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Ramirez-Pedraza M, Fernández M. Interplay Between Macrophages and Angiogenesis: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2882. [PMID: 31921146 PMCID: PMC6927291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver disease, macrophages support angiogenesis, not only by secreting proangiogenic growth factors and matrix-remodeling proteases, but also by physically interacting with the sprouting vasculature to assist the formation of complex vascular networks. In the liver, macrophages acquire specific characteristics becoming Kupffer cells and working to ensure protection and immunotolerance. Angiogenesis is another double-edged sword in health and disease and it is the biggest ally of macrophages allowing its dissemination. Angiogenesis and fibrosis may occur in parallel in several tissues as macrophages co-localize with newly formed vessels and secrete cytokines, interleukins, and growth factors that will activate other cell types in the liver such as hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, promoting extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor are the leading secreted factors driving pathological angiogenesis and consequently increasing macrophage infiltration. Tumor development in the liver has been widely linked to macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation in which epidermal growth factors, STAT3 and NF-kβ are some of the most relevant signaling molecules involved. In this article, we review the link between macrophages and angiogenesis at molecular and cellular levels in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ramirez-Pedraza
- Angiogenesis in Liver Disease Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Angiogenesis in Liver Disease Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Hepatic and Digestive Disease (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Zavyalova MV, Denisov EV, Tashireva LA, Savelieva OE, Kaigorodova EV, Krakhmal NV, Perelmuter VM. Intravasation as a Key Step in Cancer Metastasis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:762-772. [PMID: 31509727 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919070071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intravasation is a key step in cancer metastasis during which tumor cells penetrate the vessel wall and enter circulation, thereby becoming circulating tumor cells and potential metastatic seeds. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of intravasation is critically important for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent metastasis. In this article, we review current data on the mechanisms of cancer cell intravasation into the blood and lymphatic vessels. The entry of mature thymocytes into the circulation and of dendritic cells into the regional lymph nodes is considered as example of intravasation under physiologically normal conditions. Intravasation in a pathophysiological state is illustrated by the reverse transendothelial migration of leukocytes into the bloodstream from the sites of inflammation mediated by the sphingosine 1-phosphate interaction with its receptors. Intravasation involves both invasion-dependent and independent mechanisms. In particular, mesenchymal and amoeboid cell invasion, as well as neoangiogenesis and vascular remodeling, are discussed to play a significant role in the entry of tumor cells to the circulation. Special attention is given to the contribution of macrophages to the intravasation via the CSF1/EGF (colony stimulating factor 1/epidermal growth factor) paracrine signaling pathway and the TMEM (tumor microenvironment of metastasis)-mediated mechanisms. Other mechanisms including intravasation of tumor cell clusters surrounded by the vessel wall elements, cooperative intravasation (entry of non-invasive tumor cells to the circulation following invasive tumor cells), and intravasation associated with the vasculogenic mimicry (formation of vascular channels by tumor cells) are also discussed. Novel intravasation-specific mechanisms that have not yet been described in the literature are suggested. The importance of targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer intravasation is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Zavyalova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - E V Denisov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - L A Tashireva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia.
| | - O E Savelieva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - E V Kaigorodova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - N V Krakhmal
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - V M Perelmuter
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
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103
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Shuai Y, Ma Z, Lu J, Feng J. LncRNA SNHG15: A new budding star in human cancers. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12716. [PMID: 31774607 PMCID: PMC6985667 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an important group of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with more than 200 nucleotides in length that are transcribed from the so-called genomic "dark matter." Mounting evidence has shown that lncRNAs have manifested a paramount function in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers. Despite the exponential growth in lncRNA publications, our understanding of regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs is still limited, and a lot of controversies remain in the current lncRNA knowledge.The purpose of this article is to explore the clinical significance and molecular mechanism of SNHG15 in tumors. MATERIALS & METHODS We have systematically searched the Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases. We provide an overview of current evidence concerning the functional role, mechanistic models and clinical utilities of SNHG15 in human cancers in this review. RESULTS Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15), a novel lncRNA, is identified as a key regulator in tumorigenesis and progression of various human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), pancreatic cancer (PC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dysregulation of SNHG15 has been revealed to be dramatically correlated with advanced clinicopathological factors and predicts poor prognosis, suggesting its potential clinical value as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA SNHG15 may serve as a prospective and novel biomarker for molecular diagnosis and therapeutics in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Shuai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on serum angiogenic biomarkers in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen: A controlled randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 2019; 72:110656. [PMID: 31901710 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on serum levels of angiogenic parameters in patients with breast cancer (BC) who were treated with tamoxifen. METHODS This was a pilot-based, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 52 patients with BC randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving weekly 50 000 IU cholecalciferol or a placebo group for 8 wk. At baseline and at end of study, serum levels of angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, angiopoietin (Ang)-2, hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif)-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Every 4 wk, a completed 3-d, 24-h dietary record and daily sunlight exposure checklist were collected and anthropometric variables were measured. RESULTS The ultimate number of participants in each arm was 22 for analyses. For premenopausal women, cholecalciferol supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in serum levels of Ang-2 and VEGF-A after 8 wk of treatment (P < 0.05). In the absence of vascular invasion, supplementation led to a significant decrease in Ang-2 levels compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05). Supplementation caused significant increases in Hif-1 in patients diagnosed with the infiltration of tumors into vascular or lymphatic vessels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Cholecalciferol supplementation achieved sufficient efficacy among patients with BC taking tamoxifen and could be effective in the reduction of angiogenic biomarkers particularly dependent on the infiltration status of the tumor to vessels. Further studies with larger subgroups should be investigated.
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105
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Chaudhary A, Kalra RS, Malik V, Katiyar SP, Sundar D, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. 2, 3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Lacks Anti-Metastasis Potency: Bioinformatics and Experimental Evidences. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17344. [PMID: 31757995 PMCID: PMC6874665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Withaferin-A is a withanolide, predominantly present in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). It has been shown to possess anticancer activity in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Molecular mechanism of such cytotoxicity has not yet been completely understood. Withaferin-A and Withanone were earlier shown to activate p53 tumor suppressor and oxidative stress pathways in cancer cells. 2,3-dihydro-3β-methoxy analogue of Withaferin-A (3βmWi-A) was shown to lack cytotoxicity and well tolerated at higher concentrations. It, on the other hand, protected normal cells against oxidative, chemical and UV stresses through induction of anti-stress and pro-survival signaling. We, in the present study, investigated the effect of Wi-A and 3βmWi-A on cell migration and metastasis signaling. Whereas Wi-A binds to vimentin and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) with high efficacy and downregulates its effector proteins, MMPs and VEGF, involved in cancer cell metastasis, 3βmWi-A was ineffective. Consistently, Wi-A, and not 3βmWi-A, caused reduction in cytoskeleton proteins (Vimentin, N-Cadherin) and active protease (u-PA) that are essential for three key steps of cancer cell metastasis (EMT, increase in cell migration and invasion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Chaudhary
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Rajkumar S Kalra
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Vidhi Malik
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, DAILAB, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Shashank P Katiyar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, DAILAB, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, DAILAB, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India.
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305 8565, Japan.
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305 8565, Japan.
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Lenting K, van den Heuvel CNAM, van Ewijk A, ElMelik D, de Boer R, Tindall E, Wei G, Kusters B, te Dorsthorst M, ter Laan M, Huynen MA, Leenders WP. Mapping actionable pathways and mutations in brain tumours using targeted RNA next generation sequencing. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:185. [PMID: 31747973 PMCID: PMC6865071 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many biology-based precision drugs are available that neutralize aberrant molecular pathways in cancer. Molecular heterogeneity and the lack of reliable companion diagnostic biomarkers for many drugs makes targeted treatment of cancer inaccurate for many individuals. Identifying actionable hyperactive biological pathways in individual cancers may improve this situation. To achieve this we applied a novel targeted RNA next generation sequencing (t/RNA-NGS) technique to surgically obtained glioma tissues. The test combines mutation detection with analysis of biological pathway activities that are involved in tumour behavior in many cancer types (e.g. tyrosine kinase signaling, angiogenesis signaling, immune response, metabolism), via quantitative measurement of transcript levels and splice variants of hundreds of genes. We here present proof of concept that the technique, which uses molecular inversion probes, generates a histology-independent molecular diagnosis and identifies classifiers that are strongly associated with conventional histopathology diagnoses and even with patient prognosis. The test not only confirmed known glioma-associated molecular aberrations but also identified aberrant expression levels of actionable genes and mutations that have so far been considered not to be associated with glioma, opening up the possibility of drug repurposing for individual patients. Its cost-effectiveness makes t/RNA-NGS to an attractive instrument to aid oncologists in therapy decision making.
