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Amit T, Bar-Am O, Mechlovich D, Kupershmidt L, Youdim MBH, Weinreb O. The novel multitarget iron chelating and propargylamine drug M30 affects APP regulation and processing activities in Alzheimer's disease models. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:359-367. [PMID: 28571715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In many of the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related disorders, as well as in the regular ageing process, excessive generation of oxidative stress (OS) and accumulation of iron levels and deposition have been observed in specific affected-brain regions and thus, regarded as contributing factors to the pathogenesis of the diseases. In AD, iron promotes amyloid β (Aβ) neurotoxicity by producing free radical damage and OS in brain areas affected by neurodegeneration, presumably by facilitating the aggregation of Aβ. In addition, it was shown that iron modulates intracellular levels of the holo amyloid precursor protein (APP) by iron-responsive elements (IRE) RNA stem loops in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the APP transcript. As a consequence of these observations, iron chelation is one of the major new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD. This review describes the benefits and importance of the multimodal brain permeable chimeric iron-chelating/propargylamine drug M30, concerning its neuroprotective/neurorestorative inter-related activities relevant of the pathological features ascribed to AD, with a special focus on the effect of the drug on APP regulation and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Amit
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Danit Mechlovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lana Kupershmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Orly Weinreb
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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102
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You LH, Yan CZ, Zheng BJ, Ci YZ, Chang SY, Yu P, Gao GF, Li HY, Dong TY, Chang YZ. Astrocyte hepcidin is a key factor in LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2676. [PMID: 28300826 PMCID: PMC5386583 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses involving microglia and astrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In addition, inflammation is tightly linked to iron metabolism dysregulation. However, it is not clear whether the brain inflammation-induced iron metabolism dysregulation contributes to the NDs pathogenesis. Herein, we demonstrate that the expression of the systemic iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway in the cortex and hippocampus. In this paradigm, activated glial cells are the source of IL-6, which was essential in the iron overload-activated apoptosis of neurons. Disrupting astrocyte hepcidin expression prevented the apoptosis of neurons, which were able to maintain levels of FPN1 adequate to avoid iron accumulation. Together, our data are consistent with a model whereby inflammation initiates an intercellular signaling cascade in which activated microglia, through IL-6 signaling, stimulate astrocytes to release hepcidin which, in turn, signals to neurons, via hepcidin, to prevent their iron release. Such a pathway is relevant to NDs in that it links inflammation, microglia and astrocytes to neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cai-Zhen Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing-Jie Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun-Zhe Ci
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shi-Yang Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo-Fen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Yu Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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103
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Tabasum S, Noreen A, Kanwal A, Zuber M, Anjum MN, Zia KM. Glycoproteins functionalized natural and synthetic polymers for prospective biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:748-776. [PMID: 28111295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins have multidimensional properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, antimicrobial and adsorption properties; therefore, they have wide range of applications. They are blended with different polymers such as chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polycaprolactone (PCL), heparin, polystyrene fluorescent nanoparticles (PS-NPs) and carboxyl pullulan (PC) to improve their properties like thermal stability, mechanical properties, resistance to pH, chemical stability and toughness. Considering the versatile charateristics of glycoprotein based polymers, this review sheds light on synthesis and characterization of blends and composites of glycoproteins, with natural and synthetic polymers and their potential applications in biomedical field such as drug delivery system, insulin delivery, antimicrobial wound dressing uses, targeting of cancer cells, development of anticancer vaccines, development of new biopolymers, glycoproteome research, food product and detection of dengue glycoproteins. All the technical scientific issues have been addressed; highlighting the recent advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Kanwal
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zuber
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | | | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
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104
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Ashton L, Brewster VL, Correa E, Goodacre R. Detection of glycosylation and iron-binding protein modifications using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2017; 142:808-814. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have used Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics to determine protein modification as a result of glycosylation and iron binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Ashton
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Victoria L. Brewster
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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105
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Garton T, Keep RF, Hua Y, Xi G. Brain iron overload following intracranial haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2016; 1:172-184. [PMID: 28959481 PMCID: PMC5435218 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial haemorrhages, including intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, haemorrhage contributes to tissue damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI). To date, efforts to treat the long-term consequences of cerebral haemorrhage have been unsatisfactory. Incident rates and mortality have not showed significant improvement in recent years. In terms of secondary damage following haemorrhage, it is becoming increasingly apparent that blood components are of integral importance, with haemoglobin-derived iron playing a major role. However, the damage caused by iron is complex and varied, and therefore, increased investigation into the mechanisms by which iron causes brain injury is required. As ICH, IVH, SAH and TBI are related, this review will discuss the role of iron in each, so that similarities in injury pathologies can be more easily identified. It summarises important components of normal brain iron homeostasis and analyses the existing evidence on iron-related brain injury mechanisms. It further discusses treatment options of particular promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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106
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Li WY, Li FM, Zhou YF, Wen ZM, Ma J, Ya K, Qian ZM. Aspirin down Regulates Hepcidin by Inhibiting NF-κB and IL6/JAK2/STAT3 Pathways in BV-2 Microglial Cells Treated with Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121921. [PMID: 27999284 PMCID: PMC5187761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin down regulates transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and up regulates ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin expression in BV-2 microglial cells treated without lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as down regulates hepcidin and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in cells treated with LPS. However, the relevant mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of aspirin on expression of hepcidin and iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and P65 (nuclear factor-κB), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in BV-2 microglial cells treated with and without LPS. We demonstrated that aspirin inhibited hepcidin mRNA as well as NO production in cells treated with LPS, but not in cells without LPS, suppresses IL-6, JAK2, STAT3, and P65 (nuclear factor-κB) phosphorylation and has no effect on IRP1 in cells treated with or without LPS. These findings provide evidence that aspirin down regulates hepcidin by inhibiting IL6/JAK2/STAT3 and P65 (nuclear factor-κB) pathways in the cells under inflammatory conditions, and imply that an aspirin-induced reduction in TfR1 and an increase in ferritin are not associated with IRP1 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Fei-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yu-Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhong-Min Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ke Ya
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China.
