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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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102
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Wu X, Zheng T, Zhang B. Exosomes in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:331-338. [PMID: 28025780 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, are found in all kinds of biological fluids and tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). The proposed functions of these vesicles include roles in cell-cell signaling, removal of cellular debris, and transfer of pathogens between cells. Many studies have revealed that exosomes derived from the CNS occur in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral body fluids, and their contents are altered during disease, making them an appealing target for biomarker development in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exosomes have been shown to spread toxic α-synuclein (αsyn) between cells and induce apoptosis, which suggests a key mechanism underlying the spread of αsyn aggregates in the brain and the acceleration of pathology in PD. However, potential neuroprotective roles of exosomes in PD have also been reported. On the treatment side, as drug delivery vehicles, exosomes have been used to deliver small interfering RNAs and catalase to the brain, and have shown clear therapeutic effects in a mouse model of PD. These features of exosomes in PD make them extremely interesting from the point of view of developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinchang People's Hospital, Xinchang, 312500, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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103
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Emelyanov A, Andoskin P, Pchelina S. Dataset of total, oligomeric alpha-synuclein and hemoglobin levels in plasma in Parkinson׳s disease. Data Brief 2016; 10:182-185. [PMID: 27981207 PMCID: PMC5149047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article presents a dataset of total, oligomeric alpha-synuclein and hemoglobin levels in plasma of drug-naïve PD patients and controls. This is the first attempt to assess the effect of hemolysis rate on oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels in peripheral plasma. The data are associated with the research article “Oligomeric alpha-synuclein and glucocerebrosidase activity levels in GBA-associated Parkinson׳s disease” (Pchelina et al., 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - P Andoskin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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104
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several years, the concept of prodromal Parkinson disease (PD) has been increasingly recognized. This term refers to individuals who do not fulfill motor diagnostic criteria for PD, but who have clinical, genetic, or biomarker characteristics suggesting risk of developing PD in the future. Clinical diagnosis of prodromal PD has low specificity, prompting the need for objective biomarkers with higher specificity. In this qualitative review, we discuss objectively defined putative biomarkers for PD and prodromal PD. METHODS We searched Pubmed and Embase for articles pertaining to objective biomarkers for PD and their application in prodromal cohorts. Articles were selected based on relevance and methodology. KEY FINDINGS Objective biomarkers of demonstrated utility in prodromal PD include ligand-based imaging and transcranial sonography. Development of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue-based biomarkers is underway, but their application in prodromal PD has yet to meaningfully occur. Combining objective biomarkers with clinical or genetic prodromal features increases the sensitivity and specificity for identifying prodromal PD. CONCLUSIONS Several objective biomarkers for prodromal PD show promise but require further study, including their application to and validation in prodromal cohorts followed longitudinally. Accurate identification of prodromal PD will likely require a multimodal approach. (JINS, 2016, 22, 956-967).
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105
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Pchelina S, Emelyanov A, Baydakova G, Andoskin P, Senkevich K, Nikolaev M, Miliukhina I, Yakimovskii A, Timofeeva A, Fedotova E, Abramycheva N, Usenko T, Kulabukhova D, Lavrinova A, Kopytova A, Garaeva L, Nuzhnyi E, Illarioshkin S, Zakharova E. Oligomeric α-synuclein and glucocerebrosidase activity levels in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:70-76. [PMID: 27780739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein oligomerization plays a key role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Being the most common genetic contributor to PD, glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) mutations have been associated with decreased GBA enzymatic activity in PD patients with mutations in the GBA gene (GBA-PD). However, it is unknown whether the activities of other lysosomal hydrolases are being altered in GBA-PD patients and are accompanied by an increase in alpha-synuclein oligomerization. The aim of our study was to estimate GBA enzymatic activity as well as the activities of five other lysosomal hydrolases (galactocerebrosidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, sphingomyelinase, alpha-iduronidase) in dried blood spots with assessing plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels in sporadic PD (sPD) patients, in GBA-PD patients and in controls. GBA enzymatic activity and plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels were assessed in sPD patients (N=84), in GBA-PD patients (N=21) and controls (N=62) by LC-MS/MS and ELISA methods accordingly. GBA-PD patients showed lower GBA enzymatic activity compared to controls (p=0.001) and to sPD (p=0.0001). We also found the reduction of GLA enzymatic activity (but not of other lysosomal hydrolases) in GBA-PD (p=0.001). At the same time plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels were increased in GBA-PD group compared to sPD and controls (p=0.002 and p<0.0001, respectively). Our results suggest that the decrease in enzymatic activity of lysosomal hydrolases in GBA mutation carriers may contribute to PD pathogenesis by increasing the level of neurotoxic oligomeric alpha-synuclein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Baydakova
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - P Andoskin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Senkevich
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Nikolaev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Miliukhina
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Yakimovskii
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Timofeeva
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Fedotova
- Research Centre of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - T Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Kulabukhova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Lavrinova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Kopytova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L Garaeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Nuzhnyi
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Research Centre of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E Zakharova
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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106
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Mahlknecht P, Seppi K, Poewe W. The Concept of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:681-97. [PMID: 26485429 PMCID: PMC4927924 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently clinically defined by a set of cardinal motor features centred on the presence of bradykinesia and at least one additional motor symptom out of tremor, rigidity or postural instability. However, converging evidence from clinical, neuropathological, and imaging research suggests initiation of PD-specific pathology prior to appearance of these classical motor signs. This latent phase of neurodegeneration in PD is of particular relevance in relation to the development of disease-modifying or neuroprotective therapies which would require intervention at the earliest stages of disease. A key challenge in PD research, therefore, is to identify and validate markers for the preclinical and prodromal stages of the illness. Currently, several nonmotor symptoms have been associated with an increased risk to develop PD in otherwise healthy individuals and ongoing research is aimed at validating a variety of candidate PD biomarkers based on imaging, genetic, proteomic, or metabolomic signatures, supplemented by work on tissue markers accessible to minimally invasive biopsies. In fact, the recently defined MDS research criteria for prodromal PD have included combinations of risk and prodromal markers allowing to define target populations of future disease modification trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.,Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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107
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Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenetic Dysfunction to Potential Clinical Application. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:1720621. [PMID: 27610264 PMCID: PMC5005546 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1720621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease/synucleinopathy that develops slowly; however, there is no efficient method of early diagnosis, nor is there a cure. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and widespread aggregation of the α-synuclein protein (encoded by the SNCA gene) in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The SNCA gene has undergone gene duplications, triplications, and point mutations. However, the specific mechanism of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease remains obscure. Recent research showed that various α-synuclein oligomers, pathological aggregation, and propagation appear to be harmful in certain areas in Parkinson's disease patients. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the pathogenetic dysfunction of α-synuclein associated with Parkinson's disease and highlights current approaches that seek to develop this protein as a possible diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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108
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Kang W, Chen W, Yang Q, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang X, Dong F, Zhao Y, Chen S, Quinn TJ, Zhang J, Chen S, Liu J. Salivary total α-synuclein, oligomeric α-synuclein and SNCA variants in Parkinson's disease patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28143. [PMID: 27335051 PMCID: PMC4917865 DOI: 10.1038/srep28143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of salivary total and oligomeric α-synuclein levels in PD. Furthermore, we sought to explore the relationship between salivary total α-synuclein and α-synuclein SNP variants levels. 201 PD patients and 67 controls were recruited, of which there also had the genetic information of two positive α-synuclein (SNCA) loci. Salivary total α-synuclein was assayed using a highly sensitive Luminex assay and oligomeric α-synuclein was quantified by the combination of Gel filtration chromatography and Western blot, respectively. From our analysis,No difference in salivary total α-synuclein levels was found between PD patients and healthy controls, it decreased with age in PD patients, and was closely associated with genotypic distribution of rs11931074 and rs894278 in PD, respectively. After controlled for age and genders, G allele of rs11931074 was correlated with lower salivary total α-synuclein levels, while G allele of rs894278 was also correlated with the higher levels. Simultaneously, the further study was shown that salivary oligomeric α-synuclein in PD patients significantly increased comparing to healthy controls. In conclusions,our study firstly demonstrated that salivary total α-synuclein levels could be manipulated by different α-synuclein SNPs and salivary oligomeric α-synuclein could be a potential diagnostic indicator of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201801, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fangyi Dong