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107
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Liu L, Cao J, Zhao J, Li X, Suo Z, Li H. PDHA1 Gene Knockout In Human Esophageal Squamous Cancer Cells Resulted In Greater Warburg Effect And Aggressive Features In Vitro And In Vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9899-9913. [PMID: 31819487 PMCID: PMC6874154 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s226851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the remarkable metabolic characteristics of cancer cells is that they prefer glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit (PDHA1) is an important prerequisite for OXPHOS. Our previous studies have shown that low level of PDHA1 protein expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) was correlated with poor prognosis. However, the effect of PDHA1 inhibition on metabolism and biological behavior of esophageal cancer cells remains unclear. Methods And Results In this study, a KYSE450 PDHA1 knockout (KO) cell line of esophageal cancer was established by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Then, the glycose metabolism, cell proliferation and migration abilities, chemotherapeutic tolerance and angiogenesis of the PDHA1 KO cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In the PDHA1 KO cells, the glycolysis and the consumption of glucose and glutamine were significantly enhanced, while the OXPHOS was significantly suppressed, implying Warburg effect in the PDHA1 KO cells. Furthermore, it was also proved in vitro experiments that the PDHA1 KO cell obtained proliferation advantage, as well as significantly greater chemotherapy tolerance and migration ability. Xenograft experiments discovered not only larger tumors but also increased angiogenesis in the PDHA1 KO cell group. Conclusion Inhibition of PDHA1 gene expression in human ESCC leads to metabolic reprogramming of Warburg effect and increased malignancies. Targeting ESCC metabolic reprogramming may become a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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108
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Hou ZH, Xu XW, Fu XY, Zhou LD, Liu SP, Tan DM. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes angiogenesis and immunosuppressive properties of HCC cells by sponging miR-140. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C649-C663. [PMID: 31693399 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00510.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer in adults. Previous studies in our laboratory found that long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) was upregulated in HCC cells, which could affect the metastasis and invasion of HCC. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Herein, we studied the interaction between MALAT1 and miR-140 on the regulation of angiogenesis and immunosuppressive properties. We revealed that the expression of MALAT1 and VEGF-A was significantly increased in HCC cells. Knockdown of MALAT1 in HCC cells suppressed the production of VEGF-A, impaired the angiogenesis of HUVECs, and facilitated the polarization of macrophage toward the M1 subset. Mechanistically, the interaction between MALAT1 and miR-140 or between miR-140 and VEGF-A was confirmed by multiple assays. Besides, a negative correlation between MALAT1 and miR-140 was found in HCC tissues. Furthermore, miR-140 inhibition significantly increased VEGF-A expression, promoted angiogenesis of HUVECs, and redirected the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 subset. In addition, in vivo studies also verified the regulatory network of the MALAT1/miR-140 axis on VEGF-A in HCC progression. In summary, this study revealed the mechanism that MALAT1 worked as a putative HCC promotor via inhibiting miR-140. Therefore, targeting MALAT1 or miR-140 might alleviate the progression of HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Hua Hou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Wen Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Du Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Ping Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ming Tan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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109
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Metabolic Regulation of Macrophage Polarization in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:822-834. [PMID: 31813459 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages act as scavengers, modulating the immune response against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Metabolism governs macrophage differentiation, polarization, mobilization, and the ability to mount an effective antitumor response. However, in cancer, the tumor microenvironment (TME) can actively reprogram macrophage metabolism either by direct exchange of metabolites or through cytokines and other signaling mediators. Thus, metabolic reprogramming holds potential for modulating macrophages and developing new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of macrophage metabolism as it relates to macrophage function and plasticity in cancer.
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110
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Pirouzpanah S, Varshosaz P, Fakhrjou A, Montazeri V. The contribution of dietary and plasma folate and cobalamin to levels of angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2 and Tie-2 receptors depend on vascular endothelial growth factor status of primary breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14851. [PMID: 31619709 PMCID: PMC6795805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association of dietary folate and cobalamin with plasma levels of Angiopoietins (ANG), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and tyrosine kinase receptor-2 (Tie-2) of primary breast cancer patients. Women (n = 177), aged 30 to 75 years diagnosed with breast cancer were recruited from an ongoing case series study. Dietary intake of nutrients was estimated by using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure biomarkers. MCF-7 cell cultures were supplemented with folic acid (0–40 μM) for 24 h to measure cell viability and fold change of expression by the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the structural relationships between the measured variables of nutrients and Angiopoietins. Dietary intake of folate and cobalamin showed a significant inverse correlation with plasma ANG-1 and ANG-2 (P < 0.05), particularly in subjects with estrogen-receptor positive tumors or low plasma VEGF-C. Plasma folate was positively associated with the ratio of ANG-1/ANG-2 (P < 0.05). Residual intake levels of total cobalamin were inversely associated with plasma ANG-1 when plasma stratum of VEGF-C was high (P < 0.05). Structural equation modeling identified a significant inverse contribution of folate profiles on the latent variable of Angiopoietins (coefficient β = −0.99, P < 0.05). Folic acid treatment resulted in dose-dependent down-regulations on ANGPT1 and ANGPT1/ANGPT2 ratio but VEGF and ANGPT2/VEGF were upregulated at folic acid >20 μM. Studying the contributing role of dietary folate to pro-angiogenic biomarkers in breast cancer patients can infer the preventive role of folate in the ANGs/VEGF-C-dependent cascade of tumor metastasis. By contrast, high concentrations of folic acid in vitro supported VEGF-C-dependent ANGPT2 overexpression might potentiate micro-lymphatic vessel development to support malignant cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Pirouzpanah
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.
| | - Parisa Varshosaz
- Drug Applied Research Center/ and also Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665811, Iran
| | - Ashraf Fakhrjou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5156913193, Iran
| | - Vahid Montazeri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Surgery Ward, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, and also Nour-Nejat Hospital, Tabriz, 5138665793, Iran
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111
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Chung TW, Kim EY, Choi HJ, Han CW, Jang SB, Kim KJ, Jin L, Koh YJ, Ha KT. 6'-Sialylgalactose inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31604908 PMCID: PMC6802645 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis should be precisely regulated because disordered neovascularization is involved in the aggravation of multiple diseases. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) axis is crucial for controlling angiogenic responses in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Therefore, inactivating VEGFR-2 signaling may effectively suppress aberrant angiogenesis and alleviate related symptoms. In this study, we performed virtual screening, identified the synthetic disaccharide 6′-sialylgalactose (6SG) as a potent VEGFR-2-binding compound and verified its high binding affinity by Biacore assay. 6SG effectively suppressed VEGF-A-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and subsequent in vitro angiogenesis in HUVECs without inducing cytotoxicity. 6SG also inhibited VEGF-A-induced extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)/Akt activation and actin stress fiber formation in HUVECs. We demonstrated that 6SG inhibited retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity and tumor angiogenesis in a xenograft mouse model. Our results suggest a potential therapeutic benefit of 6SG in inhibiting angiogenesis in proangiogenic diseases, such as retinopathy and cancer. Therapy based on a synthetic molecule can block abnormal blood vessel formation, limiting the progression of diabetic eye conditions and tumor growth in mice. The growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels, called angiogenesis, is critical to wound healing and embryonic development. The main angiogenesis signalling pathway involves growth factors, including one called VEGFR-2. Disruption to this pathway plays a significant part in the development of multiple diseases. A South Korean team led by Ki-Tae Ha at Pusan National University, Yangsan, and Young Jun Koh at Dongguk University, Seoul, identified and trialed a synthetic disaccharide capable of binding to and limiting the activity of VEGFR-2 during faulty signaling. Trials on mice with the diabetic eye condition retinopathy, and mice with implanted tumors, showed that the compound inhibited excessive angiogenesis and limited disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Wook Chung
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Keuk-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, TaeKyeung University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38547, Korea
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Korea
| | - Young Jun Koh
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Korea. .,GI Innovation, Inc., A-1116, Tera Tower, Songpa-daero 167, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05855, Korea.
