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Sene A, Chin-Yee D, Apte RS. Seeing through VEGF: innate and adaptive immunity in pathological angiogenesis in the eye. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:43-51. [PMID: 25457617 PMCID: PMC4282831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in regulating normal vascular development and pathological angiogenesis has been documented in multiple studies. Ocular anti-VEGF therapy is highly effective for treating a subset of patients with blinding eye disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, chronic VEGF suppression can lead to adverse effects associated with poor visual outcomes due to the loss of prosurvival and neurotrophic capacities of VEGF. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for immune-related mechanisms that regulate ocular angiogenesis in a VEGF-independent manner. These novel molecular and cellular pathways may provide potential therapeutic avenues for a multitarget strategy, preserving the neuroprotective functions of VEGF in those patients whose disease is unresponsive to VEGF neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - David Chin-Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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102
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Bucher F, Hos D, Müller-Schwefe S, Steven P, Cursiefen C, Heindl LM. Spontaneous long-term course of persistent peripheral graft detachments after Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 99:768-72. [PMID: 25527695 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral corneal graft detachment after Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is a frequently occurring postoperative complication. The natural course of these persistent peripheral detachments over time is not known. METHODS 166 patients were surveyed by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography (SL-OCT) directly after surgery, during first postoperative week, 4 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months, postoperatively. Patients with a persistent peripheral graft detachment 4 weeks after DMEK (n=16) were observed for their spontaneous course up to 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS Persistent graft detachments could be characterised into two phenotypes: peripheral roll (n=11; 69%) and laminar detachment (n=5; 31%). Maximal length of the detachment did not change in peripheral rolls during observation period (12 months vs 4 weeks, 578±122 µm vs 593±106 µm, p=0.74), whereas laminar detachments spontaneously attached to the host's stroma (12 months vs 4 weeks, 0 µm vs 1088±295 µm, p≤0.001). Central corneal thickness and (peripheral) corneal thickness above the detached area did not significantly change in either group. CONCLUSIONS Persistent peripheral graft detachments after DMEK occurred in 10% of patients and had two distinct OCT-phenotypes. Peripheral rolls did not change during the first 12 months, postoperatively. By contrast, peripheral laminar detachments attached spontaneously even months after surgery. Corneal thickness reduction was only observed above peripheral laminar detachment, but not above peripheral rolls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bucher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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103
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Antilymphangiogenic therapy to promote transplant survival and to reduce cancer metastasis: what can we learn from the eye? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:117-30. [PMID: 25460541 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is - amongst other tasks - essentially involved in inflammation, (auto)immunity, graft rejection and cancer metastasis. The eye is mainly devoid of lymphatic vessels except for its adnexa, the conjunctiva and the limbus. However, several pathologic conditions can result in the secondary ingrowth of lymphatic vessels into physiologically alymphatic parts of the eye such as the cornea or the inner eye. Therefore, the cornea has served as an excellent in vivo model system to study lymphangiogenesis, and findings from such studies have substantially contributed to the understanding of central principles of lymphangiogenesis also with relevance outside the eye. Grafting experiments at the cornea have been extensively used to analyze the role of lymphangiogenesis in transplant immunology. In this regard, we recently demonstrated the crucial role of lymphatic vessels in mediating corneal allograft rejection and could show that antilymphangiogenic therapy increases graft survival. In the field of cancer research, we recently detected tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in the most common malignant tumors of the eye, such as conjunctival carcinoma and melanoma, and ciliochoroidal melanoma with extraocular extension. These neolymphatics correlate with an increased risk of local recurrence, metastasis and tumor related death, and may offer potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of these tumors. This review will focus on corneal and tumor-associated ocular lymphangiogenesis. First, we will describe common experimentally used corneal lymphangiogenesis models and will recapitulate recent findings regarding the involvement of lymphatic vessels in corneal diseases and transplant immunology. The second part of this article will summarize findings about the participation of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in ocular malignancies and their implications for the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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104
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Seo Y, Kim MK, Lee JH, Chang EJ, Kim EK, Lee HK. Expression of Lymphangiogenic Markers in Rejected Human Corneal Buttons after Penetrating Keratoplasty. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:902-12. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.969809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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105
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Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Schlereth SL, Bock F, Regenfuss B, Reitsamer HA, Lutty GA, Maruyama K, Chen L, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Dana R, Kerjaschki D, Alitalo K, De Stefano ME, Junghans BM, Heindl LM, Cursiefen C. Consensus statement on the immunohistochemical detection of ocular lymphatic vessels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6440-2. [PMID: 25315233 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable controversy about existence and classification of "lymphatic vessels" in the eye. Some of the confusion is certainly caused by inappropriate use (or nonuse) of the correct immunohistochemical markers. Many experts in the field expressed the need for a consensus statement, and, in this perspective, authors offer arguments and solutions to reliably continue with immunohistochemical ocular lymphatic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schroedl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Regenfuss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lu Chen
