conservation, the distribution of a single antigen variant among N. gonorrhoeae strains globally, or low-frequency sequence polymorphisms in surface loops make ACP, AniA, BamA, BamE, MtrE, NspA, NGO0778, NGO1251, NGO1985, OpcA, PldA, Slam2, and ZnuD promising candidates for a gonorrhea vaccine. Finally, the commonly used N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 strain emerges as a vaccine prototype, as it carries antigen sequence types identical to the most broadly distributed antigen variants.IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, is categorized as a high-priority pathogen for research and development efforts. N. gonorrhoeae's "superbug" status, its high morbidity, and the serious health impact associated with gonorrhea highlight the importance of vaccine development. One of the longstanding barriers to developing an effective vaccine against N. gonorrhoeae is the remarkable variability of surface-exposed antigens. In this report, we addressed this roadblock by applying extensive bioinformatic analyses to 34 gonorrhea antigen candidates among >5,000 clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates. Our studies are important, as they reveal promising, conserved gonorrhea vaccine candidates and aid structural vaccinology. Moreover, these approaches are broadly applicable to other infectious diseases where surface antigen variability impedes successful vaccine design.
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109
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Blaskovich MAT, Kavanagh AM, Elliott AG, Zhang B, Ramu S, Amado M, Lowe GJ, Hinton AO, Pham DMT, Zuegg J, Beare N, Quach D, Sharp MD, Pogliano J, Rogers AP, Lyras D, Tan L, West NP, Crawford DW, Peterson ML, Callahan M, Thurn M. The antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol. Commun Biol 2021; 4:7. [PMID: 33469147 PMCID: PMC7815910 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol's primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the 'urgent threat' pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maite Amado
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Lowe
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra O Hinton
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Do Minh Thu Pham
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neil Beare
- BDG Synthesis, Wellington, 5045, New Zealand
| | - Diana Quach
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Marc D Sharp
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ashleigh P Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David W Crawford
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Marnie L Peterson
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Matthew Callahan
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Michael Thurn
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
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110
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34660335 DOI: 10.1086/69216810.3389/fcimb.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - R Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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111
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Mahanta U, Khandelwal M, Deshpande AS. Antimicrobial surfaces: a review of synthetic approaches, applicability and outlook. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:17915-17941. [PMID: 34393268 PMCID: PMC8354584 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid spread of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be extremely detrimental and can lead to seasonal epidemics or even pandemic situations. In addition, these microorganisms may bring about fouling of food and essential materials resulting in substantial economic losses. Typically, the microorganisms get transmitted by their attachment and growth on various household and high contact surfaces such as doors, switches, currency. To prevent the rapid spread of microorganisms, it is essential to understand the interaction between various microbes and surfaces which result in their attachment and growth. Such understanding is crucial in the development of antimicrobial surfaces. Here, we have reviewed different approaches to make antimicrobial surfaces and correlated surface properties with antimicrobial activities. This review concentrates on physical and chemical modification of the surfaces to modulate wettability, surface topography, and surface charge to inhibit microbial adhesion, growth, and proliferation. Based on these aspects, antimicrobial surfaces are classified into patterned surfaces, functionalized surfaces, superwettable surfaces, and smart surfaces. We have critically discussed the important findings from systems of developing antimicrobial surfaces along with the limitations of the current research and the gap that needs to be bridged before these approaches are put into practice. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbashi Mahanta
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Atul Suresh Deshpande
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
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112
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Fan T, Zhong XM, Wei XC, Miao ZL, Luo SY, Cheng H, Xiao Q. The alteration and potential relationship of vaginal microbiota and chemokines for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23558. [PMID: 33371084 PMCID: PMC7748213 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is an important and hot topic in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. During our clinical investigation (observation), we have found that URSA patients usually experience recurrent vaginitis or vaginal dysbacteriosis during periods of non-pregnancy, pregnancy, and post-abortion. However, there is no research on vaginal dysbacteriosis's influence on URSA. Using women with normal induced abortion as a control group, and using 16S rRNA sequencing, which helps to screen differentially expressed flora, this study discusses the relevance between differential bacteria at the genus level and the incidence of URSA. Another aim of this study is to determine whether certain pathogenic genera can cause an imbalance in immune tolerance of the maternal and fetal interface through regulatory chemokines, which leads to recurrent spontaneous abortion. This article has explored URSA pathogenesis from the perspective of differentially expressed vaginal flora, which has great theoretical significance for the early diagnosis and treatment of URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003
| | - Xing-Ming Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Provincial Family Planning Institute, Guangzhou, 510080
| | - Xiang-Cai Wei
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Miao
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Si-Ying Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003
| | - Heng Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003
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113
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Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria produce an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) that is particularly impermeant to many antibiotics and characterized by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exclusively at the cell surface. LPS biogenesis remains an ideal target for therapeutic intervention, as disruption could kill bacteria or increase sensitivity to existing antibiotics. While it has been known that LPS synthesis is regulated by proteolytic control of LpxC, the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of LPS synthesis, it remains unknown which signals direct this regulation. New details have been revealed during study of a cryptic essential inner membrane protein, YejM. Multiple functions have been proposed over the years for YejM, including a controversial hypothesis that it transports cardiolipin from the inner membrane to the OM. Strong evidence now indicates that YejM senses LPS in the periplasm and directs proteolytic regulation. Here, we discuss the standing literature of YejM and highlight exciting new insights into cell envelope maintenance.
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114
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Weaver LN, Drummond-Barbosa D. The Nuclear Receptor Seven Up Regulates Genes Involved in Immunity and Xenobiotic Response in the Adult Drosophila Female Fat Body. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:4625-4635. [PMID: 33087412 PMCID: PMC7718730 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of organisms depends on inter-organ communication in response to changes in the environment. Nuclear receptors are broadly expressed transcription factors that respond to circulating molecules to control many biological processes, including immunity, detoxification, and reproduction. Although the tissue-intrinsic roles of nuclear receptors in reproduction have been extensively studied, there is increasing evidence that nuclear receptor signaling in peripheral tissues can also influence oogenesis. We previously showed that the Drosophila nuclear receptor Seven up (Svp) is required in the adult fat body to regulate distinct steps of oogenesis; however, the relevant downstream targets of Svp remain unknown. Here, we took an RNA sequencing approach to identify candidate Svp targets specifically in the adult female fat body that might mediate this response. svp knockdown in the adult female fat body significantly downregulated immune genes involved in the first line of pathogen defense, suggesting a role for Svp in stimulating early immunity. In addition, we found that Svp transcriptionally regulates genes involved in each step of the xenobiotic detoxification response. Based on these findings, we propose a testable model in which Svp functions in the adult female fat body to stimulate early defense against pathogens and facilitate detoxification as part of its mechanisms to promote oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley N Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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115
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Ricci V, Carcione D, Messina S, Colombo GI, D’Alessandra Y. Circulating 16S RNA in Biofluids: Extracellular Vesicles as Mirrors of Human Microbiome? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238959. [PMID: 33255779 PMCID: PMC7728300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is inhabited by around 1013 microbes composing a multicomplex system, termed microbiota, which is strongly involved in the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis. Perturbations in microbiota composition can lead to dysbiosis, which has been associated with several human pathologies. The gold-standard method to explore microbial composition is next-generation sequencing, which involves the analysis of 16S rRNA, an indicator of the presence of specific microorganisms and the principal tool used in bacterial taxonomic classification. Indeed, the development of 16S RNA sequencing allows us to explore microbial composition in several environments and human body districts and fluids, since it has been detected in “germ-free” environments such as blood, plasma, and urine of diseased and healthy subjects. Recently, prokaryotes showed to generate extracellular vesicles, which are known to be responsible for shuttling different intracellular components such as proteins and nucleic acids (including 16S molecules) by protecting their cargo from degradation. These vesicles can be found in several human biofluids and can be exploited as tools for bacterial detection and identification. In this review, we examine the complex link between circulating 16S RNA molecules and bacteria-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ricci
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (V.R.); (S.M.); (G.I.C.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Carcione
- Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Simone Messina
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (V.R.); (S.M.); (G.I.C.)