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Korea.
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Li R, Qi Y, Jiang M, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang L, Han M. Primary tumor-secreted VEGF induces vascular hyperpermeability in premetastatic lung via the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:2316-2326. [PMID: 31553086 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary tumor can induce the formation of premetastatic niche. The hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic niche is the first step in the development of metastasis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability remain to be elucidated. In this study, 4T1 breast cells were injected into the breasts of mice to establish a tumor model. Our results showed that primary tumors induced hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic lung. Subsequent studies showed that the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was elevated in the tumor-bearing mice serum and the levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and ZO-1 were decreased in the premetastatic lung. In vitro studies demonstrated that VEGF increased the permeability of dextran and decreased the levels of occludin and ZO-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, the hyperpermeability of vessels and the degradation of occludin was blocked by bevacizumab. Overexpression of occludin alleviated the VEGF-induced hyperpermeability. Further investigations revealed that VEGF-induced occludin phosphorylation at Ser-490 and ubiquitination. Finally, we showed that VEGF accelerated the process of occludin degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In conclusion, primary tumor-secrete VEGF induce the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination and downregulation, resulting in the disruption of TJs and hyperpermeability of vessels in premetastatic lung. The occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway may be the mechanism of VEGF-induced vascular hyperpermeability in the lung premetastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yana Qi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiehong Zhang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liguang Wang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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113
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Xu L, Zhang Z, Ding Y, Wang L, Cheng Y, Meng L, Wu J, Yuan A, Hu Y, Zhu Y. Bifunctional liposomes reduce the chemotherapy resistance of doxorubicin induced by reactive oxygen species. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4782-4789. [PMID: 31524211 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) liposome is a widely used nano-medicine for colorectal cancer treatment. However, doxorubicin therapy increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can stabilize hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α). In a tumor hypoxic microenvironment, HIF-1 can up-regulate tumor-resistance related proteins, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), leading to tumor tolerance to chemotherapy. The functional inhibition of HIF-1 can overcome this resistance and enhance the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we encapsulated one of the most effective HIF-1 inhibitors, acriflavine (ACF), and DOX in liposomes (DOX-ACF@Lipo) to construct bifunctional liposomes. ACF and DOX, released from DOX-ACF@Lipo, could effectively suppress the function of HIF-1 and the process of DNA replication, respectively. Consequently, the bifunctional liposome has great potential to be applied in clinics to overcome chemotherapy resistance induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China. and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yawen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yali Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Lingtong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of life science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yishen Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Higashijima Y, Kanki Y. Molecular mechanistic insights: The emerging role of SOXF transcription factors in tumorigenesis and development. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:39-48. [PMID: 31536760 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and progress of next-generation sequencers incorporated with classical biochemical analyses have drastically produced novel insights into transcription factors, including Sry-like high-mobility group box (SOX) factors. In addition to their primary functions in binding to and activating specific downstream genes, transcription factors also participate in the dedifferentiation or direct reprogramming of somatic cells to undifferentiated cells or specific lineage cells. Since the discovery of SOX factors, members of the SOXF (SOX7, SOX17, and SOX18) family have been identified to play broad roles, especially with regard to cardiovascular development. More recently, SOXF factors have been recognized as crucial players in determining the cell fate and in the regulation of cancer cells. Here, we provide an overview of research on the mechanism by which SOXF factors regulate development and cancer, and discuss their potential as new targets for cancer drugs while offering insight into novel mechanistic transcriptional regulation during cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Higashijima
- Department of Bioinformational Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kanki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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115
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Feng L, Huang S, An G, Wang G, Gu S, Zhao X. Identification of new cancer stem cell markers and signaling pathways in HER‑2‑positive breast cancer by transcriptome sequencing. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1003-1018. [PMID: 31545416 PMCID: PMC6776190 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)‑2‑positive breast cancer accounts for ~25% of all breast cancer cases, has a high propensity for relapse, metastasis and drug resistance, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more effective therapeutic targets for the treatment of HER‑2‑positive breast cancer. CD44+/CD24‑/low is currently the most commonly used marker for breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered the main cause of drug resistance, relapse and metastasis. In the present study, the ratio of CD44+/CD24‑/low cells was almost zero in SK‑BR‑3 cells; however, it was >90% in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Since SK‑BR‑3 and MDA‑MB‑231 cells both exhibit a strong propensity for invasion and migration, it was hypothesized that there may be other markers of CSCs in SK‑BR‑3 cells. Therefore, transcriptome sequencing was performed for SK‑BR‑3 and MDA‑MB‑231 cells. It was observed that several leukocyte differentiation antigens and other CSC markers were significantly more highly expressed in SK‑BR‑3 cells. Furthermore, the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1A3, CD164 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was higher in SK‑BR‑3 cells compared with in other subtypes of breast cell lines, as determined by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In addition, the expression levels of ALDH1A3, ALDH3B2 and EpCAM were higher in HER‑2‑positive breast cancer compared with in paracancerous tissues and other subtypes of breast cancer, as determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of β‑catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway was lower in SK‑BR‑3 cells compared with in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, which may be used as a prognostic indicator for breast cancer. These findings may help identify novel CSC markers and therapeutic targets for HER‑2‑positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shangke Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Gaili An
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Guanying Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shanzhi Gu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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116
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Tatar O, Ilhan N, Ilhan N, Susam S, Ozercan IH. Is there any potential anticancer effect of raloxifene and fluoxetine on DMBA-induced rat breast cancer? J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22371. [PMID: 31332895 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world and the incidence is increasing alarmingly. It was aimed to determine the effect of raloxifene (RAL) and fluoxetine (FLX) on selected parameters in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma. Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were assorted into four groups: DMBA (group I), DMBA+RAL (group II), DMBA+FLX (group III), and DMBA+RAL+FLX (group IV). Mammary tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The tissue VEGF levels were lower in group IV compared with DMBA group. Decreased M-CSF levels were observed in all therapeutic groups rather than the DMBA group, but the most effective decrease was found in group IV. Compared with the DMBA group, MMP-9 levels were statistically significantly decreased in group II and group IV. However, TIMP-1 levels were higher in the whole therapeutic groups rather than the DMBA group and the most effective increase was observed in group IV. Results of the present study suggest that combined therapy of RAL with FLX might lead to a better outcome targeting breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Tatar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Necip Ilhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ilhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Susam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazıg, Turkey
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117
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PinX1 represses renal cancer angiogenesis via the mir-125a-3p/VEGF signaling pathway. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:507-519. [PMID: 31254127 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) is a tumor suppressor in various tumors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PinX1's role in cancer development and progression remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to uncover the new molecular mechanism and role of PinX1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. METHODS We used miRNA microarray to detect the different expressed miRNAs upon PinX1 knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Luciferase reporter assays were taken to identify the molecular mechanism of PinX1 in regulating mir-125-3p. In situ hybridization was performed to analyze the expression of mir-125a-3p in RCC using tissue microarray. The correlations between the mir-125a-3p expression level and clinicopathological features were evaluated using the χ2 test. The role and molecular mechanism of PinX1 in RCC angiogenesis were investigated through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS In this study, we discovered a new molecular mechanism of PinX1, in which PinX1 transcriptionally activated mir-125a-3p expression, thereby inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the target gene of mir-125a-3p. PinX1 also repressed tumor angiogenesis by increasing the mir-125a-3p expression in renal cancer. Moreover, the loss of mir-125a-3p expression was manifested in patients with RCC, and low miR-125a-3p levels correlated with poor survival of these patients. CONCLUSIONS PinX1 represses renal cancer angiogenesis through mir-125a-3p/VEGF signal pathway. The miR-125a-3p may be a candidate clinical prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target in RCC.