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107
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Zhang YT, Li FM, Guo YZ, Jiang LR, Ma J, Ke Y, Qian ZM. (Z)-ligustilide increases ferroportin1 expression and ferritin content in ischemic SH-SY5Y cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 792:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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108
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Tao LX, Huang XT, Chen YT, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Acetylcholinesterase-independent protective effects of huperzine A against iron overload-induced oxidative damage and aberrant iron metabolism signaling in rat cortical neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1391-1400. [PMID: 27498774 PMCID: PMC5099413 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Iron dyshomeostasis is one of the primary causes of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Huperzine A (HupA), a natural inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), is a licensed anti-AD drug in China and a nutraceutical in the United Sates. Here, we investigated the protective effects of HupA against iron overload-induced injury in neurons. METHODS Rat cortical neurons were treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and cell viability was assessed with MTT assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays were performed to assess mitochondrial function. The labile iron pool (LIP) level, cytosolic-aconitase (c-aconitase) activity and iron uptake protein expression were measured to determine iron metabolism changes. The modified Ellman's method was used to evaluate AChE activity. RESULTS HupA significantly attenuated the iron overload-induced decrease in neuronal cell viability. This neuroprotective effect of HupA occurred concurrently with a decrease in ROS and an increase in ATP. Moreover, HupA treatment significantly blocked the upregulation of the LIP level and other aberrant iron metabolism changes induced by iron overload. Additionally, another specific AChE inhibitor, donepezil (Don), at a concentration that caused AChE inhibition equivalent to that of HupA negatively, influenced the aberrant changes in ROS, ATP or LIP that were induced by excessive iron. CONCLUSION We provide the first demonstration of the protective effects of HupA against iron overload-induced neuronal damage. This beneficial role of HupA may be attributed to its attenuation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and elevation of LIP, and these effects are not associated with its AChE-inhibiting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-xue Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-tian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-can Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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109
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Młyniec K, Gaweł M, Doboszewska U, Starowicz G, Nowak G. The Role of Elements in Anxiety. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:295-326. [PMID: 28061974 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elements (bioelements) are necessary factors required for the physiological function of organisms. They are critically involved in fundamental processes of life. Extra- and intracellular message and metabolic pathway factors as well as structural components include one or many elements in their functional structure. Recent years have seen an intensification in terms of knowledge gained about the roles of elements in anxiety disorders. In this chapter we present a review of the most important current data concerning the involvement of zinc, magnesium, copper, lithium, iron, and manganese, and their deficiency, in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Młyniec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Gaweł
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Doboszewska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - G Starowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - G Nowak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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110
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Chen P, Li FM, Zhou YF, Qian C, Li J, Jiang LR, Qian ZM. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on expression of iron transport and storage proteins in BV-2 microglia cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:1-5. [PMID: 27755990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) are associated with its ability to reduce iron in cells and tissues, which is partly due to its inhibiting effect on iron uptake from transferrin and its promoting effect on iron deposition into ferritin. However, the relevant mechanisms are unknown. METHODS We therefore investigated the effects of ALA on the expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin in BV-2 microglia cells. RESULTS We demonstrated that ALA significantly inhibited DMT1 expression, lowered ferritin-light-chain (Ft-L) and ferritin-heavy-chain (Ft-H) content, and had no effect on TfR1 and Fpn1 in BV-2 microglia cells. This indicated that the inhibiting effect of ALA on DMT1 might be one of the causes of the ALA-induced reduction in cellular transferrin-bound-iron uptake. We also demonstrated that ALA enhanced DMT1 and TfR1 expression in ferric ammonium citrate (FAC)-treated cells. FAC treatment led to a significant increase in Ft-L, Ft-H and Fpn1, and pre-treatment with ALA resulted in a further increase in the contents of Ft-L and Ft-H but not Fpn1 in cells. CONCLUSIONS ALA could up-regulate TfR1, DMT1 and ferritin expression when iron is increased outside of the cell, promoting iron deposition into ferritin by increasing cell iron uptake, and then reducing free iron both inside and outside of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Pu Dong, Shanghai 201203, China.
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111
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Expression of Iron Transporters and Pathological Hallmarks of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases in the Brain of Young, Adult, and Aged Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5213-5224. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Ćurko-Cofek B, Kezele TG, Marinić J, Tota M, Čizmarević NS, Milin Č, Ristić S, Radošević-Stašić B, Barac-Latas V. Chronic iron overload induces gender-dependent changes in iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:1-12. [PMID: 27570231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To analyze iron- and gender-dependent mechanisms possibly involved in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in this study we evaluated the effects of iron overload (IO) on iron status and lipid peroxidation processes (LPO) in tissues of female and male DA rats during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a well-established MS animal model. Rats were treated by iron sucrose (75mg/kg bw/day) or with saline solution during two weeks before the sensitization with bovine brain homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant. Clinical signs of EAE were monitored during 29 days. Serum and tissues of CNS and liver were sampled before immunization and at day 13th post immunization (during acute phase of EAE). The determination of ferritin, iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and evaluation of histopathology were performed by ELISA, ICP spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that IO in female EAE rats accelerated the onset of disease. In contrast, in male rats it accelerated the progression of disease and increased the mortality rate. During acute phase of EAE female IO rats sequestered more Fe in the liver, spinal cord and in the brain and produced more ferritin than male EAE rats. Male rats, however, reacted on IO by higher production of MDA or 4-HNE in the neural tissues and showed greater signs of plaque formation and gliosis in spinal cord. The data point to sexual dimorphism in mechanisms that regulate peripheral and brain iron homeostasis and imply that men and women during MS might be differentially vulnerable to exogenous iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Marinić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marin Tota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nada Starčević Čizmarević
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Čedomila Milin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biserka Radošević-Stašić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Barac-Latas
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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113
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Wang HI, Ho YC, Huang YP, Pan SL. Migraine is related to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease: A population-based, propensity score-matched, longitudinal follow-up study. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:1316-1323. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416630577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The association between migraine and Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains controversial. The purpose of the present population-based, propensity score-matched follow-up study was to investigate whether migraineurs are at a higher risk of developing PD. Methods A total of 41,019 subjects aged between 40 and 90 years with at least two ambulatory visits with a diagnosis of migraine in 2001 were enrolled in the migraine group. A logistic regression model that included age, sex, pre-existing comorbidities and socioeconomic status as covariates was used to compute the propensity score. The non-migraine group consisted of 41,019 propensity score-matched, randomly sampled subjects without migraine. The PD-free survival rate were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the effect of migraine on the risk of developing PD. Results During follow-up, 148 subjects in the migraine group and 101 in the non-migraine group developed PD. Compared to the non-migraine group, the hazard ratio of PD for the migraine group was 1.64 (95% confidence interval: 1.25–2.14, p = 0.0004). The PD-free survival rate for the migraine group was significantly lower than that for the non-migraine group ( p = 0.0041). Conclusions This study showed an increased risk of developing PD in patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Ho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Liang Pan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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114
