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Yon T, Réveillon D, Sibat M, Holland C, Litaker RW, Nascimento SM, Rossignoli AE, Riobó P, Hess P, Bertrand S. Targeted and non-targeted mass spectrometry to explore the chemical diversity of the genus Gambierdiscus in the Atlantic Ocean. Phytochemistry 2024; 222:114095. [PMID: 38631521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus have been associated with ciguatera, the most common non-bacterial fish-related intoxication in the world. Many studies report the presence of potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species along the Atlantic coasts including G. australes, G. silvae and G. excentricus. Estimates of their toxicity, as determined by bio-assays, vary substantially, both between species and strains of the same species. Therefore, there is a need for additional knowledge on the metabolite production of Gambierdiscus species and their variation to better understand species differences. Using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, toxin and metabolomic profiles of five species of Gambierdiscus found in the Atlantic Ocean were reported. In addition, a molecular network was constructed aiming at annotating the metabolomes. Results demonstrated that G. excentricus could be discriminated from the other species based solely on the presence of MTX4 and sulfo-gambierones and that the variation in toxin content for a single strain could be up to a factor of two due to different culture conditions between laboratories. While untargeted analyses highlighted a higher variability at the metabolome level, signal correction was applied and supervised multivariate statistics performed on the untargeted data set permitted the selection of 567 features potentially useful as biomarkers for the distinction of G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. silvae and G. belizeanus. Further studies will be required to validate the use of these biomarkers in discriminating Gambierdiscus species. The study also provided an overview about 17 compound classes present in Gambierdiscus, however, significant improvements in annotation are still required to reach a more comprehensive knowledge of Gambierdiscus' metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yon
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Chris Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Araceli E Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44311 Nantes, France
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2
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Díaz-Alonso A, Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Álvarez-Salgado X, Teira E, Fernández E. Response of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum to exudates of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Harmful Algae 2024; 133:102605. [PMID: 38485446 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Biotic interactions are a key factor in the development of harmful algal blooms. Recently, a lower abundance of planktonic dinoflagellates has been reported in areas dominated by seagrass beds, suggesting a negative interaction between both groups of organisms. The interaction between planktonic dinoflagellates and marine phanerogams, as well as the way in which bacteria can affect this interaction, was studied in two experiments using a non-axenic culture of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum exposed to increasing additions of eelgrass (Zostera marina) exudates from old and young leaves and to the presence or absence of antibiotics. In these experiments, A. minutum abundance, growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), as well as bacterial abundance, were measured every 48 h. Toxin concentration per cell was determined at the end of both experiments. Our results demonstrated that Z. marina exudates reduced A. minutum growth rate and, in one of the experiments, also the photosynthetic efficiency. These results are not an indirect effect mediated by the bacteria in the culture, although their growth modify the magnitude of the negative impact on the dinoflagellate growth rate. No clear pattern was observed in the variation of toxin production with the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Ocanografía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - Xose Álvarez-Salgado
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - Eva Teira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Garrido S, Riobó P, Rial P, Rodríguez F. Short-Term Interactions of Noctiluca scintillans with the Toxic Dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and Alexandrium minutum: Growth, Toxins and Allelopathic Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:373. [PMID: 37368674 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Galician Rías (NW Iberian Peninsula) are an important shellfish aquaculture area periodically affected by toxic episodes often caused by dinoflagellates such as Dinophysis acuminata and Alexandrium minutum, among others. In turn, water discolorations are mostly associated with non-toxic organisms such as the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans, a voracious non-selective predator. The objective of this work was to study the biological interactions among these dinoflagellates and their outcome in terms of survival, growth and toxins content. To that aim, short experiments (4 days) were carried out on mixed cultures with N. scintillans (20 cells mL-1) and (i) one strain of D. acuminata (50, 100 and 500 cells mL-1) and (ii) two strains of A. minutum (100, 500 and 1000 cells mL-1). Cultures of N. scintillans with two A. minutum collapsed by the end of the assays. Both D. acuminata and A. minutum exposed to N. scintillans arrested its growth, though feeding vacuoles in the latter rarely contained any prey. Toxin analyses at the end of the experiment showed an increase in intracellular OA levels in D. acuminata and a significant reduction in PSTs in both A. minutum strains. Neither OA nor PSTs were detected in N. scintillans. Overall, the present study indicated that the interactions among them were ruled by negative allelopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Garrido
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Rial
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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Sandoval-Sanhueza A, Aguilera-Belmonte A, Basti L, Figueroa RI, Molinet C, Álvarez G, Oyanedel S, Riobó P, Mancilla-Gutiérrez G, Díaz PA. Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and cytotoxicity of the fish-killing microalgal species Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113234. [PMID: 34922228 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish-killing blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa have been devastating for the farmed salmon industry, but in Southern Chile the conditions that promote the growth and toxicity of these microalgae are poorly understood. This study examined the effects of different combinations of temperature (12, 15, 18 °C) and salinity (10, 20, 30 psu) on the growth of Chilean strains of these two species. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for H. akashiwo and P. verruculosa differed, with a maximum rate of 0.99 day-1 obtained at 15 °C and a salinity of 20 psu for H. akashiwo, and a maximum rate of 1.06 day-1 obtained at 18 °C and a salinity of 30 psu for P. verruculosa. Cytotoxic assays (2 × 101 - 2 × 105 cell mL-1; cells, filtrates, and cell lysates) performed at salinities of 20 and 30 psu showed a 100% reduction in the viability of embryonic fish cells exposed to intact cells of H. akashiwo and a 39% reduction following exposure to culture filtrates of P. verruculosa. Differences in the fish-killing mechanisms (direct cell contact vs. extracellular substances) and physiological traits of H. akashiwo and P. verruculosa explain the recent occurrence of very large blooms under contrasting (cold-brackish vs. hot-salty) extreme climate conditions in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Aguilera-Belmonte
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile
| | - Leila Basti
- Faculty of Marine Environment and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Molinet
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Programa Integrativo, Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sandra Oyanedel
- Fraunhofer Chile Research - Fundación Chile, Quillaipe Aquaculture Center, Km 23.8 Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
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Ben-Gigirey B, Rossignoli AE, Riobó P, Rodríguez F. First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110723. [PMID: 33227958 PMCID: PMC7699195 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (A.E.R.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986462284
| | - Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (A.E.R.); (F.R.)
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (A.E.R.); (F.R.)