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118
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Sorenson L, Fu Y, Hood T, Warren S, McEachron TA. Targeted transcriptional profiling of the tumor microenvironment reveals lymphocyte exclusion and vascular dysfunction in metastatic osteosarcoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1629779. [PMID: 31428529 PMCID: PMC6685511 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1629779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients yet little is known about the microenvironment that supports this aggressive disease. We have used targeted gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry to characterize the microenvironment of metastatic and non-metastatic OS specimens from pediatric patients exhibiting poor histologic response to chemotherapy. Our results indicate that metastatic specimens exhibit lymphocyte exclusion as T cells are confined to the periphery of the pulmonary lesions. Furthermore, our data provides evidence of vascular dysfunction in metastatic OS indicated by increased expression of VEGFA, an increased ANGPT2:ANGPT1 gene expression ratio, and decreased expression of SELE, the gene encoding the adhesion molecule E-selectin. Moreover, correlation analyses show an inverse relationship between lymphocyte abundance and markers of vascular dysfunction exclusively in the metastatic specimens. Together, our data shows that the non-metastatic OS specimens demonstrate increased expression of various immunotherapeutic targets in comparison metastatic specimens and identifies vascular dysfunction and lymphocyte exclusion as important processes for therapeutic intervention in metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Sorenson
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanfen Fu
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tressa Hood
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Troy A. McEachron
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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119
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Sopo M, Anttila M, Hämäläinen K, Kivelä A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kosma VM, Keski-Nisula L, Sallinen H. Expression profiles of VEGF-A, VEGF-D and VEGFR1 are higher in distant metastases than in matched primary high grade epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:584. [PMID: 31200683 PMCID: PMC6570919 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In many malignancies including ovarian cancer, different angiogenic factors have been related to poor prognosis. However, data on their relations to each other or importance as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer is missing. Therefore, we investigated the expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D, and the receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in patients with malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasms. We further compared expression levels between primary tumors and related distant omental metastases. Methods This study included 86 patients with malignant ovarian epithelial tumors and 16 related distant metastases. Angiogenic factor expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (n = 102) and qRT-PCR (n = 29). Results Compared to primary high grade serous ovarian tumors, the related omental metastases showed higher expressions of VEGF-A (p = 0.022), VEGF-D (p = 0.010), and VEGFR1 (p = 0.046). In univariate survival analysis, low epithelial expression of VEGF-A in primary tumors was associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.024), and short progression-free survival was associated with high VEGF-C (p = 0.034) and low VEGFR3 (p = 0.002). The relative expressions of VEGF-D, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 mRNA determined by qRT-PCR analyses were significantly correlated with the immunohistochemically detected levels of these proteins in primary high grade serous ovarian cancer and metastases (p = 0.004, p = 0.009, p = 0.015, and p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusions The expressions of VEGF receptors and their ligands significantly differed between malignant ovarian tumors and paired distant metastases. VEGF-A, VEGF-D, and VEGFR1 protein expressions seem to be higher in distant metastases than in the primary high grade serous ovarian cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Sopo
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maarit Anttila
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Hämäläinen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annukka Kivelä
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leea Keski-Nisula
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Sallinen
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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120
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Pan HC, Chang MH, Sheu ML, Chen CJ, Sheehan J. Increased angiogenesis by the rotational muscle flap is crucial for nerve regeneration. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217402. [PMID: 31181105 PMCID: PMC6557495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gold standard surgical treatment of nerve injury includes direct repair, nerve graft, and neurolysis. The underlying effects (either beneficial or detrimental) of angiogenesis during nerve regeneration by rotational muscle flap have not yet determined. We assess the neurological outcome and angiogenesis of nerve injury following a rotational muscle flap. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of the patients with severe radial nerve injury by neurolysis and rotational muscle flap; we also mimicked the clinical situation by nerve crush followed by rotational muscle flap in animals to assess associated angiogenesis factor expression. Results Twenty-three out of 25 (92%) cases of severe radial nerve injury underwent neurolysis assisted by muscle flap rotation and eventually reached their preinjury neurological outcome. In the animal study, both FITC–dextran and Dil infusion showed a remarkably increased vascular structure in the crushed nerve integrated by the muscle flap and abolished by Avastin injection. The rotational muscle flap significantly increased angiogenesis factor expression, and this was attenuated by Avastin injection. The increased angiogenesis factor expression paralleled the improvement seen in neurobehavioral and electrophysiological studies as well as the significant expression of nerve regeneration markers and the restoration of denervated muscle morphology. Conclusion Based on the clinical and animal data analysis, we conclude that muscle flap rotation provides a platform for angiogenesis in the acceleration of nerve regeneration. It appears that the muscle flap rotation augmented the nerve regeneration process which may be beneficial for nerve repair in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ming-Hong Chang
- Department of Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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121
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Zhang L, Qi Y, Min H, Ni C, Wang F, Wang B, Qin H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Qin Y, Duan X, Li F, Han X, Tao N, Zhang L, Qin Z, Zhao Y, Nie G. Cooperatively Responsive Peptide Nanotherapeutic that Regulates Angiopoietin Receptor Tie2 Activity in Tumor Microenvironment To Prevent Breast Tumor Relapse after Chemotherapy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5091-5102. [PMID: 30986342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Expressed in macrophages and endothelial cells, the receptor for angiopoietin, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology-2 (Tie2), is required for the reconstruction of blood vessels in tumor recurrence after chemotherapy. Thus, small therapeutic peptides that target and block Tie2 activity are promising as a therapeutic for the prevention of tumor relapse after chemotherapy. However, such small peptides often have low bioavailability, undergo rapid enzymatic degradation, and exhibit a short circulation half-life, making them ineffective in cancer therapy. Herein, we designed a dual-responsive amphiphilic peptide (mPEG1000-K(DEAP)-AAN-NLLMAAS) to modify the small peptide T4 (NLLMAAS) as a Tie2 inhibitor, endowing it with the ability to endure in circulation and specifically target tumor tissue. The ultimate nanoformulation (P-T4) releases T4 in response to the combination of the acidic tumor microenvironment and the presence of legumain, which is commonly overexpressed in tumor tissue. Compared with free T4, P-T4 decreases vessel density significantly (free T4: 2.44 ± 1.20%, P-T4: 0.90 ± 0.75%), delays tumor regrowth after chemotherapy (free T4: 43.2 ± 11.8%, P-T4: 63.6 ± 13.9%), and reduces distant metastasis formation (free T4: 4.50 ± 2.40%, P-T4: 0.67 ± 0.32%). These effects of P-T4 are produced by the local blockage of Tie2 signals in Tie2-positive macrophages and endothelial cells. In addition to describing a potential strategy to enhance circulation half-life and the accumulation of an active peptide at tumor sites, our approach exemplifies the successful targeting of multiple cell types that overexpress a key molecule in conditions associated with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Yingqiu Qi
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Huan Min
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Chen Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Fei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hao Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xixi Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Feng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Xuexiang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ning Tao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Jian R, Yang M, Xu F. Lentiviral‐mediated silencing of mast cell‐expressed membrane protein 1 promotes angiogenesis of rats with cerebral ischemic stroke. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16786-16797. [PMID: 31104315 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jian
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Xu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
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Wang C, Li L, Fu D, Qin T, Ran Y, Xu F, Du X, Gao H, Sun S, Yang T, Zhang X, Huo J, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Shi X. Discovery of chalcone-modified estradiol analogs as antitumour agents that Inhibit tumour angiogenesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:135-148. [PMID: 31102934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an essential role in tumourigenesis and tumour progression, and anti-angiogenesis therapies have shown promising antitumour effects in solid tumours. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous metabolite of estradiol, has been regarded as a potential antitumour agent mainly targeting angiogenesis. Here we synthesized a novel series of chalcones based on 2-methoxyestradiol and evaluated their potential activities against tumours. Compound 11e was demonstrated to have potent antiangiogenic activity. Further studies showed that 11e suppressed tumour growth in human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenograft models without obvious side effects. Evaluation of the mechanism revealed that 11e targeted the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in MCF-7 cells and inhibited HUVEC migration and then contributed to hindrance of angiogenesis. Thus, 11e may be a promising antitumour agent with excellent efficacy and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Leilei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Dongyang Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Tiantian Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yange Ran
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xinrui Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Haiying Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Daqing, 241 Jianshe Road, Development District, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuaijun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 195 Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, 450053, Henan, China
| | - Tengjiao Yang
