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Pandey S, Devasenapathy N, Sinha S, Zodpey SP, Bhargava SK, Sachdev HPS, Osmond C, Fall CHD. Childhood Head Growth and Educational Attainment in an Indian Cohort. Indian Pediatr 2022; 59:13-20. [PMID: 34480470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is minimal information about the association of head growth at different stages of childhood with cognitive ability. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of newborn head size and head growth during infancy, childhood and adolescence with attained education, a proxy for cognitive ability. STUDY DESIGN Prospective birth cohort study. SETTING Married women living in South Delhi between 1969 and 1973. PARTICIPANTS The New Delhi Birth Cohort study followed up 8030 newborns born in 1969-1973 with head circumference, weight and height measurements at birth and 6-12 monthly until adulthood. Of these, 1526 men and women were followed up at the age of 26-32 years. OUTCOMES Association between years of schooling, as an indicator of cognitive ability, and newborn head circumference and conditional measures of head growth during infancy, childhood and adolescence. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, newborn head size was positively associated with years of education [(b (95% CI)=0.30 (0.14 to 0.47) years per SD head circumference], as was head growth from birth to 6 months [b (95% CI)=0.44 (0.28 to 0.60) years per SD conditional head growth], 6 months to 2 years [b (95% CI)=0.31 (0.15 to 0.47) years per SD conditional head growth] and 2 to 11 years [b (95% CI)=0.20 (0.03 to 0.36) years per SD conditional head growth]. There were similar findings for height and body mass index (BMI). In the adjusted model containing all growth measures, gestational age, and socio-economic status (SES) at birth as predictors, only SES was positively associated with educational attainment. CONCLUSION Educational attainment in this population is positively associated with socioeconomic status and its influence on inter-related early life (fetal, infant and childhood) factors like nutritional status and brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pandey
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Correspondence to: Dr Shivam Pandey, Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi (IIPHD), Public Health Foundation of India, Institutional Area, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002.
| | | | - S Sinha
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - S P Zodpey
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | | | - H P S Sachdev
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - C H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
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Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE, Mason KP, Gibson F, Osmond C, Thein SL, Happich M, Kulozik AE. The haematology of Jamaicans: red cell indices in HbAA, HbAS, HbAC, and HbA-HPFH genotypes. J Community Genet 2022; 13:229-234. [PMID: 35018573 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-021-00575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based in the parish of Manchester in central Jamaica, the Manchester Project offered free detection of haemoglobin genotype to senior classes in 15 secondary schools between 2008 and 2013. Restricting the database to 15,103 students aged 15.0-19.9 years provided an opportunity to examine the red cell characteristics of the different haemoglobin genotypes, including normal (HbAA) in 85.0%, the sickle cell trait (HbAS) in 9.7%, HbC trait (HbAC) in 3.5% and hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin (HbA-HPFH) in 0.4%. Compared to the normal HbAA phenotype, HbAS had significantly increased mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell count (RBC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) and decreased mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), these differences being even more marked in HbAC. Compared to HbAA, the HbA-HPFH had significantly increased RDW, but there were no consistent differences in other red cell indices, and there were no significant differences in haematological indices between the two common deletion HPFH variants, HPFH-1 and HPFH-2. Although these changes are unlikely to be clinically significant, they contribute to an understanding of the haematological spectrum of the common haemoglobin genotypes in peoples of African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Serjeant
- Sickle Cell Trust, 14 Milverton Cres, Kingston, Jamaica.
| | - B E Serjeant
- Sickle Cell Trust, 14 Milverton Cres, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - K P Mason
- Sickle Cell Trust, 14 Milverton Cres, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - F Gibson
- Sickle Cell Trust, 14 Milverton Cres, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, England
| | - S L Thein
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Happich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pandey S, Devasenapathy N, Sinha S, Zodpey SP, Bhargava SK, Sachdev HPS, Osmond C, Fall CHD. Childhood Head Growth and Educational Attainment in an Indian Cohort. Indian Pediatr 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Whiteman I, Jones A, Selvarajah K, De Silva C, Sathiadas G, Umasankar N, Osmond C, Phillips D, Ragunathan R. 747 Poor Domestic Smoke Ventilation is associated With an Increased Risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Sri Lankan Children. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Geddes M, Osmond C, Barchielli A, Buiatti E. Analysis of Trends in Cancer Mortality in Italy 1951-1978; The Effects of Age, Period of Birth, and Period of Death. Tumori 2018; 71:101-10. [PMID: 4002344 DOI: 10.1177/030089168507100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe trends in cancer mortality in Italy between 1951 and 1978 for 6 different sites (esophagus, lung, breast, cervix uteri, testis, and bladder) as well as all cancers. This is done using a statistical model which separates the contributions associated with age, period of birth and period of death. The results are related to equivalent analyses in England and Wales and also to trends in lifestyle in Italy (alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, birth rates).
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Vasan SK, Osmond C, Canoy D, Christodoulides C, Neville MJ, Di Gravio C, Fall CHD, Karpe F. Comparison of regional fat measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional anthropometry and their association with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:850-857. [PMID: 29151596 PMCID: PMC5965665 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Fat distribution is a strong and independent predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is usually determined using conventional anthropometry in epidemiological studies. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can measure total and regional adiposity more accurately. Nonetheless, whether DXA provides more precise estimates of cardiovascular risk in relation to total and regional adiposity is not known. We determined the strength of the associations between DXA- and conventional anthropometry determined fat distribution and T2D and CVD risk markers. Subjects/Methods: Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and DXA was used to measure total and regional adiposity in 4950 (2119 men) participants aged 29–55 years from the Oxford Biobank without pre-existing T2D or CVD. Cross-sectional associations were compared between WC and HC vs. DXA-determined regional adiposity (all z-score normalised) with impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and insulin resistance (IR). Results: Following adjustment for total adiposity, upper body adiposity measurements showed consistently increased risk of T2D and CVD risk markers except for abdominal subcutaneous fat in both sexes, and arm fat in men, which showed protective associations. Among upper adiposity depots, visceral fat mass showed stronger odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.69 to 3.64 compared with WC 1.07–1.83. Among lower adiposity depots, HC showed modest protection for IR in both sexes (men: OR 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.67, 0.96); women: 0.69 (0.56, 0.86)), whereas gynoid fat and in particular leg fat showed consistent and strong protective effects for all outcomes in both men and women. The differential effect of body fat distribution on CVD and T2D were more pronounced at higher levels of total adiposity. Conclusions: Compared with DXA, conventional anthropometry underestimates the associations of regional adiposity with T2D and CVD risk markers. After correcting for overall adiposity, greater subcutaneous fat mass in particular in the lower body is protective relative to greater android or visceral adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D Canoy
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Christodoulides
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Di Gravio
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C H D Fall
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - F Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nightingale JA, Osmond C. Corrigendum to "Does current reporting of lung function by the UK cystic fibrosis registry allow a fair comparison of adult centres?" [J Cyst Fibros (2017) 585-591]. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 16:e24. [PMID: 29032179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Nightingale
- Department of Adult Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Mikkola TM, von Bonsdorff MB, Osmond C, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Cooper C, Välimäki MJ, Eriksson JG. Childhood growth predicts higher bone mass and greater bone area in early old age: findings among a subgroup of women from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2717-2722. [PMID: 28444432 PMCID: PMC5669454 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined the associations between childhood growth and bone properties among women at early old age. Early growth in height predicted greater bone area and higher bone mineral mass. However, information on growth did not improve prediction of bone properties beyond that predicted by body size at early old age. INTRODUCTION We examined the associations between body size at birth and childhood growth with bone area, bone mineral content (BMC), and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in early old age. METHODS A subgroup of women (n = 178, mean 60.4 years) from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, born 1934-1944, participated in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of the lumbar spine and hip. Height and weight at 0, 2, 7, and 11 years, obtained from health care records, were reconstructed into conditional variables representing growth velocity independent of earlier growth. Weight was adjusted for corresponding height. Linear regression models were adjusted for multiple confounders. RESULTS Birth length and growth in height before 7 years of age were positively associated with femoral neck area (p < 0.05) and growth in height at all age periods studied with spine bone area (p < 0.01). Growth in height before the age of 7 years was associated with BMC in the femoral neck (p < 0.01) and birth length and growth in height before the age of 7 years were associated with BMC in the spine (p < 0.05). After entering adult height into the models, nearly all associations disappeared. Weight gain during childhood was not associated with bone area or BMC, and aBMD was not associated with early growth. CONCLUSIONS Optimal growth in height in girls is important for obtaining larger skeleton and consequently higher bone mass. However, when predicting bone mineral mass among elderly women, information on early growth does not improve prediction beyond that predicted by current height and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mikkola
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250, Helsinki, Finland.