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (V.R.); (S.M.); (G.I.C.)
| | - Yuri D’Alessandra
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (V.R.); (S.M.); (G.I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5800-2852; Fax: +39-02-5800-2750
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116
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Chrószcz M, Barszczewska-Rybarek I. Nanoparticles of Quaternary Ammonium Polyethylenimine Derivatives for Application in Dental Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2551. [PMID: 33143324 PMCID: PMC7693368 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QA-PEI) derivatives have been synthesized in order to obtain nanoparticles. Due to their antibacterial activity and non-toxicity towards mammalian cells, the QA-PEI nanoparticles have been tested extensively regarding potential applications as biocidal additives in various dental composite materials. Their impact has been examined mostly for dimethacrylate-based restorative materials; however, dental cements, root canal pastes, and orthodontic adhesives have also been tested. Results of those studies showed that the addition of small quantities of QA-PEI nanoparticles, from 0.5 to 2 wt.%, led to efficient and long-lasting antibacterial effects. However, it was also discovered that the intensity of the biocidal activity strongly depended on several chemical factors, including the degree of crosslinking, length of alkyl telomeric chains, degree of N-alkylation, degree of N-methylation, counterion type, and pH. Importantly, the presence of QA-PEI nanoparticles in the studied dental composites did not negatively impact the degree of conversion in the composite matrix, nor its mechanical properties. In this review, we summarized these features and functions in order to present QA-PEI nanoparticles as modern and promising additives for dental materials that can impart unique antibacterial characteristics without deteriorating the products' structures or mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chrószcz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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117
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Lachowicz JI, Szczepski K, Scano A, Casu C, Fais S, Orrù G, Pisano B, Piras M, Jaremko M. The Best Peptidomimetic Strategies to Undercover Antibacterial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7349. [PMID: 33027928 PMCID: PMC7583890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Health-care systems that develop rapidly and efficiently may increase the lifespan of humans. Nevertheless, the older population is more fragile, and is at an increased risk of disease development. A concurrently growing number of surgeries and transplantations have caused antibiotics to be used much more frequently, and for much longer periods of time, which in turn increases microbial resistance. In 1945, Fleming warned against the abuse of antibiotics in his Nobel lecture: "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant". After 70 years, we are witnessing the fulfilment of Fleming's prophecy, as more than 700,000 people die each year due to drug-resistant diseases. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides protect all living matter against bacteria, and now different peptidomimetic strategies to engineer innovative antibiotics are being developed to defend humans against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Cinzia Casu
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Sara Fais
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Barbara Pisano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Monica Piras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
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118
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Chen Y, Tibbs Cortes LE, Ashley C, Putz AM, Lim KS, Dyck MK, Fortin F, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM, Harding JCS. The genetic basis of natural antibody titers of young healthy pigs and relationships with disease resilience. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:648. [PMID: 32962629 PMCID: PMC7510148 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease resilience is the ability to maintain performance under pathogen exposure but is difficult to select for because breeding populations are raised under high health. Selection for resilience requires a trait that is heritable, easy to measure on healthy animals, and genetically correlated with resilience. Natural antibodies (NAb) are important parts of the innate immune system and are found to be heritable and associated with disease susceptibility in dairy cattle and poultry. Our objective was to investigate NAb and total IgG in blood of healthy, young pigs as potential indicator traits for disease resilience. Results Data were from Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, with IgG and IgM NAb (four antigens) and total IgG measured by ELISA in blood plasma collected ~ 1 week after weaning, prior to their exposure to a natural polymicrobial challenge. Heritability estimates were lower for IgG NAb (0.12 to 0.24, + 0.05) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.33 to 0.53, + 0.07) but maternal effects were larger for IgG NAb (0.41 to 0.52, + 0.03) and for total IgG (0.19 + 0.05) than for IgM NAb (0.00 to 0.10, + 0.04). Phenotypically, IgM NAb titers were moderately correlated with each other (average 0.60), as were IgG NAb titers (average 0.42), but correlations between IgM and IgG NAb titers were weak (average 0.09). Phenotypic correlations of total IgG were moderate with NAb IgG (average 0.46) but weak with NAb IgM (average 0.01). Estimates of genetic correlations among NAb showed similar patterns but with small SE, with estimates averaging 0.76 among IgG NAb, 0.63 among IgM NAb, 0.17 between IgG and IgM NAb, 0.64 between total IgG and IgG NAb, and 0.13 between total IgG and IgM NAb. Phenotypically, pigs that survived had slightly higher levels of NAb and total IgG than pigs that died. Genetically, higher levels of NAb tended to be associated with greater disease resilience based on lower mortality and fewer parenteral antibiotic treatments. Genome-wide association analyses for NAb titers identified several genomic regions, with several candidate genes for immune response. Conclusions Levels of NAb in blood of healthy young piglets are heritable and potential genetic indicators of resilience to polymicrobial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Ashley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de développement du porc du Québec inc. (CDPQ), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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119
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Lundstedt E, Kahne D, Ruiz N. Assembly and Maintenance of Lipids at the Bacterial Outer Membrane. Chem Rev 2020; 121:5098-5123. [PMID: 32955879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for their survival in harsh environments and provides intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. This membrane is remarkable; it is a highly asymmetric lipid bilayer. The inner leaflet of the outer membrane contains phospholipids, whereas the fatty acyl chains attached to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) comprise the hydrophobic portion of the outer leaflet. This lipid asymmetry, and in particular the exclusion of phospholipids from the outer leaflet, is key to creating an almost impenetrable barrier to hydrophobic molecules that can otherwise pass through phospholipid bilayers. It has long been known that these lipids are not made in the outer membrane. It is now believed that conserved multisubunit protein machines extract these lipids after their synthesis is completed at the inner membrane and transport them to the outer membrane. A longstanding question is how the cell builds and maintains this asymmetric lipid bilayer in coordination with the assembly of the other components of the cell envelope. This Review describes the trans-envelope lipid transport systems that have been identified to participate in outer-membrane biogenesis: LPS transport via the Lpt machine, and phospholipid transport via the Mla pathway and several recently proposed transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lundstedt
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Natividad Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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120
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Schäpe SS, Krause JL, Masanetz RK, Riesbeck S, Starke R, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Eberlein C, Heipieper HJ, Herberth G, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N. Environmentally Relevant Concentration of Bisphenol S Shows Slight Effects on SIHUMIx. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091436. [PMID: 32961728 PMCID: PMC7564734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an industrial chemical used in the process of polymerization of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and thus can be found in various plastic products and thermal papers. The microbiota disrupting effect of BPS on the community structure of the microbiome has already been reported, but little is known on how BPS affects bacterial activity and function. To analyze these effects, we cultivated the simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMIx) in bioreactors at a concentration of 45 µM BPS. By determining biomass, growth of SIHUMIx was followed but no differences during BPS exposure were observed. To validate if the membrane composition was affected, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profiles were compared. Changes in the individual membrane fatty acid composition could not been described; however, the saturation level of the membranes slightly increased during BPS exposure. By applying targeted metabolomics to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), it was shown that the activity of SIHUMIx was unaffected. Metaproteomics revealed temporal effect on the community structure and function, showing that BPS has minor effects on the structure or functionality of SIHUMIx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Serena Schäpe
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Jannike Lea Krause
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Rebecca Katharina Masanetz
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Sarah Riesbeck
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Robert Starke
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Christian Eberlein
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (C.E.); (H.-J.H.)