- HeNan No.3 Provincial People's Hospital, Funiu Road, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhoum, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Junfeng Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiufang Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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Le BT, Raguraman P, Kosbar TR, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Veedu RN. Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Angiogenic Factors as Potential Cancer Therapeutics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 14:142-157. [PMID: 30594893 PMCID: PMC6307321 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy do not address the underlying molecular pathologies, leading to inadequate treatment and tumor recurrence. Angiogenic factors, such as EGF, PDGF, bFGF, TGF-β, TGF-α, VEGF, endoglin, and angiopoietins, play important roles in regulating tumor development and metastasis, and they serve as potential targets for developing cancer therapeutics. Nucleic acid-based therapeutic strategies have received significant attention in the last two decades, and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated intervention is a prominent therapeutic approach for targeted manipulation of gene expression. Clinical benefits of antisense oligonucleotides have been recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with full or conditional approval of Vitravene, Kynamro, Exondys51, and Spinraza. Herein we review the scope of antisense oligonucleotides that target angiogenic factors toward tackling solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao T Le
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Prithi Raguraman
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tamer R Kosbar
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Susan Fletcher
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
Research over the last decades has provided strong evidence for the pivotal role of the tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vasculature in supporting immunoevasion and in subverting T cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Conversely, tumor blood and lymphatic vessel growth is in part regulated by the immune system, with infiltrating innate as well as adaptive immune cells providing both immunosuppressive and various angiogenic signals. Thus, tumor angiogenesis and escape of immunosurveillance are two cancer hallmarks that are tightly linked and interregulated by cell constituents from compartments secreting both chemokines and cytokines. In this review, we discuss the implication and regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells in regulating blood and lymphatic angiogenesis in tumor progression and metastases. Moreover, we also highlight novel therapeutic approaches that target the tumor vasculature as well as the immune compartment to sustain and improve therapeutic efficacy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazzone
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000 Belgium;
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000 Belgium;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
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Kikuchi R, Stevens M, Harada K, Oltean S, Murohara T. Anti-angiogenic isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in cardiovascular and renal disease. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 88:1-33. [PMID: 30612603 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that pathologic interactions between the heart and the kidney can contribute to the progressive dysfunction of both organs. Recently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to increasing obesity rates. It has been reported that obesity causes various heart and renal disorders and appears to accelerate their progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a major regulator of angiogenesis and vessel permeability, and is associated with CVD and CKD. It is now recognized that alternative VEGF-A gene splicing generates VEGF-A isoforms that differ in their biological actions. Proximal splicing that includes an exon 8a sequence results in pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a, whereas distal splicing inclusive of exon 8b yields the anti-angiogenic isoform of VEGF-A (VEGF-A165b). This review highlights several recent preclinical and clinical studies on the role of VEGF-A165b in CVD and CKD as a novel function of VEGF-A. This review also discusses potential therapeutic approaches of the use of VEGF-A in clinical settings as a potential circulating biomarker for CVD and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kikuchi
- Department of Medical Technique, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Megan Stevens
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Harada
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhou Y, Ren H, Dai B, Li J, Shang L, Huang J, Shi X. Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal miRNA-21 contributes to tumor progression by converting hepatocyte stellate cells to cancer-associated fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:324. [PMID: 30591064 PMCID: PMC6307162 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality rates as well as poor response to treatment. The communication between tumor-derived elements and stroma plays a critical role in facilitating cancer progression of HCC. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released from the cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. There is emerging evidence indicating that exosomes play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. Much attention has been paid to exosomes since they are found to transport bioactive proteins, messenger RNA (mRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) that can be transferred in active form to adjacent cells or to distant organs. However, the mechanisms underlying such cancer progression remain largely unexplored. METHODS Exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation from conditioned medium of HCC cells and identified by electron microscopy and Western blotting analysis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with different concentrations of exosomes, and the activation of HSCs was analyzed by Western blotting analysis, wound healing, migration assay, Edu assay, CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Moreover, the different miRNA levels of exosomes were tested by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The angiogenic ability of activated HSCs was analyzed by qRT-PCR, CCK-8 assay and tube formation assay. In addition, the abnormal lipid metabolism of activated HSCs was analyzed by Western blotting analysis and Oil Red staining. Finally, the relationship between serum exosomal miRNA-21 and prognosis of HCC patients was evaluated. RESULTS We showed that HCC cells exhibited a great capacity to convert normal HSCs to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Moreover, our data revealed that HCC cells secreted exosomal miRNA-21 that directly targeted PTEN, leading to activation of PDK1/AKT signaling in HSCs. Activated CAFs further promoted cancer progression by secreting angiogenic cytokines, including VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, bFGF and TGF-β. Clinical data indicated that high level of serum exosomal miRNA-21 was correlated with greater activation of CAFs and higher vessel density in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells and HSCs was mediated by tumor-derived exosomes that controlled progression of HCC. Our findings provided potential targets for prevention and treatment of live cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Bo Dai
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jun Li
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Longcheng Shang
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- 0000 0000 9530 8833grid.260483.bDepartment of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
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Evans M, Baddour HM, Magliocca KR, Müller S, Nannapaneni S, Chen AY, Kim S, Chen Z, Shin DM, Wang AY, Saba NF, Chen ZG. Prognostic implications of peritumoral vasculature in head and neck cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 8:147-154. [PMID: 30575303 PMCID: PMC6346230 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding the role of peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and blood microvessel density (MVD) in the metastasis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Existing studies are limited to one or two head and neck subsites and/or small sample sizes. A larger study incorporating multiple sub-sites is needed to address the role of peritumoral LVD and MVD in HNSCC metastasis and prognosis. METHODS Tissue samples from 200 HNSCC cases were stained simultaneously using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for markers of peritumoral LVD (lymphatic vessel marker D240) and MVD (blood vessel marker CD31). Of the stained slides, 166 and 167 were evaluable for LVD and MVD, respectively. The results were then correlated with clinicopathologic features and patient outcomes. RESULTS Patients with metastatic disease were more likely to have high peritumoral MVD. Through multivariable analyses, MVD was not significantly related to DFS and OS, while low LVD was related to higher risk of disease progression and poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Peritumoral MVD was found to be positively associated with metastasis, while LVD was found to be inversely related to both metastasis and progression of HNSCC. These findings may suggest a prognostic role of both peritumoral LVD and MVD in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Evans
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Harry Michael Baddour
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Müller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Y Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sunjin Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bakhman A, Rabinovich E, Shlamkovich T, Papo N, Kosloff M. Residue-level determinants of angiopoietin-2 interactions with its receptor Tie2. Proteins 2018; 87:185-197. [PMID: 30520519 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We combined computational and experimental methods to interrogate the binding determinants of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) to its receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Tie2-a central signaling system in angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. We used physics-based electrostatic and surface-area calculations to identify the subset of interfacial Ang2 and Tie2 residues that can affect binding directly. Using random and site-directed mutagenesis and yeast surface display (YSD), we validated these predictions and identified additional Ang2 positions that affected receptor binding. We then used burial-based calculations to classify the larger set of Ang2 residues that are buried in the Ang2 core, whose mutations can perturb the Ang2 structure and thereby affect interactions with Tie2 indirectly. Our analysis showed that the Ang2-Tie2 interface is dominated by nonpolar contributions, with only three Ang2 and two Tie2 residues that contribute electrostatically to intermolecular interactions. Individual interfacial residues contributed only moderately to binding, suggesting that engineering of this interface will require multiple mutations to reach major effects. Conversely, substitutions in substantially buried Ang2 residues were more prevalent in our experimental screen, reduced binding substantially, and are therefore more likely to have a deleterious effect that might contribute to oncogenesis. Computational analysis of additional RTK-ligand complexes, c-Kit-SCF and M-CSF-c-FMS, and comparison to previous YSD results, further show the utility of our combined methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bakhman
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eitan Rabinovich
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlamkovich
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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130
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Therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis molecular pathways in angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:775-785. [PMID: 30554116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical step in the progression of almost all human malignancies and some other life-threatening diseases. Anti-angiogenic therapy is a novel and effective approach for treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In this article, we will review the main strategies developed for anti-angiogenic therapies beside their clinical applications, the major challenges, and the latest advances in the development of anti-angiogenesis-based targeted therapies.
