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Khudyakova AY, Kreslavski VD, Shirshikova GN, Zharmukhamedov SK, Kosobryukhov AA, Allakhverdiev SI. Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana L. photosynthetic apparatus to UV-B is reduced by deficit of phytochromes B and A. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 169:41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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102
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Czapiński J, Kiełbus M, Kałafut J, Kos M, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. How to Train a Cell-Cutting-Edge Molecular Tools. Front Chem 2017; 5:12. [PMID: 28344971 PMCID: PMC5344921 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, the formation of molecular complexes is the currency for all cellular processes. Traditionally, functional experimentation was targeted to single molecular players in order to understand its effects in a cell or animal phenotype. In the last few years, we have been experiencing rapid progress in the development of ground-breaking molecular biology tools that affect the metabolic, structural, morphological, and (epi)genetic instructions of cells by chemical, optical (optogenetic) and mechanical inputs. Such precise dissection of cellular processes is not only essential for a better understanding of biological systems, but will also allow us to better diagnose and fix common dysfunctions. Here, we present several of these emerging and innovative techniques by providing the reader with elegant examples on how these tools have been implemented in cells, and, in some cases, organisms, to unravel molecular processes in minute detail. We also discuss their advantages and disadvantages with particular focus on their translation to multicellular organisms for in vivo spatiotemporal regulation. We envision that further developments of these tools will not only help solve the processes of life, but will give rise to novel clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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103
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Tang Y, Liu X, Liu X, Li Y, Wu K, Hou X. Arabidopsis NF-YCs Mediate the Light-Controlled Hypocotyl Elongation via Modulating Histone Acetylation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:260-273. [PMID: 27876642 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is a crucial environmental signal that promotes photomorphogenesis, the developmental process with a series of light-dependent alterations for plants to adapt various external challenges. Chromatin modification has been proposed to be involved in such light-mediated growth, but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this study, we identified four Arabidopsis thaliana Nuclear Factor-YC homologs, NF-YC1, NF-YC3, NF-YC4, and NF-YC9 (NF-YCs), which function redundantly as repressors of light-controlled hypocotyl elongation via histone deacetylation. Obvious etiolation phenotypes are observed in NF-YCs loss-of-function mutant seedlings grown under light conditions, including significant elongated hypocotyls and fewer opened cotyledons. We found that NF-YCs interact with histone deacetylase HDA15 in the light, co-target the promoters of a set of hypocotyl elongation-related genes, and modulate the levels of histone H4 acetylation on the associated chromatins, thus repressing gene expression. In contrast, NF-YC-HDA15 complex is dismissed from the target genes in the dark, resulting in increased level of H4 acetylation and consequent etiolated growth. Further analyses revealed that transcriptional repression activity of NF-YCs on the light-controlled hypocotyl elongation partially depends on the deacetylation activity of HDA15, and loss of HDA15 function could rescue the short-hypocotyl phenotype of NF-YCs overexpression plants. Taken together, our results indicate that NF-YC1, NF-YC3, NF-YC4, and NF-YC9 function as transcriptional co-repressors by interacting with HDA15 to inhibit hypocotyl elongation in photomorphogenesis during the early seedling stage. Our findings highlight that NF-YCs can modulate plant development in response to environmental cues via epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuge Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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104
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Yang Z, Liu B, Su J, Liao J, Lin C, Oka Y. Cryptochromes Orchestrate Transcription Regulation of Diverse Blue Light Responses in Plants. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:112-127. [PMID: 27861972 DOI: 10.1111/php.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blue light affects many aspects of plant growth and development throughout the plant lifecycle. Plant cryptochromes (CRYs) are UV-A/blue light photoreceptors that play pivotal roles in regulating blue light-mediated physiological responses via the regulated expression of more than one thousand genes. Photoactivated CRYs regulate transcription via two distinct mechanisms: indirect promotion of the activity of transcription factors by inactivation of the COP1/SPA E3 ligase complex or direct activation or inactivation of at least two sets of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor families by physical interaction. Hence, CRYs govern intricate mechanisms that modulate activities of transcription factors to regulate multiple aspects of blue light-responsive photomorphogenesis. Here, we review recent progress in dissecting the pathways of CRY signaling and discuss accumulating evidence that shows how CRYs regulate broad physiological responses to blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiakai Liao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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105
