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Influence of Environmental Variables on Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) Growth and Distribution. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153197. [PMID: 27074134 PMCID: PMC4830584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus produce the ciguatoxin precursors responsible for the occurrence of ciguatera toxicity. The prevalence of ciguatera toxins in fish has been linked to the presence and distribution of toxin-producing species in coral reef ecosystems, which is largely determined by the presence of suitable benthic habitat and environmental conditions favorable for growth. Here using single factor experiments, we examined the effects of salinity, irradiance, and temperature on growth of 17 strains of Gambierdiscus representing eight species/phylotypes (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, G. silvae, Gambierdiscus sp. type 4-5), most of which were established from either Marakei Island, Republic of Kiribati, or St. Thomas, United States Virgin Island (USVI). Comparable to prior studies, growth rates fell within the range of 0-0.48 divisions day(-1). In the salinity and temperature studies, Gambierdiscus responded in a near Gaussian, non-linear manner typical for such studies, with optimal and suboptimal growth occurring in the range of salinities of 25 and 45 and 21.0 and 32.5°C. In the irradiance experiment, no mortality was observed; however, growth rates at 55 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) were lower than those at 110-400 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1). At the extremes of the environmental conditions tested, growth rates were highly variable, evidenced by large coefficients of variability. However, significant differences in intraspecific growth rates were typically found only at optimal or near-optimal growth conditions. Polynomial regression analyses showed that maximum growth occurred at salinity and temperature levels of 30.1-38.5 and 23.8-29.2°C, respectively. Gambierdiscus growth patterns varied among species, and within individual species: G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, and G. pacificus generally exhibited a wider range of tolerance to environmental conditions, which may explain their broad geographic distribution. In contrast, G. silvae and Gambierdiscus sp. types 4-5 all displayed a comparatively narrow range of tolerance to temperature, salinity, and irradiance.
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102
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Lin S, Litaker RW, Sunda WG. Phosphorus physiological ecology and molecular mechanisms in marine phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:10-36. [PMID: 26987085 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all life forms. Current data show that P availability is growth-limiting in certain marine systems and can impact algal species composition. Available P occurs in marine waters as dissolved inorganic phosphate (primarily orthophosphate [Pi]) or as a myriad of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds. Despite numerous studies on P physiology and ecology and increasing research on genomics in marine phytoplankton, there have been few attempts to synthesize information from these different disciplines. This paper is aimed to integrate the physiological and molecular information on the acquisition, utilization, and storage of P in marine phytoplankton and the strategies used by these organisms to acclimate and adapt to variations in P availability. Where applicable, we attempt to identify gaps in our current knowledge that warrant further research and examine possible metabolic pathways that might occur in phytoplankton from well-studied bacterial models. Physical and chemical limitations governing cellular P uptake are explored along with physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt and acclimate to temporally and spatially varying P nutrient regimes. Topics covered include cellular Pi uptake and feedback regulation of uptake systems, enzymatic utilization of DOP, P acquisition by phagotrophy, P-limitation of phytoplankton growth in oceanic and coastal waters, and the role of P-limitation in regulating cell size and toxin levels in phytoplankton. Finally, we examine the role of P and other nutrients in the transition of phytoplankton communities from early succession species (diatoms) to late succession ones (e.g., dinoflagellates and haptophytes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Richard Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - William G Sunda
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
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103
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Kohli GS, John U, Van Dolah FM, Murray SA. Evolutionary distinctiveness of fatty acid and polyketide synthesis in eukaryotes. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1877-90. [PMID: 26784357 PMCID: PMC5029157 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids, which are essential cell membrane constituents and fuel storage molecules, are thought to share a common evolutionary origin with polyketide toxins in eukaryotes. While fatty acids are primary metabolic products, polyketide toxins are secondary metabolites that are involved in ecologically relevant processes, such as chemical defence, and produce the adverse effects of harmful algal blooms. Selection pressures on such compounds may be different, resulting in differing evolutionary histories. Surprisingly, some studies of dinoflagellates have suggested that the same enzymes may catalyse these processes. Here we show the presence and evolutionary distinctiveness of genes encoding six key enzymes essential for fatty acid production in 13 eukaryotic lineages for which no previous sequence data were available (alveolates: dinoflagellates, Vitrella, Chromera; stramenopiles: bolidophytes, chrysophytes, pelagophytes, raphidophytes, dictyochophytes, pinguiophytes, xanthophytes; Rhizaria: chlorarachniophytes, haplosporida; euglenids) and 8 other lineages (apicomplexans, bacillariophytes, synurophytes, cryptophytes, haptophytes, chlorophyceans, prasinophytes, trebouxiophytes). The phylogeny of fatty acid synthase genes reflects the evolutionary history of the organism, indicating selection to maintain conserved functionality. In contrast, polyketide synthase gene families are highly expanded in dinoflagellates and haptophytes, suggesting relaxed constraints in their evolutionary history, while completely absent from some protist lineages. This demonstrates a vast potential for the production of bioactive polyketide compounds in some lineages of microbial eukaryotes, indicating that the evolution of these compounds may have played an important role in their ecological success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet S Kohli
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Frances M Van Dolah
- Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
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104
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Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2015; 2015:10.1017/S0025315415001733. [PMID: 26692586 PMCID: PMC4676275 DOI: 10.1017/s0025315415001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK ; Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP21105, Rue de l'lle d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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105
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Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5719-63. [PMID: 25431968 PMCID: PMC4278199 DOI: 10.3390/md12125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins in water and seafood may have a considerable impact on public health. Although the tendency in Europe is to consolidate, when possible, official reference methods based on instrumental analysis, the development of alternative or complementary methods providing functional or toxicological information may provide advantages in terms of risk identification, but also low cost, simplicity, ease of use and high-throughput analysis. This article gives an overview of the immunoassays, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays and biosensors that have been developed for the screening and quantification of emerging marine toxins: palytoxins, ciguatoxins, cyclic imines and tetrodotoxins. Their advantages and limitations are discussed, as well as their possible integration in research and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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106
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Gaboriau M, Ponton D, Darius HT, Chinain M. Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia: size does not always matter. Toxicon 2014; 84:41-50. [PMID: 24699216 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in tropical reef fish tissues during their life is responsible of the most prevalent human seafood intoxication in the South Pacific called Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). It has been assumed for a long time that CTXs are transferred and accumulated along the trophic food chain, and consequently that smaller individuals within a given fish species are safer to eat than larger ones. However, the relationship between toxicity and fish size has been studied for a limited number of species only and the conclusions are often contradictory. The toxicity of 856 fishes from 59 different species sampled in six islands in French Polynesia between 2003 and 2011 was assessed by Receptor Binding Assay. Among them, 45 species × island and 32 families × island for which the number of individuals was ≥6 allowed testing the relationship between toxicity and size. Except for six specimens of Lutjanus bohar caught in Fakarava (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.854), the 44 remaining species × island showed no significant increase of CTXs concentration with fish total length (TL). Moreover, the proportion of toxic individuals decreased significantly for Epinephelus polyphekadion from Fakarava (n = 24; P < 0.05) and Kyphosus cinerascens from Raivavae (n = 29; P < 0.05), while no significant variation was detected for the other 43 species × island. At the family level, only three positive and three negative relationships between size and CTXs concentration were observed among the 32 family × island analyzed. No relationship between the proportion of toxic fish within a family and the relative total length of individuals were observed. The lack of relationship between toxicity and size observed for most of the species and families from the six islands suggests that fish size cannot be used as an efficient predictor of fish toxicity in French Polynesia. These results highlight the need for improving our knowledge about metabolic processes which may play a role in CTXs bio-accumulation and depuration among the different trophic levels of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gaboriau
- IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Av. de Fontaulé, BP44, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Dominique Ponton
- IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Av. de Fontaulé, BP44, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Parc Technologique Universitaire, 2 rue Joseph Wetzell, CS 41095, 97495 Ste Clotilde cedex, La Réunion, France.
