101
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, Libousi K, Thomaidis NS, Benaglia L, Esseiva P, Delémont O, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Mining the Chemical Information on Urban Wastewater: Monitoring Human Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6996-7005. [PMID: 29798668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At the individual level, exposure to contaminants is generally assessed through the analysis of specific biomarkers in biological matrices. However, these studies are costly and logistically demanding, limiting their applicability to monitor population-wide exposure over time and space. By focusing on a selection of exposure biomarkers to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs), this study aims to explore the possibility of using wastewater as a complementary source of information about exposure. Wastewater samples were collected from five cities in Europe and analyzed using a previously established method. Substantial differences in biomarker levels were observed between the investigated catchments, suggesting differences in exposure. Time trends in biomarkers observed between 2013 and 2016 were found to agree with results from human biomonitoring studies and reports about production volumes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, average urinary concentrations were estimated. These were generally higher compared to results from human biomonitoring studies. Various explanations for these differences were formulated (i.e., other excretion routes, external sources and different sampling approaches). Obtained results show that wastewater analysis provides unique information about geographical and temporal differences in exposure, which would be difficult to gather using other monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Katerina Libousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
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102
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Ort C, Bijlsma L, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Emke E, Hernández F, Reid M, van Nuijs ALN, Thomas KV, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Wastewater Analysis for Community-Wide Drugs Use Assessment. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:543-566. [PMID: 29896656 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) complements existing epidemiology-based estimation techniques and provides objective, evidence-based estimates of illicit drug use. After consumption, biomarkers - drugs and their metabolites - excreted to toilets and flushed into urban sewer networks can be measured in raw wastewater samples. The quantified loads can serve as an estimate for the collective consumption of all people contributing to the wastewater sample. This transdisciplinary approach, further explained in this chapter, has developed, matured and is now established for monitoring substances such as cocaine and amphetamine-type stimulants. Research currently underway is refining WBE to new applications including new psychoactive substances (NPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Malcolm Reid
- NIVA, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kevin V Thomas
- NIVA, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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