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6
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Gavalás-Olea A, Sanz N, Riobó P, Garrido JL, Vaz B. Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of chlorophyllide derivatives as possible internal standards for pigment chromatographic analysis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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García-Portela M, Riobó P, Reguera B, Garrido JL, Blanco J, Rodríguez F. Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis. J Phycol 2018; 54:899-917. [PMID: 30298602 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most persistent producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Western Europe. Their mixotrophic nutrition requires a food chain of cryptophytes and plastid-bearing ciliates for sustained growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cultures of D. acuminata and D. acuta, their ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia, were subject to three experimental settings to study their physiological response to different combinations of light intensity and quality. Growth rates, pigment analyses (HPLC), photosynthetic parameters (PAM-fluorometry), and cellular toxin content (LC-MS) were determined. Specific differences in photosynthetic parameters were observed in Dinophysis exposed to different photon fluxes (10-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ), light quality (white, blue and green), and shifts in light regime. Dinophysis acuta was more susceptible to photodamage under high light intensities (370-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) than D. acuminata but survived better with low light (10 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) and to a prolonged period (28 d) of darkness. Mesodinium rubrum and T. amphioxeia showed their maximal growth rate and yield under white and high light whereas Dinophysis seemed better adapted to grow under green and blue light. Toxin analyses in Dinophysis showed maximal toxin per cell under high light after prey depletion at the late exponential-plateau phase. Changes observed in photosynthetic light curves of D. acuminata cultures after shifting light conditions from low intensity-blue light to high intensity-white light seemed compatible with photoacclimation in this species. Results obtained here are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal distributions observed in field populations of D. acuminata and D. acuta in northwestern Iberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Portela
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Juan Blanco
- Marine Research Centre (CIMA), 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Crespín GD, Daranas AH, de Vera CR, Norte M, Fernández JJ, Fraga S. The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust. Harmful Algae 2018; 78:1-8. [PMID: 30196917 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three strains of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum hoffmannianum were isolated in the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic Ocean, Spain). The identity of the strains was determined by phylogenetic analyses of partial LSU rDNA (D1-D2 regions) but their morphology based on SEM images corresponded to P. maculosum. Their toxin profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis (LC-HRMS) on cell extracts and culture media. Okadaic acid and three analogs were detected in all strains. Rather, in culture media the detected compounds were variable among strains, two of them being okadaic acid analogs not found on cell extracts. As a result, the taxonomy of the species was revised and P. maculosum is proposed as a junior synonym of P. hoffmannianum whose description is emended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Guillermo D Crespín
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Antonio H Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Caterina R de Vera
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Manuel Norte
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - José Javier Fernández
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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Serra-Majem L, Raposo A, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Varela-Moreiras G, Logue C, Laviada H, Socolovsky S, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Aldrete-Velasco JA, Meneses Sierra E, López-García R, Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, Gómez-Candela C, Abreu R, Alexanderson E, Álvarez-Álvarez RJ, Álvarez Falcón AL, Anadón A, Bellisle F, Beristain-Navarrete IA, Blasco Redondo R, Bochicchio T, Camolas J, Cardini FG, Carocho M, Costa MDC, Drewnowski A, Durán S, Faundes V, Fernández-Condori R, García-Luna PP, Garnica JC, González-Gross M, La Vecchia C, Leis R, López-Sobaler AM, Madero MA, Marcos A, Mariscal Ramírez LA, Martyn DM, Mistura L, Moreno Rojas R, Moreno Villares JM, Niño-Cruz JA, Oliveira MBPP, Palacios Gil-Antuñano N, Pérez-Castells L, Ribas-Barba L, Rincón Pedrero R, Riobó P, Rivera Medina J, Tinoco de Faria C, Valdés-Ramos R, Vasco E, Wac SN, Wakida G, Wanden-Berghe C, Xóchihua Díaz L, Zúñiga-Guajardo S, Pyrogianni V, Cunha Velho de Sousa S. Ibero⁻American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages. Nutrients 2018; 10:E818. [PMID: 29941818 PMCID: PMC6073242 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2⁻4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements. The goal of this Consensus was to provide a useful, evidence-based, point of reference to assist in efforts to reduce free sugars consumption in line with current international public health recommendations. Participating experts in the Lisbon Consensus analysed and evaluated the evidence in relation to the role of LNCS in food safety, their regulation and the nutritional and dietary aspects of their use in foods and beverages. The conclusions of this Consensus were: (1) LNCS are some of the most extensively evaluated dietary constituents, and their safety has been reviewed and confirmed by regulatory bodies globally including the World Health Organisation, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority; (2) Consumer education, which is based on the most robust scientific evidence and regulatory processes, on the use of products containing LNCS should be strengthened in a comprehensive and objective way; (3) The use of LNCS in weight reduction programmes that involve replacing caloric sweeteners with LNCS in the context of structured diet plans may favour sustainable weight reduction. Furthermore, their use in diabetes management programmes may contribute to a better glycaemic control in patients, albeit with modest results. LNCS also provide dental health benefits when used in place of free sugars; (4) It is proposed that foods and beverages with LNCS could be included in dietary guidelines as alternative options to products sweetened with free sugars; (5) Continued education of health professionals is required, since they are a key source of information on issues related to food and health for both the general population and patients. With this in mind, the publication of position statements and consensus documents in the academic literature are extremely desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Serra-Majem
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - António Raposo
- Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies-CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Javier Aranceta-Bartrina
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid 28010, Spain.
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) 28668, Spain.
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutritional Innovation Centre for Food & Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraines BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Hugo Laviada
- Research Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Medical School, Marist University of Merida, Mérida Yucatan 97300, Mexico.
| | - Susana Socolovsky
- Argentine Association of Food Technologists, Buenos Aires 1088, Argentina.
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | | | - Eduardo Meneses Sierra
- Mexican College of Internal Medicine, Mexico City 03910, Mexico.
- Hospital General de Especialidades del ISSSTE, Saltillo, Coahuila 25020, Mexico.
| | | | - Adriana Ortiz-Andrellucchi
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Candela
- Clinical Nutrition Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid 28046, Spain.
- Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute - IdiPAZ, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28046, Spain.
| | | | - Erick Alexanderson
- Nuclear Cardiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico.
- Phisiology Department, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
- Mexican Society of Cardiology, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Luisa Álvarez Falcón
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Dr. Negrin University Hospital of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35010, Spain.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - France Bellisle
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, University of Paris 13, Bobigny 93017, France.
| | | | - Raquel Blasco Redondo
- Regional Center for Sports Medicine of the Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Tommaso Bochicchio
- Facultad Mexicana de Medicina, La Salle University, Mexico 14000, D. F., Mexico.