| | - H Taiana Darius
- UMR 241, EIO, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- UMR 241, EIO, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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107
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Watanabe R, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Matsushima R, Nagae M, Toyohara Y, Satake M, Oshima Y, Inoue A, Yasumoto T. Gambieroxide, a novel epoxy polyether compound from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus GTP2 strain. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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108
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Kohli GS, Neilan BA, Brown MV, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. Cobgene pyrosequencing enables characterization of benthic dinoflagellate diversity and biogeography. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:467-85. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet S. Kohli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3); University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mark V. Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer; Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB); Wilhelmshaven 32689 Germany
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences; Sydney New South Wales 2088 Australia
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3); University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
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109
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Genetic diversity and distribution of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) in coastal areas of Japan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60882. [PMID: 23593339 PMCID: PMC3623954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The marine epiphytic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP): one of the most significant seafood-borne illnesses associated with fish consumption worldwide. So far, occurrences of CFP incidents in Japan have been mainly reported in subtropical areas. A previous phylogeographic study of Japanese Gambierdiscus revealed the existence of two distinct phylotypes: Gambierdiscus sp. type 1 from subtropical and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 from temperate areas. However, details of the genetic diversity and distribution for Japanese Gambierdiscus are still unclear, because a comprehensive investigation has not been conducted yet. Methods/Principal Finding A total of 248 strains were examined from samples mainly collected from western and southern coastal areas of Japan during 2006–2011. The SSU rDNA, the LSU rDNA D8–D10 and the ITS region were selected as genetic markers and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. The genetic diversity of Japanese Gambierdiscus was high since five species/phylotypes were detected: including two reported phylotypes (Gambierdiscus sp. type 1 and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2), two species of Gambierdiscus (G. australes and G. cf. yasumotoi) and a hitherto unreported phylotype Gambierdiscus sp. type 3. The distributions of type 3 and G. cf. yasumotoi were restricted to the temperate and the subtropical area, respectively. On the other hand, type 1, type 2 and G. australes occurred from the subtropical to the temperate area, with a tendency that type 1 and G. australes were dominant in the subtropical area, whereas type 2 was dominant in the temperate area. By using mouse bioassay, type 1, type 3 and G. australes exhibited mouse toxicities. Conclusions/Significance This study revealed a surprising diversity of Japanese Gambierdiscus and the distribution of five species/phylotypes displayed clear geographical patterns in Japanese coastal areas. The SSU rDNA and the LSU rDNA D8–D10 as genetic markers are recommended for further use.
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110
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Holland WC, Litaker RW, Tomas CR, Kibler SR, Place AR, Davenport ED, Tester PA. Differences in the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species measured using an in vitro human erythrocyte lysis assay. Toxicon 2013; 65:15-33. [PMID: 23313447 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri) using a human erythrocyte lysis assay. In all, 56 isolates were tested. The results showed certain species were significantly more toxic than others. Depending on the species, hemolytic activity consistently increased by ∼7-40% from log phase growth to late log - early stationary growth phase and then declined in mid-stationary growth phase. Increasing growth temperatures from 20 to 31 °C for clones of G. caribaeus showed only a slight increase in hemolytic activity between 20 and 27 °C. Hemolytic activity in the G. carolinianus isolates from different regions grown over the same 20-31 °C range remained constant. These data suggest that growth temperature is not a significant factor in modulating the inter-isolate and interspecific differences in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of various isolates measured repeatedly over a 2 year period remained constant, consistent with the hemolytic compounds being constitutively produced and under strong genetic control. Depending on species, greater than 60-90% of the total hemolytic activity was initially associated with the cell membranes but diffused into solution over a 24 h assay incubation period at 4 °C. These findings suggest that hemolytic compounds produced by Gambierdiscus isolates were held in membrane bound vesicles as reported for brevetoxins produced by Karenia brevis. Gambierdiscus isolates obtained from other parts of the world exhibited hemolytic activities comparable to those found in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico confirming the range of toxicities is similar among Gambierdiscus species worldwide. Experiments using specific inhibitors of the MTX pathway and purified MTX, Gambierdiscus whole cell extracts, and hydrophilic cell extracts containing MTX, were consistent with MTX as the primary hemolytic compound produced by Gambierdiscus species. While the results from inhibition studies require validation by LC-MS analysis, the available data strongly suggest differences in hemolytic activity observed in this study reflect maitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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111