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - M B von Bonsdorff
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M K Salonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M J Välimäki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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von Bonsdorff M, Kokko K, Kautiainen H, Salonen M, von Bonsdorff M, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson J. CHILDHOOD ADVERSITIES AND HOME ATMOSPHERE AS DETERMINANTS OF DISABILITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT PENSION. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Kokko
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland,
| | - H. Kautiainen
- University of Helsinki and Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,
| | - M. Salonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,
| | | | - C. Osmond
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - E. Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,
| | - J.G. Eriksson
- University of Helsinki and Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,
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Kidd L, Qurollo B, Lappin M, Richter K, Hart JR, Hill S, Osmond C, Breitschwerdt EB. Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1081-1090. [PMID: 28558145 PMCID: PMC5508353 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are limited. Occult infections might be misdiagnosed as idiopathic immune-mediated disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs with compatible clinical findings using PCR and serologic panels and (2) to determine whether testing convalescent samples and repeating PCR on acute samples using the same and different gene targets enhance detection. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with clinical signs of vector-borne disease presenting to specialty practices in San Diego County. METHODS Combined prospective and retrospective observational study. Forty-two acute and 27 convalescent samples were collected. Acute samples were prospectively tested for antibodies to Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Babesia, Borrelia, and Anaplasma species. PCR targeting Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Bartonella species was also performed. Retrospectively, convalescent samples were tested for the same organisms using serology, and for Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella species using PCR. Acute samples were retested using PCR targeting Ehrlichia and Babesia species. RESULTS Evidence of exposure to or infection with a vector-borne pathogen was detected in 33% (14/42) of dogs. Ehrlichia and Babesia species were most common; each was identified in 5 dogs. Convalescent serologic testing, repeating PCR, and using novel PCR gene targets increased detection by 30%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Repeated testing using serology and PCR enhances detection of infection by vector-borne pathogens in dogs with clinical signs of immune-mediated disease. Larger prevalence studies of emerging vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA
| | - B Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - M Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO
| | - K Richter
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - J R Hart
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - S Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - C Osmond
- California Veterinary Specialists, Carlsbad, CA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Warwick AN, Brooks AP, Osmond C, Krishnan R. Prevalence of referable, sight-threatening retinopathy in type 1 diabetes and its relationship to diabetes duration and systemic risk factors. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:333-341. [PMID: 28128798 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of the study was to provide contemporary estimates for diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in a well-defined UK cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and investigate potential risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic maculopathy.Patients and MethodsFour hundred and sixty four T1DM patients in North Hampshire had T1DM duration, demographic and systemic risk factor data evaluated retrospectively alongside their DR status in 2010 using logistic regression analysis.ResultsOverall prevalence of any retinopathy, PDR, and maculopathy was 71.5%, 6.5%, and 10.8%, respectively. PDR and maculopathy prevalence were 0 and 0.7% for <10 years T1DM duration. PDR prevalence was 4%, 8%, and 16% for 10-19.9 years, 20-29.9, years and ≥30 years duration, respectively. Maculopathy prevalence was 15.6%, 18%, and 11% for 10-19.9 years, 20-29.9 years, and ≥30 years duration, respectively. In univariate analysis, PDR was associated with T1DM duration (odds ratio (OR) 1.07/year), age (OR 1.03/year), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.03/mmHg), and antihypertensive therapy (OR 10.63), while maculopathy was associated with duration (OR 1.03/year) and statin therapy (OR 2.83). In multivariate analysis, disease duration (OR 1.07/year) and antihypertensive therapy (OR 6.87) remained significantly associated with PDR, and maculopathy with statin therapy (OR 2.27).ConclusionThis study confirms T1DM duration is a strong risk factor for sight-threatening DR. Maculopathy and PDR prevalence within 10 years of T1DM diagnosis is very low. PDR prevalence at 10-20 years was 4% and then doubled for every 10-year interval thereafter up to 16% with ≥30 years duration. Antihypertensive therapy and statin therapy were strongly associated with PDR and maculopathy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Warwick
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - A P Brooks
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital (RHCH), Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
| | - C Osmond
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Krishnan
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
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Fall C, Victora C, Eriksson JG, Osmond C. Commentary: Disentangling the contributions of childhood and adult weight to cardiovascular disease risk. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1031-1036. [PMID: 27498298 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chd Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK,
| | - C Victora
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil and
| | - J G Eriksson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Velazquez MA, Smith CGC, Smyth NR, Osmond C, Fleming TP. Advanced maternal age causes adverse programming of mouse blastocysts leading to altered growth and impaired cardiometabolic health in post-natal life. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1970-80. [PMID: 27402911 PMCID: PMC4991661 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does advanced maternal age (AMA) in mice affect cardiometabolic health during post-natal life in offspring derived from an assisted reproduction technology (ART) procedure? SUMMARY ANSWER Offspring derived from blastocysts collected from aged female mice displayed impaired body weight gain, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and organ allometry during post-natal life compared with offspring derived from blastocysts from young females; since all blastocysts were transferred to normalized young mothers, this effect is independent of maternal pregnancy conditions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although studies in mice have shown that AMA can affect body weight and behaviour of offspring derived from natural reproduction, data on the effects of AMA on offspring cardiometabolic health during post-natal development are not available. Given the increasing use of ART to alleviate infertility in women of AMA, it is pivotal to develop ART-AMA models addressing the effects of maternal aging on offspring health. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Blastocysts from old (34-39 weeks) or young (8-9 weeks) C57BL/6 females mated with young CBA males (13-15 weeks) were either subjected to differential cell staining (inner cell mass and trophectoderm) or underwent embryo transfer (ET) into young MF1 surrogates (8-9 weeks) to produce young (Young-ET, 9 litters) and old (Old-ET, 10 litters) embryo-derived offspring. Offspring health monitoring was carried out for 30 weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All animals were fed with standard chow. Blood pressure was measured at post-natal Weeks 9, 15 and 21, and at post-natal Week 30 a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed. Two days after the GTT mice were killed for organ allometry. Blastocyst cell allocation variables were evaluated by T-test and developmental data were analysed with a multilevel random effects regression model. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The total number of cells in blastocysts from aged mice was decreased (P < 0.05) relative to young mice due to a lower number of cells in the trophectoderm (mean ± SEM: 34.5 ± 2.1 versus 29.6 ± 1.0). Weekly body weight did not differ in male offspring, but an increase in body weight from Week 13 onwards was observed in Old-ET females (final body weight at post-natal Week 30: 38.5 ± 0.8 versus 33.4 ± 0.8 g, P < 0.05). Blood pressure was increased in Old-ET offspring at Weeks 9-15 in males (Week 9: 108.5 ± 3.13 versus 100.8 ± 1.5 mmHg, Week 15: 112.9 ± 3.2 versus 103.4 ± 2.1 mmHg) and Week 15 in females (115.9 ± 3.7 versus 102.8 ± 0.7 mmHg; all P < 0.05 versus Young-ET). The GTT results and organ allometry were not affected in male offspring. In contrast, Old-ET females displayed a greater (P < 0.05) peak glucose concentration at 30 min during the GTT (21.1 ± 0.4 versus 17.8 ± 1.16 mmol/l) and their spleen weight (88.2 ± 2.6 ± 105.1 ± 4.6 mg) and several organ:body weight ratios (g/g × 10(3)) were decreased (P < 0.05 versus Young-ET), including the heart (3.7 ± 0.06 versus 4.4 ± 0.08), lungs (4.4 ± 0.1 versus 5.0 ± 0.1), spleen (2.4 ± 0.06 versus 3.2 ± 0.1) and liver (36.4 ± 0.6 versus 39.1 ± 0.9). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Results from experimental animal models cannot be extrapolated to humans. Nevertheless, they are valuable to develop conceptual models that can produce hypotheses for eventual testing in the target species (i.e. humans). WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data show that offspring from mouse embryos from aged mothers can develop altered phenotypes during post-natal development compared with embryos from young mothers. Because all embryos were transferred into young mothers for the duration of pregnancy to normalize the maternal in vivo environment, our findings indicate that adverse programming via AMA is already established at the blastocyst stage. Whilst human embryos display increased aneuploidy compared with mouse, we believe our data have implications for women of AMA undergoing assisted reproduction, including surrogacy programmes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported through the European Union FP7-CP-FP Epihealth programme (278418) to T.P.F. and the BBSRC (BB/F007450/1) to T.P.F. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velazquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - C G C Smith