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Perrigault M, Tran D. Identification of the Molecular Clockwork of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169790. [PMID: 28072861 PMCID: PMC5224872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular clock system constitutes the origin of biological rhythms that allow organisms to anticipate cyclic environmental changes and adapt their behavior and physiology. Components of the molecular clock are largely conserved across a broad range of species but appreciable diversity in clock structure and function is also present especially in invertebrates. The present work aimed at identify and characterize molecular clockwork components in relationship with the monitoring of valve activity behavior in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Results provided the characterization of most of canonical clock gene including clock, bmal/cycle, period, timeless, vertebrate-type cry, rev-erb, ror as well as other members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (plant-like cry, 6-4 photolyase). Analyses of transcriptional variations of clock candidates in oysters exposed to light / dark regime and to constant darkness led to the generation of a putative and original clockwork model in C. gigas, intermediate of described systems in vertebrates and insects. This study is the first characterization of a mollusk clockwork. It constitutes essential bases to understand interactions of the different components of the molecular clock in C. gigas as well as the global mechanisms associated to the generation and the synchronization of biological rhythms in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Perrigault
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Damien Tran
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
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106
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Ong WD, Okubo-Kurihara E, Kurihara Y, Shimada S, Makita Y, Kawashima M, Honda K, Kondoh Y, Watanabe N, Osada H, Cutler SR, Sudesh K, Matsui M. Chemical-Induced Inhibition of Blue Light-Mediated Seedling Development Caused by Disruption of Upstream Signal Transduction Involving Cryptochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:95-105. [PMID: 28011868 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable ability to perceive and respond to various wavelengths of light and initiate regulation of different cascades of light signaling and molecular components. While the perception of red light and the mechanisms of its signaling involving phytochromes are largely known, knowledge of the mechanisms of blue light signaling is still limited. Chemical genetics involves the use of diverse small active or synthetic molecules to evaluate biological processes. By combining chemicals and analyzing the effects they have on plant morphology, we identified a chemical, 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (3B7N), that promotes hypocotyl elongation of wild-type Arabidopsis only under continuous blue light. Further evaluation with loss-of-function mutants confirmed that 3B7N inhibits photomorphogenesis through cryptochrome-mediated light signaling. Microarray analysis demonstrated that the effect of 3B7N treatment on gene expression in cry1cry2 is considerably smaller than that in the wild type, indicating that 3B7N specifically interrupts cryptochrome function in the control of seedling development in a light-dependent manner. We demonstrated that 3B7N directly binds to CRY1 protein using an in vitro binding assay. These results suggest that 3B7N is a novel chemical that directly inhibits plant cryptochrome function by physical binding. The application of 3B7N can be used on other plants to study further the blue light mechanism and the genetic control of cryptochromes in the growth and development of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Dee Ong
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Emiko Okubo-Kurihara
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kurihara
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Setsuko Shimada
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Makita
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Kawashima
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Honda
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Minami Matsui
- Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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107
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Swain S, Jiang HW, Hsieh HL. FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219/JAR1 Contributes to Shade Avoidance Responses of Arabidopsis Seedlings by Modulating Key Shade Signaling Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1901. [PMID: 29163619 PMCID: PMC5673645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To receive an ample amount of light, plants use elongation growth in response to vegetation shade. The combined interaction of light and hormones, including jasmonic acid (JA) signaling controls this elongation. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the response are still emerging. FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219/JASMONATE RESISTANCE 1 (FIN219/JAR1), a cytoplasmic localized JA-conjugating enzyme, integrates far-red light and JA signaling. Here, we report that FIN219/JAR1 negatively regulates shade-induced hypocotyl elongation and gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings in response to shade. In turn, simulated shade reduces FIN219 protein accumulation. Analysis of phyA 211 fin219-2 double mutants indicated that FIN219 and phyA are synergistic in regulating shade-induced hypocotyl elongation and gene expression. Moreover, FIN219 differentially affected the expression of the shade-signaling bHLH factors PIF5 and PAR1, thereby increasing the expression of the auxin-response genes IAA29 and SAUR68 on exposure to shade. Furthermore, the protein level of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) was affected in both fin219 mutants and overexpression lines as compared with the wild type under shade. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of FIN219 inhibited the nuclear accumulation of COP1 in response to shade. Further co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that FIN219 interacted with COP1 and phyA under shade. Therefore, FIN219/JAR1 may play a vital role in modulating the Arabidopsis response to simulated shade via multiple layers of molecular mechanisms.