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Darius HT, Drescher O, Ponton D, Pawlowiez R, Laurent D, Dewailly E, Chinain M. Use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish: a scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:550-66. [PMID: 23289800 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.752581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood intoxication commonly afflicting island communities in the Pacific. These populations, which are strongly dependent on fish resources, have developed over centuries various strategies to decrease the risk of intoxication, including the use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two folk tests commonly used in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia): the rigor mortis test (RMT) and the bleeding test (BT). A total of 107 fish were collected in Raivavae Lagoon, among which 80 were tested by five testers using the RMT versus 107 tested by four testers using BT. First, the performance between testers was compared. Second, the efficiency of these tests was compared with toxicity data obtained via the receptor binding assay (RBA) by assessing various parameter's values such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Comparisons of outcomes between folk tests and RBA analyses were considered: tests used separately or in a parallel versus the series approach by each tester. The overall efficiency of the RMT and BT tests was also evaluated when the judgments of all testers were "pooled". The results demonstrate that efficiencies varied between testers with one showing the best scores in detecting toxic fish: 55% with RMT and 69.2% with BT. BT gave the best results in detecting toxic fish as compared with RMT, giving also better agreement between testers. If high NPV and Se values were to be privileged, the data also suggest that the best way to limit cases of intoxication would be to use RMT and BT tests in a parallel approach. The use of traditional knowledge and a good knowledge of risky versus healthy fishing areas may help reduce the risk of intoxication among communities where ciguatera fish poisoning is highly prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Darius
- Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UMR 241, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti.
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112
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Pawlowiez R, Darius HT, Cruchet P, Rossi F, Caillaud A, Laurent D, Chinain M. Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes archipelago (French Polynesia) using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:567-86. [PMID: 23286347 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.755644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a disease caused by consuming fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) in their tissue, is regarded as the most prevalent form of intoxication in French Polynesia. Recently, the Australes, one of the least affected archipelago until the early 1980s, has shown a dramatic increase in its incidence rates in 2009 with unusual CFP cases. In the present work, potential health hazards associated with the proliferation of various marine phytoplankton species and the consumption of fish and marine invertebrates highly popular among local population were assessed in three Australes islands: Raivavae, Rurutu and Rapa. Extracts from the marine dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus, Ostreospis and mat-forming cyanobacteria as well as fish, giant clams and sea urchin samples were examined for the presence of CTXs and palytoxin (PLTX) by using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a). Cytotoxic responses observed with both standards (Pacific CTX-3C and PLTX) and targeted marine products indicate that CBA-N2a is a robust screening tool, with high sensitivity and good repeatability and reproducibility. In Rurutu and Raivavae islands, our main findings concern the presence of CTX-like compounds in giant clams and sea urchins, suggesting a second bio-accumulation route for CFP toxins in the ciguatera food chain. In Rapa, the potential CFP risk from Gambierdiscus bloom and fish was confirmed for the first time, with levels of CTXs found above the consumer advisory level of 0.01 ng Pacific CTX-1B g(-1) of flesh in three fish samples. However, despite the presence of trace level of PLTX in Ostreopsis natural assemblages of Rapa, no sign of PLTX accumulation is yet observed in tested fish samples. Because this multi-toxinic context is likely to emerge in most French Polynesian islands, CBA-N2a shows great potential for future applications in the algal- and toxin-based field monitoring programmes currently on hand locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pawlowiez
- Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UMR241, Laboratoire des Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
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113
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Jeong HJ, Lim AS, Jang SH, Yih WH, Kang NS, Lee SY, Yoo YD, Kim HS. First Report of the Epiphytic DinoflagellateGambierdiscus caribaeusin the Temperate Waters off Jeju Island, Korea: Morphology and Molecular Characterization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:637-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - An Suk Lim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Won Ho Yih
- Department of Oceanography, College of Ocean Sciences; Kunsan National University; Kunsan; 573-701; Korea
| | - Nam Seon Kang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Hyung Seop Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Sciences; Kunsan National University; Kunsan; 573-701; Korea
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Gallardo-Rodríguez J, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, López-Rosales L, Chisti Y, Molina-Grima E. Bioactives from microalgal dinoflagellates. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1673-84. [PMID: 22884890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellate microalgae are an important source of marine biotoxins. Bioactives from dinoflagellates are attracting increasing attention because of their impact on the safety of seafood and potential uses in biomedical, toxicological and pharmacological research. Here we review the potential applications of dinoflagellate toxins and the methods for producing them. Only sparing quantities of dinoflagellate toxins are generally available and this hinders bioactivity characterization and evaluation in possible applications. Approaches to production of increased quantities of dinoflagellate bioactives are discussed. Although many dinoflagellates are fragile and grow slowly, controlled culture in bioreactors appears to be generally suitable for producing many of the metabolites of interest.