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Thomas J Quinn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology &Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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109
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Yang SY, Chiu MJ, Lin CH, Horng HE, Yang CC, Chieh JJ, Chen HH, Liu BH. Development of an ultra-high sensitive immunoassay with plasma biomarker for differentiating Parkinson disease dementia from Parkinson disease using antibody functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:41. [PMID: 27278241 PMCID: PMC4898388 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to discriminate healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson disease (PD) or Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) by assaying plasma α-synuclein because the concentrations of circulating α-synuclein in the blood are almost the same as the low-detection limit using current immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In this work, an ultra-sensitive immunoassay utilizing immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) is developed. The reagent for IMR consists of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies against α-synuclein and dispersed in pH-7.2 phosphate-buffered saline. A high-Tc superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) alternative-current magnetosusceptometer is used to measure the IMR signal of the reagent due to the association between magnetic nanoparticles and α-synuclein molecules. Results According to the experimental α-synuclein concentration dependent IMR signal, the low-detection limit is 0.3 fg/ml and the dynamic range is 310 pg/ml. The preliminary results show the plasma α-synuclein for PD patients distributes from 6 to 30 fg/ml. For PDD patients, the concentration of plasma α-synuclein varies from 0.1 to 100 pg/ml. Whereas the concentration of plasma α-synuclein for healthy subjects is significantly lower than that of PD patients. Conclusions The ultra-sensitive IMR by utilizing antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and high-Tc SQUID magnetometer is promising as a method to assay plasma α-synuclein, which is a potential biomarker for discriminating patients with PD or PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shieh-Yueh Yang
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan. .,Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Er Horng
- Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chuan Yang
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Chieh
- Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsien Chen
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hsien Liu
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
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110
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CNS tau efflux via exosomes is likely increased in Parkinson's disease but not in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:1125-1131. [PMID: 27234211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve tau pathology. Tau is detectable in blood, but its clearance from neuronal cells and the brain is poorly understood. METHODS Tau efflux from the brain to the blood was evaluated by administering radioactively labeled and unlabeled tau intracerebroventricularly in wild-type and tau knock-out mice, respectively. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived tau in L1CAM-containing exosomes was further characterized extensively in human plasma, including by single molecule array technology with 303 subjects. RESULTS The efflux of Tau, including a fraction via CNS-derived L1CAM exosomes, was observed in mice. In human plasma, tau was explicitly identified within L1CAM exosomes. In contrast to AD patients, L1CAM exosomal tau was significantly higher in PD patients than controls and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid tau. CONCLUSIONS Tau is readily transported from the brain to the blood. The mechanisms of CNS tau efflux are likely different between AD and PD.
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111
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and the numbers are projected to double in the next two decades with the increase in the aging population. An important focus of current research is to develop interventions to slow the progression of the disease. However, prerequisites to it include the development of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis which would identify at-risk groups and disease progression. In this review, we present updated evidence of already known clinical biomarkers (such as hyposmia and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD)) and neuroimaging biomarkers, as well as newer possible markers in the blood, CSF, and other tissues. While several promising candidates and methods to assess these biomarkers are on the horizon, it is becoming increasingly clear that no one candidate will clearly fulfill all the roles as a single biomarker. A multimodal and combinatorial approach to develop a battery of biomarkers will likely be necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal H Mehta
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
| | - Charles H Adler
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
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112
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Tagliafierro L, Chiba-Falek O. Up-regulation of SNCA gene expression: implications to synucleinopathies. Neurogenetics 2016; 17:145-57. [PMID: 26948950 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that share a common pathological lesion of intracellular protein inclusions largely composed by aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein. Accumulating evidence, including genome wide association studies, has implicated alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene in the etiology of synucleinopathies. However, the precise variants within SNCA gene that contribute to the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and other synucleinopathies and their molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive. It has been suggested that SNCA expression levels are critical for the development of these diseases. Here, we review several model systems that have been developed to advance the understanding of the role of SNCA expression levels in the etiology of synucleinopathies. We also describe different molecular mechanisms that regulate SNCA gene expression and discuss possible strategies for SNCA down-regulation as means for therapeutic approaches. Finally, we highlight some examples that underscore the relationships between the genetic association findings and the regulatory mechanisms of SNCA expression, which suggest that genetic variability in SNCA locus is directly responsible, at least in part, to the changes in gene expression and explain the reported associations of SNCA with synucleinopathies. Future studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neuronal lines and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9, will allow us to validate, characterize, and manipulate the effects of particular cis-genetic variants on SNCA expression. Moreover, this model system will enable us to compare different neuronal and glial lineages involved in synucleinopathies representing an attractive strategy to elucidate-common and specific-SNCA-genetic variants, regulatory mechanisms, and vulnerable expression levels underlying synucleinopathy spectrum disorders. This forthcoming knowledge will support the development of precision medicine for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tagliafierro
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - O Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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113
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Kuo T, Kim-Muller JY, McGraw TE, Accili D. Altered Plasma Profile of Antioxidant Proteins as an Early Correlate of Pancreatic β Cell Dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9648-56. [PMID: 26917725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Unlike insulin resistance, β cell dysfunction remains difficult to predict and monitor, because of the inaccessibility of the endocrine pancreas, the integrated relationship with insulin sensitivity, and the paracrine effects of incretins. The goal of our study was to survey the plasma response to a metabolic challenge in order to identify factors predictive of β cell dysfunction. To this end, we combined (i) the power of unbiased iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification) mass spectrometry with (ii) direct sampling of the portal vein following an intravenous glucose/arginine challenge (IVGATT) in (iii) mice with a genetic β cell defect. By so doing, we excluded the effects of peripheral insulin sensitivity as well as those of incretins on β cells, and focused on the first phase of insulin secretion to capture the early pathophysiology of β cell dysfunction. We compared plasma protein profiles with ex vivo islet secretome and transcriptome analyses. We detected changes to 418 plasma proteins in vivo, and detected changes to 262 proteins ex vivo The impairment of insulin secretion was associated with greater overall changes in the plasma response to IVGATT, possibly reflecting metabolic instability. Reduced levels of proteins regulating redox state and neuronal stress markers, as well as increased levels of coagulation factors, antedated the loss of insulin secretion in diabetic mice. These results suggest that a reduced complement of antioxidants in response to a mixed secretagogue challenge is an early correlate of future β cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyi Kuo
- From the Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Ja Young Kim-Muller
- From the Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Domenico Accili
- From the Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
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114
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Sensitive analysis of α-synuclein by nonlinear laser wave mixing coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2016; 500:51-9. [PMID: 26874019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photon nonlinear laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is a novel absorption-based technique that offers excellent detection sensitivity for biomedical applications, including early diagnosis and investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), and characterization of its oligomers and quantification of the protein may contribute to understanding PD. The laser wave-mixing signal has a quadratic dependence on analyte concentration, and hence the technique is effective in monitoring small changes in concentration within biofluids. A wide variety of labels can be employed for laser wave-mixing detection due to its ability to detect both chromophores and fluorophores. In this investigation, two fluorophores and a chromophore are studied and used as labels for the detection of α-synuclein. Wave-mixing detection limits of PD-related protein conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, QSY 35 acetic acid, succinimidyl ester, and Chromeo P503 were determined to be 1.4 × 10(-13) M, 1.4 × 10(-10) M, and 1.9 × 10(-13) M, respectively. Based on the laser probe volume used, the corresponding mass detection limits were determined to be 1.1 × 10(-23) mol, 1.1 × 10(-20) mol, and 1.5 × 10(-23) mol. This study also presents molecular-based separation and quantification of α-synuclein by laser wave mixing coupled with capillary electrophoresis.