- Mexican Transplant Institute, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62448, Mexico.
| | - José Camolas
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Santa Maria⁻CHLN, Lisboa 1649-035, Portugal.
| | - Fernando G Cardini
- Argentine Quality Institute-Instituto Argentino para la Calidad (IAPC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina.
| | - Márcio Carocho
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- ASAE-Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica, CBIOS/ECTS-The Biosciences Research Center and NICiTeS/ERISA⁻Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Grupo Lusófona, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington-Center for Obesity Research, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Samuel Durán
- Chilean College of Nutritionists, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Víctor Faundes
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
| | | | - Pedro P García-Luna
- Andalusian Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen del Rocio Hospital, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | | | - Marcela González-Gross
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Rosaura Leis
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition Unit of the Santiago Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Ana María López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Ascensión Marcos
- Spanish Federation of Nutrition, Food and Dietetics Societies, Madrid 28918, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Danika M Martyn
- Intertek, HERS, Cody Technology Park, Farnborough GU14 0LX, UK.
| | - Lorenza Mistura
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome 00178, Italy.
| | - Rafael Moreno Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.
| | | | - José Antonio Niño-Cruz
- Mexican Nephrological Research Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Nieves Palacios Gil-Antuñano
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sport Medicine Center, AEPSAD, High Sports Council, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Rincón Pedrero
- Departamento de Educación Médica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, IDC Salud, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Juan Rivera Medina
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima 15083, Peru.
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15083, Peru.
| | - Catarina Tinoco de Faria
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
| | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca 50180, Mexico.
| | - Elsa Vasco
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa 1649-016, Portugal.
| | - Sandra N Wac
- Nutrition and Public Health Working Group, Argentine Nutrition Society, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina.
| | | | - Carmina Wanden-Berghe
- Scientific and Educational Committee, Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE), Barcelona 08017, Spain.
| | - Luis Xóchihua Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Sociedad Mexicana de Pediatria, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Zúñiga-Guajardo
- Mexican Diabetes Federation, Mexico. Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64630, Mexico.
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11
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Salgado P, Fraga S, Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Bravo I, Lin S. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum. J Phycol 2018; 54:126-137. [PMID: 29194622 PMCID: PMC5887879 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The family Ceratocoryaceae includes the genera Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, and Schuettiella, whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. Here, the new non-yessotoxin-producing species of the genus Ceratocorys, Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov., previously reported as the toxic Protoceratium reticulatum, is described from examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses. The species description is made from culture samples of strains CCMP1740 and CCMP404 from USA waters. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum is globular and has thick and strongly reticulated plates with one pore within each reticule, just like P. reticulatum, but the key difference between the two species is the presence of five precingular plates in C. mariaovidiorum instead of six as in P. reticulatum. The thecal plate formula is Po, 4', 0a, 5″, 6c, ~7s, 5‴, 0p, 2''''. The apical pore plate is oval with a λ-shaped pore. The first apical plate is narrow with a ventral pore on the right anterior side; it contacts the apical pore plate and its contact with the anterior sulcal plate is slight or absent. The fourth precingular plate of other Gonyaulacales is absent. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum may have small spines on the second antapical plate. A phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer/5.8SrDNA supports the morphological classification of C. mariaovidiorum as a new species of Ceratocorys and in a different clade from P. reticulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Salgado
- División de Investigación en AcuiculturaDepartamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP)Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101Punta ArenasChile
- Centro Oceanográfico de VigoInstituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Subida a Radio Faro 5036390VigoSpain
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de VigoInstituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Subida a Radio Faro 5036390VigoSpain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de VigoInstituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Subida a Radio Faro 5036390VigoSpain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM‐CSIC)Eduardo Cabello 636208VigoSpain
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de VigoInstituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Subida a Radio Faro 5036390VigoSpain
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12
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Nascimento SM, Mendes MCQ, Menezes M, Rodríguez F, Alves-de-Souza C, Branco S, Riobó P, Franco J, Nunes JMC, Huk M, Morris S, Fraga S. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate. Harmful Algae 2017; 70:73-89. [PMID: 29169570 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new species of toxic benthic dinoflagellate is described based on laboratory cultures isolated from two locations from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The morphology was studied with SEM and LM. Cells are elliptical in right thecal view and flat. They are 37-44μm long and 29-36μm wide. The right thecal plate has a V shaped indentation where six platelets can be identified. The thecal surface of both thecal plates is smooth and has round or kidney shaped and uniformly distributed pores except in the central area of the cell, and a line of marginal pores. Some cells present an elongated depression on the central area of the apical part of the right thecal plate. Prorocentrum caipirignum is similar to Prorocentrum lima in its morphology, but can be differentiated by the general cell shape, being elliptical while P. lima is ovoid. In the phylogenetic trees based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, the P. caipirignum clade appears close to the clades of P. lima and Prorocentrum hoffmannianum. The Brazilian strains of P. caipirignum formed a clade with strains from Cuba, Hainan Island and Malaysia and it is therefore likely that this new species has a broad tropical distribution. Prorocentrum caipirignum is a toxic species that produces okadaic acid and the fast acting toxin prorocentrolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 314-B, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M Cristina Q Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento-IB/UFBA, Av. Barão de Geremoabo s/n°, Campus Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Mariângela Menezes
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | | | - Suema Branco
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC) Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Franco
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Marcos C Nunes
- Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, IB/UFBA, Av. Barão de Geremoabo s/n°, Campus Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Mariusz Huk
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven Morris
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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Mendes MCDQ, Nunes JMC, Menezes M, Fraga S, Rodríguez F, Vázquez JA, Blanco J, Franco JM, Riobó P. Toxin production, growth kinetics and molecular characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolated from Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic. Toxicon 2017; 138:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Rodríguez F, Fraga S, Ramilo I, Rial P, Figueroa RI, Riobó P, Bravo I. Corrigendum to 'Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity hotspot of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area'. Harmful Algae 2017; 68:273. [PMID: 28962987 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Ramilo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Isabel Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; Aquatic Ecology, Biology Building, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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15