| | - Hermann-Josef Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (C.E.); (H.-J.H.)
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.S.); (R.K.M.); (S.R.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-235-4767
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Dettweiler M, Marquez L, Lin M, Sweeney-Jones AM, Chhetri BK, Zurawski DV, Kubanek J, Quave CL. Pentagalloyl glucose from Schinus terebinthifolia inhibits growth of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15340. [PMID: 32948818 PMCID: PMC7501240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance has necessitated a search for new antimicrobials with potent activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, such as carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). In this study, a library of botanical extracts generated from plants used to treat infections in traditional medicine was screened for growth inhibition of CRAB. A crude extract of Schinus terebinthifolia leaves exhibited 80% inhibition at 256 µg/mL and underwent bioassay-guided fractionation, leading to the isolation of pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), a bioactive gallotannin. PGG inhibited growth of both CRAB and susceptible A. baumannii (MIC 64-256 µg/mL), and also exhibited activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 16 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 64 µg/mL). A mammalian cytotoxicity assay with human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) yielded an IC50 for PGG of 256 µg/mL. Mechanistic experiments revealed iron chelation as a possible mode of action for PGG's activity against CRAB. Passaging assays for resistance did not produce any resistant mutants over a period of 21 days. In conclusion, PGG exhibits antimicrobial activity against CRAB, but due to known pharmacological restrictions in delivery, translation as a therapeutic may be limited to topical applications such as wound rinses and dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Dettweiler
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne M Sweeney-Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhuwan Khatri Chhetri
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel V Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassandra L Quave
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory University Herbarium, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Wu T, Yue R, Li L, He M. Study on the Mechanisms of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in Treating Diabetic Gastroparesis Based on Network Pharmacology. Interdiscip Sci 2020; 12:487-498. [PMID: 32914205 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-020-00389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In China, Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD) is applied to treat diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), but its key active ingredients and mechanisms against DGP are unclear. This study is designated to reveal the molecular mechanisms of BXD in treating DGP by adopting a creative approach known as network pharmacology to explore the active ingredients and therapeutic targets of BXD. In our study, 730 differentially expressed genes of DGP were obtained, and 30 potential targets of BXD against DGP were screened out (including ADRB2, DRD1, FOS, MMP9, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, MAP2, DRD2, MYC, F3, CDKN1A, IL6, NFKBIA, ICAM1, CCL2, SELE, DUOX2, MGAM, THBD, SERPINE1, ALOX5, CXCL11, CXCL2, CXCL10, RUNX2, CD40LG, C1QB, MCL1, and ADCYAP1). Based on the findings, BXD contains 60 compounds with therapeutic effect on DGP, including the key active ingredients such as quercetin, wogonin, baicalein, beta-sitosterol, and kaempferol. Sixty-eight pathways including TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway were significantly enriched. In this study, the mechanisms of BXD in treating DGP are affirmed to be a complex network with multi-target and multi-pathway, which provides a reference for future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingchao Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, SiChuan, China
| | - Rensong Yue
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, SiChuan, China.
| | - Liang Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Mingmin He
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, SiChuan, China
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123
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Song X, Lin NH, Wang YL, Chen B, Wang HX, Hu K. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing identifies critical genes for lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis in a rat model. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:605-611. [PMID: 31044753 PMCID: PMC6859662 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_21_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epididymitis is a commonly diagnosed disease associated with male infertility. However, little is known about the molecules that are involved in its development. This study was to identify critical genes associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis and analyze the molecular mechanism of epididymitis through RNA sequencing. Experimental epididymitis models were generated by administering male Sprague–Dawley rats' lipopolysaccharide. A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including 531 upregulated and 847 downregulated genes, were identified in the epididymitis model rats compared with those in sham-operated rats by RNA sequencing. Functional enrichment analyses suggested that the upregulated genes were markedly enriched in inflammation-related biological processes, as well as in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, complement and coagulation cascades, and in the chemokine signaling pathway. Four downregulated genes (collagen type XXVIII alpha 1 chain [Col28α1], cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 [Cdkl1], phosphoserine phosphatase [Psph], and fatty acid desaturase 2 [Fads2]) and ten upregulated genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta [Cebpβ], C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 [Cxcr2], interleukin 11 [Il11], C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 [Ccl20], nuclear factor-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [Nfkbiα], claudin 4 [Cldn4], matrix metallopeptidase 9 [Mmp9], heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 [Hspa8], intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 [Icam1], and Jun) were successfully confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot demonstrated that CDKL1 was decreased, while MMP9 and NFKBIA were increased in the experimental model group compared with those in the sham-operated group. Our study sheds new light on the understanding of the early response of the epididymis during bacterial epididymitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Nan-He Lin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - You-Lin Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
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Khalifa M, Few LL, See Too WC. ChoK-ing the Pathogenic Bacteria: Potential of Human Choline Kinase Inhibitors as Antimicrobial Agents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1823485. [PMID: 32695809 PMCID: PMC7368946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1823485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial agents are crucial to combat antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Choline kinase (ChoK) in bacteria catalyzes the synthesis of phosphorylcholine, which is subsequently incorporated into the cell wall or outer membrane. In certain species of bacteria, phosphorylcholine is also used to synthesize membrane phosphatidylcholine. Numerous human ChoK inhibitors (ChoKIs) have been synthesized and tested for anticancer properties. Inhibition of S. pneumoniae ChoK by human ChoKIs showed a promising effect by distorting the cell wall and retarded the growth of this pathogen. Comparison of amino acid sequences at the catalytic sites of putative choline kinases from pathogenic bacteria and human enzymes revealed striking sequence conservation that supports the potential application of currently available ChoKIs for inhibiting bacterial enzymes. We also propose the combined use of ChoKIs and nanoparticles for targeted delivery to the pathogen while shielding the human host from any possible side effects of the inhibitors. More research should focus on the verification of putative bacterial ChoK activities and the characterization of ChoKIs with active enzymes. In conclusion, the presence of ChoK in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria and the distinct function of this enzyme has made it an attractive drug target. This review highlighted the possibility of "choking" bacterial ChoKs by using human ChoKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moad Khalifa
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Few
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wei Cun See Too
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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125
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Transcriptomic analysis of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli K-12 strain in response to Lavandula angustifolia essential oil. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:313. [PMID: 32596098 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the synergistic antibacterial activity between piperacillin and Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, we performed microarray transcriptomic analysis of LEO when used alone and in combination with piperacillin against the non-treated control. In total, 90 genes were differentially expressed after the combination of LEO and piperacillin treatment. Among the up-regulated genes, nfsB, nemA, fruA, nfsB, nemA are known to control microbial metabolism and nitrotoluene degradation, which were observed only in the LEO-piperacillin combinatory treatment. Four candidate genes from the microarray result, srIA, srID, waaR and nfsB, were validated by qRT-PCR as these genes showed differential expression consistently in the two methods. Biochemical pathway analysis showed that there was upregulation of genes involved in several biological processes including fructose and mannose metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and nitrotoluene degradation. Genes involved in microbial metabolism in diverse environments were found both up- and down-regulated in LEO-piperacillin combinatory treatment. Our study provides new information concerning the transcriptional changes that occur during the LEO and piperacillin interaction against the multidrug-resistant bacteria and contributes to unravel the mechanisms underlying this synergism.