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108
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Life, as we know it, would not be possible without light. Light is not only a primary source of energy, but also an important source of information for many organisms. To sense light, only a few photoreceptor systems have developed during evolution. They are all based on an organic molecule with conjugated double bonds that allows energy transfer from visible (or UV) light to its cognate protein to translate the primary physical photoresponse to cell-biological actions. The three main classes of receptors are flavin-based blue-light, retinal-based green-light (such as rhodopsin), and linear tetrapyrrole-based red-light sensors. Light not only controls the behavior of motile organisms, but is also important for many sessile microorganisms including fungi. In fungi, light controls developmental decisions and physiological adaptations as well as the circadian clock. Although all major classes of photoreceptors are found in fungi, a good level of understanding of the signaling processes at the molecular level is limited to some model fungi. However, current knowledge suggests a complex interplay between light perception systems, which goes far beyond the simple sensing of light and dark. In this article we focus on recent results in several fungi, which suggest a strong link between light-sensing and stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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109
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Bo K, Wang H, Pan Y, Behera TK, Pandey S, Wen C, Wang Y, Simon PW, Li Y, Chen J, Weng Y. SHORT HYPOCOTYL1 Encodes a SMARCA3-Like Chromatin Remodeling Factor Regulating Elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1273-1292. [PMID: 27559036 PMCID: PMC5047076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway is employed to attain UVB protection and acclimation to deal with low-dosage UVB (LDUVB)-induced stresses. Here, we identified SHORT HYPOCOTYL1 (SH1) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), which regulates LDUVB-dependent hypocotyl elongation by modulating the UVR8 signaling pathway. We showed that hypocotyl elongation in cucumbers carrying the recessive sh1 allele was LDUVB insensitive and that Sh1 encoded a human SMARCA3-like chromatin remodeling factor. The allele frequency and distribution pattern at this locus among natural populations supported the wild cucumber origin of sh1 for local adaptation, which was under selection during domestication. The cultivated cucumber carries predominantly the Sh1 allele; the sh1 allele is nearly fixed in the semiwild Xishuangbanna cucumber, and the wild cucumber population is largely at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the two alleles. The SH1 protein sequence was highly conserved among eukaryotic organisms, but its regulation of hypocotyl elongation in cucumber seems to be a novel function. While Sh1 expression was inhibited by LDUVB, its transcript abundance was highly correlated with hypocotyl elongation rate and the expression level of cell-elongation-related genes. Expression profiling of key regulators in the UVR8 signaling pathway revealed significant differential expression of CsHY5 between two near isogenic lines of Sh1 Sh1 and CsHY5 acted antagonistically at transcriptional level. A working model was proposed in which Sh1 regulates LDUVB-dependent hypocotyl elongation in cucumber through changing the chromatin states and thus the accessibility of CsHY5 in the UVR8 signaling pathway to promoters of LDUVB-responsive genes for hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Bo
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Tusar K Behera
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Sudhakar Pandey
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Changlong Wen
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (K.B., Y.P., Y.Wa., P.W.S., Y.We.); Horticulture College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (K.B., J.C.);Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (H.W., Y.P., Y.L.);Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India (T.K.B.);Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India (S.P.);Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (C.W.); andVegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.W.S., Y.We.)