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Rodríguez F, Fraga S, Ramilo I, Rial P, Figueroa RI, Riobó P, Bravo I. "Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity 'hotspot' of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area". Harmful Algae 2017; 67:131-143. [PMID: 28755716 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the geographical distribution, abundance and composition of Gambierdiscus was described over a 600km longitudinal scale in the Canary Islands. Samples for cell counts, isolation and identification of Gambierdiscus were obtained from five islands (El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Average densities of Gambierdiscus spp. between 0 and 2200cellsg-1 blot dry weight of macrophyte were recorded. Morphological (light microscopy and SEM techniques) and molecular analyses (LSU and SSU rDNA sequencing of cultures and single cells from the field) of Gambierdiscus was performed. Five Gambierdiscus species (G. australes, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. excentricus and G. silvae), together with a new putative species (Gambierdiscus ribotype 3) were identified. These results suggest that some cases of CFP in the region could be associated with the accumulation of ciguatoxins in the marine food web acquired from local populations of Gambierdiscus. This unexpected high diversity of Gambierdiscus species in an area which a priori is not under risk of ciguatera, hints at an ancient settlement of Gambierdiscus populations, likely favored by warmer climate conditions in the Miocene Epoch (when oldest current Canary Islands were created), in contrast with cooler present ones. Currently, warming trends associated with climate change could contribute to extend favorable environmental conditions in the area for Gambierdiscus growth especially during winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ramilo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pilar Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Rosa Isabel Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; Aquatic Ecology, Biology Building, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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García-Portela M, Riobó P, Rodríguez F. Morphological and molecular study of the cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata from the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic). J Phycol 2017; 53:446-450. [PMID: 28035670 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the benthic dinophysoid dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata has been reported in the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic) in live field observations and on fixed macroalgal samples from intertidal ponds (26 sampling sites from El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands). In vivo Sinophysis cells were typically pale pink colored. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed a small characteristic narrow hypothecal cut that matched the original description of S. canaliculata. SSU rRNA gene (rDNA) nuclear phylogeny showed that S. canaliculata is closely related to S. microcephalus. Sinophysis specimens displayed cyanobacterial endosymbionts with orange autofluorescence from phycoerythrins. SSU rDNA analyses of the cyanobionts nearly matched a former sequence obtained from S. canaliculata in the Pacific Ocean (Japan). S. canaliculata survived up to 5 months in the original seawater samples. During that period cyanobionts were always present and maintained their orange autofluorescence, although the pink color gradually vanished (<1 month) in most individuals. Molecular similarity of Sinophysis cyanobionts from the Canary Islands and Japanese waters suggest a deterministic relationship, likely a temporary maintenance inside their host via some specific grazing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Portela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Cabo Estay, Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Cabo Estay, Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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17
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García-Portela M, Riobó P, Franco JM, Bañuelos RM, Rodríguez F. Genetic and toxinological characterization of North Atlantic strains of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis and allelopathic interactions with toxic and non-toxic species from the genera Prorocentrum, Coolia and Gambierdiscus. Harmful Algae 2016; 60:57-69. [PMID: 28073563 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ostreopsis includes several toxic species that can develop blooms in benthic ecosystems, with potential harmful consequences for human health and marine invertebrates. Despite of this, little is known about the allelopathic interactions between these organisms and other co-occurring microalgae that exploit similar spatial and nutrient resources in benthic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to follow these interactions in cultures of two Ostreopsis ribotypes with different toxin profiles (O. cf. ovata contained ovatoxins-a, b, c and e, while only ovatoxin-d was found in O .sp. "Lanzarote-type"), mixed with species of three benthic dinoflagellate genera (Coolia, Prorocentrum and Gambierdiscus), isolated from the same area (North East Atlantic, Canary Islands). In a first experiment, the potential allelopathic effects on growth rates were followed, in mixed cultures of Coolia monotis (a non toxic species) exposed to the clarified medium and to cells of O. sp."Lanzarote-type" and O. cf. ovata. Growth delayed in C. monotis was observed specially in clarified medium, while the O. sp. "Lanzarote-type" strain attained much lower densities in mixed cultures. In a second experiment, we examined the potential effects of clarified media from O. sp."Lanzarote-type" and O. cf. ovata on the adherence capacity in two toxic species (Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Gambierdiscus excentricus). Contrasting effects were found: a significant increase of adherence capacity in P. hoffmannianum vs attachment decline in G. excentricus, that experienced also severe deleterious effects (cell lysis). Our results suggest the existence of weak to moderate allelopathic interactions between the studied organisms, although the outcome is dependent on the species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Portela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50-52, Cabo Estay, Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC (UA Microalgas Nocivas CSIC-IEO), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Mariano Franco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC (UA Microalgas Nocivas CSIC-IEO), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Rosa Mª Bañuelos
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50-52, Cabo Estay, Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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18
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Gavalás-Olea A, Álvarez S, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Garrido JL, Vaz B. 19,19'-Diacyloxy Signature: An Atypical Level of Structural Evolution in Carotenoid Pigments. Org Lett 2016; 18:4642-5. [PMID: 27583572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation from the green dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum and structural characterization of a new carotenoid termed lepidoxanthin (1), determined to be (3S,5R,6S,3'R,6'R)-5,6-epoxy-19-(2-decenoyloxy)-19'-acetoxy-4',5'-didehydro-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-β,ε-carotene-3,3'-diol. Its until now unidentified 19,19'-diacyloxy substitution constitutes a chemical signature that can aid in unraveling the evolutionary course of this unicellular algae based on the proposed biosynthethic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Álvarez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISSG), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC) , 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - José L Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC) , 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Belén Vaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISSG), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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19
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Fraga S, Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Bravo I. Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Celebes Sea (SW Pacific Ocean). Harmful Algae 2016; 58:93-105. [PMID: 28073464 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new benthic toxic dinoflagellate is described from the Celebes Sea. Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov. was isolated from seaweeds growing in tidal ponds. Its morphology was studied by means of LM and SEM; G. balechii has a very ornamented theca, a hatchet shaped second apical plate, a narrow second antapical plate and an asymmetrical third precigular plate, a unique combination of characters among Gambierdiscus species. It has a very wide size range with widths from 36 to 88μm. Phylogenetic analyses of two G. balechii strains, based on LSU rRNA (D8-D10) and partial SSUrRNA sequences confirmed that these clustererd in its' own group, separated from the rest of Gambierdiscus species and with G. pacificus, G. belizeanus and G. scabrosus as its closest relatives. Thecate cysts are described from culture as non motile vegetative-like cells which germinated after being isolated and transferred to fresh medium. Mouse tests showed that this species is toxic and hence it is a potential cause of ciguatera in the Celebes Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC) Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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20