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115
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Schultz TF, Faust MA, Holmes MJ, Chinain M, Wayne Litaker R. DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF GAMBIERDISCUS SPECIES (GONYAULACALES, DINOPHYCEAE)(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:902-15. [PMID: 27009001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a serious health problem in tropical regions and is caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic toxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species are morphologically similar and are difficult to distinguish from one another even when using scanning electron microscopy. Improved identification and detection methods that are sensitive and rapid are needed to identify toxic species and investigate potential distribution and abundance patterns in relation to incidences of CFP. This study presents the first species-specific, semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays that can be used to address these questions. These assays are specific for five Gambierdiscus species and one undescribed ribotype. The assays utilized a SYBR green format and targeted unique sequences found within the SSU, ITS, and the D1/D3 LSU ribosomal domains. Standard curves were constructed using known concentrations of cultured cells and 10-fold serial dilutions of rDNA PCR amplicons containing the target sequence for each specific assay. Assay sensitivity and accuracy were tested using DNA extracts purified from known concentrations of multiple Gambierdiscus species. The qPCR assays were used to assess Gambierdiscus species diversity and abundance in samples collected from nearshore areas adjacent to Ft. Pierce and Jupiter, Florida USA. The results indicated that the practical limit of detection for each assay was 10 cells per sample. Most interestingly, the qPCR analysis revealed that as many as four species of Gambierdiscus were present in a single macrophyte sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R Kibler
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - William C Holland
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Thomas F Schultz
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Maria A Faust
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Michael J Holmes
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Mirelle Chinain
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Paz B, Riobó P, Franco JM. Preliminary study for rapid determination of phycotoxins in microalgae whole cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3627-3639. [PMID: 22095512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive methods for identification of several phycotoxins produced by microalgae species such as yessotoxins (YTXs) for Protoceratium reticulatum, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) for Prorocentrum spp. and Dinophysis spp., Palytoxins (PLTXs) for Ostreopsis spp., ciguatoxins (CTXs) for Gambierdiscus spp. or domoic acid (DA) for Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are of great importance to the shellfish and fish industry. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to detect several phycotoxins in whole cells of some microalgae which are known as toxin producers. To achieve an appropriate MALDI matrix and a sample preparation method, several matrices and solvent mixtures were tested. The most appropriate matrix system for toxin detection was obtained with 10 µg μL(-1) of DHB in 0.1% TFA/ACN (3:7, v/v) by mixing the intact cells with the matrix solution directly on the MALDI target (dried-droplet technique). Toxin detection by this procedure is much faster than current procedures based on solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. This method allowed the rapid detection of main phycotoxins in some dinoflagellate cells of genus Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Protoceratium, Gambierdiscus, Dinophysis and diatoms from Pseudo-nitzschia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Servicio Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, Unidad de proteómica, Centro de Apoio Científico e Tecnolóxico á Investigación (CACTI), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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117
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Skinner MP, Brewer TD, Johnstone R, Fleming LE, Lewis RJ. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Islands (1998 to 2008). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1416. [PMID: 22180797 PMCID: PMC3236724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciguatera is a type of fish poisoning that occurs throughout the tropics, particularly in vulnerable island communities such as the developing Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). After consuming ciguatoxin-contaminated fish, people report a range of acute neurologic, gastrointestinal, and cardiac symptoms, with some experiencing chronic neurologic symptoms lasting weeks to months. Unfortunately, the true extent of illness and its impact on human communities and ecosystem health are still poorly understood. METHODS A questionnaire was emailed to the Health and Fisheries Authorities of the PICTs to quantify the extent of ciguatera. The data were analyzed using t-test, incidence rate ratios, ranked correlation, and regression analysis. RESULTS There were 39,677 reported cases from 17 PICTs, with a mean annual incidence of 194 cases per 100,000 people across the region from 1998-2008 compared to the reported annual incidence of 104/100,000 from 1973-1983. There has been a 60% increase in the annual incidence of ciguatera between the two time periods based on PICTs that reported for both time periods. Taking into account under-reporting, in the last 35 years an estimated 500,000 Pacific islanders might have suffered from ciguatera. CONCLUSIONS This level of incidence exceeds prior ciguatera estimates locally and globally, and raises the status of ciguatera to an acute and chronic illness with major public health significance. To address this significant public health problem, which is expected to increase in parallel with environmental change, well-funded multidisciplinary research teams are needed to translate research advances into practical management solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Skinner