- Center for Eye Disease & Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Reza Dana
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Kari Alitalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara M Junghans
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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106
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Cursiefen C. [Artificial cornea: current treatment options and future perspectives]. Ophthalmologe 2014; 111:1008-9. [PMID: 25298324 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-013-3008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Cursiefen
- Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50924, Köln, Deutschland,
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107
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 facilitate corneal lymphangiogenesis in response to herpes simplex virus 1 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:14451-7. [PMID: 25297992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01841-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen of clinical significance due to its association with vision impairment and encephalitis. In a mouse model of ocular neovascularization, we have previously shown that HSV-1 elicits the genesis of lymphatic vessels into the cornea proper through epithelial cell expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) dependent upon expression of VEGFR2 during acute infection. We hypothesized that other factors may be involved in lymphangiogenesis, with proinflammatory cytokines as the leading candidates. In the absence of infection or inflammation, intrastromal administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) coupled with VEGFA elicited lymphatic vessel genesis significantly above either factor alone as well as a vehicle control. Consistent with this observation, anti-TNF-α antibody (Ab) blocked HSV-1-mediated corneal lymphangiogenesis within the first 5 days postinfection. However, TNF-α-deficient (TNF-α(-/-)) mice displayed a level of corneal vessel growth similar to that shown by wild-type (WT) controls. To investigate the likely redundant nature of cytokines, PCR array analysis of HSV-1-infected TNF-α(-/-) mice was conducted, and it revealed several factors elevated above those found in HSV-1-infected WT mice, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin 2, insulin-like growth factor 2, and IL-6. Subconjunctival administration of neutralizing Ab to IL-6 blocked lymphangiogenesis in TNF-α(-/-) mice. Whereas the cornea levels of IL-6 were significantly reduced, there was no appreciable change in the level of IL-1β or other proangiogenic factors analyzed. Collectively, the results suggest in addition to VEGFA, TNF-α and IL-6 promote and likely synergize with VEGFA in corneal lymphangiogenesis during acute HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE We have identified at least two proinflammatory cytokines expressed locally that are involved in the genesis of lymphatic vessels in the normally avascular cornea in response to HSV-1 infection. This finding provides the basis to target IL-6 and TNF-α as additional proangiogenic factors in the cornea during the development of herpetic stromal keratitis as a means to alleviate further neovascularization and tissue pathology associated with the host immune response to the pathogen.
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108
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High-Dose Subconjunctival Cyclosporine A Implants Do Not Affect Corneal Neovascularization after High-Risk Keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1677-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Absence of lymphatic vessels in the developing human sclera. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Masli S, Sheibani N, Cursiefen C, Zieske J. Matricellular protein thrombospondins: influence on ocular angiogenesis, wound healing and immuneregulation. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:759-74. [PMID: 24559320 PMCID: PMC4278647 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.877936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondins are a family of large multi-domain glycoproteins described as matricelluar proteins based on their ability to interact with a broad range of receptors, matrix molecules, growth factors or proteases, and to modulate array of cellular functions including intracellular signaling, proliferation and migration. Two members of the thrombospondin family, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) and thrombospondin 2 (TSP-2) are studied extensively to determine their structure and function. While expressed at low levels in normal adult tissues, their increased expression is seen predominantly in response to cellular perturbations. Despite structural similarities, a notable functional difference between TSP-1 and TSP-2 includes the ability of former to activate of latent TGF-β and its competitive inhibition by the latter. Both these thrombospondins are reported to play important roles in TGF-β rich ocular environment with most reports related to TSP-1. They are expressed by many ocular cell types and detectable in the aqueous and vitreous humor. TSP-1 and TSP-2 influence many cellular interactions in the eye such as angiogenesis, cell migration, wound healing, TGF-β activation and regulation of inflammatory immune responses. Together, these processes are known to contribute to the immune privilege status of the eye. Emerging roles of TSP-1 and TSP-2 in ocular functions and pathology are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | | | - James Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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111
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Dry Eye Predisposes to Corneal Neovascularization and Lymphangiogenesis After Corneal Injury in a Murine Model. Cornea 2014; 33:621-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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112