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126
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Hou YM, Masuda I, Foster LJ. tRNA methylation: An unexpected link to bacterial resistance and persistence to antibiotics and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1609. [PMID: 32533808 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A major threat to public health is the resistance and persistence of Gram-negative bacteria to multiple drugs during antibiotic treatment. The resistance is due to the ability of these bacteria to block antibiotics from permeating into and accumulating inside the cell, while the persistence is due to the ability of these bacteria to enter into a nonreplicating state that shuts down major metabolic pathways but remains active in drug efflux. Resistance and persistence are permitted by the unique cell envelope structure of Gram-negative bacteria, which consists of both an outer and an inner membrane (OM and IM, respectively) that lay above and below the cell wall. Unexpectedly, recent work reveals that m1 G37 methylation of tRNA, at the N1 of guanosine at position 37 on the 3'-side of the tRNA anticodon, controls biosynthesis of both membranes and determines the integrity of cell envelope structure, thus providing a novel link to the development of bacterial resistance and persistence to antibiotics. The impact of m1 G37-tRNA methylation on Gram-negative bacteria can reach further, by determining the ability of these bacteria to exit from the persistence state when the antibiotic treatment is removed. These conceptual advances raise the possibility that successful targeting of m1 G37-tRNA methylation can provide new approaches for treating acute and chronic infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Isao Masuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Gulistan T, Ahmad S, Azam SS. Conformational transition of Acinetobacter baumannii KdsC enzyme and the role of magnesium in binding: An insight from comparative molecular dynamics simulation and its implications in novel antibiotics design. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107625. [PMID: 32417725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase (KdsC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDO 8-P) to 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate (KDO) and inorganic phosphate in KDO biosynthesis pathway of Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hydrophobic lipid-A core. The essentiality of KDO for bacterial cell viability presents the possibility of its targeting to develop broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. In this study, a receptor based virtually screening method was put forward to identify novel lead inhibitory molecules for KdsC enzyme. Dynamics evaluation in solution revealed three complexes: Asinex-1197, Asinex-1705, and Asinex-1710 from Asinex antibacterial library as highly stable, involving conformational transition from open to close upon lead molecules binding and eloquent role of active pocket magnesium towards inhibitors binding and movements. Interconversion of local secondary structure elements in sequence region of Asp192-Asp208 covering motif β-turn, β-hairpin, and β-sheets is seen recurrently that could be in all likelihood of the pressure excreted on this region during closing conformation event or magnesium driven inhibitor adjustments. The binding free energy estimation predicted gas phase energy for all the three complexes dominating with major contribution from van der Waals energy (in case of Asinex-1705 and Asinex-1710) and balanced contributions of both electrostatic and van der Waals (in case of Asinex-1197). Key residues-scanning shortlisted Leu45, Asp185, Gy188, Arg231, and Lys255 as vital in the interaction network of magnesium and inhibitors at the binding site. Their crucial roles in net binding energy were reaffirmed via in silico site directed alanine scanning method. The filtered hits might be useful to further scaffolds addition and structural optimization to yield high affinity binders of KdsC enzyme, whose inhibition, in turn, will disrupt the outer membrane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Gulistan
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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128
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Wang J, Ma W, Fang Y, Zhang H, Liang H, Li Y, Wang X. Truncating the Structure of Lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli Can Effectively Improve Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Production. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1201-1215. [PMID: 32302096 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate is an environmentally friendly polymer with many promising applications and can be produced in Escherichia coli cells after overexpressing the heterologous gene cluster phaCAB. In this study, we found that truncating the structure of lipopolysaccharide in E. coli can effectively enhance poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production. E. coli mutant strains WJW00, WJD00, and WJJ00 were constructed by deleting rfaD from E. coli strain W3110, DH5α, and JM109, respectively. Compared to the controls W3110/pDXW-8-phaCAB, DH5a/pDXW-8-phaCAB, and JM109/pDXW-8-phaCAB, the yield of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in WJW00/pDXW-8-phaCAB, WJD00/pDXW-8-phaCAB, and WJJ00/pDXW-8-phaCAB cells increased by 200%, 81.5%, and 75.6%, respectively, and the conversion rate of glucose to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate was increased by ∼250%. Further analysis revealed that LPS truncation in E. coli rebalanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the levels of acetyl-CoA, γ-aminobutyric acid, NADPH, NADH, and ATP, and decreased the levels of organic acids and flagella, resulting in the high ratio of carbon to nitrogen. These metabolic changes in these E. coli mutants led to the significant increase of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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129
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Adzigbli L, Zheng Z, Liao Y, Deng Y, Du X, Yang C. Characterization of thioredoxin-like PROTEIN-5 (TRXLP-5) and its differential response to grafting challenge in the black coloured selected line and control stocks of Pinctada fucata martensii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103635. [PMID: 32014470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-like protein 5 (Trxlp-5) is a thioredoxin isoform associated with cellular redox homeostasis through the activity of thiol-disulfide reductase. In our study, Trxlp-5 was identified and characterized in Pinctada fucata martensii. The expression of PmTrxlp-5 was detected in response to polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. The differences in PmTrxlp-5 expression were evaluated between the black coloured selected line and the control stock after grafting operation. The open reading frame (ORF) consisted of 1167bp encoding a 388 amino acid, 5'-UTR of 41bp and a 3'-UTR of 846bp. PmTrxlp-5 exhibited a conserved WCXXC functional motif similar to thioredoxins from other species. Tissue analysis showcased the highest relative mRNA expressions of PmTrxlp-5 in the haemocytes. Interestingly, after the grafting operation, mRNA expression of PmTrxlp-5 in the haemocytes was differentially expressed post grafting with a peak 6 h after grafting suggesting the high involvement of the gene in immune response in the early stage after grafting. The black coloured selected line group (BS) had significantly higher expression than the control group (CG) at 24 h, 6 d and 30 d after grafting operation. PmTrxlp-5 also showed a wave-like pattern in mRNA expression after bacterial endotoxin LPS and viral mimic poly I:C. These results suggested that PmTrxlp-5 plays a vital function in cellular redox homeostasis and immune response against grafting operation and pathogenic infections and can be used as a gene marker for selective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Adzigbli
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongshan Liao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Chuangye Yang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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130
