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Lerner A, Matthias T. Changes in intestinal tight junction permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:479-89. [PMID: 25676324 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing along with the expansion of industrial food processing and food additive consumption. The intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junction, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self-antigens. As a result, particular attention is being placed on the role of tight junction dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Tight junction leakage is enhanced by many luminal components, commonly used industrial food additives being some of them. Glucose, salt, emulsifiers, organic solvents, gluten, microbial transglutaminase, and nanoparticles are extensively and increasingly used by the food industry, claim the manufacturers, to improve the qualities of food. However, all of the aforementioned additives increase intestinal permeability by breaching the integrity of tight junction paracellular transfer. In fact, tight junction dysfunction is common in multiple autoimmune diseases and the central part played by the tight junction in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis is extensively described. It is hypothesized that commonly used industrial food additives abrogate human epithelial barrier function, thus, increasing intestinal permeability through the opened tight junction, resulting in entry of foreign immunogenic antigens and activation of the autoimmune cascade. Future research on food additives exposure-intestinal permeability-autoimmunity interplay will enhance our knowledge of the common mechanisms associated with autoimmune progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Michal St, No. 7, Haifa 34362, Israel.
| | - Torsten Matthias
- Aesku.Kipp Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany.
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102
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Anarjan N, Jafarizadeh-Malmiri H, Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Al-Resayes SI, Tan CP. Effects of homogenization process parameters on physicochemical properties of astaxanthin nanodispersions prepared using a solvent-diffusion technique. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1109-18. [PMID: 25709435 PMCID: PMC4327565 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s72835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodispersion systems allow incorporation of lipophilic bioactives, such as astaxanthin (a fat soluble carotenoid) into aqueous systems, which can improve their solubility, bioavailability, and stability, and widen their uses in water-based pharmaceutical and food products. In this study, response surface methodology was used to investigate the influences of homogenization time (0.5–20 minutes) and speed (1,000–9,000 rpm) in the formation of astaxanthin nanodispersions via the solvent-diffusion process. The product was characterized for particle size and astaxanthin concentration using laser diffraction particle size analysis and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Relatively high determination coefficients (ranging from 0.896 to 0.969) were obtained for all suggested polynomial regression models. The overall optimal homogenization conditions were determined by multiple response optimization analysis to be 6,000 rpm for 7 minutes. In vitro cellular uptake of astaxanthin from the suggested individual and multiple optimized astaxanthin nanodispersions was also evaluated. The cellular uptake of astaxanthin was found to be considerably increased (by more than five times) as it became incorporated into optimum nanodispersion systems. The lack of a significant difference between predicted and experimental values confirms the suitability of the regression equations connecting the response variables studied to the independent parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navideh Anarjan
- Young Researchers And Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
- King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassen Mohamed Sbihi
- King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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103
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Araújo F, Shrestha N, Granja PL, Hirvonen J, Santos HA, Sarmento B. Safety and toxicity concerns of orally delivered nanoparticles as drug carriers. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:381-93. [PMID: 25495133 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.992781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The popularity of nanotechnology is increasing and revolutionizing extensively the drug delivery field. Nanoparticles, as carriers for oral delivery of drugs, have been claimed as the perfect candidates to overcome the poor bioavailability of most of the drugs by improving their solubility and/or permeability across biological barriers. However, this is still a promise to be fulfilled. AREAS COVERED In this review, several nanosystems used as oral drug carriers are described along with their toxicological profiles. A number of nanoparticles based on different types of materials such as polymers, lipids, silica, silicon, carbon and metals are reviewed. Both in vitro and in vivo-based toxicological studies are discussed in this paper. EXPERT OPINION Toxicological concerns have been raised in the past few years regarding the safety of the developed nanosystems. Assuming that most of the materials used are biocompatible and biodegradable, the toxicity caused by them when formulated into nanoparticles is usually neglected by the scientific community, existing only a few number of studies that approach the toxicity of the nanosystems. This is particularly important, because the materials that composed of the nanoparticles as well as their features such as size, charge and surface properties, will influence their pharmacokinetics after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Araújo
- Universidade do Porto, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Biocarrier Group , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal
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104