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Cursiefen C, Viaud E, Bock F, Geudelin B, Ferry A, Kadlecová P, Lévy M, Al Mahmood S, Colin S, Thorin E, Majo F, Frueh B, Wilhelm F, Meyer-Ter-Vehn T, Geerling G, Böhringer D, Reinhard T, Meller D, Pleyer U, Bachmann B, Seitz B. Aganirsen antisense oligonucleotide eye drops inhibit keratitis-induced corneal neovascularization and reduce need for transplantation: the I-CAN study. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1683-92. [PMID: 24811963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eye drops of aganirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide preventing insulin receptor substrate-1 expression, inhibited corneal neovascularization in a previous dose-finding phase II study. We aimed to confirm these results in a phase III study and investigated a potential clinical benefit on visual acuity (VA), quality of life (QoL), and need for transplantation. DESIGN Multicenter, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study. PARTICIPANTS Analysis of 69 patients with keratitis-related progressive corneal neovascularization randomized to aganirsen (34 patients) or placebo (35 patients). Patients applied aganirsen eye drops (86 μg/day/eye) or placebo twice daily for 90 days and were followed up to day 180. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was VA. Secondary end points included area of pathologic corneal neovascularization, need for transplantation, risk of graft rejection, and QoL. RESULTS Although no significant differences in VA scores between groups were observed, aganirsen significantly reduced the relative corneal neovascularization area after 90 days by 26.20% (P = 0.014). This improvement persisted after 180 days (26.67%, P = 0.012). Aganirsen tended to lower the transplantation need in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population at day 180 (P = 0.087). In patients with viral keratitis and central neovascularization, a significant reduction in transplantation need was achieved (P = 0.048). No significant differences between groups were observed in the risk of graft rejection. However, aganirsen tended to decrease this risk in patients with traumatic/viral keratitis (P = 0.162) at day 90. The QoL analyses revealed a significant improvement with aganirsen in composite and near activity subscores (P = 0.039 and 0.026, respectively) at day 90 in the per protocol population. Ocular and treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in a lower percentage with aganirsen compared with placebo. Only 3 serious TEAEs (2 with aganirsen and 1 with placebo) were considered treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS This first phase III study on a topical inhibitor of corneal angiogenesis showed that aganirsen eye drops significantly inhibited corneal neovascularization in patients with keratitis. The need for transplantation was significantly reduced in patients with viral keratitis and central neovascularization. Topical application of aganirsen was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Eric Viaud
- Gene Signal International SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavla Kadlecová
- Advanced Drug & Device Services SAS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Michel Lévy
- Advanced Drug & Device Services SAS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Sylvie Colin
- Gene Signal International SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Eric Thorin
- Gene Signal International SA, Montreal, Canada
| | - François Majo
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Frueh
- Universitätsklinik für Augenheilkunde, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gerd Geerling
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Meller
- Universitätsaugenklinik Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- University Eye Clinic, CVK, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Seitz
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Kilarski WW, Muchowicz A, Wachowska M, Mężyk-Kopeć R, Golab J, Swartz MA, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Optimization and regeneration kinetics of lymphatic-specific photodynamic therapy in the mouse dermis. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:347-57. [PMID: 23892627 PMCID: PMC3978193 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels transport fluid, antigens, and immune cells to the lymph nodes to orchestrate adaptive immunity and maintain peripheral tolerance. Lymphangiogenesis has been associated with inflammation, cancer metastasis, autoimmunity, tolerance and transplant rejection, and thus, targeted lymphatic ablation is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating or preventing such events. Here we define conditions that lead to specific and local closure of the lymphatic vasculature using photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lymphatic-specific PDT was performed by irradiation of the photosensitizer verteporfin that effectively accumulates within collecting lymphatic vessels after local intradermal injection. We found that anti-lymphatic PDT induced necrosis of endothelial cells and pericytes, which preceded the functional occlusion of lymphatic collectors. This was specific to lymphatic vessels at low verteporfin dose, while higher doses also affected local blood vessels. In contrast, light dose (fluence) did not affect blood vessel perfusion, but did affect regeneration time of occluded lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels eventually regenerated by recanalization of blocked collectors, with a characteristic hyperplasia of peri-lymphatic smooth muscle cells. The restoration of lymphatic function occurred with minimal remodeling of non-lymphatic tissue. Thus, anti-lymphatic PDT allows control of lymphatic ablation and regeneration by alteration of light fluence and photosensitizer dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, SV-IBI-LLCB, Station 15, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Mężyk-Kopeć
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, SV-IBI-LLCB, Station 15, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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114
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Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, is essential in embryonic development. In adults, it is involved in many pathological processes such as lymphedema, inflammatory diseases, and tumor metastasis. Advances during the past decade have dramatically increased the knowledge of the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, including the roles of transcription factors, lymphangiogenic growth factors and their receptors, and intercellular and intracellular signaling cascades. Strategies based on these mechanisms are being tested in the treatment of various human diseases such as cancer, lymphedema, and tissue allograft rejection. This Review summarizes the recent progress on lymphangiogenic mechanisms and their applications in disease treatment.
