1
|
Biessy L, Pearman JK, Mertens KN, Réveillon D, Savar V, Hess P, Hampton H, Thompson L, Lebrun L, Terre-Terrillon A, Smith KF. Sudden peak in tetrodotoxin in French oysters during the summer of 2021: Source investigation using microscopy, metabarcoding and droplet digital PCR. Toxicon 2024; 243:107721. [PMID: 38636612 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin causing human intoxications from contaminated seafood worldwide and is of emerging concern in Europe. Shellfish have been shown to contain varying TTX concentrations globally, with concentrations typically higher in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in Europe. Despite many decades of research, the source of TTX remains unknown, with bacterial or algal origins having been suggested. The aim of this study was to identify potential source organisms causing TTX contamination in Pacific oysters in French coastal waters, using three different techniques. Oysters were deployed in cages from April to September 2021 in an estuary where TTX was previously detected. Microscopic analyses of water samples were used to investigate potential microalgal blooms present prior or during the peak in TTX. Differences in the bacterial communities from oyster digestive glands (DG) and remaining flesh were explored using metabarcoding, and lastly, droplet digital PCR assays were developed to investigate the presence of Cephalothrix sp., one European TTX-bearing species in the DG of toxic C. gigas. Oysters analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry contained quantifiable levels of TTX over a three-week period (24 June-15 July 2021), with concentrations decreasing in the DG from 424 μg/kg for the first detection to 101 μg/kg (equivalent to 74 to 17 μg/kg of total flesh), and trace levels being detected until August 13, 2021. These concentrations are the first report of the European TTX guidance levels being exceeded in French shellfish. Microscopy revealed that some microalgae bloomed during the TTX peak, (e.g., Chaetoceros spp., reaching 40,000 cells/L). Prokaryotic metabarcoding showed increases in abundance of Rubritaleaceae (genus Persicirhabdus) and Neolyngbya, before and during the TTX peak. Both phyla have previously been described as possible TTX-producers and should be investigated further. Droplet digital PCR analyses were negative for the targeted TTX-bearing genus Cephalothrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LITTORAL Unit, Place de la Croix, BP40537, 29900, Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Hampton
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Luc Lebrun
- Ifremer, LITTORAL Unit, Place de la Croix, BP40537, 29900, Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yon T, Réveillon D, Sibat M, Holland C, Litaker RW, Nascimento SM, Rossignoli AE, Riobó P, Hess P, Bertrand S. Targeted and non-targeted mass spectrometry to explore the chemical diversity of the genus Gambierdiscus in the Atlantic Ocean. Phytochemistry 2024; 222:114095. [PMID: 38631521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus have been associated with ciguatera, the most common non-bacterial fish-related intoxication in the world. Many studies report the presence of potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species along the Atlantic coasts including G. australes, G. silvae and G. excentricus. Estimates of their toxicity, as determined by bio-assays, vary substantially, both between species and strains of the same species. Therefore, there is a need for additional knowledge on the metabolite production of Gambierdiscus species and their variation to better understand species differences. Using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, toxin and metabolomic profiles of five species of Gambierdiscus found in the Atlantic Ocean were reported. In addition, a molecular network was constructed aiming at annotating the metabolomes. Results demonstrated that G. excentricus could be discriminated from the other species based solely on the presence of MTX4 and sulfo-gambierones and that the variation in toxin content for a single strain could be up to a factor of two due to different culture conditions between laboratories. While untargeted analyses highlighted a higher variability at the metabolome level, signal correction was applied and supervised multivariate statistics performed on the untargeted data set permitted the selection of 567 features potentially useful as biomarkers for the distinction of G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. silvae and G. belizeanus. Further studies will be required to validate the use of these biomarkers in discriminating Gambierdiscus species. The study also provided an overview about 17 compound classes present in Gambierdiscus, however, significant improvements in annotation are still required to reach a more comprehensive knowledge of Gambierdiscus' metabolome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yon
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Chris Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Araceli E Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44311 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lanceleur R, Gémin MP, Blier AL, Meslier L, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Ternon E, Thomas OP, Fessard V. Toxic responses of metabolites produced by Ostreopsis cf. ovata on a panel of cell types. Toxicon 2024; 240:107631. [PMID: 38331106 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are regularly associated with human intoxications that are attributed to ovatoxins (OVTXs), the main toxic compounds produced by this organism and close analogs to palytoxin (PlTX). Unlike for PlTX, information on OVTXs'toxicity are scarce due to the absence of commercial standards. Extracts from two cultures of Mediterranean strains of O. cf. ovata (MCCV54 and MCCV55), two fractions containing or not OVTXs (prepared from the MCCV54 extract) and OVTX-a and -d (isolated from the MCCV55 extract) were generated. These chemical samples and PlTX were tested on a panel of cell types from several organs and tissues (skin, intestine, lung, liver and nervous system). The MCCV55 extract, containing a 2-fold higher amount of OVTXs than MCCV54 extract, was shown to be more cytotoxic on all the cell lines and more prone to increase interleukin-8 (IL-8) release in keratinocytes. The fraction containing OVTXs was also cytotoxic on the cell lines tested but induced IL-8 release only in liver cells. Unexpectedly, the cell lines tested showed the same sensitivity to the fraction that does not contain OVTXs. With this fraction, a pro-inflammatory effect was shown both in lung and liver cells. The level of cytotoxicity was similar for OVTX-a and -d, except on intestinal and skin cells where a weak difference of toxicity was observed. Among the 3 toxins, only PlTX induced a pro-inflammatory effect mostly on keratinocytes. These results suggest that the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase target of PlTX is likely shared with OVTX-a and -d, although the differences in pro-inflammatory effect must be explained by other mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Lanceleur