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Alpha-Synuclein as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3560-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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116
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Yun JW, Ahn JB, Kang BC. Modeling Parkinson's disease in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): overview of models, methods, and animal care. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:155-65. [PMID: 26755918 PMCID: PMC4707143 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.4.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied, popular New World monkey and is used widely in reproductive biology, neuroscience, and drug development, due to its comparative ease of handling, high reproductive efficiency, and its unique behavioral characters. In this review, we discuss the marmoset models in Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a neurological movement disorder primarily resulting from a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons with clinical features of tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and akinesia. The most common PD models involve the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine to study the pathogenesis and to evaluate novel therapies. Following the systemic or local administration of these neurotoxins, the marmosets with very severe Parkinson's symptoms are recommended to be placed in an intensive care unit with artificial feeding to increase survival rate. All procedures with MPTP should be conducted in a special room with enclosed cages under negative-pressure by trained researchers with personal protection. Behavioral tests are conducted to provide an external measure of the brain pathology. Along with several biomarkers, including α-synuclein and DJ-1, non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are used to evaluate the functional changes associated with PD. With the recent growing interest in potential and novel therapies such as stem cell and gene therapy for PD in Korea, the marmoset can be considered as a suitable non-human primate model in PD research to bridge the gap between rodent studies and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Ahn
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Designed Animal Research Center, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon, Korea
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Börger M, Funke S, Bähr M, Grus F, Lingor P. Biomarker sources for Parkinson's disease: Time to shed tears? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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118
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Laurens B, Constantinescu R, Freeman R, Gerhard A, Jellinger K, Jeromin A, Krismer F, Mollenhauer B, Schlossmacher MG, Shaw LM, Verbeek MM, Wenning GK, Winge K, Zhang J, Meissner WG. Fluid biomarkers in multiple system atrophy: A review of the MSA Biomarker Initiative. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:29-41. [PMID: 25982836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing research efforts, no reliable biomarker currently exists for the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Such biomarkers are urgently needed to improve diagnostic accuracy, prognostic guidance and also to serve as efficacy measures or surrogates of target engagement for future clinical trials. We here review candidate fluid biomarkers for MSA and provide considerations for further developments and harmonization of standard operating procedures. A PubMed search was performed until April 24, 2015 to review the literature with regard to candidate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for MSA. Abstracts of 1760 studies were retrieved and screened for eligibility. The final list included 60 studies assessing fluid biomarkers in patients with MSA. Most studies have focused on alpha-synuclein, markers of axonal degeneration or catecholamines. Their results suggest that combining several CSF fluid biomarkers may be more successful than using single markers, at least for the diagnosis. Currently, the clinically most useful markers may comprise a combination of the light chain of neurofilament (which is consistently elevated in MSA compared to controls and Parkinson's disease), metabolites of the catecholamine pathway and proteins such as α-synuclein, DJ-1 and total-tau. Beyond future efforts in biomarker discovery, the harmonization of standard operating procedures will be crucial for future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laurens
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Heath, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kurt Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, A-1070 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany and Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Parkinson Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of WA, Seattle, USA
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre de référence atrophie multisystématisée, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
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119
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Gupta V, Garg RK, Khattri S. Serological Analysis of Alpha-synuclein and NF-κB in Parkinson's Disease Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC01-4. [PMID: 26155470 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12545.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several investigations have been made to determine the level of alpha-synuclein in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's disease patients, but the results were very contradictory and inconclusive. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was also found to be involved in Parkinson's disease, but there is a lack of studies investigating NF-κB in Parkinson's disease patients. As far as our knowledge goes, no study reported the level of NF-κB in serum of Parkinson's disease patients. In this context, present study was designed to make a baseline study in order to evaluate the levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB in serum of Parkinson's disease patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from Parkinson's disease patients (n=97) and healthy controls (n=97). Their levels were determined by using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The levels of total alpha-synuclein (patients=5.79±2.24 ng/ml, controls=6.20±1.61 ng/ml; p=0.14) and NF-κB (patients=1.38±0.99 ng/ml, controls=1.65±1.00 ng/ml; p=0.71) were lower in Parkinson's disease patients than controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. This difference was also failed to reach significance between males (alpha-synuclein (p)=0.70, NF-κB (p)=0.84) and females (alpha-synuclein (p)=0.06, NF-κB (p)=0.77) in both the groups as well as within the groups. The levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB were also not associated with Parkinson's disease severity (alpha-synuclein (p) = 0.84, NF-κB (p) = 0.73). CONCLUSION A non-significant difference in the levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB between Parkinson's disease patients and controls suggested that these are not valuable biomarkers for Parkinson's disease, more specifically in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Gupta
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Garg
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ishii R, Tokuda T, Tatebe H, Ohmichi T, Kasai T, Nakagawa M, Mizuno T, El-Agnaf OMA. Decrease in plasma levels of α-synuclein is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease after elimination of heterophilic antibody interference. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123162. [PMID: 25849645 PMCID: PMC4388641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial biochemical, pathological, and genetic evidence that α-synuclein (A-syn) is a principal molecule in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). We previously reported that total A-syn levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), measured with the specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed by ourselves, were decreased in patients with PD, and suggested the usefulness of A-syn in CSF and plasma as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. After our report, a considerable number of studies have investigated the levels A-syn in CSF and in blood, but have reported inconclusive results. Such discrepancies have often been attributed not only to the use of different antibodies in the ELISAs but also to interference from hemolysis. In this study we measured the levels of A-syn in CSF and plasma by using our own sandwich ELISA with or without heterophilic antibody (HA) inhibitor in 30 patients with PD and 58 age-matched controls. We thereby revealed that HA interfered with ELISA measurements of A-syn and are accordingly considered to be an important confounder in A-syn ELISAs. HA produced falsely exaggerated signals in A-syn ELISAs more prominently in plasma samples than in CSF samples. After elimination of HA interference, it was found that hemolysis did not have a significant effect on the signals obtained using our A-syn ELISA. Furthermore, plasma levels of A-syn were significantly lower in the PD group compared with the control group following elimination of HA interference with an HA inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that HA was a major confounder that should be controlled in A-syn ELISAs, and that plasma A-syn could be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of PD if adequately quantified following elimination of HA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ishii