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Valdés Hernández M, Allerhand M, Glatz A, Clayson L, Muñoz Maniega S, Gow A, Royle N, Bastin M, Starr J, Deary I, Wardlaw J. Do white matter hyperintensities mediate the association between brain iron deposition and cognitive abilities in older people? Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1202-9. [PMID: 27094820 PMCID: PMC4950475 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several studies have reported associations between brain iron deposits (IDs), white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cognitive ability in older individuals. Whether the association between brain IDs and cognitive abilities in older people is mediated by or independent of total brain tissue damage represented by WMHs visible on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was examined. METHODS Data from 676 community-dwelling individuals from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, with Mini-Mental State Examination scores >24, who underwent detailed cognitive testing and multimodal brain MRI at mean age 72.7 years were analysed. Brain IDs were assessed automatically following manual editing. WMHs were assessed semi-automatically. Brain microbleeds were visually counted. Structural equation modelling was used to test for mediation. RESULTS Overall, 72.8% of the sample had IDs with a median total volume of 0.040 ml (i.e. 0.004% of the total brain volume). The total volume of IDs, significantly and negatively associated with general cognitive function (standardized β = -0.17, P < 0.01), was significantly and positively associated with WMH volume (std β = 0.13, P = 0.03). WMH volume had a significant negative association with general cognitive function, independent of IDs (std β = -0.13, P < 0.01). The association between cognition and IDs in the brain stem (and minimally the total brain iron load) was partially and significantly mediated by WMH volume (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The negative association between brain IDs and cognitive ability in the elderly is partially mediated by WMHs, with this mediation mainly arising from the iron deposition load in the brain stem. IDs might be an indicator of small vessel disease that predisposes to white matter damage, affecting the neuronal networks underlying higher cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valdés Hernández
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Allerhand
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Glatz
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Clayson
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Muñoz Maniega
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Bastin
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Wardlaw
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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115
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Differential interaction between iron and mutant alpha-synuclein causes distinctive Parkinsonian phenotypes in Drosophila. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:518-525. [PMID: 26769358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein aggregation is the central hallmark of both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with different PD-causing genetic defects of alpha-synuclein usually show distinctive clinical features that are atypical to sporadic PD. Iron accumulation is invariably found in PD. Recent studies showed that mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein may have differential interaction with iron and mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity could be preferentially exacerbated by iron. We hence hypothesized that iron overload could selectively influence mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity and disease phenotypes. To test the hypothesis, we investigated if Drosophila melanogaster over-expressing A53T, A30P, and wild-type (WT) alpha-synuclein have different responses to iron treatment. We showed that iron treatment induced similar reduction of survival rate in all flies but induced a more severe motor decline in A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein expressing flies, suggesting interaction between mutant alpha-synuclein and iron. Although no significant difference in total head iron content was found among these flies, we demonstrated that iron treatment induced selective DA neuron loss in motor-related PPM3 cluster only in the flies that express A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein. We provided the first in vivo evidence that iron overload could induce distinctive neuropathology and disease phenotypes in mutant but not WT alpha-synuclein expressing flies, providing insights to the cause of clinical features selectively exhibited by mutant alpha-synuclein carriers.
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116
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Almutairi MMA, Gong C, Xu YG, Chang Y, Shi H. Factors controlling permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:57-77. [PMID: 26403789 PMCID: PMC11108286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the primary protective barrier for neurons in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exists between the blood microcirculation system and the brain parenchyma. The normal BBB integrity is essential in protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the necessary level of nutrients and ions for neuronal function. This integrity is mediated by structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, integrins, annexins, and agrin, of a multicellular system including endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, etc. BBB dysfunction is a significant contributor to the pathogeneses of a variety of brain disorders. Many signaling factors have been identified to be able to control BBB permeability through regulating the structural components. Among those signaling factors are inflammatory mediators, free radicals, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNAs, etc. In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress regarding these structural components and signaling factors, relating to their roles in various brain disorders. Attention is also devoted to recent research regarding impact of pharmacological agents such as isoflurane on BBB permeability and how iron ion passes across BBB. Hopefully, a better understanding of the factors controlling BBB permeability helps develop novel pharmacological interventions of BBB hyperpermeability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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117
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Gong J, Du F, Qian ZM, Luo QQ, Sheng Y, Yung WH, Xu YX, Ke Y. Pre-treatment of rats with ad-hepcidin prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in the brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:126-32. [PMID: 26582371 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our recent investigation showed that hepcidin can reduce iron in the brain of iron-overloaded rat by down-regulating iron-transport proteins. It has also been demonstrated that iron is a major generator of reactive oxygen species. We therefore hypothesized that hepcidin could prevent iron accumulation and thus reduce iron-mediated oxidative stress in iron-overloaded rats. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of pre-treatment of rats with recombinant-hepcidin-adenovirus (ad-hepcidin) on the contents of iron, dichlorofluorescein and 8-isoprostane in the brain. Hepcidin expression was detected by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Iron contents were measured using Perl's staining as well as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Dichlorofluorescein and 8-isoprostane were determined using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and an ELISA kit, respectively. We found that hepcidin contents in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum and substantia nigra of rats treated with ad-hepcidin are 3.50, 2.98, 2.93 and 4.07 fold of those of the control rats respectively. Also, we demonstrated that the increased iron as well as dichlorofluorescein and 8-isoprostane levels in all four brain regions, induced by injection of iron dextran, could be effectively prevented by pre-treatment of the rats with ad-hepcidin. We concluded that pre-treatment with ad-hepcidin could increase hepcidin expression and prevent the increase in iron and reduce reactive oxygen species in the brain of iron-overloaded rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Fang Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhong Ming Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Qian Qian Luo
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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118
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3-Hydroxypyridinone derivatives as metal-sequestering agents for therapeutic use. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:383-410. [PMID: 25826364 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although iron is one of the most important metal ions for living organisms, it becomes toxic when in excess or misplaced. This review presents a glance at representative examples of hydroxypyridinone-based chelators, which have been recently developed as potential clinically useful drugs for metal overload diseases, mostly associated with excess of iron but also other hard metal-ions. It also includes a detailed discussion on the factors assisting chelator design strategy toward fulfillment of the most relevant biochemical properties of hydroxypyridinone chelators, highlighting structure-activity relationships and a variety of potential clinical applications, beyond chelatotherapy. This study appears as a response to the growing interest on metal chelation therapy and opens new perspectives of possible applications in future medicine.