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | | | - Anne-Louise Blier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | - Lisa Meslier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Eva Ternon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shin HH, Li Z, Réveillon D, Savar V, Hess P, Mertens KN, Youn JY, Shin K, Lee J, Shin AY, Byun E, Yoo YD, Son MH, Lee M, Seo MH. Toxic dinoflagellate Centrodinium punctatum (Cleve) F.J.R. Taylor: An examination on the responses in growth and toxin contents to drastic changes of temperature and salinity. Harmful Algae 2024; 131:102559. [PMID: 38212088 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
To understand environmental effects affecting paralytic shellfish toxin production of Centrodinium punctatum, this study examined the growth responses, and toxin contents and profiles of a C. punctatum culture exposed to drastic changes of temperature (5-30 °C) and salinity (15-40). C. punctatum grew over a temperature range of 15-25 °C, with an optimum of 20 °C., and over a salinity range of 25-40, with optimum salinities of 30-35. This suggests that C. punctatum prefers relatively warm waters and an oceanic habitat for its growth and can adapt to significant changes of salinity levels. When C. punctatum was cultivated at different temperature and salinity levels, the PST profile included four major analogs (STX, neoSTX, GTX1 and GTX4, constituted >80 % of the profile), while low amounts of doSTX and traces of dc-STX and dc-GTX2 were also observed. Interestingly, though overall toxin contents did not change significantly with temperature, increases in the proportion of STX, and decreases in proportions in GTX1 and GTX4 were observed with higher temperatures. Salinity did not affect either toxin contents or profile from 25 to 35. However, the total toxin content dropped to approximately half at salinity 40, suggesting this salinity may induce metabolic changes in C. punctatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LITTORAL unit, Place de la Croix, BP40537, 29900 Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | - Joo Yeon Youn
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsoon Shin
- Ballast Water Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Young Shin
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Byun
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Ho Son
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Yeosu, 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Seo
- Marine Ecology Research Center, Yeosu 59697, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Réveillon D, Georges des Aulnois M, Savar V, Robert E, Caruana AMN, Briand E, Bormans M. Extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry of intra- and extracellular microcystins and nodularin to study the fate of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins across the freshwater-marine continuum. Toxicon 2024; 237:107551. [PMID: 38070753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) is increasingly being reported in coastal areas worldwide. To provide reliable data regarding this emerging concern, reproducible and accurate methods are required to quantify MCs in salt-containing samples. Herein, we characterized methods of extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for nine MCs and one nodularin (NOD) variants in both cyanobacteria (intracellular) and dissolved forms (extracellular). Different approaches have been used to cope with salinity for the extraction of dissolved MCs but none assessed solid phase extraction (SPE) so far. It was found that salt had negligible effect on the SPE recovery of dissolved MCs using the C18 cartridge while an overestimation up to 67% was noted for some variants with a polymeric sorbent. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 1.0-22 and 5.5-124 pg on column for the intracellular toxins, while 0.05-0.81 and 0.13-2.4 ng/mL were obtained for dissolved toxins. Extraction recoveries were excellent for intracellular (89-121%) and good to excellent for extracellular cyanotoxins (73-102%) while matrix effects were considered neglectable (<12% for 16/20 toxin-matrix combinations), except for the two MC-RR variants. The strategy based on the application of a corrective factor to compensate for losses proved useful as the accuracy was satisfactory (73-117% for intra- and 81-139% for extracellular cyanotoxins, bias <10% for 46/60 conditions, with a few exceptions), with acceptable precisions (intra- and inter-days variabilities <11%). We then applied this method on natural colonies of Microcystis spp. subjected to a salt shock, mimicking their estuarine transfer, in order to assess their survival and to quantify their toxins. The colonies of Microcystis spp. had both their growth and photosynthetic activity impaired at salinities from 10, while toxins remained mainly intracellular (>76%) even at salinity 20, suggesting a potential health risk and contamination of estuarine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Bormans
- University of Rennes, CNRS, Ecobio UMR, 6553, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boucher C, Lacour T, André J, Réveillon D, Hansen PJ, Mairet F. Corrigendum to "Mixotrophic lifestyle of the ichthyotoxic haptophyte, Prymnesium parvum, offered different sources of phosphorus": HARMFUL ALGAE 127 (2023), Article [HARALG_102483]. Harmful Algae 2023; 128:102493. [PMID: 37714582 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Boucher
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Thomas Lacour
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Julie André
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Francis Mairet