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Zaitaku (Homecare), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medical Education and Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohmichi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, HBKU, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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121
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Koehler NKU, Stransky E, Meyer M, Gaertner S, Shing M, Schnaidt M, Celej MS, Jovin TM, Leyhe T, Laske C, Batra A, Buchkremer G, Fallgatter AJ, Wernet D, Richartz-Salzburger E. Alpha-synuclein levels in blood plasma decline with healthy aging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123444. [PMID: 25844871 PMCID: PMC4386828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence that alpha-synuclein plays a pivotal pathophysiological role in neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in synucleinopathies. These disorders present with a variable extent of cognitive impairment and alpha-synuclein is being explored as a biomarker in CSF, blood serum and plasma. Considering key events of aging that include proteostasis, alpha-synuclein may not only be useful as a marker for differential diagnosis but also for aging per se. To explore this hypothesis, we developed a highly specific ELISA to measure alpha-synuclein. In healthy males plasma alpha-synuclein levels correlated strongly with age, revealing much lower concentrations in older (avg. 58.1 years) compared to younger (avg. 27.6 years) individuals. This difference between the age groups was enhanced after acidification of the plasmas (p<0.0001), possibly reflecting a decrease of alpha-synuclein-antibody complexes or chaperone activity in older individuals. Our results support the concept that alpha-synuclein homeostasis may be impaired early on, possibly due to disturbance of the proteostasis network, a key component of healthy aging. Thus, alpha-synuclein may be a novel biomarker of aging, a factor that should be considered when analyzing its presence in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K U Koehler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Stransky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Gaertner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Shing
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Schnaidt
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria S Celej
- Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biological Chemistry (CIQUIBIC, CONICET), School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torrey Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M Jovin
- Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leyhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Laske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anil Batra
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Buchkremer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Wernet
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Richartz-Salzburger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Wormwood KL, Aslebagh R, Channaveerappa D, Dupree EJ, Borland MM, Ryan JP, Darie CC, Woods AG. Salivary proteomics and biomarkers in neurology and psychiatry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:899-906. [PMID: 25631118 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are greatly needed in the fields of neurology and psychiatry, to provide objective and earlier diagnoses of CNS conditions. Proteomics and other omics MS-based technologies are tools currently being utilized in much recent CNS research. Saliva is an interesting alternative biomaterial for the proteomic study of CNS disorders, with several advantages. Collection is noninvasive and saliva has many proteins. It is easier to collect than blood and can be collected by professionals without formal medical training. For psychiatric and neurological patients, supplying a saliva sample is less anxiety-provoking than providing a blood sample, and is less embarrassing than producing a urine specimen. The use of saliva as a biomaterial has been researched for the diagnosis of and greater understanding of several CNS conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, autism, and depression. Salivary biomarkers could be used to rule out nonpsychiatric conditions that are often mistaken for psychiatric/neurological conditions, such as fibromyalgia, and potentially to assess cognitive ability in individuals with compromised brain function. As MS and omics technology advances, the sensitivity and utility of assessing CNS conditions using distal human biomaterials such as saliva is becoming increasingly possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wormwood
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Roshanak Aslebagh
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Emmalyn J Dupree
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Megan M Borland
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne P Ryan
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.,Center for Neurobehavioral Health, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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Zaccaria A, Roux-Dalvai F, Bouamrani A, Mombrun A, Mossuz P, Monsarrat B, Berger F. Accessing to the minor proteome of red blood cells through the influence of the nanoparticle surface properties on the corona composition. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1869-83. [PMID: 25834426 PMCID: PMC4358650 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s70503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-protein interactions in complex samples have not yet been clearly understood. Nevertheless, several studies demonstrated that NP's physicochemical features significantly impact on the protein corona composition. Taking advantage of the NP potential to harvest different subsets of proteins, we assessed for the first time the capacity of three kinds of superparamagnetic NPs to highlight the erythrocyte minor proteome. Using both qualitative and quantitative proteomics approaches, nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 893 different proteins, confirming the reproducible capacity of NPs to increase the number of identified proteins, through a reduction of the sample concentration range and the capture of specific proteins on the three different surfaces. These NP-specific protein signatures revealed significant differences in their isoelectric point and molecular weight. Moreover, this NP strategy offered a deeper access to the erythrocyte proteome highlighting several signaling pathways implicated in important erythrocyte functions. The automated potentiality, the reproducibility, and the low-consuming sample demonstrate the strong compatibility of our strategy for large-scale clinical studies and may become a standardized sample preparation in future erythrocyte-associated proteomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Roux-Dalvai
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Mossuz
- TIMC-THEREX UMR 5525 CNRS, UJF, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Monsarrat
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
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Searles Nielsen S, Checkoway H, Zhang J, Hofmann JN, Keifer MC, Paulsen M, Farin FM, Cook TJ, Simpson CD. Blood α-synuclein in agricultural pesticide handlers in central Washington State. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:75-81. [PMID: 25460623 PMCID: PMC4548290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that occupational exposure to pesticides might increase Parkinson disease risk. Some pesticides, such as the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos, appear to increase the expression of α-synuclein, a protein critically involved in Parkinson disease. Therefore, we assessed total blood cell α-synuclein in 90 specimens from 63 agricultural pesticide handlers, mainly Hispanic men from central Washington State, who participated in the state's cholinesterase monitoring program in 2007-2010. Additionally, in age-adjusted linear regression models for repeated measures, we assessed whether α-synuclein levels were associated with butyrylcholinesterase-chlorpyrifos adducts or cholinesterase inhibition measured in peripheral blood, or with self-reported pesticide exposure or paraoxonase (PON1) genotype. There was no evidence by any of those indicators that exposure to chlorpyrifos was associated with greater blood α-synuclein. We observed somewhat greater α-synuclein with the PON1-108T (lower paraoxonase enzyme) allele, and with ≥ 10 h of exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides in the preceding 30 days, but neither of these associations followed a clear dose-response pattern. These results suggest that selected genetic and environmental factors may affect α-synuclein blood levels. However, longitudinal studies with larger numbers of pesticide handlers will be required to confirm and elucidate the possible associations observed in this exploratory cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Searles Nielsen
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Box 359775, Seattle, WA 98195-9775, USA.