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - N R Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - T P Fleming
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the trajectories of childhood growth associated with T2D. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A total of 13 345 individuals born in Helsinki, Finland between 1934 and 1944 were included in the study. The participants' growth had been recorded in detail during childhood, and 11.7% (n = 1558) had been diagnosed with T2D. We divided the cohort around the median body mass index (BMI) at 11 years. Body composition and glucose tolerance were assessed in a clinical subsample (n = 2003) in adulthood. RESULTS Two pathways of growth were associated with T2D. Both began with low weight and BMI at birth. In one, persistent low BMI through infancy was followed by a rapid increase in BMI in childhood. Amongst individuals with a BMI at 11 years above the median value, the odds ratio for T2D associated with a one z-score increase in BMI between 2 and 11 years was 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.21-1.42, P < 0.001). In the other pathway, low BMI at birth, accompanied by short length at birth, was followed by low BMI in childhood. Most women who developed diabetes followed this trajectory; they developed T2D at a lower BMI and lower fat percentage than women with a BMI above the median at 11 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Two pathways of early growth trigger T2D. Low fat deposition leading to thinness at birth and during infancy results in fat acquisition during childhood. Reduced linear growth leading to short length at birth is associated with lower body fat percentage in adulthood but increased risk of developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors Universitet, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lampl
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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15
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Lahti M, Eriksson JG, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Lahti J, Wahlbeck K, Tuovinen S, Pesonen AK, Mikkonen M, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Räikkönen K. Late preterm birth, post-term birth, and abnormal fetal growth as risk factors for severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. Psychol Med 2015; 45:985-999. [PMID: 25191989 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late preterm births constitute the majority of preterm births. However, most evidence suggesting that preterm birth predicts the risk of mental disorders comes from studies on earlier preterm births. We examined if late preterm birth predicts the risks of severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. We also studied whether adulthood mental disorders are associated with post-term birth or with being born small (SGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age, which have been previously associated with psychopathology risk in younger ages. METHOD Of 12 597 Helsinki Birth Cohort Study participants, born 1934-1944, 664 were born late preterm, 1221 post-term, 287 SGA, and 301 LGA. The diagnoses of mental disorders were identified from national hospital discharge and cause of death registers from 1969 to 2010. In total, 1660 (13.2%) participants had severe mental disorders. RESULTS Individuals born late preterm did not differ from term-born individuals in their risk of any severe mental disorder. However, men born late preterm had a significantly increased risk of suicide. Post-term birth predicted significantly increased risks of any mental disorder in general and particularly of substance use and anxiety disorders. Individuals born SGA had significantly increased risks of any mental and substance use disorders. Women born LGA had an increased risk of psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although men born late preterm had an increased suicide risk, late preterm birth did not exert widespread effects on adult psychopathology. In contrast, the risks of severe mental disorders across adulthood were increased among individuals born SGA and individuals born post-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - K Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - E Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - K Wahlbeck
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - S Tuovinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - A-K Pesonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - M Mikkonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit,University of Southampton,UK
| | | | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
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16
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Phillips DIW, Osmond C. Is susceptibility to chronic rheumatic heart disease determined in early infancy? An analysis of mortality in Britain during the 20th century. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:464-72. [PMID: 25780799 PMCID: PMC4355519 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason why some individuals but not others are susceptible to rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease is not understood. Because of the substantial evidence that poverty is an important determinant of the disease and must operate in early life, we have investigated the role of the early environment in an ecological study using 20(th) century mortality as an index of disease prevalence. METHODS We analysed 37,321 deaths from rheumatic heart disease in England and Wales during 1968-78. We compared the geographical distribution of deaths with previous infant mortality records from 1911 onwards. These records included details of mortality at different ages and from different causes. They also included data on housing and population density. RESULTS Mortality from rheumatic heart disease showed a strong correlation with past infant mortality that was consistently stronger with postneonatal mortality (deaths from one month to one year) than with neonatal mortality (deaths during the first month of life). Areas with high infant mortality from diarrhoea or bronchitis had the highest subsequent mortality from rheumatic heart disease. Although rheumatic heart disease was linked with early overcrowding, regression analyses suggested that overcrowding could not per se explain the infant mortality associations. CONCLUSIONS Chronic rheumatic heart disease may have its origins in early infancy. Our findings raise the possibility that susceptibility to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease may be linked with infection in the postneonatal period. Alternatively, they may be explained by the operation of environmental factors that both predispose to infection in infancy and the subsequent liability to heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I W Phillips
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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17
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de Beer M, Vrijkotte TGM, Fall CHD, van Eijsden M, Osmond C, Gemke RJBJ. Associations of infant feeding and timing of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with childhood body composition. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:586-92. [PMID: 25435256 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth and feeding during infancy have been associated with later life body mass index. However, the associations of infant feeding, linear growth and weight gain relative to linear growth with separate components of body composition remain unclear. METHODS Of 5551 children with collected growth and infant-feeding data in a prospective cohort study (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development), body composition measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at the age of 5-6 years was available for 2227 children. We assessed how feeding (duration of full breastfeeding and timing of introduction of complementary feeding) and conditional variables representing linear growth and relative weight gain were associated with childhood fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). RESULTS Birth weight was positively associated with both FFM and FM in childhood, and more strongly with FFM than FM. Faster linear growth and faster relative weight gain at all ages in infancy were positively associated with childhood FFM and FM. The associations with FM were stronger for relative weight gain than for linear growth (FM z score: β coefficient 0.23 (95% con 0.19 to 0.26), P<0.001 and 0.14 (0.11 to 0.17), P<0.001 per s.d. change in relative weight gain and linear growth between 1 and 3 months, respectively). Compared with full breastfeeding <1 month, full breastfeeding >6 months was associated with lower FM (FM z score: -0.17 (-0.28 to -0.05), P=0.005) and lower FFM (FFM z score: -0.13 (-0.23 to -0.03), P=0.015), as was the introduction of complementary feeding >6 months (FM z score: -0.22 (-0.38 to -0.07), P=0.004), compared with <4 months. CONCLUSIONS Faster infant weight gain is associated with a healthier childhood body composition when it is caused by faster linear growth. Full breastfeeding >6 months and introduction of complementary feeding >6 months are associated with lower childhood FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Beer
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M van Eijsden
- Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R J B J Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Addo OY, Stein AD, Fall CHD, Gigante DP, Guntupalli AM, Horta BL, Kuzawa CW, Lee N, Norris SA, Osmond C, Prabhakaran P, Richter LM, Sachdev HPS, Martorell R. Parental childhood growth and offspring birthweight: pooled analyses from four birth cohorts in low and middle income countries. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:99-105. [PMID: 25186666 PMCID: PMC4310070 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Associations between parental and offspring size at birth are well established, but the relative importance of parental growth at different ages as predictors of offspring birthweight is less certain. Here we model parental birthweight and postnatal conditional growth in specific age periods as predictors of offspring birthweight. Methods We analyzed data from 3,392 adults participating in four prospective birth cohorts and 5,506 of their offspring. Results There was no significant heterogeneity by study site or offspring sex. 1SD increase in maternal birthweight was associated with offspring birthweight increases of 102 g, 1SD in maternal length growth 0–2 year with 46 g, and 1SD in maternal height growth Mid-childhood (MC)-adulthood with 27 g. Maternal relative weight measures were associated with 24 g offspring birth weight increases (2 year- MC) and 49 g for MC-adulthood period but not with earlier relative weight 0–2 year. For fathers, birthweight, and linear/length growth from 0–2 year were associated with increases of 57 and 56 g in offspring birthweight, respectively but not thereafter. Conclusions Maternal and paternal birthweight and growth from birth to 2 year each predict offspring birthweight. Maternal growth from MC-adulthood, relative weight from 2-MC and MC-adulthood also predict offspring birthweight. These findings suggest that shared genes and/or adequate nutrition during early life for both parents may confer benefits to the next generation, and highlight the importance of maternal height and weight prior to conception. The stronger matrilineal than patrilineal relationships with offspring birth weight are consistent with the hypothesis that improving the early growth conditions of young females can improve birth outcomes in the next generation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:99–105, 2015. © 2014 The Authors American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Addo
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Tuovinen S, Aalto-Viljakainen T, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Lahti J, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti M, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Räikkönen K. Maternal hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: adaptive functioning and psychiatric and psychological problems of the older offspring. BJOG 2014; 121:1482-91. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tuovinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - JG Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - E Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - A-K Pesonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - K Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - DJP Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Corneal neovascularisation (CoNV) can lead to significant ocular comorbidity with reduction in vision and cosmesis. A number of techniques have been described to reduce CoNV, but these can be expensive. Our study aimed to determine the safety, efficacy and long-term outcomes of fine needle diathermy (FND) for CoNV. METHODS A 5-year retrospective study identified all cases of FND. Indications, intraoperative complications, and postoperative visual acuity, after treatment and retreatments, were documented, along with the procedure time. Evidence of regression and number of retreatments were identified. RESULTS 56 eyes from 52 patients underwent FND for CoNV. The main indications included herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) (53%, n=25) and microbial keratitis/peripheral ulcerative keratitis (13%, n=6). Pretreatment acuity was significantly correlated with extent of CoNV (p=0.044). One complication was noted during the procedure-an intrastromal and subconjunctival haemorrhage (rate 2%). 68.1% of patients demonstrated regression at first follow-up (mean 6.9 weeks), and 89.3% (n=42) showed regression with two or less treatments. Mean post-FND acuity was 0.72 (range -0.2-3.0) vs 0.82 (-0.2-3.0) preprocedure (p=0.08). VA improved in the HSK subgroup (p=0.012). Mean follow-up was 18.9 months (range 1-56 months). CONCLUSIONS In the largest case series reported, FND appears to be a safe and effective technique in the long term to induce regression of CoNV, with significant improvement in the VA of patients with HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trikha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton, , Southampton, UK
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21
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Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Lampl M, Osmond C, Barker DJP. Small head circumference at birth and early age at adiposity rebound. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:154-60. [PMID: 23796386 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The adiposity rebound is the age in childhood when body mass index is at a minimum before increasing again. The age at rebound is highly variable. An early age is associated with increased obesity in later childhood and adult life. We have reported that an early rebound is predicted by low weight gain between birth and 1 year of age and resulting low body mass index at 1 year. Here, we examine whether age at adiposity rebound is determined by influences during infancy or is a consequence of foetal growth. Our hypothesis was that measurements of body size at birth are related to age at adiposity rebound. METHODS Longitudinal study of 2877 children born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1934-1944. RESULTS Early age at adiposity rebound was associated with small head circumference and biparietal diameter at birth, but not with other measurements of body size at birth. The mean age at adiposity rebound rose from 5.8 years in babies with a head circumference of ≤33 cm to 6.2 in babies with a head circumference of >36 cm (P for trend = 0.007). The association between thinness in infancy and early rebound became apparent at 6 months of age. It was not associated with adverse living conditions. In a simultaneous regression, small head circumference at birth, high mother's body mass index and tall maternal stature each had statistically significant trends with early adiposity rebound (P = 0.002, <0.001, 0.004). CONCLUSION We hypothesize that the small head size at birth that preceded an early adiposity rebound was the result of inability to sustain a rapid intra-uterine growth trajectory initiated in association with large maternal body size. This was followed by catch-up growth in infancy, and we hypothesize that this depleted the infant's fat stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital; Vasa Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre; Helsingfors Universitet; Helsinki Finland
- Unit of General Practice; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - E. Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Lampl
- Center for the Study of Human Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - C. Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - D. J. P. Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
- Chair of Fetal Programming; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Oregon Health and Science University; Heart Research Center; Portland OR USA
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22
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Fall C, Osmond C. Commentary: The developmental origins of health and disease: an appreciation of the life and work of Professor David J.P. Barker, 1938-2013. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:1231-2. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Barker D, Osmond C, Grant S, Thornburg KL, Cooper C, Ring S, Davey-Smith G. Maternal cotyledons at birth predict blood pressure in childhood. Placenta 2013; 34:672-5. [PMID: 23731799 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A small placental surface at birth has been shown to be associated with the development of hypertension in later life. In this study we extend this observation by looking at the relationship between the number of placental cotyledons and blood pressure in childhood. Because the number of cotyledons is correlated with the surface area, we hypothesized that fewer cotyledons would be associated with higher blood pressure. METHODS The Alspac study is a longitudinal study of 13,971 children born in Bristol. Their placentas were stored in formalin. We photographed the placentas of a sample of the children and related the number of maternal cotyledons to their blood pressure levels at age 9 years. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, a greater number of maternal cotyledons was associated with higher blood pressure. Among boys, a greater number of cotyledons was associated with higher systolic and diastolic pressure but not with higher pulse pressure. Diastolic pressure rose by 2.2 mmHg (95% CI 0.6 to 3.7, p = 0.007) for every 10 additional cotyledons. Among girls, a greater number of cotyledons was associated with higher systolic pressure and pulse pressure but not with higher diastolic pressure. Pulse pressure rose by 2.7 mmHg (1.1-4.3, p < 0.001) for every 10 additional cotyledons. These associations were little changed by adjustment for placental surface area. CONCLUSION Our study has shown that a large number of maternal cotyledons is associated with raised blood pressure in childhood. The associations differ in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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24