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Thapa SP, De Francesco A, Trinh J, Gurung FB, Pang Z, Vidalakis G, Wang N, Ancona V, Ma W, Coaker G. Genome-wide analyses of Liberibacter species provides insights into evolution, phylogenetic relationships, and virulence factors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:716-731. [PMID: 32108417 PMCID: PMC7170780 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter' species are insect-transmitted, phloem-limited α-Proteobacteria in the order of Rhizobiales. The citrus industry is facing significant challenges due to huanglongbing, associated with infection from 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las). In order to gain greater insight into 'Ca. Liberibacter' biology and genetic diversity, we have performed genome sequencing and comparative analyses of diverse 'Ca. Liberibacter' species, including those that can infect citrus. Our phylogenetic analysis differentiates 'Ca. Liberibacter' species and Rhizobiales in separate clades and suggests stepwise evolution from a common ancestor splitting first into nonpathogenic Liberibacter crescens followed by diversification of pathogenic 'Ca. Liberibacter' species. Further analysis of Las genomes from different geographical locations revealed diversity among isolates from the United States. Our phylogenetic study also indicates multiple Las introduction events in California and spread of the pathogen from Florida to Texas. Texan Las isolates were closely related, while Florida and Asian isolates exhibited the most genetic variation. We have identified conserved Sec translocon (SEC)-dependent effectors likely involved in bacterial survival and virulence of Las and analysed their expression in their plant host (citrus) and insect vector (Diaphorina citri). Individual SEC-dependent effectors exhibited differential expression patterns between host and vector, indicating that Las uses its effector repertoire to differentially modulate diverse organisms. Collectively, this work provides insights into the evolution of 'Ca. Liberibacter' species, the introduction of Las in the United States and identifies promising Las targets for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree P. Thapa
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Agustina De Francesco
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Fatta B. Gurung
- Citrus CenterDepartment of Agriculture, Agribusiness and Environmental SciencesTexas A&M University‐KingsvilleWeslacoTXUSA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education CenterDepartment of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of FloridaLake AlfredFLUSA
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education CenterDepartment of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of FloridaLake AlfredFLUSA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus CenterDepartment of Agriculture, Agribusiness and Environmental SciencesTexas A&M University‐KingsvilleWeslacoTXUSA
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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131
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Kaito C, Yoshikai H, Wakamatsu A, Miyashita A, Matsumoto Y, Fujiyuki T, Kato M, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Isogai T, Sekimizu K. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli acquires virulence by mutating a growth-essential LPS transporter. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008469. [PMID: 32324807 PMCID: PMC7179839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that allow pathogenic bacteria to infect animals have been intensively studied. On the other hand, the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria acquire virulence functions are not fully understood. In the present study, we experimentally evaluated the evolution of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli in a silkworm infection model and obtained pathogenic mutant strains. As one cause of the high virulence properties of E. coli mutants, we identified amino acid substitutions in LptD (G580S) and LptE (T95I) constituting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transporter, which translocates LPS from the inner to the outer membrane and is essential for E. coli growth. The growth of the LptD and LptE mutants obtained in this study was indistinguishable from that of the parent strain. The LptD and LptE mutants exhibited increased secretion of outer membrane vesicles containing LPS and resistance against various antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and host complement. In vivo cross-linking studies revealed that the conformation of the LptD-LptE complex was altered in the LptD and LptE mutants. Furthermore, several clinical isolates of E. coli carried amino acid substitutions of LptD and LptE that conferred resistance against antimicrobial substances. This study demonstrated an experimental evolution of bacterial virulence properties in an animal infection model and identified functional alterations of the growth-essential LPS transporter that led to high bacterial virulence by conferring resistance against antimicrobial substances. These findings suggest that non-pathogenic bacteria can gain virulence traits by changing the functions of essential genes, and provide new insight to bacterial evolution in a host environment. Pathogenic bacteria developed their virulence properties by changing the functions of various genes after the emergence of the host animals on earth. The types of gene function alterations that confer bacterial virulence properties, however, have remained unclear. We utilized a silkworm infection model to perform an experimental evolution of bacterial virulence activity. From a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, we obtained a mutant strain that exhibited 500-fold higher virulence than the original strain and identified mutations of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transporter, which translocates LPS onto the bacterial surface, as one cause of the high virulence. The mutations changed the structure of the LPS transporter, increased the secretion of outer membrane vesicles, and enabled bacterial survival in the presence of host antimicrobial substances. This mechanism to gain high virulence occurs naturally, as several E. coli clinical isolates carried mutations of the LPS transporter that confer resistance against antimicrobial substances. Our study unveiled a novel mechanism by which bacteria increase their virulence through modifying their gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirono Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Wakamatsu
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujiyuki
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Devision of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Isogai
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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132
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Xiao X, Zhao W, Liang J, Sauer K, Libera M. Self-defensive antimicrobial biomaterial surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:110989. [PMID: 32361372 PMCID: PMC7308212 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-defensive biomaterial surfaces are being developed in order to mitigate infection associated with tissue-contacting biomedical devices. Such infection occurs when microbes colonize the surface of a device and proliferate into a recalcitrant biofilm. A key intervention point centers on preventing the initial colonization. Incorporating antimicrobials within a surface coating can be very effective, but the traditional means of antimicrobial delivery by continuous elution can often be counterproductive. If there is no infection, continuous elution creates conditions that promote the development of resistant microbes throughout the patient. In contrast, a self-defensive coating releases antimicrobial only when and only where there is a microbial challenge to the surface. Otherwise, the antimicrobial remains sequestered within the coating and does not contribute to the development of resistance. A self-defensive surface requires a local trigger that signals the microbial challenge. Three such triggers have been identified as: (1) local pH lowering; (2) local enzyme release; and (3) direct microbial-surface contact. This short review highlights the need for self-defensive surfaces in the general context of the device-infection problem and then reviews key biomaterials developments associated with each of these three triggering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Karin Sauer
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center (BBRC), Binghamton University Binghamton, NY USA
| | - Matthew Libera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Carbone D, Schillaci D, Giovannetti E, Cirrincione G, Diana P. Thiazoles, Their Benzofused Systems, and Thiazolidinone Derivatives: Versatile and Promising Tools to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7923-7956. [PMID: 32208685 PMCID: PMC7997583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Thiazoles,
their benzofused systems, and thiazolidinone derivatives
are widely recognized as nuclei of great value for obtaining molecules
with various biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-HIV, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antimicrobial. In particular,
in the past decade, many compounds bearing these heterocycles have
been studied for their promising antibacterial properties due to their
action on different microbial targets. Here we assess the recent development
of this class of compounds to address mechanisms underlying antibiotic
resistance at both bacterial-cell and community levels (biofilms).