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Laza-Martínez A, David H, Riobó P, Miguel I, Orive E. Characterization of a Strain of Fukuyoa paulensis (Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:481-97. [PMID: 26686980 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A single cell of the dinoflagellate genus Fukuyoa was isolated from the island of Formentera (Balearic Islands, west Mediterranean Sea), cultured, and characterized by morphological and molecular methods and toxin analyses. This is the first report of the Gambierdiscus lineage (genera Fukuyoa and Gambierdiscus) from the western Mediterranean Sea, which is cooler than its eastern basin. Molecular analyses revealed that the Mediterranean strain belongs to F. paulensis and that it bears LSU rDNA sequences identical to New Zealand, Australian, and Brazilian strains. It also shared an identical sequence of the more variable ITS-rDNA with the Brazilian strain. Toxin analyses showed the presence of maitotoxin, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and gambieric acid A. This is the first observation of the two latter compounds in a Fukuyoa strain. Therefore, both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa should be considered when as contributing to ciguatera fish poisoning. Different strains of Fukuyoa form a complex of morphologically cryptic lineages where F. paulensis stands as the most distantly related nominal species. The comparison of the ITS2 secondary structures revealed the absence of CBCs among strains. The study of the morphological and molecular traits depicted an unresolved taxonomic scenario impacted by the low strains sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Laza-Martínez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, Leioa 48940, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Helena David
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, Leioa 48940, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i Microalgas Nocivas IEO-CSIC, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Irati Miguel
- Sequencing and Genotyping Unit from SGIker services of the University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, Leioa, 48940, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Emma Orive
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, Leioa 48940, Basque Country, Spain
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21
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Salgado P, Vázquez JA, Riobó P, Franco JM, Figueroa RI, Kremp A, Bravo I. A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143021. [PMID: 26636674 PMCID: PMC4670228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexandrium ostenfeldii is present in a wide variety of environments in coastal areas worldwide and is the only dinoflagellate known species that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and two types of cyclic imines, spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). The increasing frequency of A. ostenfeldii blooms in the Baltic Sea has been attributed to the warming water in this region. To learn more about the optimal environmental conditions favoring the proliferation of A. ostenfeldii and its complex toxicity, the effects of temperature and salinity on the kinetics of both the growth and the net toxin production of this species were examined using a factorial design and a response-surface analysis (RSA). The results showed that the growth of Baltic A. ostenfeldii occurs over a wide range of temperatures and salinities (12.5-25.5°C and 5-21, respectively), with optimal growth conditions achieved at a temperature of 25.5°C and a salinity of 11.2. Together with the finding that a salinity > 21 was the only growth-limiting factor detected for this strain, this study provides important insights into the autecology and population distribution of this species in the Baltic Sea. The presence of PSP toxins, including gonyautoxin (GTX)-3, GTX-2, and saxitoxin (STX), and GYMs (GYM-A and GYM-B/-C analogues) was detected under all temperature and salinity conditions tested and in the majority of the cases was concomitant with both the exponential growth and stationary phases of the dinoflagellate's growth cycle. Toxin concentrations were maximal at temperatures and salinities of 20.9°C and 17 for the GYM-A analogue and > 19°C and 15 for PSP toxins, respectively. The ecological implications of the optimal conditions for growth and toxin production of A. ostenfeldii in the Baltic Sea are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Salgado
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | - José A. Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - José M. Franco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa I. Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | - Anke Kremp
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
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22
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Rodríguez F, Garrido JL, Sobrino C, Johnsen G, Riobó P, Franco J, Aamot I, Ramilo I, Sanz N, Kremp A. Divinyl chlorophyll a in the marine eukaryotic protist Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae). Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:627-43. [PMID: 26337730 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here it is reported the first detection of DV-chl a together with the usual chl a in the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea. Growth response and photosynthetic parameters were examined at two irradiances (80 and 240 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and temperatures (15 °C and 19 °C) in a divinylic strain (AOTV-OS20) versus a monovinylic one (AOTV-OS16), using in vivo chl a fluorescence kinetics of PSII to characterize photosynthetic parameters by pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence, (14)C assimilation rates and toxin analyses. The divinylic isolate exhibited slower growth and stronger sensitivity to high irradiance than normal chl a strain. DV-chl a : chl a ratios decreased along time (from 11.3 to < 0.5 after 10 months) and to restore them sub-cloning and selection of strains with highest DV-chl a content was required. A mutation and/or epigenetic changes in the expression of divinyl reductase gene/s in A. ostenfeldii may explain this altered pigment composition. Despite quite severe limitations (reduced fitness and gradual loss of DV-chl a content), the DV-chl a-containing line in A. ostenfeldii could provide a model organism in photosynthetic studies related with chl biosynthesis and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Sobrino
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Spain
| | - Geir Johnsen
- Trondhjem Biological Station, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - José Franco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Inga Aamot
- Trondhjem Biological Station, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Isabel Ramilo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Spain
| | - Noelia Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Anke Kremp
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Stüken A, Riobó P, Franco J, Jakobsen KS, Guillou L, Figueroa RI. Paralytic shellfish toxin content is related to genomic sxtA4 copy number in Alexandrium minutum strains. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:404. [PMID: 25983733 PMCID: PMC4416454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are microscopic aquatic eukaryotes with huge genomes and an unusual cell regulation. For example, most genes are present in numerous copies and all copies seem to be obligatorily transcribed. The consequence of the gene copy number (CPN) for final protein synthesis is, however, not clear. One such gene is sxtA, the starting gene of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) synthesis. PSTs are small neurotoxic compounds that can accumulate in the food chain and cause serious poisoning incidences when ingested. They are produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodium, and Pyrodinium. Here we investigated if the genomic CPN of sxtA4 is related to PST content in Alexandrium minutum cells. SxtA4 is the 4th domain of the sxtA gene and its presence is essential for PST synthesis in dinoflagellates. We used PST and genome size measurements as well as quantitative PCR to analyze sxtA4 CPN and toxin content in 15 A. minutum strains. Our results show a strong positive correlation between the sxtA4 CPN and the total amount of PST produced in actively growing A. minutum cells. This correlation was independent of the toxin profile produced, as long as the strain contained the genomic domains sxtA1 and sxtA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Stüken
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Pilar Riobó
- U.A. Microalgas Nocivas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto Español de Oceanografía), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Vigo, Spain
| | - José Franco
- U.A. Microalgas Nocivas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto Español de Oceanografía), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Vigo, Spain
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Laure Guillou
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, CNRS, UMR 7144 Roscoff, France ; Sorbonne Universités - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7144 Roscoff, France
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Aquatic Ecology, Lund University Lund, Sweden ; U.A. Microalgas Nocivas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto Español de Oceanografía), Instituto Español de Oceanografía Vigo, Spain
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24
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Aranceta-Bartrina J, Varela-Moreiras G, Serra-Majem L, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Abellana R, Ara I, Arija V, Aznar S, Ávila JM, Belmonte S, Blasco R, Caldeiro J, Carrillo L, Corella D, López ML, Garaulet M, García-Luna PP, García-Perea A, Gil Á, Gómez-Candela C, González-Gross M, Granado de la Orden S, López-Pardo M, Marcos A, Martínez de Victoria E, Morán L, Ordovás JM, Ortega RM, Palacios N, Polanco Allué I, Ramón JM, Ribas L, Riobó P, Salvador Castell G, Serrano C, De Torres ML, Urrialde R, Zamora S. Consensus document and conclusions. Methodology of dietary surveys, studies on nutrition, physical activity and other lifestyles. NUTR HOSP 2015; 31 Suppl 3:9-11. [PMID: 25719765 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup3.8778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aranceta-Bartrina
- Departament of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra; Spanish Foundation for Nutritional Research, FIN, Barcelona; CiberOBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid;.