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Box 359635, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- National Cancer Institute, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Matthew C Keifer
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Michael Paulsen
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Federico M Farin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Travis J Cook
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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125
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Naturally occurring alpha-synuclein autoantibodies in Parkinson's disease: sources of (error) variance in biomarker assays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114566. [PMID: 25470145 PMCID: PMC4255021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which can partly be modulated by innate and adaptive immune functions, and vice versa. Here, naturally occurring α-Syn autoantibodies (α-Syn-nAbs) may be effective against α-Syn pathoetiology and may serve as a PD biomarker. However, serum and cerebrospinal fluid α-Syn-nAbs levels still lack consistent evidence as required for a reliable PD biomarker. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid α-Syn-nAbs levels of 66 PD patients and 69 healthy controls were assessed using a validated ELISA assay. Moreover, potential sources of error variance including unspecific ELISA background signals, free serum hemoglobin concentrations, α-Syn plate coating procedures, and differences in α-Syn-nAbs standards, were investigated. PD patients and controls did not differ in serum (p = .49) nor cerebrospinal fluid (p = .29) α-Syn-nAbs levels. Interestingly, free serum hemoglobin concentrations were negatively correlated with α-Syn-nAbs levels in controls (Spearman = −.41, p<.001), but not in PD patients ( = .16, p = .21). ELISA α-Syn plate coating procedures impacted inter-assay variability (same day coating: 8–16%; coating on different days: 16–58%). α-Syn-nAbs standards from different purification batches differed regarding optical density measured in ELISAs suggesting differences in α-Syn affinity. While α-Syn-nAbs levels may represent a potential PD biomarker, several methodological issues have to be considered to increase reproducibility of α-Syn-nAbs findings. Further studies using standardized protocols minimizing sources of error variance may be necessary to establish a reliable PD α-Syn-nAbs biomarker.
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126
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In vivo markers of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: current value of the 5G4 α-synuclein antibody. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:893-5. [PMID: 25376537 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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127
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Shi M, Liu C, Cook TJ, Bullock KM, Zhao Y, Ginghina C, Li Y, Aro P, Dator R, He C, Hipp MJ, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Hu SC, Quinn JF, Galasko DR, Banks WA, Zhang J. Plasma exosomal α-synuclein is likely CNS-derived and increased in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:639-650. [PMID: 24997849 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular α-synuclein is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and also as a potential biomarker when tested in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The performance of blood plasma or serum α-synuclein as a biomarker has been found to be inconsistent and generally ineffective, largely due to the contribution of peripherally derived α-synuclein. In this study, we discovered, via an intracerebroventricular injection of radiolabeled α-synuclein into mouse brain, that CSF α-synuclein was readily transported to blood, with a small portion being contained in exosomes that are relatively specific to the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, we developed a technique to evaluate the levels of α-synuclein in these exosomes in individual plasma samples. When applied to a large cohort of clinical samples (267 PD, 215 controls), we found that in contrast to CSF α-synuclein concentrations, which are consistently reported to be lower in PD patients compared to controls, the levels of plasma exosomal α-synuclein were substantially higher in PD patients, suggesting an increased efflux of the protein to the peripheral blood of these patients. Furthermore, although no association was observed between plasma exosomal and CSF α-synuclein, a significant correlation between plasma exosomal α-synuclein and disease severity (r = 0.176, p = 0.004) was observed, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity achieved by plasma exosomal α-synuclein were comparable to those determined by CSF α-synuclein. Further studies are clearly needed to elucidate the mechanism involved in the transport of CNS α-synuclein to the periphery, which may lead to a more convenient and robust assessment of PD clinically.
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128
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Pchelina SN, Nuzhnyi EP, Emelyanov AK, Boukina TM, Usenko TS, Nikolaev MA, Salogub GN, Yakimovskii AF, Zakharova EY. Increased plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein in patients with lysosomal storage diseases. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:188-93. [PMID: 25265039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A link between lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) and neurodegenerative disorders associated with accumulation of presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein has been shown. Particularly, Gaucher disease (GD) patients with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and carriers of GBA mutations are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). It remains unclear whether this link is due to increased alpha-synuclein oligomerization. Here we show that level of oligomeric alpha-synuclein form, associated with PD development, is increased in plasma of GD patients (n=41, median=22.9pg/mL, range1.57-444.58pg/mL; controls (n=40, median=6.02pg/mL, range 1.05-103.14pg/mL, p<0.0001). This difference is absent in GD patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for more than 5 years. Moreover, the levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers in plasma are also higher in patients with other LSDs (Niemann-Pick type C, Krabbe disease, Wolman disease) compared to the median value in controls. Therefore, we suggest that mutations in the GBA gene and at least in several other LSDs genes may be associated with an increase in oligomeric alpha-synuclein in plasma. ERT applied for recovering of GBA functions in GD treatment might decrease formation of plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E P Nuzhnyi
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A K Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T M Boukina
- Medical-genetics Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - T S Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M A Nikolaev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G N Salogub
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A F Yakimovskii
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
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129
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Swanson CR, Li K, Unger TL, Gallagher MD, Van Deerlin VM, Agarwal P, Leverenz J, Roberts J, Samii A, Gross RG, Hurtig H, Rick J, Weintraub D, Trojanowski JQ, Zabetian C, Chen-Plotkin AS. Lower plasma apolipoprotein A1 levels are found in Parkinson's disease and associate with apolipoprotein A1 genotype. Mov Disord 2014; 30:805-12. [PMID: 25227208 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel plasma-based biomarkers could lead to new approaches in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we explore the role of plasma apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) as a risk marker for PD and evaluate the influence of APOA1 promoter variation on plasma ApoA1 levels. Plasma ApoA1 and the single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs670, were assayed in a discovery cohort (cohort 1) of 301 PD patients, 80 normal controls (NCs), and 165 subjects with other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as a cohort (cohort 2) of 158 PD patients from a second clinical site. Additionally, rs670 was genotyped in a third cohort of 1,494 PD and 925 NC subjects from both clinical sites. Compared to both normal and disease controls, PD patients have lower plasma ApoA1 (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Moreover, in PD patients, plasma ApoA1 levels are correlated with genotype at the APOA1 promoter polymorphism, rs670. Specifically, lower plasma ApoA1 levels were found in rs670 major allele (G) homozygotes in both cohort 1 (P = 0.009) and in a replication cohort (cohort 2; n = 158 PD patients; P = 0.024). Finally, evaluating rs670 genotype frequencies in 1,930 PD cases versus 997 NCs, the rs670 GG genotype shows a trend toward association (odds ratio: 1.1; P = 0.10) with PD. Our results are compatible with a model whereby circulating ApoA1 levels may be useful in risk-stratifying subjects for the development of PD, with higher ApoA1 levels suggesting relative protection. Future studies evaluating modulation of ApoA1 as a novel therapeutic strategy in PD are warranted. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis L Unger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D Gallagher
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Hospital Medical Center, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - James Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John Roberts
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ali Samii
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel Goldmann Gross
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Howard Hurtig
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cyrus Zabetian
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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130