We also explore the SAR and the prospective clinical application of
thiazole and its benzofused derivatives, which act as inhibitors of
mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in the treatment of severe
drug-resistant infections. In addition, we examined all bacterial
targets involved in their antimicrobial activity reporting, when described,
their spontaneous frequencies of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, DeBoelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, via Giovannini 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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134
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Szczepaniak J, Holmes P, Rajasekar K, Kaminska R, Samsudin F, Inns PG, Rassam P, Khalid S, Murray SM, Redfield C, Kleanthous C. The lipoprotein Pal stabilises the bacterial outer membrane during constriction by a mobilisation-and-capture mechanism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1305. [PMID: 32161270 PMCID: PMC7066135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of outer membrane constriction with septation is critical to faithful division in Gram-negative bacteria and vital to the barrier function of the membrane. This coordination requires the recruitment of the peptidoglycan-binding outer-membrane lipoprotein Pal at division sites by the Tol system. Here, we show that Pal accumulation at Escherichia coli division sites is a consequence of three key functions of the Tol system. First, Tol mobilises Pal molecules in dividing cells, which otherwise diffuse very slowly due to their binding of the cell wall. Second, Tol actively captures mobilised Pal molecules and deposits them at the division septum. Third, the active capture mechanism is analogous to that used by the inner membrane protein TonB to dislodge the plug domains of outer membrane TonB-dependent nutrient transporters. We conclude that outer membrane constriction is coordinated with cell division by active mobilisation-and-capture of Pal at division septa by the Tol system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Karthik Rajasekar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Evotec SE, 112-114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Renata Kaminska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Patrice Rassam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologie, UMR 7021, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Syma Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Seán M Murray
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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135
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Abedi F, Hayes AW, Reiter R, Karimi G. Acute lung injury: The therapeutic role of Rho kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104736. [PMID: 32135249 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a pulmonary illness with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Rho GTPase and its downstream effector, Rho kinase (ROCK), have been demonstrated to be involved in cell adhesion, motility, and contraction which can play a role in ALI. The electronic databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant studies regarding the role of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of ALI and the effects of specific Rho kinase inhibitors in prevention and treatment of ALI. Upregulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway causes an increase of inflammation, immune cell migration, apoptosis, coagulation, contraction, and cell adhesion in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are involved in endothelium barrier dysfunction and edema, hallmarks of ALI. These effects were significantly reversed by Rho kinase inhibitors. Rho kinase inhibition offers a promising approach in ALI [ARDS] treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Russel Reiter
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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136
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Clifton LA, Campbell RA, Sebastiani F, Campos-Terán J, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Björklund S, Sotres J, Cárdenas M. Design and use of model membranes to study biomolecular interactions using complementary surface-sensitive techniques. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102118. [PMID: 32044469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are complex structures and simplified analogues in the form of model membranes or biomembranes are used as platforms to understand fundamental properties of the membrane itself as well as interactions with various biomolecules such as drugs, peptides and proteins. Model membranes at the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces can be studied using a range of complementary surface-sensitive techniques to give a detailed picture of both the structure and physicochemical properties of the membrane and its resulting interactions. In this review, we will present the main planar model membranes used in the field to date with a focus on monolayers at the air-liquid interface, supported lipid bilayers at the solid-liquid interface and advanced membrane models such as tethered and floating membranes. We will then briefly present the principles as well as the main type of information on molecular interactions at model membranes accessible using a Langmuir trough, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, Brewster angle microscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, and neutron and X-ray reflectometry. A consistent example for following biomolecular interactions at model membranes is used across many of the techniques in terms of the well-studied antimicrobial peptide Melittin. The overall objective is to establish an understanding of the information accessible from each technique, their respective advantages and limitations, and their complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Clifton
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Campbell
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Sebastiani
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - José Campos-Terán
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 05348, Mexico; Lund Institute of advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Lund University, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Juan F Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Björklund
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Javier Sotres
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
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137
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Zhang S, Jiang L, Hu H, Wang H, Wang X, Jiang J, Ma Y, Yang J, Hou Y, Xie D, Zhang Q. Pretreatment of exosomes derived from hUCMSCs with TNF-α ameliorates acute liver failure by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 in macrophage. Life Sci 2020; 246:117401. [PMID: 32035931 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The management of acute liver failure (ALF) is a major challenge worldwide. The current study aimed to determine the therapeutic potential of TNF-α pretreatment of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (T-Exo) in ALF. MAIN METHODS Here, we enriched T-Exo and untreated exosomes (Exo), them were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) for particle size detection and identified surface marker by Western blot and flow cytometry. Then the cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 and the effect of T-Exo on the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines was tested by ELISA. ALF mouse models were induced by LPS and D-GalN. H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used to detect the effect of T-Exo on the levels of NLRP3 and other inflammation-related pathway proteins. qPCR was used to detect the expression level of microRNA-299-3p in T-Exo and its transfer to macrophages. Laser confocal microscopy was used to detect colocalization of exosomes,Golgi and NLRP3 in macrophages. KEY FINDINGS Our study shows that T-Exo can reduce serum ALT, AST and proinflammatory cytokines level and inhibit activation of NLRP3 inflammation-associated pathway proteins. T-Exo treatment reduces pathological liver damage caused by ALF. Anti-inflammatory-related miRNA-299-3p is up-regulated in TNF-α-stimulated MSCs and selectively packaged into exosomes for role in exosomal treatment. And conducted preliminary exploration and hypothesis on the specific mechanism of this effect. SIGNIFICANCE These in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that T-Exo attenuates inflammatory damage caused by ALF and promotes liver tissue repair by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Zhang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Linrui Jiang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Huazhong Hu
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Guangzhou Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology Company Limited, China
| | - Jiaohua Jiang
- Guangzhou Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology Company Limited, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Guangzhou Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology Company Limited, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Denghui Xie
- Academy of Orthopedics. Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, China.
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138
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Chisanga M, Linton D, Muhamadali H, Ellis DI, Kimber RL, Mironov A, Goodacre R. Rapid differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni cell wall mutants using Raman spectroscopy, SERS and mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. Analyst 2020; 145:1236-1249. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SERS was developed for intercellular and intracellular analyses. Using a series of cell wall mutants in C. jejuni we show cell wall versus cytoplasm differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malama Chisanga
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Dennis Linton
- School of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Biology
- Medicine and Health
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - David I. Ellis
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Richard L. Kimber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- EM Core Facility
- Faculty of Biology
- Medicine and Health
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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139
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Guo M, Qi L, Zhang Y, Shang D, Yu J, Yue J. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography may not visualize radiation pneumonitis. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:112. [PMID: 31858307 PMCID: PMC6923299 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation pneumonitis is a common and potentially fatal complication of radiotherapy (RT). Some patients with radiation pneumonitis show increases in uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) on positron emission tomography (PET), but others do not. The exact relationship between radiation pneumonitis and 18F-FDG PET findings remains controversial. Methods We used an animal model of radiation pneumonitis involving both radiation and simulated bacterial infection in Wistar rats. Treatment groups (10 rats/group) were as follows: control, RT-only, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-only, and RT+LPS. All rats had micro-PET scans at 7 weeks after RT (or sham). Histologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate potential mechanisms. Results Irradiated rats had developed radiation pneumonitis at 7 weeks after RT based on pathology and CT scans. Maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean) at that time were significantly increased in the LPS group (P < 0.001 for both) and the RT+LPS group (P < 0.001 for both) relative to control, but were not different in the RT-only group (P = 0.156 SUVmax and P = 0.304 SUVmean). The combination of RT and LPS increased the expression of the aerobic glycolysis enzyme PKM2 (P < 0.001) and the glucose transporter GLUT1 (P = 0.004) in lung tissues. LPS alone increased the expression of PKM2 (P = 0.018), but RT alone did not affect PKM2 (P = 0.270) or GLUT1 (P = 0.989). Conclusions Aseptic radiation pneumonitis could not be accurately assessed by 18F-FDG PET, but was visualized after simulated bacterial infection via LPS. The underlying mechanism of the model of bacterial infection causing increased FDG uptake may be the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Guo
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Liang Qi
- Equipment and material Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Dongping Shang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jinbo Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, 250117, China.