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Mason PL, Ayache N, Sanderson M, Smith JL, Giddings S, McCarron P, Séchet V, Hégaret H, Hess P, Vogelbein WK. Mortality and histopathology in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) larvae exposed to pectenotoxin-2 and Dinophysis acuminata. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 257:106456. [PMID: 36889127 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis can produce diarrheic toxins including okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), and the non-diarrheic pectenotoxins (PTXs). Okadaic acid and DTXs cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers, and also cause cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects in a variety of mollusks and fishes at different life stages in vitro. The possible effects of co-produced PTXs or live cells of Dinophysis to aquatic organisms, however, are less understood. Effects on an early life stage of sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), a common finfish in eastern USA estuaries, were evaluated using a 96-h toxicity bioassay. Three-week old larvae were exposed to PTX2 concentrations from 50 to 4000 nM, live Dinophysis acuminata culture (strain DAVA01), live cells resuspended in clean medium or culture filtrate. This D. acuminata strain produced mainly intracellular PTX2 (≈ 21 pg cell-1), with much lower levels of OA and dinophysistoxin-1. No mortality or gill damages were observed in larvae exposed to D. acuminata (from 5 to 5500 cells mL-1), resuspended cells and culture filtrate. However, exposure to purified PTX2 at intermediate to high concentrations (from 250 to 4000 nM) resulted in 8 to 100% mortality after 96 h (24-h LC50 of 1231 nM). Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy of fish exposed to intermediate to high PTX2 concentrations revealed important gill damage, including intercellular edema, necrosis and sloughing of gill respiratory epithelia, and damage to the osmoregulatory epithelium, including hypertrophy, proliferation, redistribution and necrosis of chloride cells. Tissue damage in gills is likely caused by the interaction of PTX2 with the actin cytoskeleton of the affected gill epithelia. Overall, the severe gill pathology observed following the PTX2 exposure suggested death was due to loss of respiratory and osmoregulatory functions in C. variegatus larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gaillard
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America; IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - D Réveillon
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - P L Mason
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - N Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - M Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - J L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - S Giddings
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Halifax B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - P McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Halifax B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - V Séchet
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - H Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - P Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - W K Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mary L, Quere J, Latimier M, Rovillon GA, Hégaret H, Réveillon D, Le Gac M. Genetic association of toxin production in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000879. [PMID: 36326655 PMCID: PMC9836089 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are responsible for harmful algal blooms and produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Their very large and complex genomes make it challenging to identify the genes responsible for toxin synthesis. A family-based genomic association study was developed to determine the inheritance of toxin production in Alexandrium minutum and identify genomic regions linked to this production. We show that the ability to produce toxins is inheritable in a Mendelian way, while the heritability of the toxin profile is more complex. We developed the first dinoflagellate genetic linkage map. Using this map, several major results were obtained: 1. A genomic region related to the ability to produce toxins was identified. 2. This region does not contain any polymorphic sxt genes, known to be involved in toxin production in cyanobacteria. 3. The sxt genes, known to be present in a single cluster in cyanobacteria, are scattered on different linkage groups in A. minutum. 4. The expression of two sxt genes not assigned to any linkage group, sxtI and sxtG, may be regulated by the genomic region related to the ability to produce toxins. Our results provide new insights into the organization of toxicity-related genes in A. minutum, suggesting a dissociated genetic mechanism for the production of the different analogues and the ability to produce toxins. However, most of the newly identified genes remain unannotated. This study therefore proposes new candidate genes to be further explored to understand how dinoflagellates synthesize their toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lou Mary
- Ifremer, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gémin MP, Lanceleur R, Meslier L, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Ternon E, Thomas OP, Fessard V. Toxicity of palytoxin, purified ovatoxin-a, ovatoxin-d and extracts of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 94:103909. [PMID: 35718322 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human intoxications in the Mediterranean Sea have been linked to blooms of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata, producer of palytoxin (PlTX)-like toxins called ovatoxins (OVTXs). Exposure routes include only inhalation and contact, although PlTX-poisoning by seafood has been described in tropical regions. To address the impact of OVTXs on the intestinal barrier, dinoflagellate extracts, purified OVTX-a and -d and PlTX were tested on differentiated Caco-2 cells. Viability, inflammatory response and barrier integrity were recorded after 24 h treatment. OVTX-a and -d were not cytotoxic up to 20 ng/mL but increased IL-8 release, although to a lesser extent compared to PlTX. While PlTX and OVTX-a (at 0.5 and 5 ng/mL respectively) affected intestinal barrier integrity, OVTX-d up to 5 ng/mL did not. Overall, OVTX-d was shown to be less toxic than OVTX-a and PlTX. Therefore, oral exposure to OVTX-a and -d could provoked lower acute toxicity than PlTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachelle Lanceleur
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Lisa Meslier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | | | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Eva Ternon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 709, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Réveillon D, Savar V, Schaefer E, Chevé J, Halm-Lemeille MP, Hervio-Heath D, Travers MA, Abadie E, Rolland JL, Hess P. Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks-Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:740. [PMID: 34822524 PMCID: PMC8618394 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5-3 month periods (2018-2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from 'not detected' to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Véronique Savar
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Estelle Schaefer
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (E.S.)