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119
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Effects of aspirin on expression of iron transport and storage proteins in BV-2 microglial cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 91:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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120
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Menon AV, Chang J, Kim J. Mechanisms of divalent metal toxicity in affective disorders. Toxicology 2015; 339:58-72. [PMID: 26551072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metals are required for proper brain development and play an important role in a number of neurobiological functions. The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is a major metal transporter involved in the absorption and metabolism of several essential metals like iron and manganese. However, non-essential divalent metals are also transported through this transporter. Therefore, altered expression of DMT1 can modify the absorption of toxic metals and metal-induced toxicity. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that increased metal stores in the brain are associated with elevated oxidative stress promoted by the ability of metals to catalyze redox reactions, resulting in abnormal neurobehavioral function and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Metal overload has also been implicated in impaired emotional behavior, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood with limited information. The current review focuses on psychiatric dysfunction associated with imbalanced metabolism of metals that are transported by DMT1. The investigations with respect to the toxic effects of metal overload on behavior and their underlying mechanisms of toxicity could provide several new therapeutic targets to treat metal-associated affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JuOae Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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121
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Lipopolysaccharides upregulate hepcidin in neuron via microglia and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 50:811-20. [PMID: 24659348 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to brain iron homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can regulate expression of iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin; however, the mechanism is undefined. Here, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in rat brain upregulated hepcidin and downregulated ferroportin 1 in the cortex and substantia nigra. LPS increased hepcidin expression in neurons only when they were co-cultured with BV-2 microglia, and the upregulation was suppressed by IL-6 neutralizing antibody in vitro. In addition, IL-6 but not IL-1α, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased hepcidin expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in cortical neurons and MES23.5 dopaminergic neurons. These effects were blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor, stattic. Our results show that neurons are the major source of increased hepcidin expression in response to LPS challenge but microglia play a key mediator role by releasing IL-6 and recruiting the STAT3 pathway. We conclude that LPS upregulates hepcidin expression in neurons via microglia and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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122
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Hackett MJ, DeSouza M, Caine S, Bewer B, Nichol H, Paterson PG, Colbourne F. A new method to image heme-Fe, total Fe, and aggregated protein levels after intracerebral hemorrhage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:761-70. [PMID: 25695130 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke that results in high mortality and significant disability in survivors. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms of this injury are not yet fully understood. After the primary (mechanical) trauma, secondary degenerative events contribute to ongoing cell death in the peri-hematoma region. Oxidative stress is thought to be a key reason for this delayed injury, which is likely due to free-Fe-catalyzed free radical reactions. Unfortunately, this is difficult to prove with conventional biochemical assays that fail to differentiate between alterations that occur within the hematoma and peri-hematoma zone. This is a critical limitation, as the hematoma contains tissue severely damaged by the initial hemorrhage and is unsalvageable, whereas the peri-hematoma region is less damaged but at risk from secondary degenerative events. Such events include oxidative stress mediated by free Fe presumed to originate from hemoglobin breakdown. Therefore, minimizing the damage caused by oxidative stress following hemoglobin breakdown and Fe release is a major therapeutic target. However, the extent to which free Fe contributes to the pathogenesis of ICH remains unknown. This investigation used a novel imaging approach that employed resonance Raman spectroscopic mapping of hemoglobin, X-ray fluorescence microscopic mapping of total Fe, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of aggregated protein following ICH in rats. This multimodal spectroscopic approach was used to accurately define the hematoma/peri-hematoma boundary and quantify the Fe concentration and the relative aggregated protein content, as a marker of oxidative stress, within each region. The results revealed total Fe is substantially increased in the hematoma (0.90 μg cm(-2)), and a subtle but significant increase in Fe that is not in the chemical form of hemoglobin is present within the peri-hematoma zone (0.32 μg cm(-2)) within 1 day of ICH, relative to sham animals (0.22 μg cm(-2)). Levels of aggregated protein were significantly increased within both the hematoma (integrated band area 0.10 AU) and peri-hematoma zone (integrated band area 0.10 AU) relative to sham animals (integrated band area 0.056 AU), but no significant difference in aggregated protein content was observed between the hematoma and peri-hematoma zone. This result suggests that the chemical form of Fe and its ability to generate free radicals is likely to be a more critical predictor of tissue damage than the total Fe content of the tissue. Furthermore, this article describes a novel approach to colocalize nonheme Fe and aggregated protein in the peri-hematoma zone following ICH, a significant methodological advancement for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hackett
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Mauren DeSouza
- Department
of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Stress,
Memory and Behaviour Lab, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Sally Caine
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Brian Bewer
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Helen Nichol
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Phyllis G. Paterson
- College of
Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins
Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department
of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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123
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Chen X, Guo C, Kong J. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:376-85. [PMID: 25774178 PMCID: PMC4350122 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are constantly produced in aerobic organisms as by-products of normal oxygen metabolism and include free radicals such as superoxide anion (O2−) and hydroxyl radical (OH−), and non-radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The mitochondrial respiratory chain and enzymatic reactions by various enzymes are endogenous sources of reactive oxygen species. Exogenous reactive oxygen species -inducing stressors include ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and divergent oxidizing chemicals. At low concentrations, reactive oxygen species serve as an important second messenger in cell signaling; however, at higher concentrations and long-term exposure, reactive oxygen species can damage cellular macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, which leads to necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Oxidative stress is a condition of imbalance between reactive oxygen species formation and cellular antioxidant capacity due to enhanced ROS generation and/or dysfunction of the antioxidant system. Biochemical alterations in these macromolecular components can lead to various pathological conditions and human diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are morphologically featured by progressive cell loss in specific vulnerable neuronal cells, often associated with cytoskeletal protein aggregates forming inclusions in neurons and/or glial cells. Deposition of abnormal aggregated proteins and disruption of metal ions homeostasis are highly associated with oxidative stress. The main aim of this review is to present as much detailed information as possible that is available on various neurodegenerative disorders and their connection with oxidative stress. A variety of therapeutic strategies designed to address these pathological processes are also described. For the future therapeutic direction, one specific pathway that involves the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is receiving considerable attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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124