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Cornell P, Trehane A, Thompson P, Rahmeh F, Greenwood M, Baqai TJ, Cambridge S, Shaikh M, Rooney M, Donnelly S, Tahir H, Ryan S, Kamath S, Hassell A, McCuish WJ, Bearne L, Mackenzie-Green B, Price E, Williamson L, Collins D, Tang E, Hayes J, McLoughlin YM, Chamberlain V, Campbell S, Shah P, McKenna F, Cornell P, Westlake S, Thompson P, Richards S, Homer D, Gould E, Empson B, Kemp P, Richards AG, Walker J, Taylor S, Bari SF, Alachkar M, Rajak R, Lawson T, O'Sullivan M, Samant S, Butt S, Gadsby K, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Edwards KR, Rowe I, Sanders T, Dunn K, Konstantinou K, Hay E, Jones LE, Adams J, White P, Donovan-Hall M, Hislop K, Barbosa Boucas S, Nichols VP, Williamson EM, Toye F, Lamb SE, Rodham K, Gavin J, Watts L, Coulson N, Diver C, Avis M, Gupta A, Ryan SJ, Stangroom S, Pearce JM, Byrne J, Manning VL, Hurley M, Scott DL, Choy E, Bearne L, Taylor J, Morris M, Dures E, Hewlett S, Wilson A, Adams J, Larkin L, Kennedy N, Gallagher S, Fraser AD, Shrestha P, Batley M, Koduri G, Scott DL, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Kumar K, Raza K, Nightingale P, Horne R, Chapman S, Greenfield S, Gill P, Ferguson AM, Ibrahim F, Scott DL, Lempp H, Tierney M, Fraser A, Kennedy N, Barbosa Boucas S, Hislop K, Dziedzic K, Arden N, Burridge J, Hammond A, Stokes M, Lewis M, Gooberman-Hill R, Coales K, Adams J, Nutland H, Dean A, Laxminarayan R, Gates L, Bowen C, Arden N, Hermsen L, Terwee CB, Leone SS, vd Zwaard B, Smalbrugge M, Dekker J, vd Horst H, Wilkie R, Ferguson AM, Nicky Thomas V, Lempp H, Cope A, Scott DL, Simpson C, Weinman J, Agarwal S, Kirkham B, Patel A, Ibrahim F, Barn R, Brandon M, Rafferty D, Sturrock R, Turner D, Woodburn J, Rafferty D, Paul L, Marshall R, Gill J, McInnes I, Roderick Porter D, Woodburn J, Hennessy K, Woodburn J, Steultjens M, Siddle HJ, Hodgson RJ, Hensor EM, Grainger AJ, Redmond A, Wakefield RJ, Helliwell PS, Hammond A, Rayner J, Law RJ, Breslin A, Kraus A, Maddison P, Thom JM, Newcombe LW, Woodburn J, Porter D, Saunders S, McCarey D, Gupta M, Turner D, McGavin L, Freeburn R, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Ferrell WR, Goodyear C, Ledingham J, Waterman T, Berkin L, Nicolaou M, Watson P, Lillicrap M, Birrell F, Mooney J, Merkel PA, Poland F, Spalding N, Grayson P, Leduc R, Shereff D, Richesson R, Watts RA, Roussou E, Thapper M, Bateman J, Allen M, Kidd J, Parsons N, Davies D, Watt KA, Scally MD, Bosworth A, Wilkinson K, Collins S, Jacklin CB, Ball SK, Grosart R, Marks J, Litwic AE, Sriranganathan MK, Mukherjee S, Khurshid MA, Matthews SM, Hall A, Sheeran T, Baskar S, Muether M, Mackenzie-Green B, Hetherington A, Wickrematilake G, Williamson L, Daniels LE, Gwynne CE, Khan A, Lawson T, Clunie G, Stephenson S, Gaffney K, Belsey J, Harvey NC, Clarke-Harris R, Murray R, Costello P, Garrett E, Holbrook J, Teh AL, Wong J, Dogra S, Barton S, Davies L, Inskip H, Hanson M, Gluckman P, Cooper C, Godfrey K, Lillycrop K, Anderton T, Clarke S, Rao Chaganti S, Viner N, Seymour R, Edwards MH, Parsons C, Ward K, Thompson J, Prentice A, Dennison E, Cooper C, Clark E, Cumming M, Morrison L, Gould VC, Tobias J, Holroyd CR, Winder N, Osmond C, Fall C, Barker D, Ring S, Lawlor D, Tobias J, Davey Smith G, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Toms TE, Afreedi S, Salt K, Roskell S, Passey K, Price T, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran T, Davies R, Southwood TR, Kearsley-Fleet L, Hyrich KL, Kingsbury D, Quartier P, Patel G, Arora V, Kupper H, Mozaffarian N, Kearsley-Fleet L, Baildam E, Beresford MW, Davies R, Foster HE, Mowbray K, Southwood TR, Thomson W, Hyrich KL, Saunders E, Baildam E, Chieng A, Davidson J, Foster H, Gardner-Medwin J, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, McErlane F, Beresford M, Baildam E, Chieng SE, Davidson J, Foster HE, Gardner-Medwin J, Lunt M, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, Rooney M, Finnegan S, Gibson DS, Borg FA, Bale PJ, Armon K, Cavelle A, Foster HE, McDonagh J, Bale PJ, Armon K, Wu Q, Pesenacker AM, Stansfield A, King D, Barge D, Abinun M, Foster HE, Wedderburn L, Stanley K, Morrissey D, Parsons S, Kuttikat A, Shenker N, Garrood T, Medley S, Ferguson AM, Keeling D, Duffort P, Irving K, Goulston L, Culliford D, Coakley P, Taylor P, Hart D, Spector T, Hakim A, Arden N, Mian A, Garrood T, Magan T, Chaudhary M, Lazic S, Sofat N, Thomas MJ, Moore A, Roddy E, Peat G, Rees F, Lanyon P, Jordan N, Chaib A, Sangle S, Tungekar F, Sabharwal T, Abbs I, Khamashta M, D'Cruz D, Dzifa Dey I, Isenberg DA, Chin CW, Cheung C, Ng M, Gao F, Qiong Huang F, Thao Le T, Yong Fong K, San Tan R, Yin Wong T, Julian T, Parker B, Al-Husain A, Yvonne Alexander M, Bruce I, Jordan N, Abbs I, D'cruz D, McDonald G, Miguel L, Hall C, Isenberg DA, Magee A, Butters T, Jury E, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Lazarus MN, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein M, Carter LM, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein MR, Chanchlani N, Gayed M, Yee CS, Gordon C, Ball E, Rooney M, Bell A, Reynolds JA, Ray DW, O'Neill T, Alexander Y, Bruce I, Sutton EJ, Watson KD, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gordon C, Yee CS, Lanyon P, Jayne D, Akil M, D'Cruz D, Khamashta M, Lutalo P, Erb N, Prabu A, Edwards CJ, Youssef H, McHugh N, Vital E, Amft N, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Zoma A, Bruce I, Durrani M, Jordan N, Sangle S, D'Cruz D, Pericleous C, Ruiz-Limon P, Romay-Penabad Z, Carrera-Marin A, Garza-Garcia A, Murfitt L, Driscoll PC, Giles IP, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Pierangeli SS, Ripoll VM, Lambrianides A, Heywood WE, Ioannou J, Giles IP, Rahman A, Stevens C, Dures E, Morris M, Knowles S, Hewlett S, Marshall R, Reddy V, Croca S, Gerona D, De La Torre Ortega I, Isenberg DA, Leandro M, Cambridge G, Reddy V, Cambridge G, Isenberg DA, Glennie M, Cragg M, Leandro M, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Artim Esen B, Pericleous C, MacKie I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Skeoch S, Haque S, Pemberton P, Bruce I. BHPR: Audit and Clinical Evaluation * 103. Dental Health in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Arthritis: Access to Dental Care. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Alwasel SH, Harrath A, Aljarallah JS, Abotalib Z, Osmond C, Al Omar SY, Khaled I, Barker DJP. Intergenerational effects of in utero exposure to Ramadan in Tunisia. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:341-3. [PMID: 23436278 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have reported that changes in the lifestyle of pregnant women during Ramadan affect more than one generation. In a series of newborn babies in Saudi Arabia, those whose mothers had been in utero during Ramadan differed from those whose mothers had not been in utero during Ramadan. These were unexpected findings and require replication. METHODS We examined body size at birth in 1,321 babies (682 boys and 639 girls) born in Gafsa, a small city in Tunisia. RESULTS Babies whose mothers had been in utero during Ramadan were smaller and thinner, and had smaller placentas, than those whose mothers had not been in utero during Ramadan. After adjustment for sex, the babies were 93 g lighter (95% confidence interval, 32-153, P=0.003) than those whose mother had not been in utero during Ramadan, their mean ponderal index was 0.52 kg/m(3) lower (0.24-0.79, P<0.001) and their placental weight was 21 g lower (5-37, P=0.01). The findings did not differ by trimester of maternal exposure to Ramadan. They were similar in boys and girls and in primiparous and multiparous mothers CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence that changes in lifestyle during Ramadan have intergenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Alwasel
- Fetal Programming of Disease Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Lahti M, Tiihonen J, Wildgust H, Beary M, Hodgson R, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Räikkönen K, Eriksson J. Cardiovascular morbidity, mortality and pharmacotherapy in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2012; 42:2275-2285. [PMID: 22405504 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia have excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Previous studies suggest that this may be partly due to inadequate somatic treatment and care, such as non-optimal use of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive pharmacotherapy, but longitudinal studies on such aetiological pathways are scarce. METHOD We investigated the use of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive pharmacotherapy, and the risk of hospitalization for and death from coronary heart disease and stroke among patients with schizophrenia in a birth cohort of 12 939 subjects (Helsinki Birth Cohort Study). This cohort was followed for over 30 adult years by using national databases on cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalizations and mortality and on reimbursement entitlements and use of drugs for treatment of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease and diabetes. RESULTS Individuals with schizophrenia had a higher risk of hospitalization for coronary heart disease [hazard ratio (HR) 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.57], and mortality from this disease was markedly higher (HR 2.92, 95% CI 1.70-5.00), particularly among women (p=0.001 for women, p=0.008 for men). Women with schizophrenia had also marginally increased stroke mortality (p=0.06). However, patients with schizophrenia used less lipid-lowering (odds ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.27-0.80) and antihypertensive drug treatment (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.22-0.61). CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal study, coronary heart disease morbidity was increased and coronary heart disease mortality markedly increased in patients, especially in women with schizophrenia. These patients nevertheless received less antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Wildgust
- Hiram Consulting, Ackworth, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - M Beary
- Priority Hospital North London, London, UK
| | - R Hodgson
- Lyme Brook Centre, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK
| | - E Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Eriksson
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Tandon N, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Sachdev HPS, Prabhakaran D, Ramakrishnan L, Dey Biswas SK, Ramji S, Khalil A, Gera T, Reddy KS, Barker DJP, Cooper C, Bhargava SK. Growth from birth to adulthood and peak bone mass and density data from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:2447-59. [PMID: 22237812 PMCID: PMC3541501 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Growth in early life may predict adult bone health. Our data showed that greater height and body mass index (BMI) gain in utero and infancy are associated with higher peak bone mass, and greater BMI gain in childhood/adolescence with higher peak bone density. These associations are mediated by attained adult height and BMI. INTRODUCTION To study the relationship of height and BMI during childhood with adult bone mineral content (BMC), areal density (aBMD) and apparent density (BMAD, estimated volumetric density). METHODS Participants comprised 565 men and women aged 33-39 years from the New Delhi Birth Cohort, India, whose weight and height were recorded at birth and annually during infancy (0-2 years), childhood (2-11 years) and adolescence (11 years-adult). Lumbar spine, femoral neck and forearm BMC and aBMD were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry; lumbar spine and femoral neck BMAD were calculated. RESULTS Birth length, and height and height gain during infancy, childhood and adolescence were positively correlated with adult BMC (p≤0.01 all sites except birth length with femoral neck). Correlations increased with height from birth to 6 years, then remained constant for later height measurements. There were no associations with BMAD. BMI at birth, and during childhood and adolescence was also positively correlated with BMC (p < 0.01 all sites). BMI at 11 years, and BMI gain in childhood and adolescence, were correlated with aBMD and BMAD (p < 0.001 for all); these correlations strengthened with increasing age of BMI measurement. The associations with height and BMI in early life became non-significant after adjustment for adult height and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Greater skeletal growth and BMI gain in utero and during infancy are associated with higher peak BMC, and greater BMI gain in childhood and adolescence is associated with higher peak aBMD and BMAD. These associations are mediated by the attainment of adult height and BMI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tandon