| | | | | | - Dominique Hervio-Heath
- LEMAR, Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
- Ifremer, SG2M, Laboratoire LSEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M, Laboratoire LGPMM, F-17390 La Tremblade, France;
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer, Biodivenv, F-97231 Le Robert, France;
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34000 Montpellier, France;
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Danthu C, Hervé F, Sibat M, Carpentier L, Hégaret H, Séchet V, Hess P. Effect of a short-term salinity stress on the growth, biovolume, toxins, osmolytes and metabolite profiles on three strains of the Dinophysis acuminata-complex (Dinophysis cf. sacculus). Harmful Algae 2021; 107:102009. [PMID: 34456027 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is the main dinoflagellate genus responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with lipophilic diarrheic toxins. Species of this genus have a worldwide distribution driven by environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, salinity, nutrients etc.), and these factors are sensitive to climate change. The D. acuminata-complex may contain several species, including D. sacculus. The latter has been found in estuaries and semi-enclosed areas, water bodies subjected to quick salinity variations and its natural repartition suggests some tolerance to salinity changes. However, the response of strains of D. acuminata-complex (D. cf. sacculus) subjected to salinity stress and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied in the laboratory. Here, a 24 h hypoosmotic (25) and hyperosmotic (42) stress was performed in vitro in a metabolomic study carried out with three cultivated strains of D. cf. sacculus isolated from the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Growth rate, biovolume and osmolyte (proline, glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)) and toxin contents were measured. Osmolyte contents were higher at the highest salinity, but only a significant increase in glycine betaine was observed between the control (35) and the hyperosmotic treatment. Metabolomics revealed significant and strain-dependent differences in metabolite profiles for different salinities. These results, as well as the absence of effects on growth rate, biovolume, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTXs) cellular contents, suggest that the D. cf. sacculus strains studied are highly tolerant to salinity variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Charline Danthu
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Liliane Carpentier
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gémin MP, Bertrand S, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Réveillon D. Combined effects of temperature and light intensity on growth, metabolome and ovatoxin content of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strain. Harmful Algae 2021; 106:102060. [PMID: 34154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic and ovatoxin-producing dinoflagellate proliferating yearly along the Mediterranean coasts where blooms have been related to human illness and unusual mortality of marine organisms. The spreading of O. cf. ovata in this temperate area has been linked to global changes and its consequences such as the increase of temperature or light intensities. In the present study, an experimental design using batch cultures of pre-acclimated cells of a strain of O. cf. ovata isolated from Villefranche-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea, France), was implemented to investigate the combined effect of temperature (23, 27 and 30 °C) and light intensity (200, 400 and 600 µmol m-2s-1) on the growth, metabolome and OVTX content. Both light intensity and temperature affected the growth as significantly higher growth rates were obtained under 400 and 600 µmol m-2s-1 while the maximum values were obtained at 27 °C (0.48 d-1). Metabolomic analyses highlighted a clear effect only for temperature that may correspond to two different strategies of acclimation to suboptimal temperatures. Significant features (such as carotenoid and lipids) modified by the temperature and/or light conditions were annotated. Only temperature induced a significant change of OVTX content with higher values measured at the lowest temperature of 23 °C (29 - 36 pg cell-1). In a context of global changes, these results obtained after acclimation suggest that the increase of temperature might favor the proliferation of less toxic cells. However, in the light of the intraspecific variability of O. cf. ovata, further studies will be necessary to test this hypothesis. This study also highlighted the lack of knowledge about the metabolome composition of such non-model organisms that impairs data interpretation. There is a need to study more deeply the metabolome of toxic dinoflagellates to better understand how they can acclimate to a changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, F-44035 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yon T, Sibat M, Réveillon D, Bertrand S, Chinain M, Hess P. Deeper insight into Gambierdiscus polynesiensis toxin production relies on specific optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 232:122400. [PMID: 34074394 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera food poisoning affects consumer health and fisheries' economies worldwide in tropical zones, and specifically in the Pacific area. The wide variety of ciguatoxins bio-accumulated in fish or shellfish responsible for this neurological illness are produced by marine dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and bio-transformed through the food web. The evaluation of the contents of ciguatoxins in strains of Gambierdiscus relies on the availability of standards and on the development of sensitive and specific tools to detect them. There is a need for sensitive methods for the analysis of pacific ciguatoxins with high resolution mass spectrometry to ensure unequivocal identification of all congeners. We have applied