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131
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Buss LA, Mandani A, Phillips E, Scott NJA, Currie MJ, Dachs GU. Characterisation of a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer with Metabolic Syndrome. In Vivo 2018; 32:1071-1080. [PMID: 30150428 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Patients with breast cancer and metabolic syndrome have poorer outcomes. We aimed to develop and characterise an apolipoprotein E-null/aromatase knockout (ApoE-/-/ArKO) mouse model of breast cancer with metabolic syndrome to aid research of the mechanisms behind poor prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type, ApoE-/- and ApoE-/-/ArKO mice were orthotopically implanted with EO771 murine breast cancer cells. Tumour growth was monitored and tumours investigated for pathological features such as cancer-associated adipocytes, hypoxia and cancer cell proliferation. RESULTS Tumours from ApoE-/-/ArKO mice were significantly more proliferative than those from wild-type mice (p=0.003), and exhibited reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (p=0.002). However, ApoE-/-/ArKO mice also had a reduced rate of metastasis compared to wild-type and ApoE-/- mice. Tumour hypoxia and the number of cancer-associated adipocytes did not differ. CONCLUSION The ApoE-/-/ArKO model with EO771 breast cancer provides a novel mouse model to investigate the effects of metabolic syndrome on aspects of breast tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anishah Mandani
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicola J A Scott
- Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margaret J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Huang Y, Shen S, Liu C, Pavlidis S, Wang C, Ko H, Chung F, Lin T, Feng P, Lee K, Guo Y, Yang C, Kuo CS. Impact of prolonged and early bevacizumab treatment on the overall survival of EGFR-mutant and EGFR-wild type nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1648-1655. [PMID: 30259696 PMCID: PMC6275835 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VEGF plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and immunosuppression. VEGF-blocking has proven beneficial for EGFR mutant and wild-type nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (nonsq-NSCLC); however, the number of cycles and treatment line yielding the optimal benefit are unknown. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of 115 patients with advanced/metastatic nonsq-NSCLC administered at least one cycle of bevacizumab. The number of bevacizumab cycles was treated as a time-dependent covariate. Predictors of overall survival (OS) were investigated. RESULTS Bevacizumab was used as first-line treatment in 47 (40.9%) patients, with a median of five cycles (range: 1-31). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.68-8.51; P < 0.001), wild-type EGFR (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.45-4.70; P = 0.001), and bleeding during bevacizumab treatment (HR 3.63, 95% CI 1.77-7.45; P < 0.001) were predictive of poor OS; the number of bevacizumab cycles and first-line administration were not. In the wild-type EGFR subgroup, the number of bevacizumab cycles (≥ 5 vs. 1-4) was associated with a significant OS benefit (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08-0.98; P = 0.044); first-line administration also showed an OS benefit (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.20-1.17; P = 0.105). A significant association between the number of cycles and EGFR status was identified (P = 0.046). CONCLUSION OS benefit is negatively affected by bleeding events in bevacizumab-treated patients. Prolonged and early introduction of bevacizumab may provide an OS benefit for patients with wild-type EGFR nonsq-NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chen Huang
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Min Shen
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chien‐Ying Liu
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Stelios Pavlidis
- Department of ComputingData Science Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Chih‐Liang Wang
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - How‐Wen Ko
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Tsai Chung
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tin‐Yu Lin
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Po‐Hao Feng
- Department of Thoracic MedicineTaipei Medical University Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Kang‐Yun Lee
- Department of Thoracic MedicineTaipei Medical University Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ke Guo
- Department of ComputingData Science Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cheng‐Ta Yang
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsi Scott Kuo
- Division of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of ComputingData Science Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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133
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT, Dumontet C, Brinkmann U, Bacac M, Umaña P. Engineering therapeutic bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology. Methods 2018; 154:21-31. [PMID: 30453028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently gained major interest as they allow novel mechanisms-of-action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. A major issue in engineering IgG-based bispecific antibodies has been to enable the correct association of heavy and light chains resulting in correct assembly of the desired bispecific antibody in sufficient yield. Various approaches have been described during recent years to tackle this challenge. We have developed the so-called CrossMab technology that enforces correct light chain association based on the domain crossover of immunoglobulin domains in the Fab region of the bispecific antibody. This versatile technology allows the generation of different bispecific antibody formats including asymmetric heterodimeric monovalent 1 + 1 bispecific antibodies and asymmetric heterodimeric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 1 valency in combination with approaches enabling Fc-hetermodimerization like knob-into-hole technology as well as the generation of tetravalent symmetric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 2 valency, also known as Tandem-Fab based IgG antibodies, using processes suitable for the large scale production of therapeutic bispecific antibodies. Notably, as of now, at least eight different bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology entered clinical development, and additional CrossMabs are in late preclinical development. This review provides a summary of the status and progress with the engineering and generation of CrossMab technology based bispecific antibodies as well as their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg T Regula
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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Izquierdo-Álvarez A, Vargas DA, Jorge-Peñas Á, Subramani R, Vaeyens MM, Van Oosterwyck H. Spatiotemporal Analyses of Cellular Tractions Describe Subcellular Effect of Substrate Stiffness and Coating. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:624-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lee J, Lee J, Ree BJ, Lee YM, Park H, Lee TG, Kim JH, Kim WJ. Self-Assembled Aptamer Nanoconstruct: A Highly Effective Molecule-Capturing Platform Having Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Brian J. Ree
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Mi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmok Park
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science; Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University Hospital; 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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136
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Missiaen R, Mazzone M, Bergers G. The reciprocal function and regulation of tumor vessels and immune cells offers new therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:107-116. [PMID: 29935312 PMCID: PMC6548870 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis and escape of immunosurveillance are two cancer hallmarks that are tightly linked and reciprocally regulated by paracrine signaling cues of cell constituents from both compartments. Formation and remodeling of new blood vessels in tumors is abnormal and facilitates immune evasion. In turn, immune cells in the tumor, specifically in context with an acidic and hypoxic environment, can promote neovascularization. Immunotherapy has emerged as a major therapeutic modality in cancer but is often hampered by the low influx of activated cytotoxic T-cells. On the other hand, anti-angiogenic therapy has been shown to transiently normalize the tumor vasculature and enhance infiltration of T lymphocytes, providing a rationale for a combination of these two therapeutic approaches to sustain and improve therapeutic efficacy in cancer. In this review, we discuss how the tumor vasculature facilitates an immunosuppressive phenotype and vice versa how innate and adaptive immune cells regulate angiogenesis during tumor progression. We further highlight recent results of antiangiogenic immunotherapies in experimental models and the clinic to evaluate the concept that targeting both the tumor vessels and immune cells increases the effectiveness in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert Missiaen
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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137
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Li X, Guo X, Cheng Y, Zhao X, Fang Z, Luo Y, Xia S, Feng Y, Chen J, Yuan WE. pH-Responsive Cross-Linked Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimine as an Efficient Gene Vector for Delivery of Plasmid DNA Encoding Anti-VEGF-shRNA for Tumor Treatment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:354. [PMID: 30319959 PMCID: PMC6167493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process through which gene expression can be inhibited by RNA molecules with high selectivity and specificity, providing a promising tool for tumor treatment. Two types of molecules are often applied to inactivate target gene expression: synthetic double stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid DNA encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Vectors with high transfection efficiency and low toxicity are essential for the delivery of siRNA and shRNA. In this study, TDAPEI, the synthetic derivative of low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI), was cross-linked with imine bonds by the conjugation of branched PEI (1.8 kDa) and 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde (TDA). This biodegradable cationic polymer was utilized as the vector for the delivery of plasmid DNA expressing anti-VEGF-shRNA. Compared to PEI (25 kDa), TDAPEI had a better performance since experimental results suggest its higher transfection efficiency as well as lower toxicity both in cell and animal studies. TDAPEI did not stimulate innate immune response, which is a significant factor that should be considered in vector design for gene delivery. All the results suggested that TDAPEI delivering anti-VEGF-shRNA may provide a promising method for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Luo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Xia
- Department of Ultrasound, Rui Jin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiration, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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138
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Wang S, Xiao Z, Hong Z, Jiao H, Zhu S, Zhao Y, Bi J, Qiu J, Zhang D, Yan J, Zhang L, Huang C, Li T, Liang L, Liao W, Ye Y, Ding Y. FOXF1 promotes angiogenesis and accelerates bevacizumab resistance in colorectal cancer by transcriptionally activating VEGFA. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:78-90. [PMID: 30253191 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box F1 (FOXF1) has been recently implicated in the progression and metastasis of lung cancer and breast cancer. However, the biological functions and underlying mechanisms by which FOXF1 regulates the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) are largely unknown. As shown in our previous study, FOXF1 is upregulated in 182 CRC tissues, and elevated FOXF1 expression is significantly associated with microvessel density and advanced TNM (T = primary tumour; N = regional lymph nodes; M = distant metastasis) stages. In this study, 43 CRC tissues collected from patients who underwent treatment with first-line standard chemotherapeutic regimens in combination with bevacizumab were used to explore the correlation between FOXF1 expression and resistance to bevacizumab. In addition, FOXF1 regulated angiogenesis by inducing the transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor A1 (VEGFA) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, upregulation of FOXF1 enhanced bevacizumab resistance in CRC, and inhibition of VEGFA attenuated angiogenesis and bevacizumab resistance in FOXF1-overexpressing CRC cells. These results suggest that FOXF1 plays critical roles in CRC angiogenesis and bevacizumab resistance by inducing VEGFA transcription and that FOXF1 represents a potentially new therapeutic strategy and biomarker for anti-angiogenic therapy against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexuan Hong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Bi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Yan
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengmei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China.