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Ji C, Kosman DJ. Molecular mechanisms of non-transferrin-bound and transferring-bound iron uptake in primary hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2015; 133:668-83. [PMID: 25649872 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of iron trafficking in neurons have not been elucidated. In this study, we characterized the expression and localization of ferrous iron transporters Zip8, Zip14 and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and ferrireductases Steap2 and stromal cell-derived receptor 2 in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Steap2 and Zip8 partially co-localize, indicating these two proteins may function in Fe(3+) reduction prior to Fe(2+) permeation. Zip8, DMT1, and Steap2 co-localize with the transferrin receptor/transferrin complex, suggesting they may be involved in transferrin receptor/transferrin-mediated iron assimilation. In brain interstitial fluid, transferring-bound iron (TBI) and non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) exist as potential iron sources. Primary hippocampal neurons exhibit significant iron uptake from TBI (Transferrin-(59) Fe(3+)) and NTBI, whether presented as (59) Fe(2+) -citrate or (59) Fe(3+) -citrate; reductase-independent (59) Fe(2+) uptake was the most efficient uptake pathway of the three. Kinetic analysis of Zn(2+) inhibition of Fe(2+) uptake indicated that DMT1 plays only a minor role in the uptake of NTBI. In contrast, localization and knockdown data indicate that Zip8 makes a major contribution. Data suggest also that cell accumulation of (59) Fe from TBI relies at least in part on an endocytosis-independent pathway. These data suggest that Zip8 and Steap2 play a major role in iron accumulation from NTBI and TBI by hippocampal neurons. Analysis of the expression and localization of known iron uptake transporters demonstrated that Zip8 makes a major contribution to iron accumulation in primary cultures of rat embryonic hippocampal neurons. These cells exhibit uptake pathways for ferrous and ferric iron (non-transferrin-bound iron, NTBI in figure) and for transferrin-bound iron; the ferrireductases Steap2 and SDR2 support the uptake of ferric iron substrates. Zip8 and Steap2 are strongly expressed in the plasma membrane of both soma and processes, implying a crucial role in iron accumulation from NTBI and transferrin-bound iron (TBI) by hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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125
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Zhang XY, Cao JB, Zhang LM, Li YF, Mi WD. Deferoxamine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 25644393 PMCID: PMC4323121 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation often results in enduring cognitive impairment and is a risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction. There are currently no effective treatments for infection-induced cognitive impairment. Previous studies have shown that the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) can increase the resistance of neurons to injury and disease by stimulating adaptive cellular stress responses. However, the impact of DFO on the cognitive sequelae of neuroinflammation is unknown. Methods A mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment was established to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of DFO against LPS-induced memory deficits and neuroinflammation. Adult C57BL/6 mice were treated with 0.5 μg of DFO 3 days prior to intracerebroventricular microinjection of 2 μg of LPS. Cognitive function was assessed using a Morris water maze from post-injection days 1 to 3. Animal behavioral tests, as well as pathological and biochemical assays were performed to evaluate the LPS-induced hippocampal damage and the neuroprotective effect of DFO. Results Treatment of mice with LPS resulted in deficits in cognitive performance in the Morris water maze without changing locomotor activity, which were ameliorated by pretreatment with DFO. DFO prevented LPS-induced microglial activation and elevations of IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the hippocampus. Moreover, DFO attenuated elevated expression of caspase-3, modulated GSK3β activity, and prevented LPS-induced increases of MDA and SOD levels in the hippocampus. DFO also significantly blocked LPS-induced iron accumulation and altered expression of proteins related to iron metabolism in the hippocampus. Conclusions Our results suggest that DFO may possess a neuroprotective effect against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits via mechanisms involving maintenance of less brain iron, prevention of neuroinflammation, and alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jiang-Bei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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126
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Martinez-Vivot R, Copello G, Leal C, Piñero G, Usach V, Rozenszajn M, Morelli L, Setton-Avruj CP. DMT1 iron uptake in the PNS: bridging the gap between injury and regeneration. Metallomics 2015; 7:1381-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work supports DMT1 involvement in iron regulation in SCs, its role as a sensor of iron necessity and its ability to guarantee iron supply during myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Martinez-Vivot
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Guillermo Copello
- Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- , Argentina
| | - Celeste Leal
- Laboratorio de Terapias Regenerativas y Protectoras del Sistema Nervioso Central
- Fundación Instituto Leloir
- IIBBA-CONICET
- , Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Piñero
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Vanina Usach
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Mijael Rozenszajn
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
| | - Laura Morelli
- Laboratorio de Amiloidosis y Neurodegeneración
- Fundación Instituto Leloir
- IIBBA- CONICET
- , Argentina
| | - Clara Patricia Setton-Avruj
- Departamento de Química Biológica
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bíoquímica
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB)
- UBA-CONICET
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127
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Mehrpouya S, Nahavandi A, Khojasteh F, Soleimani M, Ahmadi M, Barati M. Iron administration prevents BDNF decrease and depressive-like behavior following chronic stress. Brain Res 2015; 1596:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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128
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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129
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Omotayo TI, Akinyemi GS, Omololu PA, Ajayi BO, Akindahunsi AA, Rocha JBT, Kade IJ. Possible involvement of membrane lipids peroxidation and oxidation of catalytically essential thiols of the cerebral transmembrane sodium pump as component mechanisms of iron-mediated oxidative stress-linked dysfunction of the pump's activity. Redox Biol 2014; 4:234-41. [PMID: 25618580 PMCID: PMC4803792 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise molecular events defining the complex role of oxidative stress in the inactivation of the cerebral sodium pump in radical-induced neurodegenerative diseases is yet to be fully clarified and thus still open. Herein we investigated the modulation of the activity of the cerebral transmembrane electrogenic enzyme in Fe2+-mediated in vitro oxidative stress model. The results show that Fe2+ inhibited the transmembrane enzyme in a concentration dependent manner and this effect was accompanied by a biphasic generation of aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation. While dithiothreitol prevented both Fe2+ inhibitory effect on the pump and lipid peroxidation, vitamin E prevented only lipid peroxidation but not inhibition of the pump. Besides, malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibited the pump by a mechanism not related to oxidation of its critical thiols. Apparently, the low activity of the pump in degenerative diseases mediated by Fe2+ may involve complex multi-component mechanisms which may partly involve an initial oxidation of the critical thiols of the enzyme directly mediated by Fe2+ and during severe progression of such diseases; aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation such as MDA may further exacerbate this inhibitory effect by a mechanism that is likely not related to the oxidation of the catalytically essential thiols of the ouabain-sensitive cerebral electrogenic pump. Fe2+ evoked lipid peroxidation (LPO) and inhibition of sodium pump (SP) in rat brain. However, dithiothreitol prevented both Fe2+-mediated LPO and inhibition of SP. Conversely, vitamin E prevented only Fe2+-mediated LPO but not inhibition of SP. Thus Fe2+ mediated inactivation of SP likely by oxidizing the essential thiol on SP. However, malondialdehyde inhibited SP by a mechanism not related to thiol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Omotayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - G S Akinyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - P A Omololu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - B O Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - A A Akindahunsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - J B T Rocha
- Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, Programa Posgraduacao em Bioquimica Toxciologica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - I J Kade
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
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130
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Yan H, Hao S, Sun X, Zhang D, Gao X, Yu Z, Li K, Hang CH. Blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter prevents iron accumulation in a model of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:835-40. [PMID: 25529443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that iron accumulation is involved in the pathogenesis of brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and chelation of iron reduced mortality and oxidative DNA damage. We previously reported that blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) provided benefit in the early brain injury after experimental SAH. This study was undertaken to identify whether blockage of MCU could ameliorate iron accumulation-associated brain injury following SAH. Therefore, we used two reagents ruthenium red (RR) and spermine (Sper) to inhibit MCU. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups including sham, SAH, SAH+RR, and SAH+Sper. Biochemical analysis and histological assays were performed. The results confirmed the iron accumulation in temporal lobe after SAH. Interestingly, blockage of MCU dramatically reduced the iron accumulation in this area. The mechanism was revealed that inhibition of MCU reversed the down-regulation of iron regulatory protein (IRP) 1/2 and increase of ferritin. Iron-sulfur cluster dependent-aconitase activity was partially conserved when MCU was blocked. In consistence with this and previous report, ROS levels were notably reduced and ATP supply was rescued; levels of cleaved caspase-3 dropped; and integrity of neurons in temporal lobe was protected. Taken together, our results indicated that blockage of MCU could alleviate iron accumulation and the associated injury following SAH. These findings suggest that the alteration of calcium and iron homeostasis be coupled and MCU be considered to be a therapeutic target for patients suffering from SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuangying Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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131