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Malek N, Swallow D, Grosset KA, Anichtchik O, Spillantini M, Grosset DG. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues and body fluids as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease - a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:59-72. [PMID: 24702516 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is neuropathologically characterized as an alpha-synucleinopathy. Alpha-synuclein-containing inclusions are stained as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain, which are the pathological hallmark of PD. However, alpha-synuclein-containing inclusions in PD are not restricted to the central nervous system, but are also found in peripheral tissues. Alpha-synuclein levels can also be measured in body fluids. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of available evidence to determine the utility of alpha-synuclein as a peripheral biomarker of PD. We searched PubMed (1948 to 26 May 2013), Embase (1974 to 26 May 2013), the Cochrane Library (up to 26 May 2013), LILACS (up to 26 May 2013) and CINAHL (up to 26 May 2013) for the studies of alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues or body fluids in PD. A total of 49 studies fulfilled the search criteria. Peripheral tissues such as colonic mucosa showed a sensitivity of 42-90% and a specificity of 100%; submandibular salivary glands showed sensitivity and specificity of 100%; skin biopsy showed 19% sensitivity and 80% specificity in detecting alpha-synuclein pathology. CSF alpha-synuclein had 71-94% sensitivity and 25-53% specificity for distinguishing PD from controls. Plasma alpha-synuclein had 48-53% sensitivity and 69-85% specificity. Neither plasma nor CSF alpha-synuclein is presently a reliable marker of PD. This differs from alpha-synuclein in solid tissue samples of the enteric and autonomic nervous system, which offer some potential as a surrogate marker of brain synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Malek
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - D. Swallow
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - K. A. Grosset
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - O. Anichtchik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Brain Repair Centre; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - M. Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Brain Repair Centre; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D. G. Grosset
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
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131
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Alvarez-Castelao B, Gorostidi A, Ruíz-Martínez J, López de Munain A, Castaño JG. Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to Alpha-Synuclein in LRRK2 Mutation Carriers, Idiopathic Parkinson Disease Patients, and Healthy Controls. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:169. [PMID: 25076905 PMCID: PMC4097207 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (Snca) plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD). Circulating anti-Snca antibodies has been described in PD patients and healthy controls, but they have been poorly characterized. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of anti-Snca reactivity in human subjects carrying the LRRK2 mutation, idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, and healthy controls and to map the epitopes of the anti-Snca antibodies. Antibodies to Snca were detected by ELISA and immunoblotting using purified recombinant Snca in plasma from individuals carrying LRRK2 mutations (104), iPD patients (59), and healthy controls (83). Epitopes of antibodies were mapped using recombinant protein constructs comprising different regions of Snca. Clear positive anti-Snca reactivity showed no correlation with age, sex, years of evolution, or the disability scores for PD patients and anti-Snca reactivity was not prevalent in human patients with other neurological or autoimmune diseases. Thirteen of the positive individuals were carriers of LRRK2 mutations either non-manifesting (8 out 49 screened) or manifesting (5 positive out 55), three positive (out of 59) were iPD patients, and five positive (out of 83) were healthy controls. Epitope mapping showed that antibodies against the N-terminal (a.a. 1–60) or C-terminal (a.a. 109–140) regions of Snca predominate in LRRK2 mutation carriers and iPD patients, being N122 a critical amino acid for recognition by the anti-C-terminal directed antibodies. Anti-Snca circulating antibodies seem to cluster within families carrying the LRRK2 mutation indicating possible genetic or common environmental factors in the generation of anti-Snca antibodies. These results suggest that case-controls’ studies are insufficient and further studies in family cohorts of patients and healthy controls should be undertaken, to progress in the understanding of the possible relationship of anti-Snca antibodies and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Javier Ruíz-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - José G Castaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain
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132
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Abstract
There is a pressing need for biomarkers to diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD), assess disease severity, and prognosticate course. Various types of biologic specimens are potential candidates for identifying biomarkers--defined here as surrogate indicators of physiological or pathophysiological states--but blood has the advantage of being minimally invasive to obtain. There are, however, several challenges to identifying biomarkers in blood. Several candidate biomarkers identified in other diseases or in other types of biological fluids are being pursued as blood-based biomarkers in PD. In addition, unbiased discovery is underway using techniques including metabolomics, proteomics, and gene expression profiling. In this review, we summarize these techniques and discuss the challenges and successes of blood-based biomarker discovery in PD. Blood-based biomarkers that are discussed include α-synuclein, DJ-1, uric acid, epidermal growth factor, apolipoprotein-A1, and peripheral inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama M Chahine
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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133
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Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, Mann DMA, Allsop D. A longitudinal study on α-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2540. [PMID: 23985836 PMCID: PMC3756331 DOI: 10.1038/srep02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been no longitudinal studies on α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, blood plasma ‘total α-synuclein’ and ‘Ser-129 phosphorylated α-synuclein’ were assayed at 4–6 monthly intervals from a cohort of 189 newly-diagnosed patients with PD. For log-transformed data, plasma total α-synuclein levels increased with time for up to 20 yrs after the appearance of initial symptoms (p = 0.012), whereas phosphorylated α-synuclein remained constant over this same period. The mean level of phosphorylated α-synuclein, but not of total α-synuclein, was higher in the PD plasma samples taken at first visit than in single samples taken from a group of 91 healthy controls (p = 0.012). Overall, we conclude that the plasma level of phosphorylated α-synuclein has potential value as a diagnostic tool, whereas the level of total α-synuclein could act as a surrogate marker for the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope G Foulds
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
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134
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Pan C, Zhou Y, Dator R, Ginghina C, Zhao Y, Movius J, Peskind E, Zabetian CP, Quinn J, Galasko D, Stewart T, Shi M, Zhang J. Targeted discovery and validation of plasma biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4535-45. [PMID: 24853996 PMCID: PMC4224986 DOI: 10.1021/pr500421v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, an unmet need remains for protein biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) in peripheral body fluids, especially blood, which is easily accessible clinically. The discovery of such biomarkers is challenging, however, due to the enormous complexity and huge dynamic range of human blood proteins, which are derived from nearly all organ systems, with those originating specifically from the central nervous system (CNS) being exceptionally low in abundance. In this investigation of a relatively large cohort (∼300 subjects), selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays (a targeted approach) were used to probe plasma peptides derived from glycoproteins previously found to be altered in the CNS based on PD diagnosis or severity. Next, the detected peptides were interrogated for their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as well as the correlation with PD severity, as determined by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The results revealed that 12 of the 50 candidate glycopeptides were reliably and consistently identified in plasma samples, with three of them displaying significant differences among diagnostic groups. A combination of four peptides (derived from PRNP, HSPG2, MEGF8, and NCAM1) provided an overall area under curve (AUC) of 0.753 (sensitivity: 90.4%; specificity: 50.0%). Additionally, combining two peptides (derived from MEGF8 and ICAM1) yielded significant correlation with PD severity, that is, UPDRS (r = 0.293, p = 0.004). The significance of these results is at least two-fold: (1) it is possible to use a targeted approach to identify otherwise very difficult to detect CNS related biomarkers in peripheral blood and (2) the novel biomarkers, if validated in independent cohorts, can be employed to assist with clinical diagnosis of PD as well as monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine , 325 9th Avenue, HMC 359635, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
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135
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Saito Y. Oxidized DJ-1 as a possible biomarker of Parkinson's disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:138-44. [PMID: 24894116 PMCID: PMC4042152 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive, age-related, neurodegenerative disorder, and oxidative stress is an important mediator in its pathogenesis. DJ-1 is a causative gene of a familial form of Parkinson's disease, namely PARK7, and plays a significant role in antioxidative defense to protect the cells from oxidative stress. DJ-1 undergoes preferential oxidation at the cysteine residue at position 106, Cys-106, under oxidative stress. The critical role of Cys-106 in the biological function of DJ-1 has been demonstrated, and recent studies indicate that DJ-1 acts as a sensor of oxidative stress by regulating the gene expression of antioxidative defense. Specific antibodies against Cys-106-oxidized DJ-1 have been developed, and the generation of oxidized DJ-1 in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease has been investigated. This review focuses on the role of DJ-1 in antioxidative defense and the importance of oxidizable Cys-106 in its function. The significance of the identification of early-phase Parkinson's disease biomarkers and the nature of oxidized DJ-1 as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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136