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110
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Liu Q, Wang Q, Liu B, Wang W, Wang X, Park J, Yang Z, Du X, Bian M, Lin C. The Blue Light-Dependent Polyubiquitination and Degradation of Arabidopsis Cryptochrome2 Requires Multiple E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2175-2186. [PMID: 27516416 PMCID: PMC6083963 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light receptors regulated by light-dependent ubiquitination and degradation in both plant and animal lineages. The Arabidopsis genome encodes two cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, of which CRY2 undergoes blue light-dependent ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-dependent degradation. The molecular mechanism regulating blue light-dependent proteolysis of CRY2 is still not fully understood. We found that the F-box proteins ZEITLUPE (ZTL) and Lov Kelch Protein2 (LKP2), which mediate blue light suppression of degradation of the CRY2 signaling partner CIB1, are not required for the blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation. We further showed that the previously reported function of the COP1-SPA1 protein complex in blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation is more likely to be attributable to its cullin 4 (CUL4)-based E3 ubiquitin ligase activity than its activity as the cryptochrome signaling partner. However, the blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation is only partially impaired in the cul4 mutant, the cop1-5 null mutant and the spa1234 quadruple mutant, suggesting a possible involvement of additional E3 ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of CRY2. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrated that the blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation is significantly impaired in the temperature-sensitive cul1 mutant allele (axr6-3), especially under the non-permissive temperature. Based on these and other results presented, we propose that photoexcited CRY2 undergoes Lys48-linked polyubiquitination catalyzed by the CUL4- and CUL1-based E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joon Park
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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111
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Chaiwanon J, Wang W, Zhu JY, Oh E, Wang ZY. Information Integration and Communication in Plant Growth Regulation. Cell 2016; 164:1257-1268. [PMID: 26967291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants are equipped with the capacity to respond to a large number of diverse signals, both internal ones and those emanating from the environment, that are critical to their survival and adaption as sessile organisms. These signals need to be integrated through highly structured intracellular networks to ensure coherent cellular responses, and in addition, spatiotemporal actions of hormones and peptides both orchestrate local cell differentiation and coordinate growth and physiology over long distances. Further, signal interactions and signaling outputs vary significantly with developmental context. This review discusses our current understanding of the integrated intracellular and intercellular signaling networks that control plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthamas Chaiwanon
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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112
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Jiang M, Ren L, Lian H, Liu Y, Chen H. Novel insight into the mechanism underlying light-controlled anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:46-58. [PMID: 27297989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant is rich in anthocyanins, which are the major secondary metabolites and beneficial to human health. We discovered that the anthocyanin biosynthesis of eggplant cultivar 'Lanshan Hexian' was regulated by light. In this study, we isolated two blue light receptor genes, SmCRY1 and SmCRY2, and negative/positive anthocyanin regulatory factors SmCOP1 and SmHY5 from eggplant. In terms of transcript levels, SmCRY1, SmCRY2 and SmHY5 were up-regulated by light, while SmCOP1 was down-regulated. Subsequently, the four genes were functionally complemented in phenotype of corresponding mutants, indicating that they act as counterparts of Arabidopsis genes. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SmCRY1 and SmCRY2 interact with SmCOP1 in a blue-light-dependent manner. It also obtained the result that SmCOP1 interacts with SmHY5 and SmMYB1. Furthermore, using yeast one-hybrid assay, we found that SmHY5 and SmMYB1 both bind the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes (SmCHS and SmDFR). Taken together, blue-light-triggered CRY1/CRY2-COP1 interaction creates the condition that HY5 and MYB1 combine with the downstream anthocyanin synthesis genes (CHS and DFR) in eggplant. Our finding provides a new working model by which light controls anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Ren
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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113
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Menon C, Sheerin DJ, Hiltbrunner A. SPA proteins: SPAnning the gap between visible light and gene expression. PLANTA 2016; 244:297-312. [PMID: 27100111 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on the role of SPA proteins in light signalling and discuss different aspects, including molecular mechanisms, specificity, and evolution. The ability of plants to perceive and respond to their environment is key to their survival under ever-changing conditions. The abiotic factor light is of particular importance for plants. Light provides plants energy for carbon fixation through photosynthesis, but also is a source of information for the adaptation of growth and development to the environment. Cryptochromes and phytochromes are major photoreceptors involved in control of developmental decisions in response to light cues, including seed germination, seedling de-etiolation, and induction of flowering. The SPA protein family acts in complex with the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 to target positive regulators of light responses for degradation by the 26S proteasome to suppress photomorphogenic development in darkness. Light-activated cryptochromes and phytochromes both repress the function of COP1, allowing accumulation of positive photomorphogenic factors in light. In this review, we highlight the role of the SPA proteins in this process and discuss recent advances in understanding how SPAs link light-activation of photoreceptors and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Menon