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, ,
| | - CHD Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, , , ,
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, , , ,
| | - HPS Sachdev
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India,
| | | | - L Ramakrishnan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, ,
| | | | - S Ramji
- Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi,
| | | | - T Gera
- Fortis Hospital, New Delhi,
| | - KS Reddy
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi,
| | - DJP Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, , , ,
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, , , ,
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Kehoe SH, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill JC, Osmond C, Kiran, Coakley P, Karat SC, Fall CHD. Birth size and physical activity in a cohort of Indian children aged 6-10 years. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2012; 3:245-52. [PMID: 24098836 PMCID: PMC3790308 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence of a reduction in children's physical activity in India in the last decade. Our objective was to assess whether size and body composition at birth are associated with physical activity in school-aged children. Children from a prospective observational cohort study born in Mysore, South India between 1997 and 1998 (n = 663) had neonatal anthropometric measurements made within 72 h of delivery [weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest, abdomen and head circumference, crown-heel, crown-buttock and leg length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds]. At 6-10 years, children (n = 449) were asked to wear AM7164 or GT1M Actigraph accelerometers for 7 days. Body composition was measured within 6 months of activity monitoring. Arm muscle area at birth and time of activity monitoring was calculated from MUAC and skinfold measurements. Activity outcome measures were: mean accelerometer counts per minute (cpm); counts per day and proportion of time spent in moderate and vigorous activity. The mean (S.D.) number of days with ≥500 min of recorded accelerometer data was 7.0 (1.1). Linear regression models showed no significant associations between any of the neonatal anthropometric measures and the activity variables. Body fat percentage at 7.5 years was negatively associated with all activity variables (B = -4.69, CI: -7.31, -2.07 for mean cpm). In conclusion, this study showed no associations between body size and skinfold thickness at birth and objectively measured physical activity in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Kehoe
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G. V. Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - S. R. Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - J. C. Hill
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C. Osmond
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kiran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - P. Coakley
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S. C. Karat
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - C. H. D. Fall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Tuovinen S, Räikkönen K, Kajantie E, Henriksson M, Leskinen J, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti J, Pyhälä R, Alastalo H, Lahti M, Osmond C, Barker D, Eriksson J. OS103. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and cognitive decline of the offspring up to old age: the helsinki birth cohort study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2012; 2:235-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2012.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Alexander P, Mushtaq F, Osmond C, Amoaku W. Microperimetric changes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:678-83. [PMID: 22322998 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the value of microperimetry in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration previously treated with ranibizumab and now in the maintenance phase of therapy. METHODS A total of 21 eyes (14 patients) were included. Microperimetry was performed using the Macular Integrity Assessment Device on at least three occasions for each eye. Intravitreal ranibizumab was administered if visual acuity (VA) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed signs of active disease. RESULTS Five eyes showed no change in VA or OCT findings, and required no intravitreal injections. In these eyes, mean threshold sensitivity (TS) decreased by 13% (paired t-test, P=0.05) during the study period, but fixation stability (FS) was unchanged. In all, 16 eyes showed signs of disease activity, and therefore required ranibizumab injections during the study. In these eyes, VA, central retinal thickness (CRT), FS, and TS remained unchanged during follow-up. Peak TS was noted when CRT was 210 μm; above or below 210 μm, there was a gradual reduction in TS. CONCLUSION This study has provided novel information on the relationship between macular sensitivity, CRT, and VA in the maintenance phase of ranibizumab therapy. Patients with stable VA and CRT may still have deteriorating retinal sensitivity. This is usually a late manifestation and may indicate subclinical CNV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alexander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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Thompson D, Tennant I, Barnett A, Kips J, Boyne M, Chung E, Chung A, Osmond C, Hanson M, Gluckman P, Segers P, Forrester T, Cruickshank J. 2.4 VASCULAR AND CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ADULT SURVIVORS OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION. Artery Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Rennie CA, Stinge A, King EA, Sothirachagan S, Osmond C, Lotery AJ. Can genetic risk information for age-related macular degeneration influence motivation to stop smoking? A pilot study. Eye (Lond) 2011; 26:109-18. [PMID: 22037055 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Smoking can increase the risk of macular degeneration and this is more than additive if a person also has a genetic risk. The purpose of this study was to examine whether knowledge of genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) could influence motivation to quit smoking. METHODS A questionnaire-based study of hypothetical case scenarios given to 49 smokers without AMD. Participants were randomly allocated to a generic risk, high genetic risk, or low genetic risk of developing AMD scenario. RESULTS Forty-seven percent knew of the link between smoking and eye disease. In all, 76%, 67%, and 46% for the high risk, generic, and low risk groups, respectively, would rethink quitting (P for trend = 0.082). In all, 67%, 40%, and 38.5%, respectively, would be likely, very likely, or would definitely quit in the following month (P for trend = 0.023). Few participants (<16% of any group) were very likely to or would definitely attend a quit smoking session with no difference across groups. In all, 75.5% of participants would consider taking a genetic test for AMD. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, a trend was seen for the group given high genetic risk information to be more likely to quit than the generic or low genetic risk groups. Participants were willing to take a genetic test but further work is needed to address the cost benefits of routine genetic testing for risk of AMD. More generic risk information should be given to the public, and health warnings on cigarette packets that 'smoking causes blindness' is a good way to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rennie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Barker DJP, Osmond C, Thornburg KL, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. The lifespan of men and the shape of their placental surface at birth. Placenta 2011; 32:783-7. [PMID: 21831424 PMCID: PMC4280009 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tall men generally lead longer lives than short men. Within the Helsinki Birth Cohort, however, there is a group of boys among whom being tall when they entered school was associated with reduced lifespan. These boys had birthweights and maternal heights above the median for the cohort; but they tended to be lighter at birth than their mother's body mass index (weight/height(2)) in pregnancy predicted. We suggested that, while they had grown rapidly in utero, their growth had faltered at some point; and their tallness at age seven was the result of a resumption during infancy of their rapid growth trajectory. We here examine the size and shape of their placentas at birth to gain further insight into their path of fetal growth. METHODS We examined all cause mortality in the 1217 men who had birthweights and maternal heights above the median for the cohort. Their birth measurements included placental weight and the length and breadth of the placental surface. RESULTS Shorter length of the placental surface was associated with increased mortality (p = 0.002). There was no similar trend with the breadth. Mortality rose as the difference between the length and breadth decreased, that is as the surface became rounder. The hazard ratio was 1.10 (1.03-1.18, p = 0.007) for every cm decrease in the difference. Among men with a round placental surface (length-breadth difference 2 cm or less) increased mortality was associated with lower birthweight (p = 0.03 or 0.005 allowing for mother's body mass index) and shorter gestation, but not with lower head circumference or length. CONCLUSION Reduced lifespan among men is associated with a particular path of early growth. After rapid growth in early gestation, associated with tall maternal stature, soft tissue growth falters in mid-gestation. Rapid growth resumes in late gestation and continues through infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J P Barker
- Heart Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA.