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Zhou F, Chen Y, Fan G, Feng C, Du G, Zhu G, Li Y, Jiao H, Guan L, Wang Z. Lead-induced iron overload and attenuated effects of ferroportin 1 overexpression in PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1339-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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132
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1045-60. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1127] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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133
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Blasco G, Puig J, Daunis-I-Estadella J, Molina X, Xifra G, Fernández-Aranda F, Pedraza S, Ricart W, Portero-Otín M, Fernández-Real JM. Brain iron overload, insulin resistance, and cognitive performance in obese subjects: a preliminary MRI case-control study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3076-83. [PMID: 25125507 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The linkage among the tissue iron stores, insulin resistance (IR), and cognition remains unclear in the obese population. We aimed to identify the factors that contribute to increased hepatic iron concentration (HIC) and brain iron overload (BIO), as evaluated by MRI, and to evaluate their impact on cognitive performance in obese and nonobese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 23 middle-aged obese subjects without diabetes (13 women; age 50.4 ± 7.7 years; BMI 43.7 ± 4.48 kg/m2) and 20 healthy nonobese volunteers (10 women; age 48.8 ± 9.5 years; BMI 24.3 ± 3.54 kg/m2) in whom iron load was assessed in white and gray matter and the liver by MRI. IR was measured from HOMA-IR and an oral glucose tolerance test. A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to evaluate the cognitive performance. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the independent associations of BIO and cognitive performance. RESULTS A significant increase in iron load was detected at the caudate nucleus (P < 0.001), lenticular nucleus (P = 0.004), hypothalamus (P = 0.002), hippocampus (P < 0.001), and liver (P < 0.001) in obese subjects. There was a positive correlation between HIC and BIO at caudate (r = 0.517, P < 0.001), hypothalamus (r = 0.396, P = 0.009), and hippocampus (r = 0.347, P < 0.023). The area under the curve of insulin was independently associated with BIO at the caudate (P = 0.001), hippocampus (P = 0.028), and HIC (P = 0.025). BIOs at the caudate (P = 0.028), hypothalamus (P = 0.006), and lenticular nucleus (P = 0.012) were independently associated with worse cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and IR may contribute to increased HIC and BIO being associated with worse cognitive performance. BIO could be a potentially useful MRI biomarker for IR and obesity-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Blasco
- Department of Radiology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Daunis-I-Estadella
- Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Molina
- Department of Radiology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Xifra
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Dr. Trueta University Hospital, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pedraza
- Department of Radiology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Dr. Trueta University Hospital, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Nutren Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Agri-Food Science and Technological Park-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida-Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Dr. Trueta University Hospital, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
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134
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Wei S, Shi W, Li M, Gao Q. Calorie restriction down-regulates expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin in normal and D-galactose-induced aging mouse brain. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:19-26. [PMID: 24044515 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that iron progressively accumulates in the brain with age. Calorie restriction (CR) may allay many of the adverse effects of aging on the brain, yet the underlying mechanisms, in particular in relation to brain iron metabolism, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of CR in the regulation of cerebral cellular iron homeostasis. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups of eight. The control group was fed a conventional diet ad libitum; the CR group received 70% of the calories of the control mouse intake per day; the D-galactose (D-gal) group received subcutaneous injection of D-gal at a dose of 100 mg/kg once daily to produce mouse model of aging; the D-gal plus CR group received both of the two interventions for 14 weeks. The Morris water maze (MWM) was employed to test the cognitive performance of all animals, and the expression of iron regulatory genes, ferroportin and hepcidin, in the cortex and hippocampus were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to the controls, the D-gal group mice showed significant spatial reference memory deficits in the MWM test, whereas the D-gal-CR group mice exhibited almost normal cognitive function, indicating that CR protects against D-gal-induced learning and memory impairment. Hepcidin mRNA expression was increased in the D-gal group, decreased in the CR group, and was basically unchanged in the D-gal-CR group. There was no statistical difference in the transmembrane iron exporter ferroportin expression between control and any of the experimental groups. The results suggest that the anti-aging effects of CR might partially lie in its capacity to reduce or avoid age-related iron accumulation in the brain through down-regulating expression of brain hepcidin--the key negative regulator for intracellular iron efflux--and that facilitating the balance of brain iron metabolism may be a promising anti-aging measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shougang Wei
- 1 Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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135
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Du F, Qian ZM, Luo Q, Yung WH, Ke Y. Hepcidin Suppresses Brain Iron Accumulation by Downregulating Iron Transport Proteins in Iron-Overloaded Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:101-14. [PMID: 25115800 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulates progressively in the brain with age, and iron-induced oxidative stress has been considered as one of the initial causes for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on the role of hepcidin in peripheral organs and its expression in the brain, we hypothesized that this peptide has a role to reduce iron in the brain and hence has the potential to prevent or delay brain iron accumulation in iron-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of hepcidin expression adenovirus (ad-hepcidin) and hepcidin peptide on brain iron contents, iron transport across the brain-blood barrier, iron uptake and release, and also the expression of transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) in cultured microvascular endothelial cells and neurons. We demonstrated that hepcidin significantly reduced brain iron in iron-overloaded rats and suppressed transport of transferrin-bound iron (Tf-Fe) from the periphery into the brain. Also, the peptide significantly inhibited expression of TfR1, DMT1, and Fpn1 as well as reduced Tf-Fe and non-transferrin-bound iron uptake and iron release in cultured microvascular endothelial cells and neurons, while downregulation of hepcidin with hepcidin siRNA retrovirus generated opposite results. We concluded that, under iron-overload, hepcidin functions to reduce iron in the brain by downregulating iron transport proteins. Upregulation of brain hepcidin by ad-hepcidin emerges as a new pharmacological treatment and prevention for iron-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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136
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Iron is the most abundant transition metal in biology and an essential cofactor for many cellular enzymes. Iron homeostasis impairment is also a component of peripheral neuropathies. RECENT ADVANCES During the past years, much effort has been paid to understand the molecular mechanism involved in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. This has been stimulated by the evidence that iron dyshomeostasis is an initial cause of several disorders, including genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders. CRITICAL ISSUES However, very little has been done to investigate the physiological role of iron in peripheral nervous system (PNS), despite the development of suitable cellular and animal models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS To stimulate research on iron metabolism and peripheral neuropathy, we provide a summary of the knowledge on iron homeostasis in the PNS, on its transport across the blood-nerve barrier, its involvement in myelination, and we identify unresolved questions. Furthermore, we comment on the role of iron in iron-related disorder with peripheral component, in demyelinating and metabolic peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- 1 University Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