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David J Sheerin
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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114
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Porter ML. Beyond the Eye: Molecular Evolution of Extraocular Photoreception. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:842-852. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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115
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Yang M, Huang H, Zhang C, Wang Z, Su Y, Zhu P, Guo Y, Deng XW. Arabidopsis atypical kinase ABC1K1 is involved in red light-mediated development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1213-20. [PMID: 27038938 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABC1K1 functions as a novel negative regulator downstream of phyB and HY5 in red light-mediated Arabidopsis development. Light is a key environmental factor for plant morphogenesis. To understand the role of ACTIVITY OF BC1 COMPLEX KINASE (ABC1K) family members in light-mediated Arabidopsis development, we examined the phenotype of abc1k mutants under various light conditions. We show that abc1k1 mutants display significantly short hypocotyls specifically under continuous red light and this effect is more apparent under higher red light fluence rates. The expression of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), transcription factors in red light signaling, is repressed in abc1k1 mutants under continuous red light. The expression pattern of ABC1K1 is independent of light conditions. Furthermore, genetic analysis indicates that abc1k1 almost completely suppresses the long hypocotyl phenotype of phyB and hy5. However, the mutation of ABC1K3, one homolog of ABC1K1, reverses the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in phyB and hy5 by abc1k1. Together, our research describes novel characteristics for ABC1K1 in seedling stage and defines it as a novel negative component in red light-mediated Arabidopsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yan'e Su
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Pan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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116
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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117
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Okajima K. Molecular mechanism of phototropin light signaling. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:149-157. [PMID: 26815763 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor kinase involved in the BL responses of several species, ranging from green algae to higher plants. Phot converts BL signals from the environment into biochemical signals that trigger cellular responses. In phot, the LOV1 and LOV2 domains of the N-terminal region utilize BL for cyclic photoreactions and regulate C-terminal serine/threonine kinase (STK) activity. LOV2-STK peptides are the smallest functional unit of phot and are useful for understanding regulation mechanisms. The combined analysis of spectroscopy and STK activity assay in Arabidopsis phots suggests that the decay speed of the photo-intermediate S390 in LOV2 is one of the factors contributing to light sensitive kinase activity. LOV2 and STK are thought to be adjacent to each other in LOV2-STK with small angle scattering (SAXS). BL irradiation induces LOV2-STK elongation, resulting in LOV2 shifting away from STK. The N- and C-terminal lateral regions of LOV2, A'α-helix, Jα-helix, and A'α/Aβ gap are responsible for the propagation of the BL signal to STK via conformational changes. The comparison between LOV2-STK and full-length phot from Chlamydomonas suggests that LOV1 is directly adjacent to LOV2 in LOV2-STK; therefore, LOV1 may indirectly regulate STK. The molecular mechanism of phot is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okajima
- Department of Physics, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
- RIKEN Harima Institute, Spring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
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118
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Liu B, Yang Z, Gomez A, Liu B, Lin C, Oka Y. Signaling mechanisms of plant cryptochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:137-48. [PMID: 26810763 PMCID: PMC6138873 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRY) are flavoproteins that direct a diverse array of developmental processes in response to blue light in plants. Conformational changes in CRY are induced by the absorption of photons and result in the propagation of light signals to downstream components. In Arabidopsis, CRY1 and CRY2 serve both distinct and partially overlapping functions in regulating photomorphogenic responses and photoperiodic flowering. For example, both CRY1 and CRY2 regulate the abundance of transcription factors by directly reversing the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase on CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1 complexes in a blue light-dependent manner. CRY2 also specifically governs a photoperiodic flowering mechanism by directly interacting with a transcription factor called CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX. Recently, structure/function analysis of CRY1 revealed that the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 independent pathway is also involved in CRY1-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. CRY1 and CRY2 thus not only share a common pathway but also relay light signals through distinct pathways, which may lead to altered developmental programs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhaohe Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Adam Gomez
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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119
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Abstract
Plants use the circadian clock as a timekeeping mechanism to regulate photoperiodic flowering in response to the seasonal changes. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), initially identified as a central repressor of seedling photomorphogenesis, was recently shown to be involved in the regulation of light input to the circadian clock, modulating the circadian rhythm and flowering. COP1 encodes a RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase and works in concert with SUPPRESSOR of
phyA-105 (SPA) proteins to repress photoperiodic flowering by regulating proteasome-mediated degradation of CONSTANS (CO), a central regulator of photoperiodic flowering. In addition, COP1 and EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) indirectly modulate