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139
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Li BN, He PP, Yang PP, Zhang JP, Wang L, Wang H. In situ construction of nanonetworks from transformable nanoparticles for anti-angiogenic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5282-5289. [PMID: 32254765 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00974k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis as the most common reason of death from cancer has always been a great challenge in both clinical and scientific research, where angiogenesis plays a necessary role. Herein, we report an extracellularly transformable nanomaterial for in situ construction of defensive networks on interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for anti-angiogenic therapy of tumor. The fibrous networks exhibit transformation-enhanced accumulation and retention (TEAR) effects (over 72 h), and bind and intercept cell-secreted VEGF over particulate and molecular anti-angiogenic agents with high efficiency, leading to anti-angiogenesis. This study demonstrates that angiogenesis is positively related to tumor growth as well as tumor metastasis; the anti-angiogenic therapy inhibits tumor metastasis with an inhibition rate of 65.9%. In addition, this extracellular strategy of transformation may be utilized to bind huge amounts of cell-secreted biomolecules/factors or receptors on cell surfaces and inhibit their functionalities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Nan Li
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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140
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Yang C, Qin S. Apatinib targets both tumor and endothelial cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4570-4583. [PMID: 30109780 PMCID: PMC6144148 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide with poor prognosis and tends to be hypervascular. Aberrant expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR‐2) has been implicated in the progression of HCC and represents a valid target for anticancer therapy. Apatinib, a small molecule inhibitor of VEGFR‐2 tyrosine kinase, shows strong antitumor activity in various tumors. This study is designed to evaluate the activity of apatinib on both human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HCC cell lines (in vitro and in vivo), and also to investigate the characteristics and possible mechanisms underlying these effects by molecular biology methods. Following the results in our study, apatinib inhibited phosphorylation of VEGFR‐2 in HUVECs and blocked in vitro endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Concentration‐dependent antiproliferative effects of apatinib were also observed in all 6 HCC cell lines including SK‐Hep‐1, HepG2, Hep3B, Huh‐7, PLC/PRF/5, SMMC‐7721. Moreover, response to apatinib of HCC cell lines was significantly correlated with VEGFR‐2 expression level. Additionally, apatinib significantly inhibit VEGF‐triggered VEGFR‐2 phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules such as Akt and ERK1/2 in HCCs. Apatinib can also induce a cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and promote HCC apoptosis tested in vitro. In vivo data showed that apatinib can effectively inhibit tumor growth, decreased angiogenesis, as well as induced HCC apoptosis (in some tumors), and thus prolonged animal survival in a mouse xenograft model of human HCC. Our findings suggested that apatinib is a highly potent, oral active anti‐angiogenic, and anti‐HCC agent. The results from current study provide a clear biological rationale to evaluate apatinib as a new agent in HCC in clinical setting, especially for the VEGFR‐2 overexpression ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxu Yang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center in Nanjing General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China.,Cancer Center of BaYi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shukui Qin
- Cancer Center of BaYi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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141
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El Bairi K, Amrani M, Afqir S. Starvation tactics using natural compounds for advanced cancers: pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and predictive biomarkers. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2221-2246. [PMID: 29732738 PMCID: PMC6010871 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality associated with oncological diseases is mostly due to tumors in advanced stages, and their management is a major challenge in modern oncology. Angiogenesis is a defined hallmark of cancer and predisposes to metastatic invasion and dissemination and is therefore an important druggable target for cancer drug discovery. Recently, because of drug resistance and poor prognosis, new anticancer drugs from natural sources targeting tumor vessels have attracted more attention and have been used in several randomized and controlled clinical trials as therapeutic options. Here, we outline and discuss potential natural compounds as salvage treatment for advanced cancers from recent and ongoing clinical trials and real-world studies. We also discuss predictive biomarkers for patients' selection to optimize the use of these potential anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyMohamed Ist UniversityOujdaMorocco
| | - Mariam Amrani
- Equipe de Recherche en Virologie et Onco‐biologieFaculty of MedicinePathology DepartmentNational Institute of OncologyUniversité Mohamed VRabatMorocco
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical OncologyMohamed VI University HospitalOujdaMorocco
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142
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Debnath S, Mukherjee A, Karan S, Debnath M, Chatterjee TK. Induction of apoptosis, anti-proliferation, tumor-angiogenic suppression and down-regulation of Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) induced tumorigenesis by poly- l -lysine: A mechanistic study. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:1064-1076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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143
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Li H, Huang N, Zhu W, Wu J, Yang X, Teng W, Tian J, Fang Z, Luo Y, Chen M, Li Y. Modulation the crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and non-small cell lung cancer to inhibit tumor migration and invasion by ginsenoside Rh2. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:579. [PMID: 29783929 PMCID: PMC5963019 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and promote tumor metastases. Our studies have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), a monomeric compound extracted from ginseng, is a promising anti-tumor agent in lung cancer cells. However, it remains unclear whetherG-Rh2 can modulate the differentiation of TAMs and its interaction with tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated how G-Rh2 regulates the phenotype of macrophages and affects the migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Methods Murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and human THP-1 monocyte were differentiated into M1 and M2 subsets of macrophages with different cytokines combination, which were further identified by flow cytometry with specific biomarkers. M2 macrophages were sorted out to co-culture with NSCLC cell lines, A549 and H1299. Wound healing assay was performed to examine the cell migration. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2, − 9) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, and the release of VEGF in the supernatant was measured by a VEGF ELISA kit. Finally, modulation of TAMs phenotype and VEGF expression by G-Rh2 was examined in vivo. Results We demonstrated that M2 subset of macrophages alternatively differentiated from RAW264.7 or THP-1cells promote migration of NSCLC cells. Further examinations revealed that NSCLC significantly increased the release of VEGF to the media and elevated the expression levels of VEGF at mRNA and protein levels after being co-cultured with M2 macrophages. Similar alterations in MMP-2 and MMP-9 were observed in NSCLC after being co-cultured. Of note,G-Rh2 had a potential to effectively convert M2 phenotype to M1 subset of macrophages. Importantly, G-Rh2 had a preference to decrease the expression levels of VEGF, MMP2, and MMP9 in co-cultured lung cancer cells, over than those in lung cancer cells without co-culturing. Consistently, G-Rh2 reduced M2 macrophage marker CD206 and VEGF expression levels in vivo. Conclusions All of these results suggested that M2 subset macrophages drive lung cancer cells with more aggressive phenotypes. G-Rh2 has a potential to convert TAMs from M2 subset to M1 in the microenvironment and prevents lung cancer cell migration, suggesting the therapeutic effects of G-Rh2onlung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Central Laboratory, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weikang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Jianchun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Wenjing Teng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhihong Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Yingbin Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274, Zhijiang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200071, China.