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115
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Kim H, Kataru RP, Koh GY. Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest 2014; 124:936-42. [PMID: 24590279 DOI: 10.1172/jci71607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodeling are complex biological processes frequently observed during inflammation. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) is not merely an endpoint event, but actually a phenomenon actively involved in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory disorders. The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and VEGF-A/VEGF-R2 signaling pathways are two of the best-studied pathways in IAL. Methods targeting these molecules, such as prolymphangiogenic or antilymphatic treatments, were found to be beneficial in various preclinical and/or clinical studies. This Review focuses on the most recent achievements in the fields of lymphatic biology relevant to inflammatory conditions. Additionally, preclinical and clinical therapies that modulate IAL are summarized.
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116
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Trikha S, Parikh S, Osmond C, Anderson DF, Hossain PN. Long-term outcomes of Fine Needle Diathermy for established corneal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:454-8. [PMID: 24457357 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Corneal neovascularisation (CoNV) can lead to significant ocular comorbidity with reduction in vision and cosmesis. A number of techniques have been described to reduce CoNV, but these can be expensive. Our study aimed to determine the safety, efficacy and long-term outcomes of fine needle diathermy (FND) for CoNV. METHODS A 5-year retrospective study identified all cases of FND. Indications, intraoperative complications, and postoperative visual acuity, after treatment and retreatments, were documented, along with the procedure time. Evidence of regression and number of retreatments were identified. RESULTS 56 eyes from 52 patients underwent FND for CoNV. The main indications included herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) (53%, n=25) and microbial keratitis/peripheral ulcerative keratitis (13%, n=6). Pretreatment acuity was significantly correlated with extent of CoNV (p=0.044). One complication was noted during the procedure-an intrastromal and subconjunctival haemorrhage (rate 2%). 68.1% of patients demonstrated regression at first follow-up (mean 6.9 weeks), and 89.3% (n=42) showed regression with two or less treatments. Mean post-FND acuity was 0.72 (range -0.2-3.0) vs 0.82 (-0.2-3.0) preprocedure (p=0.08). VA improved in the HSK subgroup (p=0.012). Mean follow-up was 18.9 months (range 1-56 months). CONCLUSIONS In the largest case series reported, FND appears to be a safe and effective technique in the long term to induce regression of CoNV, with significant improvement in the VA of patients with HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trikha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton, , Southampton, UK
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117
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Bucher F, Bi Y, Gehlsen U, Hos D, Cursiefen C, Bock F. Regression of mature lymphatic vessels in the cornea by photodynamic therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:391-5. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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118
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Glaukom und trockenes Auge. Ophthalmologe 2013; 110:1155-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-012-2675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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119
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Bryant-Hudson KM, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Conrady CD, Cohen A, Zheng M, Carr DJJ. HSV-1 targets lymphatic vessels in the eye and draining lymph node of mice leading to edema in the absence of a functional type I interferon response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1233-1242. [PMID: 23911821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces new lymphatic vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) in the cornea via expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by virally infected epithelial cells. Here, we extend this observation to demonstrate the selective targeting of corneal lymphatics by HSV-1 in the absence of functional type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Specifically, we examined the impact of HSV-1 replication on angiogenesis using type I IFN receptor deficient (CD118(-/-)) mice. HSV-1-induced lymphatic and blood vessel growth into the cornea proper was time-dependent in immunocompetent animals. In contrast, there was an initial robust growth of lymphatic vessels into the cornea of HSV-1-infected CD118(-/-)mice, but such vessels disappeared by day 5 postinfection. The loss was selective as blood vessel integrity remained intact. Magnetic resonance imaging and confocal microscopy analysis of the draining lymph nodes of CD118(-/-) mice revealed extensive edema and loss of lymphatics compared with wild-type mice. In addition to a loss of lymphatic vessels in CD118(-/-) mice, HSV-1 infection resulted in epithelial thinning associated with geographic lesions and edema within the cornea, which is consistent with a loss of lymphatic vasculature. These results underscore the key role functional type I IFN pathway plays in the maintenance of structural integrity within the cornea in addition to the anti-viral characteristics often ascribed to the type I IFN cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Bryant-Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ana J Chucair-Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Alex Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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Bryant-Hudson K, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Type I interferon and lymphangiogenesis in the HSV-1 infected cornea - are they beneficial to the host? Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 36:281-91. [PMID: 23876483 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that can result in significant human morbidity. Within the cornea, it was thought the initial recognition of the pathogen was through Toll-like receptors expressed on/in resident cells that then elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine production, activation of anti-viral pathways, and recruitment of leukocytes. However, our lab has uncovered a novel, TLR-independent innate sensor that supersedes TLR induction of anti-viral pathways following HSV-1 infection. In addition, we have also found HSV-1 induces the genesis of lymphatic vessels into the cornea proper by a mechanism independent of TLRs and unique in the field of neovascularization. This review will focus on these two innate immune events during acute HSV-1 infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bryant-Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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