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid ; Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universty of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Spanish Foundation for Nutritional Research, FIN, Barcelona; CiberOBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raquel Blasco
- Regional Center for Sports Medicine at the Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid
| | | | - Lourdes Carrillo
- Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine, semFYC, Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
| | - Dolores Corella
- University of Valencia; CiberOBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Morán
- Andalusian Society for Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, SANCYD, Sevilla
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lourdes Ribas
- Spanish Foundation for Nutritional Research, FIN, Barcelona
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25
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David H, Laza-Martínez A, García-Etxebarria K, Riobó P, Orive E. Characterization of Prorocentrum elegans and Prorocentrum levis (Dinophyceae) from the southeastern Bay of Biscay by morphology and molecular phylogeny. J Phycol 2014; 50:718-726. [PMID: 26988455 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Benthic Prorocentrum species can produce toxins that adversely affect animals and human health. They are known to co-occur with other bloom-forming, potentially toxic, benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Ostreopsis, Coolia, and Gambierdiscus. In this study, we report on the presence of P. elegans M.Faust and P. levis M.A.Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P.A. Tester & Litaker from the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Sampling was carried out in the Summer-Autumn 2010-2012 along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, but these two species were only found in the northeastern part of the Peninsula. Strains were isolated from macroalgae collected from rocky-shore areas bordering accessible beaches. Morphological traits of isolated strains were analyzed by LM and SEM, whereas molecular analyses were performed using the LSU and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of the rDNA. A bioassay with Artemia fransciscana and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses were used to check the toxicity of the species, whose results were negative. The strains mostly corresponded to their species original morphological characterization, which is supported by the phylogenetic analyses in the case of P. levis, whereas for P. elegans, this is the first known molecular characterization. This is also the second known report of P. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena David
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Aitor Laza-Martínez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Koldo García-Etxebarria
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Associated Unit of Toxic Phytoplankton (CSIC-IEO), Institute of Marine Research, (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Emma Orive
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
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Abstract
Current nutritional recommendations include decreasing the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA), since there exists sufficient scientific evidence of its influence to cardiovascular disease. During the last decades, in many European countries the TFA intake has considerably decreased through the established legislation and changes in the technological processes developed by the food industry. In Spain, just 2.1 g/day, a 0.7% of the daily energy intake comes from TFA, a lower value than the recommended maximum (<1%), according to data from TRANSFAIR study. The TFA content of processed products such as margarines, factory-baked goods and etc, has declined over recent years and is less than 1% in more than 90% of all these products in Spain. However, it is necessary to develop and implement regulations, governing the TFA content in the products sold in our country, in which there should be the requirement to include this information in the label too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Riobó
- Federación Española de Sociedades Científicas de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética (FESNAD). España..
| | - Irene Breton
- Federación Española de Sociedades Científicas de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética (FESNAD). España..
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27
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Reguera B, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Díaz PA, Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Blanco J. Dinophysis toxins: causative organisms, distribution and fate in shellfish. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:394-461. [PMID: 24447996 PMCID: PMC3917280 DOI: 10.3390/md12010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L⁻¹). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - José M Franco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Juan Blanco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
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Álvarez S, Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Garrido JL, Vaz B. Chlorophyll cCS-170 Isolated from Ostreococcus sp. Is [7-Methoxycarbonyl-8-vinyl]protochlorophyllide a. Org Lett 2013; 15:4430-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4019826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Álvarez
- IBIV Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50. 36390 Vigo, Spain, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- IBIV Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50. 36390 Vigo, Spain, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- IBIV Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50. 36390 Vigo, Spain, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - José L. Garrido
- IBIV Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50. 36390 Vigo, Spain, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Belén Vaz
- IBIV Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50. 36390 Vigo, Spain, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Casabianca S, Casabianca A, Riobó P, Franco JM, Vila M, Penna A. Quantification of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis spp. by qPCR assay in marine aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:3788-3795. [PMID: 23480590 DOI: 10.1021/es305018s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and validation of a qPCR based method for estimation of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the complex matrix of marine aerosol at Sant Andreu de Llavaneres beach (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Toxic events in humans after inhalation or cutaneous contact have been reported during O. cf. ovata blooms and were attributed to palytoxin (PLTX)-like compounds produced by this microalga. Similar PCR efficiencies of plasmid and cellular environmental standard curves (98 and 100%, respectively) allowed obtaining the rDNA copy number per cell. The analytical sensitivity was set at 2 × 10(0) rDNA copy number and 8 × 10(-4) cell per reaction. Based on spiking experiments, we evaluated the aerosol filter inhibitory activity and recovery rate of cells from filters, then normalized the abundance data of toxic O. cf. ovata. The abundance in marine aerosol during the bloom varied in the range of 1-102 cells per filter. Analytical determinations were also applied to detect palytoxin in field samples. No palytoxin was detected in the aerosol filters, and the estimation of PLTX like-compound concentrations in microepiphytic assemblages varied between 0.1 and 1.2 pg/cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