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Walker R, Decker EA, McClements DJ. Development of food-grade nanoemulsions and emulsions for delivery of omega-3 fatty acids: opportunities and obstacles in the food industry. Food Funct 2014; 6:42-55. [PMID: 25384961 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of biologically active amounts of omega-3 fatty acids is linked to improved human health, which has partly been attributed to their important role in brain development and cardiovascular health. Western diets are relatively low in omega-3 fatty acids and many consumers turn to supplements or functional foods to increase their intake of these healthy lipids. Fish oil is one of the most widely used sources of omega-3 fatty acid for supplementation and has greater health benefits than plant sources because of its higher concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into foods and beverages is often challenging due to their low water-solubility, poor oxidative stability, and variable bioavailability. Nanoemulsions offer a promising way to incorporate omega-3 fatty acids into liquid food systems like beverages, dressing, sauces, and dips. Nanoemulsions are colloidal dispersions that contain small oil droplets (r<100 nm) that may be able to overcome many of the challenges of fortifying foods and beverages with omega-3 fatty acids. The composition and fabrication of nanoemulsions can be optimized to increase the chemical and physical stability of oil droplets, as well as to increase the bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Walker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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105
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106
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Guttoff M, Saberi AH, McClements DJ. Formation of vitamin D nanoemulsion-based delivery systems by spontaneous emulsification: factors affecting particle size and stability. Food Chem 2014; 171:117-22. [PMID: 25308650 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are particularly suitable for encapsulation of lipophilic nutraceuticals because of their ability to form stable and transparent delivery systems with high oral bioavailability. In this study, the influence of system composition and preparation conditions on the particle size and stability of vitamin D nanoemulsions prepared by spontaneous emulsification (SE) was investigated. SE relies on the formation of small oil droplets when an oil/surfactant mixture is titrated into an aqueous solution. The influence of oil phase composition (vitamin D and MCT), surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR), surfactant type (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80 and 85), and stirring conditions on the initial particle size of vitamin D nanoemulsions was studied. Nanoemulsions with small droplet diameters (d<200 nm) could be formed using Tween 80 at SOR⩾1 at high stirring speeds (800 rpm). These systems were relatively stable to droplet growth at ambient temperatures (<10% in diameter after 1 month storage), but unstable to heating (T>80°C). The thermal stability of the nanoemulsions could be improved by adding a cosurfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)). The spontaneous emulsification method is simple and inexpensive to carry out and therefore has great potential for forming nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for food, personal care, and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrisa Guttoff
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saberi
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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107
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Davidov-Pardo G, McClements DJ. Resveratrol encapsulation: Designing delivery systems to overcome solubility, stability and bioavailability issues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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108
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Yada RY, Buck N, Canady R, DeMerlis C, Duncan T, Janer G, Juneja L, Lin M, McClements DJ, Noonan G, Oxley J, Sabliov C, Tsytsikova L, Vázquez-Campos S, Yourick J, Zhong Q, Thurmond S. Engineered Nanoscale Food Ingredients: Evaluation of Current Knowledge on Material Characteristics Relevant to Uptake from the Gastrointestinal Tract. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:730-744. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Buck
- on behalf of the ILSI Europe Novel Foods and Nanotechnology Task Force; Brussels Belgium
| | - Richard Canady
- Intl. Life Sciences Inst. Research Foundation; Washington DC USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Yourick
- US Food and Drug Administration; College Park MD USA
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109
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Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Bondì ML, Montalto G, Cervello M. Nanotechnology applications for the therapy of liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7242-7251. [PMID: 24966595 PMCID: PMC4064070 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases represent a major global health problem both for their high prevalence worldwide and, in the more advanced stages, for the limited available curative treatment options. In fact, when lesions of different etiologies chronically affect the liver, triggering the fibrogenesis mechanisms, damage has already occurred and the progression of fibrosis will have a major clinical impact entailing severe complications, expensive treatments and death in end-stage liver disease. Despite significant advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrinogenesis, the drugs used in liver fibrosis treatment still have a limited therapeutic effect. Many drugs showing potent antifibrotic activities in vitro often exhibit only minor effects in vivo because insufficient concentrations accumulate around the target cell and adverse effects result as other non-target cells are affected. Hepatic stellate cells play a critical role in liver fibrogenesis , thus they are the target cells of antifibrotic therapy. The application of nanoparticles has emerged as a rapidly evolving area for the safe delivery of various therapeutic agents (including drugs and nucleic acid) in the treatment of various pathologies, including liver disease. In this review, we give an overview of the various nanotechnology approaches used in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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110
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Kathe N, Henriksen B, Chauhan H. Physicochemical characterization techniques for solid lipid nanoparticles: principles and limitations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:1565-75. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.909840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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111
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Yao M, Xiao H, McClements DJ. Delivery of Lipophilic Bioactives: Assembly, Disassembly, and Reassembly of Lipid Nanoparticles. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:53-81. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072913-100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Yao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
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112
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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113
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Bridging benchtop research and industrial processed foods: Structuring of model food emulsions. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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