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Tuovinen S, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Lahti M, Heinonen K, Wahlbeck K, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Barker D, Eriksson J. P42. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and risk of severe mental disorders in the offspring in adulthood: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2011; 1:292-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2011.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alwasel S, Abotalib Z, Aljarallah J, Osmond C, Alkharaz S, Alhazza I, Harrath A, Thornburg K, Barker D. Sex Differences in birth size and intergenerational effects of intrauterine exposure to Ramadan in Saudi Arabia. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:651-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Roseboom TJ, Painter RC, de Rooij SR, van Abeelen AFM, Veenendaal MVE, Osmond C, Barker DJP. Effects of famine on placental size and efficiency. Placenta 2011; 32:395-9. [PMID: 21435715 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental growth responds to maternal influences including diet. We have examined placental size, shape and efficiency among babies born around the time of the 5-month wartime famine in Holland 1944-1945. METHODS We examined the birth records of 2414 term singleton babies born in Amsterdam during 1943-1947. The records included the size of the baby and the thickness of the placental surface, together with its length and breadth which we used to calculate its area and volume. RESULTS Compared to babies born before the famine babies who were in utero during the famine had smaller placental areas. Babies whose mothers conceived after the famine ended also had smaller placental areas. Famine was associated with a 19 cm(2) decrease in area. Babies who were in mid-late gestation during the famine were 160 g lighter than would have been predicted from their placental area (p < 0.001). Babies who were in early gestation during the famine, or who were conceived after it had ended were 102 g heavier than would have been predicted from their placental area (p < 0.001). These latter babies were either longer or had larger head circumferences depending on when the mother experienced the famine. Among babies who were in early gestation during the famine the reduction in placental area was greater in boys than girls (p for interaction 0.03). CONCLUSION Famine impaired the normal processes of placentation, even among babies who were conceived after it had ended. In babies who were in mid-late gestation during the famine, the placenta was less efficient. In babies who were in early gestation during the famine, or who were conceived after it had ended, the placenta was more efficient. The placentas of boys and girls responded differently to famine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Roseboom
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Alwasel SH, Abotalib Z, Aljarallah JS, Osmond C, Alkharaz SM, Alhazza IM, Harrath A, Thornburg K, Barker DJP. Secular increase in placental weight in Saudi Arabia. Placenta 2011; 32:391-4. [PMID: 21429577 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ramadan is an annual period of day-time fasting during which people in Saudi Arabia, including pregnant women, change their diets and physical activity. We recently reported that among babies who were in the second or third trimester of gestation during Ramadan placental growth slowed. We also found that, over the four years of the study, placental weight increased by 29 g per year. We have now extended our data collection in order to examine this trend in more detail. METHODS We studied the birth records of 17 660 singletons born in King Saud Hospital, Unizah, Saudi Arabia, over a ten year period. The records included birth weight, placental weight and gestational age. RESULTS During the first six years of the study period mean placental weight rose by more than 100 g while mean birth weight was unchanged. This secular increase in placental weight was accompanied by a change in the placenta's response to Ramadan. During the first half of the study period babies who were in their second or third trimester of gestation during Ramadan had reduced placental weight (475 g and 476 g compared with 484 g, p < 0.001 for both). During the second half of the study period babies who were in their first trimester of gestation during Ramadan had reduced placental weight (533 g compared with 539 g, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the secular increase in placental weight reflects changes in maternal body composition. These have altered placental responses to the dietary changes during Ramadan. The biological processes underlying these responses are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Alwasel
- Fetal Programming of Disease Research Chair, Zoology Dept., College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Javaid MK, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Forsén T, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Cooper C. Growth in childhood predicts hip fracture risk in later life. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:69-73. [PMID: 20379699 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The incidence of hip fracture was estimated in 6,370 women born in Helsinki between 1934 and 1944. Women in the lowest quarter of adiposity gain had an 8.2-fold increase in hip fracture risk compared with those in the highest quarter (p < 0.001). These data point to a relationship between childhood growth and fracture risk during later life. INTRODUCTION Previous findings show that discordance between childhood increase in height and weight is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures during later life. METHODS We studied 6,370 women born in Helsinki between 1934 and 1944. Each woman's birth weight and length at birth was recorded, as well as her height and weight through childhood. We identified the occurrence of hip fracture through the National Finnish Hospital discharge register. RESULTS There were 49 hip fractures in the 6,370 women over 187,238 person-years of follow-up. Hip fracture was associated with increasing Z-scores for height between 1 and 12 years, not matched by a corresponding increase in weight. Therefore, reduction in the Z-score for body mass index was associated with increased risk of hip fracture. Women in the lowest quarter of change in Z-scores for body mass index had an 8.2-fold increase in hip fracture risk (95% CI 1.9 to 35), compared with those in the highest quarter (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Thinness in childhood is a risk factor for hip fracture in later life. This could be a direct effect of low fat mass on bone mineralization, or represent the influence of altered timing of pubertal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Javaid
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Forsen T, Yliharsila H, Paile-Hyvarinen M, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Prenatal and childhood growth and leisure time physical activity in adult life. Eur J Public Health 2010; 21:719-24. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckq176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Reynolds RM, Osmond C, Phillips DIW, Godfrey KM. Maternal BMI, parity, and pregnancy weight gain: influences on offspring adiposity in young adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5365-9. [PMID: 20702520 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of obesity among women of childbearing age is increasing. Emerging evidence suggests that this has long-term adverse influences on offspring health. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine whether maternal body composition and gestational weight gain have persisting effects on offspring adiposity in early adulthood. DESIGN AND SETTING The Motherwell birth cohort study was conducted in a general community in Scotland, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS We studied 276 men and women whose mothers' nutritional status had been characterized in pregnancy. Four-site skinfold thicknesses, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI), were measured at age 30 yr; sex-adjusted percentage body fat and fat mass index were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Indices of offspring adiposity at age 30 yr were measured. RESULTS Percentage body fat was greater in offspring of mothers with a higher BMI at the first antenatal visit (rising by 0.35%/kg/m2; P<0.001) and in offspring whose mothers were primiparous (difference, 1.5% in primiparous vs. multiparous; P=0.03). Higher offspring percentage body fat was also independently associated with higher pregnancy weight gain (7.4%/kg/wk; P=0.002). There were similar significant associations of increased maternal BMI, greater pregnancy weight gain, and parity with greater offspring waist circumference, BMI, and fat mass index. CONCLUSIONS Adiposity in early adulthood is influenced by prenatal influences independently of current lifestyle factors. Maternal adiposity, greater gestational weight, and parity all impact on offspring adiposity. Strategies to reduce the impact of maternal obesity and greater pregnancy weight gain on offspring future health are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Campbell CP, Barnett AT, Boyne MS, Soares-Wynter S, Osmond C, Fraser RA, Badaloo AV, Taylor-Bryan C, Forrester TE. Predictors of physical activity energy expenditure in Afro-Caribbean children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:1093-100. [PMID: 20717127 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that maternal size during pregnancy and birth size are determinants of childhood physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). Also, childhood PAEE is inversely related to adiposity and levels of cardiovascular risk factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS The Vulnerable Windows Cohort Study is a longitudinal observational study of 569 Afro-Jamaican mothers recruited from the first trimester and their offspring. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, PAEE (using the Actical monitor) and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin and lipids) were measured in 124 boys and 160 girls at a mean age of 13.2 years. RESULTS Boys had more fat-free mass (FFM) and expended more energy than girls (12.3±3.3 vs 9.6±2.8 kcal/kg/day; P<0.001). Maternal weight was associated with child's PAEE (r=0.29; P<0.001). PAEE was not significantly associated with birth weight. Maternal weight, after adjusting for child's age and sex, was positively associated with the child's FFM, fat mass and %fat (P-values 0.01). Age- and sex-adjusted PAEE was positively associated with FFM, fat mass and % fat (P-values <0.001), but not after adjusting for current weight. Age- and sex-adjusted PAEE was positively associated with triglycerides, insulin and systolic blood pressure (P-values <0.05), but not after adjusting for weight and height. PAEE was associated with fasting glucose after controlling for age, sex, weight and height (r=-0.12; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Maternal size, but not birth weight, is a determinant of childhood PAEE. PAEE is not strongly associated with childhood body composition, but is inversely related to fasting glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Campbell