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144
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Lai H, Fu X, Sang C, Hou L, Feng P, Li X, Chen T. Selenadiazole Derivatives Inhibit Angiogenesis-Mediated Human Breast Tumor Growth by Suppressing the VEGFR2-Mediated ERK and AKT Signaling Pathways. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1447-1457. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Chengcheng Sang
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Liyuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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145
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Kim PM, Lee JJ, Choi D, Eoh H, Hong YK. Endothelial lineage-specific interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the blood and lymphatic systems. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:1-7. [PMID: 30029892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has plagued humanity for tens of thousands of years, yet still remains a threat to human health. Its pathology is largely associated with pulmonary tuberculosis with symptoms including fever, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Mtb, however, also manifests in other extrapulmonary organs, such as the pleura, bones, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and lymph nodes. Compared to the knowledge of pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary pathologies of Mtb are quite understudied. Lymph node tuberculosis is one of the most common extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis, and presents significant challenges in its diagnosis, management, and treatment due to its elusive etiologies and pathologies. The objective of this review is to overview the current understanding of the tropism and pathogenesis of Mtb in endothelial cells of the extrapulmonary tissues, particularly, in lymph nodes. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) during development, and these two types of endothelial cells demonstrate substantial molecular, cellular and genetic similarities. Therefore, systemic comparison of the differential and common responses of BECs vs. LECs to Mtb invasion could provide new insights into its pathogenesis, and may promote new investigations into this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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146
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Huang R, Rofstad EK. Integrins as therapeutic targets in the organ-specific metastasis of human malignant melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:92. [PMID: 29703238 PMCID: PMC5924434 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Among the 24 integrin isoforms, many have been found to be associated with tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell migration and proliferation, and metastasis. Integrins, especially αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, participate in mediating tumor angiogenesis by interacting with the vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-Tie signaling pathways. Melanoma patients have a poor prognosis when the primary tumor has generated distant metastases, and the melanoma metastatic site is an independent predictor of the survival of these patients. Different integrins on the melanoma cell surface preferentially direct circulating melanoma cells to different organs and promote the development of metastases at specific organ sites. For instance, melanoma cells expressing integrin β3 tend to metastasize to the lungs, whereas those expressing integrin β1 preferentially generate lymph node metastases. Moreover, tumor cell-derived exosomes which contain different integrins may prepare a pre-metastatic niche in specific organs and promote organ-specific metastases. Because of the important role that integrins play in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, they have become promising targets for the treatment of advanced cancer. In this paper, we review the integrin isoforms responsible for angiogenesis and organ-specific metastasis in malignant melanoma and the inhibitors that have been considered for the future treatment of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Huang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway
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147
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Alessandra-Perini J, Perini JA, Rodrigues-Baptista KC, de Moura RS, Junior AP, dos Santos TA, Souza PJC, Nasciutti LE, Machado DE. Euterpe oleracea extract inhibits tumorigenesis effect of the chemical carcinogen DMBA in breast experimental cancer. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:116. [PMID: 29609579 PMCID: PMC5879811 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Among the processes involved in the breast tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis and inflammation play a central role, and the main factors of these processes are the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophages. Recently, the extract of Euterpe oleracea (açaí), a fruit that is widely found in the Amazon region, already showed antitumorigenic effects in vitro in human breast cancer cell lines. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of açaí on breast cancer using a chemically DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene) experimental model. Methods One day after initiation of treatment with açaí, mammary carcinogenesis was induced in female Wistar rats using a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of DMBA in the mammary gland. Forty rats were randomized into two groups: treated with 200 mg/kg of either açaí extract or vehicle, via gastric tube for 16 consecutive weeks. After treatment, the tumor was collected for macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical (VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 -VEGFR-2, COX-2 and matrix metalloproteinase -MMP-9) analyses; peritoneal fluid was subjected to flow cytometry (F4–80/MAC-2+) and ELISA immunoassay (VEGF, prostaglandin E2 -PGE2 and interleukin-10 -IL-10). Heart, liver and kidney samples were collected for histological analysis. Results After 16 weeks of induction, the mammary carcinoma was confirmed by macroscopic and histological evaluation. Survival analysis indicates that açaí increased the survival (P = .0002, long-rank test) and reduced the deaths number (P = .0036, Chi-square test). Açaí treatment decreased the number of inflammatory cells and macrophage positive cells (Mac-2 + F4–80+), as well as promoting a reduction in immunostaining of VEGF, VEGFR-2 and COX-2. The açaí group also exhibited lower concentrations of PGE2, VEGF and IL-10 compared to the control. The histopathological results of the liver and kidneys showed protective effect of açaí, since in the control group, there was an increase in fibrosis, atypical cells and hemorrhagic microenvironment. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated the antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory potential of açaí, like due to the decreases of the number of activated macrophages, resulting in the inhibition of DMBA carcinogenicity in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2183-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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148
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Melatonin Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Proliferation, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Oral Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3510970. [PMID: 29725496 PMCID: PMC5884151 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3510970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Globally, oral cancer is the most common type of head and neck cancers. Melatonin elicits inhibitory effects on oral cancer; however, the biological function of melatonin and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that melatonin impaired the proliferation and apoptosis resistance of oral cancer cells by inactivating ROS-dependent Akt signaling, involving in downregulation of cyclin D1, PCNA, and Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax. Melatonin inhibited the migration and invasion of oral cancer cells by repressing ROS-activated Akt signaling, implicating with the reduction of Snail and Vimentin and the enhancement of E-cadherin. Moreover, melatonin hampered vasculogenic mimicry of oral cancer cells through blockage of ROS-activated extracellular-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and Akt pathways involving the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Consistently, melatonin retarded tumorigenesis of oral cancer in vivo. Overall, these findings indicated that melatonin exerts antisurvival, antimotility, and antiangiogenesis effects on oral cancer partly by suppressing ROS-reliant Akt or ERK signaling.
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149
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Conroy S, Kruyt FAE, Wagemakers M, Bhat KPL, den Dunnen WFA. IL-8 associates with a pro-angiogenic and mesenchymal subtype in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15721-15731. [PMID: 29644004 PMCID: PMC5884659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by a high rate of vascularization. However, therapeutic targeting of the vasculature through anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment has been disappointing, for which Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) upregulation has partly been held accountable. In this study we therefore explored the interplay of Ang-2 and VEGFA and their effect on angiogenesis in GBM, especially in the context of molecular subclasses. In a large patient cohort we identified that especially combined high expression of Ang-2 and VEGFA predicted poor overall survival of GBM patients. The high expression of both factors was also associated with increased IL-8 expression in GBM tissues, but in vitro stimulation with Ang-2 and/or VEGFA did not indicate tumor or endothelial cell-specific IL-8 responses. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) of the mesenchymal (MES) subtype showed dramatically higher expression of IL8 when compared to proneural (PN) GSCs. Secreted IL-8 derived from MES GSCs induced endothelial proliferation and tube formation, and the MES GBMs had increased counts of proliferating endothelial cells. Our results highlight a critical pro-angiogenic role of IL-8 in MES GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Conroy
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Wagemakers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna P L Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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150
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Kim IK, Kim K, Lee E, Oh DS, Park CS, Park S, Yang JM, Kim JH, Kim HS, Shima DT, Kim JH, Hong SH, Cho YH, Kim YH, Park JB, Koh GY, Ju YS, Lee HK, Lee S, Kim I. Sox7 promotes high-grade glioma by increasing VEGFR2-mediated vascular abnormality. J Exp Med 2018; 215:963-983. [PMID: 29444818 PMCID: PMC5839752 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade glioma (HGG) is highly angiogenic, but antiangiogenic therapy has transient clinical benefit in only a fraction of patients. Vascular regulators of these heterogeneous responses remain undetermined. We found up-regulation of Sox7 and down-regulation of Sox17 in tumor endothelial cells (tECs) in mouse HGG. Sox7 deletion suppressed VEGFR2 expression, vascular abnormality, hypoxia-driven invasion, regulatory T cell infiltration, and tumor growth. Conversely, Sox17 deletion exacerbated these phenotypes by up-regulating Sox7 in tECs. Anti-VEGFR2 antibody treatment delayed tumor growth by normalizing Sox17-deficient abnormal vessels with high Sox7 levels but promoted it by regressing Sox7-deficient vessels, recapitulating variable therapeutic responses to antiangiogenic therapy in HGG patients. Our findings establish that Sox7 promotes tumor growth via vessel abnormalization, and its level determines the therapeutic outcome of VEGFR2 inhibition in HGG. In 189 HGG patients, Sox7 expression was heterogeneous in tumor vessels, and high Sox7 levels correlated with poor survival, early recurrence, and impaired vascular function, emphasizing the clinical relevance of Sox7 in HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kug Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kangsan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunhyeong Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong Sun Oh
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chan Soon Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seongyeol Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - David T Shima
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Ho Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injune Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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