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Paz B, Riobó P, Franco JM. Preliminary study for rapid determination of phycotoxins in microalgae whole cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:3627-3639. [PMID: 22095512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive methods for identification of several phycotoxins produced by microalgae species such as yessotoxins (YTXs) for Protoceratium reticulatum, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) for Prorocentrum spp. and Dinophysis spp., Palytoxins (PLTXs) for Ostreopsis spp., ciguatoxins (CTXs) for Gambierdiscus spp. or domoic acid (DA) for Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are of great importance to the shellfish and fish industry. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to detect several phycotoxins in whole cells of some microalgae which are known as toxin producers. To achieve an appropriate MALDI matrix and a sample preparation method, several matrices and solvent mixtures were tested. The most appropriate matrix system for toxin detection was obtained with 10 µg μL(-1) of DHB in 0.1% TFA/ACN (3:7, v/v) by mixing the intact cells with the matrix solution directly on the MALDI target (dried-droplet technique). Toxin detection by this procedure is much faster than current procedures based on solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. This method allowed the rapid detection of main phycotoxins in some dinoflagellate cells of genus Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Protoceratium, Gambierdiscus, Dinophysis and diatoms from Pseudo-nitzschia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Servicio Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, Unidad de proteómica, Centro de Apoio Científico e Tecnolóxico á Investigación (CACTI), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Sampedro N, Fraga S, Penna A, Casabianca S, Zapata M, Grünewald CF, Riobó P, Camp J. BARRUFETA BRAVENSIS GEN. NOV. SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE): A NEW BLOOM-FORMING SPECIES FROM THE NORTHWEST MEDITERRANEAN SEA(1). J Phycol 2011; 47:375-392. [PMID: 27021869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a new dinoflagellate genus, Barrufeta N. Sampedro et S. Fraga gen. nov., with one new species, B. bravensis Sampedro et S. Fraga sp. nov., isolated from the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean Sea). The dinoflagellate was characterized at the genus and species levels by LM and EM; LSU and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences; and HPLC analyses of the pigments, fatty acids, and possible presence of toxins of several cultured strains. The new Barrufeta species is oval shaped (22-35 μm long and 16-25 μm wide) and dorsoventrally flattened. It possesses numerous small chloroplasts that radiate from two large equatorially located pyrenoids and is a typical peridinin-containing dinoflagellate. The nucleus is in the anterior part of the epicone. The apical groove has a characteristic "Smurf-cap" shape that runs counterclockwise on the epicone and terminates on its right posterior part. B. bravensis is similar to the previously described species Gyrodinium resplendens Hulburt in its external morphology, but the original report of the latter lacked a description of the complete shape of the apical groove. It is therefore likely that some of the G. resplendens species reported in the literature are Barrufeta since they possess a Barrufeta-type apical groove. Fatty acids of Barrufeta were more similar to those of Karenia brevis than those obtained from other unarmored analyzed species including three species of Gymnodinium and Akashiwo sanguinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore Sampedro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Penna
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Zapata
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Fuentes Grünewald
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camp
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO) Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, SpainDep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Av. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Riobó P, Franco JM. Palytoxins: Biological and chemical determination. Toxicon 2011; 57:368-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Iglesias Rosado C, Villarino Marín AL, Martínez JA, Cabrerizo L, Gargallo M, Lorenzo H, Quiles J, Planas M, Polanco I, Romero de Ávila D, Russolillo J, Farré R, Moreno Villares JM, Riobó P, Salas-Salvadó J. [Importance of water in the hydration of the Spanish population: FESNAD 2010 document]. NUTR HOSP 2011. [PMID: 21519727 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2011.26.1.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For any healthy individual, thirst is an appropriate sign to drink water, except for babies, sportsmen, and most of ill and elderly people. In these instances, it is convenient to schedule appropriate times to drink water since great demands and the physiological mechanisms that determine thirst in these situations may condition water unbalances with important consequences for health and the physical and intellectual performance. The human body has a number of mechanisms that allow keeping constant the water content by adjusting intakes and wastes. Water balance is determined by intake (consumed water, beverages, and water contained in foods) and wastes (urine, stools, the skin, and expired air from the lungs). Failure of these mechanisms and subsequent impairments in water balance may produce severe disarrangements that may threaten somebody's life. In the present document, we analyze the evidences regarding the factors conditioning water needs in the different life stages and physiological situations, as well as the consequences of water unbalance under different situations. A proper hydration may be achieved by feeding and the use of water and other liquids. Although water is the beverage by excellence and represents the ideal way of restoring the losses and get hydrated, we should be aware that, from the very beginning, we have sought other liquid sources with hydration properties. In the last decades we have increased the consumption of different beverages, with a proliferation of sugar-containing beverages. Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to obesity and other chronic conditions, it is evident that the use of these caloric beverages should be rationalized, especially in children. In this document all the considerations regarding hydration are presented and different recommendations are exposed.
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Riobó P, Paz B, Franco JM, Vázquez JA, Murado MA, Cacho E. Mouse bioassay for palytoxin. Specific symptoms and dose-response against dose-death time relationships. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2639-47. [PMID: 18534735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, a variety of protocols are applied to quantitate palytoxin. However, there is not desirable agreement among them, the confidence intervals of the basic toxicological parameters are too wide and the formal descriptions lack the necessary generality to establish comparisons. Currently, the mouse bioassay is the most accepted one to categorize marine toxins and it must constitute the reference for other methods. In the present work, the mouse bioassay for palytoxin is deeply analyzed and carefully described showing the initial symptoms of injected mice which are presented here in the first time. These symptoms clearly differ from the more common marine toxins described up to now. Regarding to the toxicological aspects two considerations are taking into account: (i) the empiric models based in the dose-death time relationships cause serious ambiguities and (ii) the traditional moving average method contains in its regular use any inaccuracy elements. Herein is demonstrated that the logistic equation and the accumulative function of Weibull's distribution (with the modifications proposed) generate satisfactory toxicological descriptions in all the respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Grupo de Fitoplancton Tóxico, Instituto Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC). Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
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Paz B, Riobó P, Ramilo I, Franco JM. Yessotoxins profile in strains of Protoceratium reticulatum from Spain and USA. Toxicon 2007; 50:1-17. [PMID: 17395228 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven strains of Protoceratium reticulatum isolated from Spain and the USA were cultured in the laboratory. Yessotoxins (YTXs) quantification and toxin profile determination were performed by LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. The four Spanish strains were found to produce YTX and known YTX analogs, however, YTX was not detected in any of the three USA strains. Among the strains that produced YTXs, toxin production ranged between 2.9 and 28.6pg/cell. The YTX profile was substantially different between strains, in three out of the four Spanish strains YTX was the main toxin and in the fourth homoYTX was the prominent toxin. This work demonstrates that YTX is not always the main toxin in P. reticulatum and a high variability in YTX amounts and profile found in other locations is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Fitoplancton Tóxico, Instituto Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Riobó P, Sánchez Vilar O, Burgos R, Sanz A. [Colectomy management]. NUTR HOSP 2007; 22 Suppl 2:135-44. [PMID: 17679301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract. The large bowel plays an important role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance due to its high capacity of water absorption that may be altered with surgery. Artificial nutritional support should be administered, whenever possible, and is well managed with through the enteral route. PN is indicated only at post-surgery when there are major complications associated with intestinal failure. Early post-surgery EN, or oral supplements, seems to be beneficial. Pouchitis occurs after proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis with the creation of a reservoir in patients with ulcerative colitis, and is well managed with antibiotic therapy, steroids, and probiotics. The implementation of a specific nutritional support protocol allows for decreasing PN and shortens hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, España.