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Kuzdas-Wood D, Stefanova N, Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Schlossmacher MG, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Towards translational therapies for multiple system atrophy. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:19-35. [PMID: 24598411 PMCID: PMC4068324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis manifesting with autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia in any combination. The underlying neuropathology affects central autonomic, striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar pathways and it is associated with distinctive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs, Papp-Lantos bodies) that contain aggregates of α-synuclein. Current treatment options are very limited and mainly focused on symptomatic relief, whereas disease modifying options are lacking. Despite extensive testing, no neuroprotective drug treatment has been identified up to now; however, a neurorestorative approach utilizing autologous mesenchymal stem cells has shown remarkable beneficial effects in the cerebellar variant of MSA. Here, we review the progress made over the last decade in defining pathogenic targets in MSA and summarize insights gained from candidate disease-modifying interventions that have utilized a variety of well-established preclinical MSA models. We also discuss the current limitations that our field faces and suggest solutions for possible approaches in cause-directed therapies of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kuzdas-Wood
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, RGH #1412, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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137
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Salvesen L, Tanassi JT, Bech S, Pålhagen S, Svenningsson P, Heegaard NHH, Winge K. The influence of preanalytical conditions on the DJ-1 concentration in human cerebrospinal fluid. Biomark Med 2014; 8:387-94. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of centrifugation and protease activity on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of DJ-1 and hemoglobin. Materials & methods: The concentrations of DJ-1 and hemoglobin were determined in 12 (DJ-1) and six (hemoglobin) pairs of CSF samples, with one sample being stored without centrifugation and the other being centrifuged at 2000 × g before storage. The DJ-1 concentration was also determined in centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF containing protease inhibitors and compared with values determined in centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF samples without protease inhibitors. Furthermore, specific protein concentrations were determined in CSF from two groups, each comprising 23 patients with Parkinson’s disease. In one group the CSF was centrifuged at 1300−1800 × g, 4°C, 10 min, and in the other at 2000 × g, 4°C, 10 min. Results: Centrifugation at 2000 × g resulted in significantly lower CSF DJ-1 concentrations compared with no centrifugation and centrifugation at a lower g-force. There was a significant difference in the hemoglobin concentration between centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF. In all centrifuged samples the hemoglobin concentration was <200 ng/ml including blood contaminated samples centrifuged at 2000 × g. When a protease inhibitor cocktail was added to the CSF prior to centrifugation, the DJ-1 concentration was significantly higher. Conclusion: Preanalytical factors such as centrifugation and protease inhibition must be carefully controlled when handling CSF for analysis of DJ-1 and other biomarkers, as DJ-1 was influenced by blood contamination, centrifugation and protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Laboratory for Stereology & Neuroscience, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia T Tanassi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Bech
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Pålhagen
- Section of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels HH Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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138
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Wang XY, Kang WY, Yang Q, Zhang LY, Chen SD, Liu J. Using gastrocnemius sEMG and plasma α-synuclein for the prediction of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89353. [PMID: 24586710 PMCID: PMC3937335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a complicated gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease (PD) and a relevant subclinical predictor algorithm is lacking. The main purpose of this study is to explore the potential value of surface electromyograph (sEMG) and plasma α-synuclein levels as predictors of the FOG seen in PD. 21 PD patients and 15 normal controls were recruited. Motor function was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Freezing of gait questionnaire (FOG-Q). Simultaneously, gait analysis was also performed using VICON capture system in PD patients and sEMG data was recorded as well. Total plasma α-synuclein was quantitatively assessed by Luminex assay in all participants. Recruited PD patients were classified into two groups: PD patients with FOG (PD+FOG) and without FOG (PD-FOG), based on clinical manifestation, the results of the FOG-Q and VICON capture system. PD+FOG patients displayed higher FOG-Q scores, decreased walking speed, smaller step length, smaller stride length and prolonged double support time compared to the PD-FOG in the gait trial. sEMG data indicated that gastrocnemius activity in PD+FOG patients was significantly reduced compared to PD-FOG patients. In addition, plasma α-synuclein levels were significantly decreased in the PD+FOG group compared to control group; however, no significant difference was found between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups. Our study revealed that gastrocnemius sEMG could be used to evaluate freezing gait in PD patients, while plasma α-synuclein might discriminate freezing of gait in PD patients from normal control, though no difference was found between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Yan Kang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SC); (JL)
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SC); (JL)
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139
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Vavougios G, Pastaka C, Tsilioni I, Natsios G, Seitanidis G, Florou E, Gourgoulianis KI. The DJ-1 protein as a candidate biomarker in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2014; 18:897-900. [PMID: 24532146 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-014-0952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has a central role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The DJ-1 protein functions as a sensor of oxidative stress, acting both as a reactive oxygen species scavenger (ROS) and an antioxidative response regulator. The aim of our study is to determine the serum levels of DJ-1 in OSAS patients and assess possible correlations with their clinical, demographical, and biochemical characteristics. METHODS The study included 120 subjects from the Sleep Disorder Laboratory of the University Hospital of Thessaly (100 males vs 20 females, mean age 48±10, Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)>5 episodes per hour of sleep). Subjects underwent full-night polysomnography (PSG) followed by morning blood sampling. Serum DJ-1 levels were determined via ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19. RESULTS The median DJ-1 levels were 56.7 ng/mL (IQR, 34.9-99.3 ng/mL). Statistically significant correlations were detected between DJ-1's levels and AHI (Spearman's rho=0.189, P=0.04), Desaturation Index (DI; Spearman's rho=0.239, P=0.012), and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (Spearman's rho=-0.205, P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS DJ-1 may be a useful biomarker in OSAS due to its correlations with AHI and DI. The correlation with serum LDL warrants further investigation regarding possible implications in OSAS patients' cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vavougios
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece,
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140
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Ai SX, Xu Q, Hu YC, Song CY, Guo JF, Shen L, Wang CR, Yu RL, Yan XX, Tang BS. Hypomethylation of SNCA in blood of patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 337:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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141
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Foulds P, Mann DMA, Allsop D. Phosphorylated α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:115-7. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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142
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Akhtar RS, Stern MB. New concepts in the early and preclinical detection of Parkinson’s disease: therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 12:1429-38. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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143
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New insight into neurodegeneration: the role of proteomics. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1181-99. [PMID: 24323427 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances within the field of proteomics, including both upstream and downstream protocols, have fuelled a transition from simple protein identification to functional analysis. A battery of proteomics approaches is now being employed for the analysis of protein expression levels, the monitoring of cellular activities and for gaining an increased understanding into biochemical pathways. Combined, these approaches are changing the way we study disease by allowing accurate and targeted, large scale protein analysis, which will provide invaluable insight into disease pathogenesis. Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), prion disease, and other diseases that affect the neuromuscular system, are a leading cause of disability in the aging population. There are no effective intervention strategies for these disorders and diagnosis is challenging as it relies primarily on clinical symptomatic features, which often overlap at early stages of disease. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop reliable biomarkers to improve early and specific diagnosis, to track disease progression, to measure molecular responses towards treatment regimes and ultimately devise new therapeutic strategies. To accomplish this, a better understanding of disease mechanisms is needed. In this review we summarize recent advances in the field of proteomics applicable to neurodegenerative disorders, and how these advances are fueling our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these complex disorders.