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140
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Panchaud P, Surivet JP, Diethelm S, Blumstein AC, Gauvin JC, Jacob L, Masse F, Mathieu G, Mirre A, Schmitt C, Enderlin-Paput M, Lange R, Gnerre C, Seeland S, Herrmann C, Locher HH, Seiler P, Ritz D, Rueedi G. Optimization of LpxC Inhibitor Lead Compounds Focusing on Efficacy and Formulation for High Dose Intravenous Administration. J Med Chem 2019; 63:88-102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Panchaud
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Diethelm
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Loïc Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Florence Masse
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Mathieu
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Azely Mirre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Lange
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Charlyse Herrmann
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Locher
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Seiler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Rueedi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Pasala C, Katari SK, Nalamolu RM, Aparna RB, Amineni U. Integration of core hopping, quantum-mechanics, molecular mechanics coupled binding-energy estimations and dynamic simulations for fragment-based novel therapeutic scaffolds against Helicobacter pylori strains. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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142
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Kroeck KG, Sacco MD, Smith EW, Zhang X, Shoun D, Akhtar A, Darch SE, Cohen F, Andrews LD, Knox JE, Chen Y. Discovery of dual-activity small-molecule ligands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxA and LpxD using SPR and X-ray crystallography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15450. [PMID: 31664082 PMCID: PMC6820557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid A biosynthesis pathway is essential in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LpxA and LpxD are the first and third enzymes in this pathway respectively, and are regarded as promising antibiotic targets. The unique structural similarities between these two enzymes make them suitable targets for dual-binding inhibitors, a characteristic that would decrease the likelihood of mutational resistance and increase cell-based activity. We report the discovery of multiple small molecule ligands that bind to P. aeruginosa LpxA and LpxD, including dual-binding ligands. Binding poses were determined for select compounds by X-ray crystallography. The new structures reveal a previously uncharacterized magnesium ion residing at the core of the LpxD trimer. In addition, ligand binding in the LpxD active site resulted in conformational changes in the distal C-terminal helix-bundle, which forms extensive contacts with acyl carrier protein (ACP) during catalysis. These ligand-dependent conformational changes suggest a potential allosteric influence of reaction intermediates on ACP binding, and vice versa. Taken together, the novel small molecule ligands and their crystal structures provide new chemical scaffolds for ligand discovery targeting lipid A biosynthesis, while revealing structural features of interest for future investigation of LpxD function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Kroeck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Michael D Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Emmanuel W Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Daniel Shoun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Afroza Akhtar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Sophie E Darch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Frederick Cohen
- Former employees of ACHAOGEN Inc., 1 Tower Place, Suite 400, South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Logan D Andrews
- Former employees of ACHAOGEN Inc., 1 Tower Place, Suite 400, South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - John E Knox
- Former employees of ACHAOGEN Inc., 1 Tower Place, Suite 400, South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.
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van Thiel IAM, Botschuijver S, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J. Painful interactions: Microbial compounds and visceral pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165534. [PMID: 31634534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain, characterized by abdominal discomfort, originates from organs in the abdominal cavity and is a characteristic symptom in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, vulvodynia or interstitial cystitis. Most organs in which visceral pain originates are in contact with the external milieu and continuously exposed to microbes. In order to maintain homeostasis and prevent infections, the immune- and nervous system in these organs cooperate to sense and eliminate (harmful) microbes. Recognition of microbial components or products by receptors expressed on cells from the immune and nervous system can activate immune responses but may also cause pain. We review the microbial compounds and their receptors that could be involved in visceral pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A M van Thiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Botschuijver
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hager FF, Sützl L, Stefanović C, Blaukopf M, Schäffer C. Pyruvate Substitutions on Glycoconjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4929. [PMID: 31590345 PMCID: PMC6801904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the most diverse biomolecules of life. Mostly located at the cell surface, they translate into cell-specific "barcodes" and offer a vast repertoire of functions, including support of cellular physiology, lifestyle, and pathogenicity. Functions can be fine-tuned by non-carbohydrate modifications on the constituting monosaccharides. Among these modifications is pyruvylation, which is present either in enol or ketal form. The most commonly best-understood example of pyruvylation is enol-pyruvylation of N-acetylglucosamine, which occurs at an early stage in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. Ketal-pyruvylation, in contrast, is present in diverse classes of glycoconjugates, from bacteria to algae to yeast-but not in humans. Mild purification strategies preventing the loss of the acid-labile ketal-pyruvyl group have led to a collection of elucidated pyruvylated glycan structures. However, knowledge of involved pyruvyltransferases creating a ring structure on various monosaccharides is scarce, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of fingerprint motifs of these enzymes and the unavailability of genome sequences of the organisms undergoing pyruvylation. This review compiles the current information on the widespread but under-investigated ketal-pyruvylation of monosaccharides, starting with different classes of pyruvylated glycoconjugates and associated functions, leading to pyruvyltransferases, their specificity and sequence space, and insight into pyruvate analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Muthgasse 11, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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145
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Zhang H, Zhao J, Shao P. Long noncoding RNA MIAT2 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory damage in WI-38 cells by sponging microRNA-15. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3690-3697. [PMID: 31566734 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal pneumonia is a high neonatal mortality disease. We studied the function and mechanism of long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript 2 (lncRNA MIAT2) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in WI-38 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis assay were respectively used to detect the functions of LPS, MIAT2, and microRNA-15 (miR-15) on viability and apoptosis. MIAT2 and miR-15 expressions were changed by cell transfection. Moreover, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the expressions of interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The levels of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, and cell pathways-related proteins were tested by western blot. Besides, the levels of miR-15 and MIAT2 were tested by RT-qPCR. We found that LPS declined cell viability and heightened apoptosis and levels of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, IL-6, and MCP-1. MIAT2 was negatively regulated by LPS and it alleviated LPS-induced damage. Furthermore, MIAT2 reversely regulated miR-15 and miR-15 mimic could reverse the effects of MIAT2. Finally, MIAT2 restrained the p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways by downregulating miR-15. In conclusion, MIAT2 alleviated LPS-induced inflammation damage in WI-38 cells by sponging miR-15 via p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
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146
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The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiac Cell Death. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040069. [PMID: 31547509 PMCID: PMC6955717 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play a crucial role in the progression of infectious diseases, as exosome release and biogenesis are affected by external factors, such as pathogenic infections. Pyrogens may aide in the progression of diseases by triggering inflammation, endothelial cell injury, and arterial plaque rupture, all of which can lead to acute coronary disease, resulting in cardiac tissue death and the onset of a cardiac event (CE). To better understand the effects of Gram-negative bacterial infections on exosome composition and biogenesis, we examined exosome characteristics after treatment of AC16 human cardiomyocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which served as a model system for Gram-negative bacterial infection. Using increasing doses (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg) of LPS, we showed that treatment with LPS substantially altered the composition of AC16-derived exosomes. Both the relative size and the quantity (particles/mL) of exosomes were decreased significantly at all tested concentrations of LPS treatment compared to the untreated group. In addition, LPS administration reduced the expression of exosomal proteins that are related to exosomal biogenesis. Conversely, we observed an increase in immunomodulators present after LPS administration. This evaluation of the impact of LPS on cardiac cell death and exosome composition will yield new insight into the importance of exosomes in a variety of physiological and pathological processes as it relates to disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment.