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Paz B, Riobó P, Souto ML, Gil LV, Norte M, Fernández JJ, Franco JM. Detection and identification of glycoyessotoxin A in a culture of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. Toxicon 2006; 48:611-9. [PMID: 16920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The toxin composition of a culture of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was investigated using LC-FLD, after derivatization with DMEQ-TAD (4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalimylethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione)). Besides yessotoxin (YTX), the new YTX analogue, glycoyessotoxin A (G-YTXA) was detected in culture medium as well as in cells. The conditions for extraction were optimized and the production profile established. Retention time of the resulting fluorescent G-YTXA adduct was identified by comparison of the appropriate standard. Additionally, both G-YTXA and the DMEQ-TAD-G-YTXA adduct were confirmed by LC-MS showing ion peaks at m/z 1273 [M-2Na+H](-) and m/z 1618 [M-2Na+H](-), respectively. The LC-MS(n) displayed a fragmentation pattern similar to that of the YTX series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Unidad Asociada (CSIC-IEO) Fitoplancton Tóxico Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO), Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Paz B, Vázquez JA, Riobó P, Franco JM. Study of the effect of temperature, irradiance and salinity on growth and yessotoxin production by the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture by using a kinetic and factorial approach. Mar Environ Res 2006; 62:286-300. [PMID: 16777214 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A complete first order orthogonal plan was used to optimize the growth and the production of yessotoxin (YTX) by the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture by controlling salinity, temperature and irradiance. Initially, an approach to the kinetic data of cellular density and YTX production for each one of the experimental design conditions was performed. The P. reticulatum growth and YTX production were fitted to logistical equations and to a first-order kinetic model, respectively. The parameters obtained from this adjustment were used as dependent variables for the formulation of the empirical equations of the factorial design tested. The results showed that in practically all the cases for both, P. reticulatum growth and YTX production, irradiance is the primary independent variable and has a positive effect in the range 50-90 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1). Additionally, in certain specific cases, temperature reveals significant positive effects when maintained between 15 and 23 degrees C and salinity in the range of 20-34 displays negative effects. Despite the narrow ranges used in the work, results showed the suitability of factorial analysis to evaluate the optimal conditions for growth and yessotoxin production by the dinoflagellate P. reticulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, U.A. Fitoplancton Tóxico (CSIC-IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO), Apdo. 1552, 36280 Vigo, Spain
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Riobó P, Paz B, Franco J. Analysis of palytoxin-like in Ostreopsis cultures by liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Paz B, Riobó P, Fernández ML, Fraga S, Franco JM. Production and release of yessotoxins by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Lingulodinium polyedrum in culture. Toxicon 2004; 44:251-8. [PMID: 15302531 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of YTX was confirmed in Protoceratium reticulatum cultures and detected for the first time in Lingulodinium polyedrum cultures, mainly in the cells but also, to a lesser extent, dissolved in the culture medium. The production of yessotoxins (YTXs) by cultures of different strains of P. reticulatum and L. polyedrum was studied with liquid chromatography coupled to fluorometric detection using the dienophile reagent DMEQ-TAD and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. When comparing toxin production at different stages of culture growth, larger amounts of toxins were observed in the cellular fraction and in the culture medium at the last stage of the culture (day 21) in both species. Although YTX was detected in culture medium, with this study it was not possible to explain which is the release mechanism of the toxin in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Unidad Asociada (CSIC-IEO) Fitoplancton Tóxico, Instituto Español de Oceanografía Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Apdo 1552, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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42
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Ortiz A, Riobó P. [Nutritional support in haemodialysis]. NUTR HOSP 2004; 19:248-51. [PMID: 15315117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a common severe problem in dialysis. The prevalence of malnutrition has been estimated as between 30% and 70%. Although malnutrition is not normally listed among the most frequent causes of mortality in these patients, it contributes to cardiovascular mortality through the MIA syndrome (Malnutrition, inflammation and arteriosclerosis) and the severity of infections. The cause of malnutrition in dialysis is frequently due to a multiplicity of factors. The use of the term malnutrition has been criticized when the cause is not scant dietary intake, for practical reasons: if the cause is not a lack of food intake, the treatment will not be an increase in the provision of nutrients. The therapeutic approach to malnutrition in dialysis has recently been reviewed. In this sense, the multifactorial origin requires the problem to be approached from different angles. The case reported is an undernourished dialysis patient in which a chronic gradual deterioration in nutritional status is treated through a multiple therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ortiz
- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España.
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43
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Riobó P, Fernández Bobadilla B, Kozarcewski M, Fernández Moya JM. [Obesity in women]. NUTR HOSP 2003; 18:233-7. [PMID: 14596030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become an important problem of public health in all developed countries. It has slightly different connotations in women because, apart from its greater prevalence, low socio-economic level is a risk factor solely for women. As well as a cardiovascular risk factor in women, it is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, cancer of the endometrium, ovarian polycystosis and infertility. Weight control in women has a large aesthetic motivation and eating has considerable emotional components. On the other hand, women consume more drugs (contraceptives, painkillers, migraine treatments, anxiolytics, anti-depressants) which seem to favour obesity. The role played in the pathogenesis of obesity by cyclical hormonal changes, pregnancy, the consumption of oral contraceptives and the menopause remains to be clarified. The effect of replacement hormone therapy as a cause of weight gain is doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Unidad de Nutrición, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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44
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Riobó P. [Clinical nutrition: a science in evolution]. NUTR HOSP 2001; 15 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 11219993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Unidad de Nutrición Clínica, Departamento de Endocrinología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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45
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Martínez P, Sánchez-Vilar O, Picón MJ, Gonzalo MA, Badía A, Arés A, Riobó P. [Necrotizing fasciitis as complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]. NUTR HOSP 1999; 14:135-7. [PMID: 10424129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare clinical entity. We describe a case associated with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy (PEG).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martínez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Fundación Díaz. Madrid, España
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46
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Martínez P, Sánchez-Vilar O, Picón J, Gonzalo A, de Villar N, Riobó P. [Parenteral nutrition in a case of renal insufficiency due to amyloidosis]. NUTR HOSP 1999; 14:96-8. [PMID: 10364787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Martínez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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47
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Riobó P, Turbí C, Banet R, Badia A, Lara JI, Miranda R, Herrera-Pombo JL. Colonic volvulus and ulcerative jejunoileitis due to occult celiac sprue. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315:317-8. [PMID: 9587089 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199805000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonic volvulus is a rare complication of celiac disease. A case is reported of a 46-year-old man with a long-standing history of diarrhea and abdominal distention with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. After an elective inguinal hernia repair, a cecal volvulus and an ulcerative jejunoileitis developed in the patient that required an extensive intestinal resection. Short bowel syndrome developed and was treated with total parenteral and enteral nutrition. The patient had a poor course after reinitiation of oral diet. Subsequently, celiac sprue was diagnosed and the patient improved with a gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Riobó P, Gonzalo MA, Moreno I, Lara JI, Moreno A, Molina MJ, Herrera-Pombo JL. [Nutrition and mental function in the elderly]. Rev Clin Esp 1993; 193:252-4. [PMID: 8256013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A deterioration in cognitive functions is characteristic of the ageing process and is one of the principle causes for disability in old age. It is possible that some of the neuropsychiatric alterations associated with old age may be due to certain subclinical vitamin deficiencies and, as such, may be corrected in some cases with adequate nutrition. This article presents a broad review of the various research efforts published on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
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49
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Gonzalo MA, Riobó P, Gautier R, Acosta JF. [Considerable hypoglycemia in anorexia nervosa]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992; 99:317. [PMID: 1453831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Riobó P, Walker R, Sanz T, Plaza P, Olalla T, Gómez P, Muñoz F, Monge V. [Periodic health examination]. Rev Clin Esp 1992; 190:361-6. [PMID: 1620924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A literature search has been made on the examinations to be performed during the "periodic health exam" on the healthy adult. These examinations shall be performed bearing in mind the prevalence and morbility data of the specific diseases, individual risk factors and the quality (sensibility and specificity) of the diagnostic procedure. The value of regular blood pressure determination, breast exam and cervical cytology with Papanicolaou stain, is well established. However, there is no consensus regarding other determinations, due to the fact that different authors use different approaches. The skin, mouth and thyroid examination for cancer screening is limited only to individuals having risk factors. Heart auscultation for the diagnosis of valvulopathies that could required antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis is important. In individuals over sixty years old, vision acuity and hearing capabilities should be explored, also abdomen should be explored to detect aortic aneurysms. Hypercholesterolemia should be determined in individuals over 20 years old, and PPD should be performed before 35 years old. Concerning the rest of explorations (rectal taction, testicular exploration, etc.) its efficacy has not been clearly established in the screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riobó
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid
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