a fractional factorial design of experiment 2^8-3 for the screening of the significance of eight parameters potentially influencing ionization and ion transmission and their interactions to evaluate the behavior of sodium adducts, protonated molecules and first water losses of CTX4A/B, CTX3B/C, 2-OH-CTX3C and 44-methylgambierone on a Q-TOF equipment. The four parameters that allowed to significantly increase the peak areas of ciguatoxins and gambierones (up to a factor ten) were the capillary voltage, the sheath gas temperature, the ion funnel low pressure voltage and the ion funnel exit voltage. The optimized method was applied to revisit the toxin profile of G. polynesiensis (strain TB92) with a confirmation of the presence of M-seco-CTX4A only putatively reported so far and the detection of an isomer of CTX4A. The improvement in toxin detection also allowed to obtain informative high resolution targeted MS/MS spectra revealing high similarity in fragmentation patterns between putative isomer (4) of CTX3C, 2-OH-CTX3C and CTX3B on one side and between CTX4A, M-seco-CTX4A and the putative isomer on the other side, suggesting a relation of constitutional isomerism between them for both isomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sibat M, Réveillon D, Antoine C, Carpentier L, Rovillon GA, Sechet V, Bertrand S. Molecular networking as a novel approach to unravel toxin diversity of four strains of the dominant Dinophysis species from French coastal waters. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102026. [PMID: 33980454 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some species of the genus Dinophysis contain Diarrhetic shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins and are the main threat to shellfish farming in Europe including France. Dinophysis species are known to produce two families of bioactive lipophilic toxins: (i) okadaic acid (OA) and their analogues dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and (ii) pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only six toxins (OA, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, PTX1 and PTX2) regulated by the European Union Legislation (EC No. 15/2011; 3) are routinely monitored using targeted chemical analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) while toxic species of Dinophysis produce many other analogues. To tentatively identify unknown toxin analogues, a recent approach (Molecular Networking, MN) was used based on fragmentation data obtained by untargeted high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). An optimization of the data-dependent LC-HRMS/MS acquisition conditions was conducted to obtain more informative networks. The MN was applied to provide an overview of the chemical diversity of four strains belonging to three major Dinophysis species isolated from French coastal waters (D. acuta, D. caudata and the "D. acuminata complex" species D. acuminata and D. sacculus). This approach highlighted species-specific chemical patterns and also that Dinophysis chemical diversity is largely unexplored. Using MN allowed to identify directly known toxins and their relationship between species of Dinophysis, leading to the discovery of five new putative PTX analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, Dyneco, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Dyneco, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Chloé Antoine
- Ifremer, Dyneco, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | - Véronique Sechet
- Ifremer, Dyneco, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shin HH, Li Z, Réveillon D, Rovillon GA, Mertens KN, Hess P, Kim HJ, Lee J, Lee KW, Kim D, Park BS, Hwang J, Seo MH, Lim WA. Centrodinium punctatum (Dinophyceae) produces significant levels of saxitoxin and related analogs. Harmful Algae 2020; 100:101923. [PMID: 33298361 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Centrodinium punctatum is a fusiform dinoflagellate with a global marine distribution. Due to a close phylogenetic relationship of one C. punctatum strain to Alexandrium species, toxin production of this C. punctatum strain was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profile of C. punctatum was dominated by six analogs, i.e. STX (30%), GTX-1 (20%) and neoSTX (24%), followed by GTX-2 (9%), GTX-4 (9%) and GTX-3 (8%); deoxy-STX was also putatively identified while no gymnodimines, spirolides or goniodomins were detected. This is the first record of C. punctatum producing saxitoxins. The estimated cellular toxicity was rather elevated, between 91 and 212 pg cell-1 (or 259 and 601 fmol cell-1). When considering the toxicity equivalent factors, results suggest that this species can produce high cellular toxicity compared to other STX-producing dinoflagellates. Morphological details of the sulcal area and the hypotheca of Centrodinium punctatum were re-examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); this revealed that in the sulcal area, the left posterior sulcal plate (Ssp) is larger and longer than the left posterior sulcal plate and extended into the hypotheca. Based on the morphological observation, a revised interpretation of the sulcus and hypotheca is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311 France
| | | | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311 France
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Park
- Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinik Hwang
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Seo
- Marine Ecology Research Center, Yeosu 59697, Republic of Korea