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom D. Brewer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ron Johnstone
- Coastal Ecosystems and Resource Management, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management and Centre for Marine Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- National Science Foundation (NSF)-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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118
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Yogi K, Oshiro N, Inafuku Y, Hirama M, Yasumoto T. Detailed LC-MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins Revealing Distinct Regional and Species Characteristics in Fish and Causative Alga from the Pacific. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8886-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yogi
- Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, 12-75 Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 2085 Aza-Ozato, Ozato, Nanjo, Okinawa 901-1202, Japan
| | - Naomasa Oshiro
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 2085 Aza-Ozato, Ozato, Nanjo, Okinawa 901-1202, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inafuku
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 2085 Aza-Ozato, Ozato, Nanjo, Okinawa 901-1202, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan
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119
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Bottein MYD, Kashinsky L, Wang Z, Littnan C, Ramsdell JS. Identification of ciguatoxins in Hawaiian monk seals Monachus schauinslandi from the Northwestern and Main Hawaiian Islands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5403-5409. [PMID: 21591690 DOI: 10.1021/es2002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins are potent algal neurotoxins that concentrate in fish preyed upon by the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). The only report for Hawaiian monk seal exposure to ciguatoxins occurred during a 1978 mortality event when two seal liver extracts tested positive by mouse bioassay. Ciguatoxins were thus proposed as a potential threat to the Hawaiian monk seal population. To reinvestigate monk seal exposure to ciguatoxins we utilized more selective detection methods, the Neuro-2A cytotoxicity assay, to quantify ciguatoxin activity and an analytical method LC-MS/MS to confirm the molecular structure. Tissue analysis from dead stranded animals revealed ciguatoxin activity in brain, liver, and muscle, whereas analysis of blood samples from 55 free-ranging animals revealed detectable levels of ciguatoxin activity (0.43 to 5.49 pg/mL P-CTX-1 equiv) in 19% of the animals. Bioassay-guided LC fractionation of two monk seal liver extracts identified several ciguatoxin-like peaks of activity including a peak corresponding to the P-CTX-3C which was confirmed present by LC-MS/MS. In conclusion, this work provides first confirmation that Hawaiian monk seals are exposed to significant levels of ciguatoxins and first evidence of transfer of ciguatoxin to marine mammals. This threat could pose management challenges for this endangered marine mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA-National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
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120
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A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin production of Ostreopsis ovata. Toxicon 2010; 57:421-8. [PMID: 20920514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the end of the 1990s the occurrence of blooms of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis spp. is spreading in many tropical and temperate regions worldwide, sometimes causing benthonic biocenosis suffering and occasional human distress. Ostreopsis ovata has been found to produce palytoxin-like compounds, a class of highly potent toxins. As general, the highest abundances of Ostreopsis spp. are recorded during warmer periods characterized by high temperature, salinity, and water column stability. Moreover, as these cells are easily resuspended in the water column, the role of hydrodynamism in the blooms development and decline has been highlighted. The environmental conditions appear, therefore, to be one of the main factors determining the proliferation of these species as testified by several field surveys. Laboratory studies on the effect of environmental parameters on growth and toxicity of O. ovata are rather scarce. With regard to the effects of temperature, culture results indicate that different strains blooming along Italian coasts displayed different optima, in accordance to blooming periods, and that higher toxin levels correlated with best growth conditions. Additionally, in relation to an Adriatic strain, cell growth positively correlated with the increase in salinity, while toxicity was lowest at the highest salinity value (i.e. 40). For the same strain, both nitrogen and phosphorus limitation determined a decrease in cell toxicity showing different behaviour with respect to many other toxic dinoflagellates.