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137
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Carenza E, Barceló V, Morancho A, Montaner J, Rosell A, Roig A. Rapid synthesis of water-dispersible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by a microwave-assisted route for safe labeling of endothelial progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3775-85. [PMID: 24755438 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We synthesize highly crystalline citrate-coated iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles that are stable and readily dispersible in water by an extremely fast microwave-assisted route and investigate the uptake of magnetic nanoparticles by endothelial cells. Nanoparticles form large aggregates when added to complete endothelial cell medium. The size of the aggregates was controlled by adjusting the ionic strength of the medium. The internalization of nanoparticles into endothelial cells was then investigated by transmission electron microscopy, magnetometry and chemical analysis, together with cell viability assays. Interestingly, a sevenfold more efficient uptake was found for systems with larger nanoparticle aggregates, which also showed significantly higher magnetic resonance imaging effectiveness without compromising cell viability and functionality. We are thus presenting an example of a straightforward microwave synthesis of citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for safe endothelial progenitor cell labeling and good magnetic resonance cell imaging with potential application for magnetic cell guidance and in vivo cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carenza
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Verónica Barceló
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129 Barcelona, 08035 Catalunya, Spain
| | - Anna Morancho
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129 Barcelona, 08035 Catalunya, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129 Barcelona, 08035 Catalunya, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129 Barcelona, 08035 Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Anna Roig
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain.
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138
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Bamm VV, Harauz G. "Back to the future" or iron in the MS brain - commentary on "perivascular iron deposits are associated with protein nitration in cerebral experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis". Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:130-2. [PMID: 24942652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Bamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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139
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Huang S, Du F, Li L, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Qian ZM. Angiotensin II inhibits uptake of transferrin-bound iron but not non-transferrin-bound iron by cultured astrocytes. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:161-6. [PMID: 24786977 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The existence of all components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the iron metabolism system, and the recent findings on the functions of angiotensin II (ANGII) in peripheral iron metabolism imply that ANGII might play a role in iron homeostasis by regulating expression of iron transport proteins in the brain. Here, we investigated effects of ANGII on uptake and release of iron as well as expression of cell iron transport proteins in cultured astrocytes. We demonstrated that ANGII could significantly inhibit transferrin-bound iron (Tf-Fe) uptake and iron release as well as the expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) in cultured astrocytes. This indicated that the inhibitory role of ANGII on Tf-Fe uptake and iron release is mediated by its negative effect on the expression of TfR1 and Fpn1. We also provided evidence that ANGII had no effect on divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression as well as non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) uptake in the cells. Our findings showed that ANGII has a role to affect expression of iron transport proteins in astrocytes in vitro and also suggested that ANGII might have a physiological function in brain iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Huang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fang Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xin Qiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhong Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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140
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Kuo YC, Wang LJ. Transferrin-grafted catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting delivery of saquinavir to the brain. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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Khalil M, Riedlbauer B, Langkammer C, Enzinger C, Ropele S, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Culea V, Petzold A, Teunissen C, Archelos JJ, Fuchs S, Fazekas F. Cerebrospinal fluid transferrin levels are reduced in patients with early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 20:1569-77. [PMID: 24777275 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514530020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, it is not clear whether these alterations are associated with changes of iron metabolism in body fluids. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate if iron metabolism markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and MS patients differ from controls and how they relate to clinical and imaging parameters. METHODS We analysed serum ferritin, transferrin and soluble transferrin-receptor and CSF ferritin and transferrin by nephelometry in non-anaemic CIS (n=60) or early MS (n=14) patients and 68 controls. In CIS/MS we additionally assessed the T2 lesion load. RESULTS CSF transferrin was significantly decreased in CIS/MS compared to controls (p<0.001), while no significant differences were seen in serum. Higher CSF transferrin levels correlated with lower physical disability scores (r= -0.3, p<0.05). CSF transferrin levels did not correlate with other clinical data and the T2 lesion load. CONCLUSION Our biochemical study provides evidence that altered iron homeostasis within the brain occurs in the very early phases of the disease, and suggests that the transporter protein transferrin may play a role in the increased iron deposition known to occur in the brain of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khalil
- Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - S Ropele
- Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - T Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - H Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - V Culea
- Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - A Petzold
- MS Center Amsterdam, Free University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ce Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Fuchs
- Medical University of Graz, Austria
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142
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Wong BX, Duce JA. The iron regulatory capability of the major protein participants in prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:81. [PMID: 24795635 PMCID: PMC4001010 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As with most bioavailable transition metals, iron is essential for many metabolic processes required by the cell but when left unregulated is implicated as a potent source of reactive oxygen species. It is uncertain whether the brain’s evident vulnerability to reactive species-induced oxidative stress is caused by a reduced capability in cellular response or an increased metabolic activity. Either way, dys-regulated iron levels appear to be involved in oxidative stress provoked neurodegeneration. As in peripheral iron management, cells within the central nervous system tightly regulate iron homeostasis via responsive expression of select proteins required for iron flux, transport and storage. Recently proteins directly implicated in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid-β precursor protein, tau, α-synuclein, prion protein and huntingtin, have been connected to neuronal iron homeostatic control. This suggests that disrupted expression, processing, or location of these proteins may result in a failure of their cellular iron homeostatic roles and augment the common underlying susceptibility to neuronal oxidative damage that is triggered in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce X Wong
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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143
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Angiotensin II inhibits iron uptake and release in cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:893-900. [PMID: 24682751 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the well-confirmed roles of angiotensin II (ANGII) in iron transport of peripheral organs and cells, the causative link of excess brain iron with and the involvement of ANGII in neurodegenerative disorders, we speculated that ANGII might also have an effect on expression of iron transport proteins in the brain. In the present study, we investigated effects of ANGII on iron uptake and release using the radio-isotope methods as well as expression of cell iron transport proteins by Western blot analysis in cultured neurons. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that ANGII significantly reduced transferrin-bound iron and non-transferrin bound iron uptake and iron release as well as expression of two major iron uptake proteins transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 and the key iron exporter ferroportin 1 in cultured neurons. The findings suggested that endogenous ANGII might have a physiological significance in brain iron metabolism.