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
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Tuovinen S, Räikkönen K, Kajantie E, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Depressive symptoms in adulthood and intrauterine exposure to pre-eclampsia: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. BJOG 2010; 117:1236-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Forsén T, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood - the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121:227-35. [PMID: 19570107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trait anxiety may predispose to anxiety disorders and cardiovascular events. We tested whether prenatal growth or postnatal growth from birth to 11 years of age and in adulthood predict trait anxiety in late adulthood. METHOD Women (n = 951) and men (n = 753) reported trait anxiety using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale at an average age of 63.4 years and growth was estimated from records. RESULTS Higher trait anxiety was predicted by smaller body size at birth, in infancy and in adulthood. Moreover, faster growth particularly from seven to 11 years of age and slower growth between 11 and 63 years predicted higher trait anxiety. CONCLUSION We found a pattern of pre- and postnatal growth that predisposed to higher trait anxiety in late adulthood. This pattern resembles that found to increase the risk of cardiovascular events and, thus, points to a shared common origin in a suboptimal prenatal and childhood developmental milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lahti
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kajantie E, Räikkönen K, Henriksson M, Forsén T, Heinonen K, Pesonen AK, Leskinen JT, Laaksonen I, Paile-Hyvärinen M, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Childhood socioeconomic status modifies the association between intellectual abilities at age 20 and mortality in later life. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 64:963-9. [PMID: 19822561 PMCID: PMC2976067 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.086967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background People who score poorly in intellectual ability tests have shorter life expectancy. A study was undertaken to determine whether this association is different in people from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods The mortality of 2786 men born in Helsinki, Finland during 1934–1944 who, as military conscripts, underwent a standardised intellectual ability test comprising verbal, visuospatial and arithmetic reasoning subtests was studied. Mortality data came from the Finnish Death Register. Results Comparing men in the lowest and highest test score quartiles, HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.9 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.5) for verbal reasoning, 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.0) for visuospatial reasoning and 1.9 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.5) for arithmetic reasoning, corresponding to 2.6, 3.4 and 2.6 excess years of life lost, respectively. Associations were similar for cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. Intellectual ability scores were stronger predictors in men who grew up in middle-class families. Compared with middle-class men in the highest quartile of the visuospatial reasoning score, middle-class men in the lowest quartile lost 6.5 years of life while men from families of manual workers in the highest quartile lost 2.8 years and men in the lowest quartile lost 5.6 years. Conclusions High intellectual ability in men aged 20 protects them from mortality in later life. This effect is stronger in men who grew up in middle-class families than in those who grew up in manual worker families. This finding suggests that early life conditions that are unfavourable to the development of cognitive abilities negate the life expectancy benefits of being born into a more affluent family.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, Helsinki 00271, Finland.
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Owen CG, Whincup PH, Orfei L, Chou QA, Rudnicka AR, Wathern AK, Kaye SJ, Eriksson JG, Osmond C, Cook DG. Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:866-77. [PMID: 19506565 PMCID: PMC2726133 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although obesity beginning early in life is becoming more common, its implications for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in later life remain uncertain. We examined the relationship of body mass index (BMI) before 30 years of age to CHD risk in later life. Design Systematic review of published studies relating BMI between age 2-30 years to later CHD risk. Studies were identified using Medline (1950 onwards), Embase (1980 onwards) and Web of Science (1970 onwards) databases (to November 2007). Measurements Relative risks (RR) of CHD associated with a 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in BMI (most based on a narrow age-range at measurement) were extracted by 2 authors independently, and combined using random-effect models. Results Fifteen studies provided seventeen estimates (731,337 participants, 23,894 CHD events) of the association of early BMI to later CHD outcome. BMI in early childhood (2 to 6 years, 3 estimates) showed a weak inverse association with CHD risk (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.82-1.07). BMI in later childhood (7 to <18 years, 7 estimates) and BMI in early adult life (18-30 years, 7 estimates) were both positively related to later CHD risk (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.20; RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.29 respectively). However, there was considerable statistical heterogeneity between study estimates. Results were unaffected by adjustment for social class and/or cigarette smoking, blood pressure and/or total cholesterol, in studies with available data. Gender and year of birth (1900-1976) had little effect on the association. Conclusions BMI is positively related to CHD risk from childhood onwards; the associations in young adults are consistent with those observed in middle age. Long-term control of BMI from childhood may be important to reduce the risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Owen
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Pulizzi N, Lyssenko V, Jonsson A, Osmond C, Laakso M, Kajantie E, Barker DJ, Groop LC, Eriksson JG. Interaction between prenatal growth and high-risk genotypes in the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52:825-9. [PMID: 19225753 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Early environmental factors and genetic variants have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an interaction between birthweight and common variants in the TCF7L2, HHEX, PPARG, KCNJ11, SLC30A8, IGF2BP2, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B and JAZF1 genes in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 2,003 participants from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, 311 of whom were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by an OGTT, were genotyped for the specified variants. Indices for insulin sensitivity and secretion were calculated. RESULTS Low birthweight was associated with type 2 diabetes (p = 0.008) and impaired insulin secretion (p = 0.04). Of the tested variants, the risk variant in HHEX showed a trend towards a low birthweight (p = 0.09) and the risk variant in the CDKN2A/2B locus was associated with high birthweight (p = 0.01). The TCF7L2 risk allele was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Pooling across all nine genes, each risk allele increased the risk of type 2 diabetes by 14%. [corrected] Risk variants in the HHEX, CDKN2A/2B and JAZF1 genes interacted with birthweight, so that the risk of type 2 diabetes was highest in those with lower birthweight (p <or= 0.05). The interaction was also present in the pooled data. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Low birthweight might affect the strength of the association of some common variants (HHEX, CDKN2A/2B and JAZF1) with type 2 diabetes. These findings need to be replicated in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pulizzi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Painter R, de Rooij S, Osmond C, Gluckman P, Hanson M, Phillips D, Roseboom T. Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. BJOG 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salonen M, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Forsén T, Ylihärsilä H, Paile-Hyvärinen M, Barker D, Eriksson J. Role of childhood growth on the risk of metabolic syndrome in obese men and women. Diabetes & Metabolism 2009; 35:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Painter RC, Westendorp RG, de Rooij SR, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Roseboom TJ. Reply: Increased reproductive success of women after prenatal undernutrition? Hum Reprod 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Painter RC, Osmond C, Gluckman P, Hanson M, Phillips DIW, Roseboom TJ. Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on neonatal adiposity and health in later life. BJOG 2008; 115:1243-9. [PMID: 18715409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal undernutrition during gestation is associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. We investigated whether these effects may persist in subsequent generations. DESIGN Historical cohort study. SETTING Interview during a clinic or home visit or by telephone. POPULATION Men and women born in the Wilhelmina Gasthuis in Amsterdam between November 1943 and February 1947. METHODS We interviewed cohort members (F1) born around the time of the 1944-45 Dutch famine, who were exposed or unexposed to famine in utero, about their offspring (F2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Birthweight, birth length, ponderal index and health in later life (as reported by F1) of the offspring (F2) of 855 participating cohort members, according to F1 famine exposure in utero. RESULTS F1 famine exposure in utero did not affect F2 (n = 1496) birthweight, but, among the offspring of famine-exposed F1 women, F2 birth length was decreased (-0.6 cm, P adjusted for F2 gender and birth order = 0.01) and F2 ponderal index was increased (+1.2 kg/m(3), P adjusted for F2 gender and birth order = 0.001). The association remained unaltered after adjusting for possible confounders. The offspring of F1 women who were exposed to famine in utero also had poor health 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-2.7) times more frequently in later life (due to miscellaneous causes) than that of F1 unexposed women. CONCLUSIONS We did not find transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to famine on birthweight nor on cardiovascular and metabolic disease rates. F1 famine exposure in utero was, however, associated with increased F2 neonatal adiposity and poor health in later life. Our findings may imply that the increase in chronic disease after famine exposure in utero is not limited to the F1 generation but persists in the F2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Painter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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