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144
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Capillary microsampling and analysis of 4-µl blood, plasma and serum samples to determine human α-synuclein elimination rate in mice. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:449-62. [PMID: 23414378 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capillary microsampling technique was scaled down to enable repeated PK sampling of blood, plasma and serum from mice for the determination of the 14-kDa protein α-synuclein using the Gyrolab™ immunoassay platform. RESULTS 4-µl plasma, serum or blood samples were taken from 36 mice, in total 648 samples were successfully collected and analyzed. Following intravenous administration of human α-synuclein to mice, the elimination of α-synuclein was rapid, with a half-life in plasma of 1.1 h. High endogenous levels in red blood cells in combination with some hemolysis led to a challenge in the evaluation of α-synuclein exposure in plasma and serum. CONCLUSION The small sample volumes and flexibility in choice of liquid matrices using the capillary microsampling technique enable repeated sampling in mouse studies, as well as multi-matrix analysis if needed. Liquid microsampling is well suited for micro- and nano-liter scale immunoassays.
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145
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Saracchi E, Fermi S, Brighina L. Emerging candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a review. Aging Dis 2013; 5:27-34. [PMID: 24490114 DOI: 10.14366/ad.2014.050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive motor impairment affecting more than 1% of the over-65 population. In spite of considerable progress in identifying the genetic and biochemical basis of PD, to date the diagnosis remains clinical and disease-modifying therapies continue to be elusive. A cornerstone in recent PD research is the investigation of biological markers that could help in identifying at-risk population or to track disease progression and response to therapies. Although none of these parameters has been validated for routine clinical practice yet, however some biochemical candidates hold great promise for application in PD patients, especially in the early stages of disease, and it is likely that in the future the diagnosis of PD will require a combination of genetic, imaging and laboratory data. In this review we discuss the most interesting biochemical markers for PD (including the "-omics" techniques), focusing on the methodological challenges in using ex vivo blood/CSF/tissue-based biomarkers and suggesting alternative strategies to overcome the difficulties that still prevent their actual use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Saracchi
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Fermi
- Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Lodi, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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146
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Kim HJ. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:77-83. [PMID: 23833556 PMCID: PMC3699677 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physiological function of alpha-synuclein is not yet clearly understood, accumulating evidence strongly suggests it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Pathologically, alpha-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, which is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease. Alpha-synuclein pathology is observed in the brainstem nuclei, including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the locus ceruleus, and the substantia nigra in the early phase of Parkinson disease and it may 'spread' to cerebral cortical areas in the advanced Parkinson disease and appears to have a role in the cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Recently, it is suggested that alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson disease starts in the olfactory bulb or enteric nervous system and then spreads to the brainstem. In accordance with this hypothesis, alpha-synuclein pathology has been found in gastric mucosa and colonic mucosa of patients with Parkinson disease. Genetically, SNCA mutations including point mutation and copy number variation are known to cause familial Parkinson disease, further supporting the assumption that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in Parkinson disease pathogenesis. In addition, recent GWAS studies consistently show that the SNPs in SNCA genes are associated with risk for sporadic Parkinson disease. It is also known that variations in the promoter region or 3'UTR of SNCA, which increases the expression of SNCA, are associated with the risk for Parkinson disease. Collectively, these findings suggest that further studies on alpha-synuclein will lead to the elucidation of the mechanism of and therapy for Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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147
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Mahlknecht P, Poewe W. Is there a need to redefine Parkinson’s disease? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120 Suppl 1:S9-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Liscic RM, Srulijes K, Gröger A, Maetzler W, Berg D. Differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical, imaging and laboratory tools. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127:362-70. [PMID: 23406296 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the most common atypical parkinsonian syndrome comprising two main clinical subtypes: Richardson's syndrome (RS), characterized by prominent postural instability, supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and frontal dysfunction; and PSP-parkinsonism (PSP-P) which is characterized by an asymmetric onset, tremor and moderate initial therapeutic response to levodopa. The early clinical features of PSP-P are often difficult to discern from idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), and other atypical parkinsonian disorders, including multiple system atrophy (MSA) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). In addition, rare PSP subtypes may be overlooked or misdiagnosed if there are atypical features present. The differentiation between atypical parkinsonian disorders and PD is important because the prognoses are different, and there are different responses to therapy. Structural and functional imaging, although currently of limited diagnostic value for individual use in early disease, may contribute valuable information in the differential diagnosis of PSP. A growing body of evidence shows the importance of CSF biomarkers in distinguishing between atypical parkinsonian disorders particularly early in their course when disease-modifying therapies are becoming available. However, specific diagnostic CSF biomarkers have yet to be identified. In the absence of reliable disease-specific markers, we provide an update of the recent literature on the assessment of clinical symptoms, pathology, neuroimaging and biofluid markers that might help to distinguish between these overlapping conditions early in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Liscic
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Behari M, Shrivastava M. Role of platelets in neurodegenerative diseases: a universal pathophysiology. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:287-99. [PMID: 23301959 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.751534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in a variety of disorders, namely, cardiovascular, psychosomatic, psychiatric, thrombosis, HIV/AIDS in addition to various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Recent evidence indicates that platelet react to diverse stressors, thereby offering an interesting vantage point for understanding their potential role in contemporary medical research. This review addresses the possible role of platelets as a systemic probe in various NDDs, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc. The current review based on published literature, describes a probable link between platelets and pathophysiology of various NDDs. It also discusses how platelets epitomize ultrastructural, morphological, biochemical and molecular changes, highlighting their emerging role as systemic tools in different NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Behari
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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150
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Mahlknecht P, Poewe W. Defining premotor Parkinson’s disease: a window of opportunity for neuroprotection? Neurodegener Dis Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is based on clinical grounds alone and requires the presence of bradykinesia and at least one further motor symptom out of tremor, rigidity or postural instability. Nevertheless, a variety of non-motor symptoms are an integral part of the clinical spectrum of the disease and may even be present before the first appearance of classical motor signs. The ultimate goal of any neuroprotective therapy will be to delay or prevent the onset of clinical disease. The current challenge is, therefore, to identify markers that would allow earlier diagnosis during the premotor stages of PD. The present review discusses potential markers of premotor PD including non-motor symptoms, neuroimaging, genetic susceptibility factors and molecular biomarkers. With the aid of such biomarkers, PD risk cohorts may eventually become sufficiently well defined to allow for ‘neuroprevention’ trials using rates of conversion to motor PD as a primary end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Austria
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