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gaillard S, Le Goïc N, Malo F, Boulais M, Fabioux C, Zaccagnini L, Carpentier L, Sibat M, Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Hégaret H. Cultures of Dinophysis sacculus, D. acuminata and pectenotoxin 2 affect gametes and fertilization success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114840. [PMID: 32570022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a threat to human health as they are mainly responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the consumers of contaminated shellfish. Such contamination leads to shellfish farm closures causing major economic and social issues. The direct effects of numerous HAB species have been demonstrated on adult bivalves, whereas the effects on critical early life stages remain relatively unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of either cultivated strains of D. sacculus and D. acuminata isolated from France or their associated toxins (i.e. okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)) on the quality of the gametes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. This was performed by assessing the ROS production and viability of the gametes using flow cytometry, and fertilization success using microscopic counts. Oocytes were more affected than spermatozoa and their mortality and ROS production increased in the presence of D. sacculus and PTX2, respectively. A decrease in fertilization success was observed at concentrations as low as 0.5 cell mL-1 of Dinophysis spp. and 5 nM of PTX2, whereas no effect of OA could be observed. The effect on fertilization success was higher when both gamete types were concomitantly exposed compared to separate exposures, suggesting a synergistic effect. Our results also suggest that the effects could be due to cell-to-cell contact. These results highlight a potential effect of Dinophysis spp. and PTX2 on reproduction and recruitment of the Pacific oyster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucas Zaccagnini
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chomérat N, Bilien G, Viallon J, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Henry K, Zubia M, Vieira C, Ung A, Gatti CMI, Roué M, Derrien A, Amzil Z, Darius HT, Chinain M. Taxonomy and toxicity of a bloom-forming Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Tahiti island (South Pacific Ocean): one step further towards resolving the identity of O. siamensis. Harmful Algae 2020; 98:101888. [PMID: 33129466 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among dinoflagellates responsible for benthic harmful algal blooms, the genus Ostreopsis primarily described from tropical areas has been increasingly reported from subtropical and temperate areas worldwide. Several species of this toxigenic genus produce analogs of palytoxin, thus representing a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several species needs to be clarified as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading in some cases to ambiguous interpretations and misidentifications. The present study aims at reporting a benthic bloom that occurred in April 2019 in Tahiti island, French Polynesia. A complete taxonomic investigation of the blooming Ostreopsis species was realized using light, epifluorescence and field emission electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS-5.8S rDNA regions. Toxicity of a natural sample and strains isolated from the bloom was assessed using both neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LC-MS/MS analyses. Morphological observations showed that cells were round to oval, large, 58.0-82.5 µm deep (dorso-ventral length) and 45.7-61.2 µm wide. The cingulum was conspicuously undulated, forming a 'V' in ventral view. Thecal plates possessed large pores in depressions, with a collar rim. Detailed observation also revealed the presence of small thecal pores invisible in LM. Phylogenetic analyses were congruent and all sequences clustered within the genotype Ostreopsis sp. 6, in a subclade closely related to sequences from the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. No toxicity was found on the field sample but all the strains isolated from the bloom were found to be cytotoxic and produced ostreocin D, a lower amount of ostreocins A and B and putatively other compounds. Phylogenetic data demonstrate the presence of this species in the Gulf of Thailand, at the type locality of O. siamensis, and morphological data are congruent with the original description and support this identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France.
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mayalen Zubia
- Université de Polynésie Française, UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Christophe Vieira
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO, PO box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaillard S, Charrier A, Malo F, Carpentier L, Bougaran G, Hégaret H, Réveillon D, Hess P, Séchet V. Combined Effects of Temperature, Irradiance, and pH on Teleaulax amphioxeia (Cryptophyceae) Physiology and Feeding Ratio For Its Predator Mesodinium rubrum (Ciliophora) 1. J Phycol 2020; 56:775-783. [PMID: 32052865 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia is a source of plastids for the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum and both organisms are members of the trophic chain of several species of Dinophysis. It is important to better understand the ecology of organisms at the first trophic levels before assessing the impact of principal factors of global change on Dinophysis spp. Therefore, combined effects of temperature, irradiance, and pH on growth rate, photosynthetic activity, and pigment content of a temperate strain of T. amphioxeia were studied using a full factorial design (central composite design 23 *) in 17 individually controlled bioreactors. The derived model predicted an optimal growth rate of T. amphioxeia at a light intensity of 400 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 , more acidic pH (7.6) than the current average and a temperature of 17.6°C. An interaction between temperature and irradiance on growth was also found, while pH did not have any significant effect. Subsequently, to investigate potential impacts of prey quality and quantity on the physiology of the predator, M. rubrum was fed two separate prey: predator ratios with cultures of T. amphioxeia previously acclimated at two different light intensities (100 and 400 μmol photons · m-2 s-1 ). M. rubrum growth appeared to be significantly dependent on prey quantity while effect of prey quality was not observed. This multi-parametric study indicated a high potential for a significant increase of T. amphioxeia in future climate conditions but to what extent this would lead to increased occurrences of Mesodinium spp. and Dinophysis spp. should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Aurélie Charrier