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121
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Ciguatera risk management in French Polynesia: The case study of Raivavae Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxicon 2010; 56:674-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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Litaker RW, Vandersea MW, Faust MA, Kibler SR, Nau AW, Holland WC, Chinain M, Holmes MJ, Tester PA. Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Toxicon 2010; 56:711-30. [PMID: 20561539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins that bioaccumulate in tropical and sub-tropical fishes causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Little is known about the diversity and distribution of Gambierdiscus species, the degree to which individual species vary in toxicity, and the role each plays in causing CFP. This paper presents the first global distribution of Gambierdiscus species. Phylogenetic analyses of the existing isolates indicate that five species are endemic to the Atlantic (including the Caribbean/West Indies and Gulf of Mexico), five are endemic to the tropical Pacific, and that two species, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus caribaeus are globally distributed. The differences in Gambierdiscus species composition in the Atlantic and Pacific correlated with structural differences in the ciguatoxins reported from Atlantic and Pacific fish. This correlation supports the hypothesis that Gambierdiscus species in each region produce different toxin suites. A literature survey indicated a >100-fold variation in toxicity among species compared with a 2 to 9-fold within species variation due to changing growth conditions. These observations suggest that CFP events are driven more by inherent differences in species toxicity than by environmental modulation. How variations in species toxicity may affect the development of an early warning system for CFP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wayne Litaker
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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Caillaud A, de la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, Chinain M, Diogène J. Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1838-907. [PMID: 20631873 PMCID: PMC2901828 DOI: 10.3390/md8061838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Caillaud
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75 015 Paris, France; E-Mail: (S.P.)
| | - Katerina Aligizaki
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; E-Mail: (K.A.)
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; E-Mail: (S.F.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
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Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Munday R, Selwood AI, McNabb PS, Holland PT, Bottein MY. Toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Toxicon 2009; 56:751-8. [PMID: 19481563 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species isolated from the green calcareous seaweed, Halimeda sp. J.V. Lamouroux, growing in Rarotongan lagoons, included Gambierdiscus australes Faust & Chinain, Coolia monotis Meunier, Amphidinium carterae Hulburth, Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, P. cf. maculosum Faust and species in the genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. Isolates were identified to species level by scanning electron microscopy and/or DNA sequence analysis. Culture extracts of G. australes isolate CAWD149 gave a response of 0.04 pg P-CTX-1 equiv. per cell by an N2A cytotoxicity assay (equivalent to ca 0.4 pg CTX-3C cell(-1)). However, ciguatoxins were not detected by LC-MS/MS. Partitioned fractions of the cell extracts potentially containing maitotoxin were found to be very toxic to mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. A. carterae was also of interest as extracts of mass cultures caused respiratory paralysis in mice at high doses, both by i.p. injection and by oral administration. The Rarotongan isolate fell into a different clade to New Zealand A. carterae isolates, based on DNA sequence analysis, and also had a different toxin profile. As A. carterae co-occurred with G. australes, it may contribute to human poisonings attributed to CTX and warrants further investigation. A crude extract of C. monotis was of low toxicity to mice by i.p. injection, and an extract of Ostreopsis sp. was negative in the palytoxin haemolysis neutralisation assay.
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