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147
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Dresler J, Klimentova J, Pajer P, Salovska B, Fucikova AM, Chmel M, Schmoock G, Neubauer H, Mertens-Scholz K. Quantitative Proteome Profiling of Coxiella burnetii Reveals Major Metabolic and Stress Differences Under Axenic and Cell Culture Cultivation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2022. [PMID: 31620097 PMCID: PMC6759588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. To date, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the only defined and characterized virulence determinant of C. burnetii. In this study, proteome profiles of C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (RSA 493, NMI) and its isogenic Nine Mile phase II (RSA 439 NMII) isolate with a deep rough LPS were compared on L-929 mouse fibroblasts and in complex (ACCM-2), and defined (ACCM-D) media. Whole proteome extracts were analyzed using a label-free quantification approach. Between 659 and 1,046 C. burnetii proteins of the 2,132 annotated coding sequences (CDS) were identified in any particular experiment. Proteome profiles clustered according to the cultivation conditions used, indicating different regulation patterns. NMI proteome profiles compared to NMII in ACCM-D indicate transition from an exponential to a stationary phase. The levels of regulatory proteins such as RpoS, CsrA2, UspA1, and UspA2 were increased. Comparison of the oxidative stress response of NMI and NMII indicated that ACCM-2 represents a high oxidative stress environment. Expression of peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, as well as thioredoxins was increased for NMI. In contrast, in ACCM-D, only osmoregulation seems to be necessary. Proteome profiles of NMII do not differ and indicate that both axenic media represent similar oxidative stress environments. Deep rough LPS causes changes of the outer membrane stability and fluidity. This might be one reason for the observed differences. Proteins associated with the T4SS and Sec translocon as well as several effector proteins were detectable under all three conditions. Interestingly, none of these putatively secreted proteins are upregulated in ACCM-2 compared to ACCM-D, and L-929 mouse fibroblasts. Curiously, a higher similarity of proteomic patterns (overlapping up- and downregulated proteins) of ACCM-D and bacteria grown in cell culture was observed. Particularly, the proteins involved in a better adaptation or homeostasis in response to the harsh environment of the parasitophorous vacuole were demonstrated for NMI. This semi-quantitative proteomic analysis of C. burnetii compared axenically grown bacteria to those propagated in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Klimentova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Salovska
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Martin Chmel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Mertens-Scholz
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
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148
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Combining Mutations That Inhibit Two Distinct Steps of the ATP Hydrolysis Cycle Restores Wild-Type Function in the Lipopolysaccharide Transporter and Shows that ATP Binding Triggers Transport. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01931-19. [PMID: 31431556 PMCID: PMC6703430 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01931-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to many antibiotics because their surface is covered by the glycolipid LPS. Newly synthesized LPS is transported across the cell envelope by the multiprotein Lpt machinery, which includes LptB2FGC, an unusual ABC transporter that extracts LPS from the inner membrane. Like in other ABC transporters, the LptB2FGC transport cycle is driven by the cyclical conformational changes that a cytoplasmic, dimeric ATPase, LptB, undergoes when binding and hydrolyzing ATP. How these conformational changes are controlled in ABC transporters is poorly understood. Here, we identified two lethal changes in LptB that, when combined, remarkably restore wild-type transport function. Biochemical studies revealed that the two changes affect different steps in the transport cycle, having opposing, lethal effects on LptB’s dimerization cycle. Our work provides mechanistic details about the LptB2FGC extractor that could be used to develop Lpt inhibitors that would overcome the innate antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large family of proteins present in all domains of life. They are powered by dynamic ATPases that harness energy from binding and hydrolyzing ATP through a cycle that involves the closing and reopening of their two ATP-binding domains. The LptB2FGC exporter is an essential ABC transporter that assembles lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria to form a permeability barrier against many antibiotics. LptB2FGC extracts newly synthesized LPS molecules from the inner membrane and powers their transport across the periplasm and through the outer membrane. How LptB2FGC functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the C-terminal domain of the dimeric LptB ATPase is essential for LPS transport in Escherichia coli. Specific changes in the C-terminal domain of LptB cause LPS transport defects that can be repaired by intragenic suppressors altering the ATP-binding domains. Surprisingly, we found that each of two lethal changes in the ATP-binding and C-terminal domains of LptB, when present in combined form, suppressed the defects associated with the other to restore LPS transport to wild-type levels both in vivo and in vitro. We present biochemical evidence explaining the effect that each of these mutations has on LptB function and how the observed cosuppression results from the opposing lethal effects these changes have on the dimerization state of the LptB ATPase. We therefore propose that these sites modulate the closing and reopening of the LptB dimer, providing insight into how the LptB2FGC transporter cycles to export LPS to the cell surface and how to inhibit this essential envelope biogenesis process.
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149
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Effect of O antigen ligase gene mutation on oxidative stress resistance and pathogenicity of NMEC strain RS218. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103656. [PMID: 31400443 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the primary causes of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in newborns. E. coli RS218, a prototype strain of neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC), is often used in research on the pathogenesis of NMEC. Phagocytes are crucial sentinels of immunity, and their antibacterial ability is largely determined by the capability to produce large amounts of ROS. The capacity of bacteria to endure oxidative pressure affects their colonization in the host. Here, we systematically screened the genes that plays key roles in the tolerance of the model of E. coli RS218 to peroxygen environment using a Tn5 mutant library. As a result, a gene encoding O antigen polymerase (O antigen ligase) that contains the Wzy_C superfamily domain (herein designated as Ocw) was identified in E. coli RS218. Furthermore, we constructed an isogenic deletion mutant of ocw gene and its complementary strain in E. coli. Our results revealed that ocw affects the lipopolysaccharide synthesis, ROS tolerance, and survival of E. coli in the host environment. The discovery of ocw provides important clues for better understanding the function of O-antigen.
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150
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The Lpt ABC transporter for lipopolysaccharide export to the cell surface. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:366-373. [PMID: 31376484 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The surface of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is covered by a tightly packed layer of lipopolysaccharide molecules which provide a barrier against many toxic compounds and antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharide, synthesized in the cytoplasm, is assembled in the periplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane where the intermembrane Lpt system mediates its transport to the cell surface. The first step of lipopolysaccharide transport is its extraction from the outer leaflet of inner membrane powered by the atypical LptB2FGC ABC transporter. Here we review latest advances leading to understanding at molecular level how lipopolysaccharide is transported irreversibly to the outer membrane.
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