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues (PBA), IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Florent Malo
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Liliane Carpentier
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Gaël Bougaran
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues (PBA), IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (LEMAR), IUEM-UBO, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gémin MP, Réveillon D, Hervé F, Pavaux AS, Tharaud M, Séchet V, Bertrand S, Lemée R, Amzil Z. Toxin content of Ostreopsis cf. ovata depends on bloom phases, depth and macroalgal substrate in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Harmful Algae 2020; 92:101727. [PMID: 32113596 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, blooms of the genus Ostreopsis have been reported more frequently and at higher abundances in the Mediterranean area. Ostreopsis cf. ovata is known to produce ovatoxins (OVTXs), structural analogues of palytoxin, which is one of the most potent non-polymeric toxins. However, the production of OVTXs is poorly characterized in situ. The present study focuses on toxin content and profile according to the bloom phase during summer 2017 in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (NW Mediterranean Sea), depth (from 0.5 to 5 m) and three different macroalgal substrates of this epiphytic dinoflagellate (Padina pavonica, Dictyota spp. and Halopteris scoparia). Ovatoxin quantification of all samples was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The bloom started at the end of June and declined in mid-July, showing the typical seasonal pattern of the NW Mediterranean Sea area. The peak was observed on the 10 July with 1.8 × 106 cells/g FW and 1.7 × 104 cells/L for benthic and planktonic cells, respectively. Total toxin content of cells, collected using artificial substrates, increased during the exponential and stationary growth phases. After reaching a maximum concentration of 9.2 pg/cell on 18 July, toxin concentration decreased and remained stable from 25 July until the end of monitoring. A decreasing trend of the abundance and of the associated total toxin content was noted with depth. Finally, the decreasing order of maximal epiphytic concentration of O. cf. ovata was: Dictyota spp. (8.3 × 105 cells/g FW), H. scoparia (3.1 × 105 cells/g FW) and P. pavonica (1.6 × 105 cells/g FW). Interestingly, the highest OVTX quota was obtained in cells present on Halopteris scoparia, then on Dictyota spp. and Padina pavonica. This suggests that the nature of the macroalgal substrate influences both growth and toxin production of O. cf. ovata and further work will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms (e.g., competition for nutrition, pH or allelopathic interaction). However, the toxin profiles (i.e., the proportion of each ovatoxin analogue) were not affected by any of the studied parameters (bloom phase, depth, macroalgae or artificial substrates).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maxime Tharaud
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
| | | | - Samuel Bertrand
- Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chomérat N, Bilien G, Derrien A, Henry K, Ung A, Viallon J, Darius HT, Mahana Iti Gatti C, Roué M, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. Harmful Algae 2019; 84:95-111. [PMID: 31128817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, the genus Ostreopsis comprises eleven described species, of which seven are toxigenic and produce various compounds presenting a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several of these species however remains controversial, as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading, in some cases, to ambiguous interpretations and even possible misidentifications. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis was first described by Y. Fukuyo from French Polynesia using light microscopy observations, but without genetic information associated. The present study aims at revisiting the morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity of O. lenticularis based on the analysis of 47 strains isolated from 4 distinct locales of French Polynesia, namely the Society, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier archipelagos. Observations in light, epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy of several of these strains analyzed revealed morphological features in perfect agreement with the original description of O. lenticularis. Cells were oval, not undulated, 60.5-94.4 μm in dorso-ventral length, 56.1-78.2 μm in width, and possessed a typical plate pattern with thecal plates showing two sizes of pores. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the LSU rDNA and ITS-5.8S sequences revealed that the 47 strains correspond to a single genotype, clustering with a strong support with sequences previously ascribed to Ostreopsis sp. 5. Clonal cultures of O. lenticularis were also established and further tested for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LCMS/MS analyses. None of the 19 strains tested showed toxic activity on neuroblastoma cells, while LCMS/MS analyses performed on the strains from Tahiti Island (i.e. type locality) confirmed that palytoxin and related structural analogs were below the detection limit. These findings allow to clarify unambiguously the genetic identity of O. lenticularis while confirming previous results from the Western Pacific which indicate that this species shows no toxicity, thus stressing the need to reconsider its current classification within the group of toxic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France.