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144
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Homeostasis of metals in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Biometals 2014; 27:539-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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145
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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146
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Phenanthrolines Protect Astrocytes from Hemin Without Chelating Iron. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:693-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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147
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Chen JH, Singh N, Tay H, Walczyk T. Imbalance of iron influx and efflux causes brain iron accumulation over time in the healthy adult rat. Metallomics 2014; 6:1417-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for studying brain iron homeostasis in animal models using stable isotope tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hua Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Southern Medical University
| | - Nadia Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Huimin Tay
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Thomas Walczyk
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry
- National University of Singapore
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148
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Iron and intracerebral hemorrhage: from mechanism to translation. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:429-41. [PMID: 24362931 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Currently, there is no effective medical treatment available to improve functional outcomes in patients with ICH due to its unknown mechanisms of damage. Increasing evidence has shown that the metabolic products of erythrocytes are the key contributor of ICH-induced secondary brain injury. Iron, an important metabolic product that accumulates in the brain parenchyma, has a detrimental effect on secondary injury following ICH. Because the damage mechanism of iron during ICH-induced secondary injury is clear, iron removal therapy research on animal models is effective. Although many animal and clinical studies have been conducted, the exact metabolic pathways of iron and the mechanisms of iron removal treatments are still not clear. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the iron metabolism mechanisms underlying ICH-induced injury. We focus on iron, brain iron metabolism, the role of iron in oxidative injury, and iron removal therapy following ICH, and we suggest that further studies focus on brain iron metabolism after ICH and the mechanism for iron removal therapy.
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149
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Huang XT, Qian ZM, He X, Gong Q, Wu KC, Jiang LR, Lu LN, Zhu ZJ, Zhang HY, Yung WH, Ke Y. Reducing iron in the brain: a novel pharmacologic mechanism of huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1045-54. [PMID: 24332448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), a natural inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase derived from a plant, is a licensed anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug in China and a nutraceutical in the United States. In addition to acting as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, HupA possesses neuroprotective properties. However, the relevant mechanism is unknown. Here, we showed that the neuroprotective effect of HupA was derived from a novel action on brain iron regulation. HupA treatment reduced insoluble and soluble beta amyloid levels, ameliorated amyloid plaques formation, and hyperphosphorylated tau in the cortex and hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD mice. Also, HupA decreased beta amyloid oligomers and amyloid precursor protein levels, and increased A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease Domain 10 (ADAM10) expression in these treated AD mice. However, these beneficial effects of HupA were largely abolished by feeding the animals with a high iron diet. In parallel, we found that HupA decreased iron content in the brain and demonstrated that HupA also has a role to reduce the expression of transferrin-receptor 1 as well as the transferrin-bound iron uptake in cultured neurons. The findings implied that reducing iron in the brain is a novel mechanism of HupA in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuan He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Gong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Chun Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li-Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhou-Jing Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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150
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Piloni NE, Fermandez V, Videla LA, Puntarulo S. Acute iron overload and oxidative stress in brain. Toxicology 2013; 314:174-82. [PMID: 24120471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo model in rat was developed by intraperitoneally administration of Fe-dextran to study oxidative stress triggered by Fe-overload in rat brain. Total Fe levels, as well as the labile iron pool (LIP) concentration, in brain from rats subjected to Fe-overload were markedly increased over control values, 6h after Fe administration. In this in vivo Fe overload model, the ascorbyl (A)/ascorbate (AH(-)) ratio, taken as oxidative stress index, was assessed. The A/AH(-) ratio in brain was significantly higher in Fe-dextran group, in relation to values in control rats. Brain lipid peroxidation indexes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) generation rate and lipid radical (LR) content detected by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), in Fe-dextran supplemented rats were similar to control values. However, values of nuclear factor-kappaB deoxyribonucleic acid (NFκB DNA) binding activity were significantly increased (30%) after 8h of Fe administration, and catalase (CAT) activity was significantly enhanced (62%) 21h after Fe administration. Significant enhancements in Fe content in cortex (2.4 fold), hippocampus (1.6 fold) and striatum (2.9 fold), were found at 6h after Fe administration. CAT activity was significantly increased after 8h of Fe administration in cortex, hippocampus and striatum (1.4 fold, 86, and 47%, respectively). Fe response in the whole brain seems to lead to enhanced NF-κB DNA binding activity, which may contribute to limit oxygen reactive species-dependent damage by effects on the antioxidant enzyme CAT activity. Moreover, data shown here clearly indicate that even though Fe increased in several isolated brain areas, this parameter was more drastically enhanced in striatum than in cortex and hippocampus. However, comparison among the net increase in LR generation rate, in different brain areas, showed enhancements in cortex lipid peroxidation, without changes in striatum and hippocampus LR generation rate after 6h of Fe overload. This information has potential clinical relevance, as it could be the key to understand specific brain damage occurring in conditions of Fe overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha E Piloni
- Physical Chemistry-Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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