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO, PO box 529, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Amzil Z. Production of BMAA and DAB by diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros sp., Chaetoceros calcitrans and, Thalassiosira pseudonana) and bacteria isolated from a diatom culture. Harmful Algae 2016; 58:45-50. [PMID: 28073457 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have previously been reported to contain β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), and the global presence of these primary producers has been associated with the widespread occurrence of BMAA in marine organisms. It has been repeatedly shown that filter-feeding bivalves accumulate phytoplankton species and their toxins. In this study, the concentrations of total soluble BMAA and DAB as a function of growth phase were observed for four non-axenic diatom species (i.e. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros sp., Chaetoceros calcitrans and Thalassiosira pseudonana). These strains had previously been shown to contain BMAA using a highly selective HILIC-MS/MS method. BMAA cell quota appeared to be species-specific, however, highest BMAA concentrations were always obtained during the stationary growth phase, for all four species, suggesting that BMAA is a secondary metabolite. While DAB was detected in a bacterial culture isolated from a culture of P. tricornutum, the presence or absence of a bacterial population did not influence production of BMAA and DAB by P. tricornutum, i.e. no significant difference was noted for BMAA and DAB production between axenic and non-axenic cultures. The presence of DAB in bacteria had previously been shown, and raised the question as to whether DAB observed in many species of microalgae may arise from the non-axenic culture conditions or from the microalgae themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Amzil Z. Systematic detection of BMAA (β-N-methylamino-l-alanine) and DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) in mollusks collected in shellfish production areas along the French coasts. Toxicon 2015; 110:35-46. [PMID: 26615827 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is naturally present in some microalgal species in the marine environment. The accumulation of BMAA has widely been observed in filter-feeding bivalves that are known to consume primary producers constituting the base of complex aquatic food webs. This study was performed to assess the occurrence of BMAA and isomers in mollusks collected from nine representative shellfish production areas located on the three French coasts (Channel, Atlantic and Mediterranean sites). The use of a highly selective and sensitive HILIC-MS/MS method, with D5DAB as internal standard, revealed the systematic detection of BMAA and DAB, in concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 6.7 μg g(-1) dry weight of digestive gland tissues of mollusks. While we detected BMAA in four strains of diatoms in a previous study, here BMAA was only detected in one diatom species previously not investigated out of the 23 microalgal species examined (belonging to seven classes). The concentrations of BMAA and DAB in mussels and oysters were similar at different sampling locations and despite the high diversity of phytoplankton populations that mollusks feed on at these locations. Only small variations of BMAA and DAB levels were observed and these were not correlated to any of the phytoplankton species reported. Therefore, extensive research should be performed on both origin and metabolism of BMAA in shellfish. The levels observed in this study are similar to those found in other studies in France or elsewhere. A previous study had related such levels to a cluster of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the South of France; hence the widespread occurrence of BMAA in shellfish from all coasts in France found in this study suggests the need for further epidemiological and toxicological studies to establish the levels that are relevant for a link between the consumption of BMAA-containing foodstuffs and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Réveillon D, Abadie E, Séchet V, Masseret E, Hess P, Amzil Z. β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and isomers: Distribution in different food web compartments of Thau lagoon, French Mediterranean Sea. Mar Environ Res 2015; 110:8-18. [PMID: 26254582 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxin BMAA (β-N-methylamino-l-alanine) and its isomer DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) have been detected in seafood worldwide, including in Thau lagoon (French Mediterranean Sea). A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease associated with BMAA, has also been observed in this region. Mussels, periphyton (i.e. biofilms attached to mussels) and plankton were sampled between July 2013 and October 2014, and analyzed using HILIC-MS/MS. BMAA, DAB and AEG (N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine) were found in almost all the samples of the lagoon. BMAA and DAB were present at 0.58 and 0.83, 2.6 and 3.3, 4.0 and 7.2 μg g(-1) dry weight in plankton collected with nets, periphyton and mussels, respectively. Synechococcus sp., Ostreococcus tauri, Alexandrium catenella and eight species of diatoms were cultured and screened for BMAA and analogs. While Synechococcus sp., O. tauri and A. catenella did not produce BMAA under our culture conditions, four diatoms species contained both BMAA and DAB. Hence, diatoms may be a source of BMAA for mussels. Unlike other toxins produced by microalgae, BMAA and DAB were detected in significant amounts in tissues other than digestive glands in mussels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France.
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Languedoc-Roussillon, UMR MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Avenue Jean Monnet, CS30171 Sète, Cedex 3, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Masseret
- Université de Montpellier, UMR MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), cc93, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Réveillon D, Abadie E, Séchet V, Brient L, Savar V, Bardouil M, Hess P, Amzil Z. Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: LC-MS/MS optimization, screening of cyanobacterial strains and occurrence in shellfish from Thau, a French Mediterranean lagoon. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5441-67. [PMID: 25405857 PMCID: PMC4245540 DOI: 10.3390/md12115441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid suggested to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. It was reported to be produced by cyanobacteria, but also found in edible aquatic organisms, thus raising concern of a widespread human exposure. However, the chemical analysis of BMAA and its isomers are controversial, mainly due to the lack of selectivity of the analytical methods. Using factorial design, we have optimized the chromatographic separation of underivatized analogues by a hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method. A combination of an effective solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, appropriate chromatographic resolution and the use of specific mass spectral transitions allowed for the development of a highly selective and sensitive analytical procedure to identify and quantify BMAA and its isomers (in both free and total form) in cyanobacteria and mollusk matrices (LOQ of 0.225 and 0.15 µg/g dry weight, respectively). Ten species of cyanobacteria (six are reported to be BMAA producers) were screened with this method, and neither free nor bound BMAA could be found, while both free and bound DAB were present in almost all samples. Mussels and oysters collected in 2009 in the Thau Lagoon, France, were also screened, and bound BMAA and its two isomers, DAB and AEG, were observed in all samples (from 0.6 to 14.4 µg/g DW), while only several samples contained quantifiable free BMAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc Roussillon (LER-LR) F-34203 Sète, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Luc Brient
- UMR Eco-Bio-Université de Rennes I, F-35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Véronique Savar
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Michèle Bardouil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas), Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|