CO expression via the degradation of GIGANTEA (GI). Here, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying COP1’s role in controlling of photoperiodic flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Danmeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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120
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Xu F, Li T, Xu PB, Li L, Du SS, Lian HL, Yang HQ. DELLA proteins physically interact with CONSTANS to regulate flowering under long days in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:541-9. [PMID: 26801684 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper timing of flowering is essential for reproduction of plants. Although it is well known that both light and gibberellin (GA) signaling play critical roles in promoting flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, whether and how they are integrated to regulate flowering remain largely unknown. Here, we show through biochemical studies that DELLA proteins physically interact with CONSTANS (CO). Furthermore, the interaction of CO with NF-YB2 is inhibited by the DELLA protein, RGA. Our findings suggest that regulation of flowering by GA signaling in leaves under long days is mediated, at least in part, through repression of DELLA proteins on CO, providing a molecular link between DELLA proteins, key components in GA signaling pathway, and CO, a critical flowering activator in photoperiod signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Peng-Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Sha-Sha Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Li Lian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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121
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Endo M, Araki T, Nagatani A. Tissue-specific regulation of flowering by photoreceptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:829-39. [PMID: 26621669 PMCID: PMC11108494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants use various kinds of environmental signals to adjust the timing of the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase (flowering). Since flowering at the appropriate time is crucial for plant reproductive strategy, several kinds of photoreceptors are deployed to sense environmental light conditions. In this review, we will update our current understanding of light signaling pathways in flowering regulation, especially, in which tissue do photoreceptors regulate flowering in response to light quality and photoperiod. Since light signaling is also integrated into other flowering pathways, we also introduce recent progress on how photoreceptors are involved in tissue-specific thermosensation and the gibberellin pathway. Finally, we discuss the importance of cell-type-specific analyses for future plant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Endo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nagatani
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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122
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Takemiya A, Doi A, Yoshida S, Okajima K, Tokutomi S, Shimazaki KI. Reconstitution of an Initial Step of Phototropin Signaling in Stomatal Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:152-159. [PMID: 26707730 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are light-activated receptor kinases that mediate a wide range of blue light responses responsible for the optimization of photosynthesis. Despite the physiological importance of phototropins, it is still unclear how they transduce light signals into physiological responses. Here, we succeeded in reproducing a primary step of phototropin signaling in vitro using a physiological substrate of phototropin, the BLUS1 (BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1) kinase of guard cells. When PHOT1 and BLUS1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant proteins were incubated with ATP, white and blue light induced phosphorylation of BLUS1 but red light and darkness did not. Site-directed mutagenesis of PHOT1 and BLUS1 revealed that the phosphorylation was catalyzed by phot1 kinase. Similar to stomatal blue light responses, the BLUS1 phosphorylation depended on the fluence rate of blue light and was inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors, K-252a and staurosporine. In contrast to the result in vivo, BLUS1 was not dephosphorylated in vitro, suggesting the involvement of a protein phosphatase in the response in vivo. phot1 with a C-terminal kinase domain but devoid of the N-terminal domain, constitutively phosphorylated BLUS1 without blue light, indicating that the N-terminal domain has an autoinhibitory action and prevents substrate phosphorylation. The results provide the first reconstitution of a primary step of phototropin signaling and a clue for understanding the molecular nature of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ayaka Doi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sayumi Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan Present address: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa, 223-8522 Japan.
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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123
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Yang L, Wang X, Deng W, Mo W, Gao J, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wang Q, Lin C, Zuo Z. Using HEK293T Expression System to Study Photoactive Plant Cryptochromes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:940. [PMID: 27446167 PMCID: PMC4921486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors that are conserved in plants and animals. Although the light-dependent catalytic mechanism of photolyase is well studied, the photochemical mechanism of cryptochromes remains largely unknown. Lack of an appropriate protein expression system to obtain photochemically active cryptochrome holoproteins is a technical obstacle for the study of plant cryptochromes. We report here an easy-to-use method to express and study Arabidopsis cryptochrome in HEK293T cells. Our results indicate that Arabidopsis cryptochromes expressed in HEK293T are photochemically active. We envision a broad use of this method in the functional investigation of plant proteins, especially in the large-scale analyses of photochemical activities of cryptochromes such as blue light-dependent protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Weixian Deng
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Mo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zecheng Zuo,
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Li L, Li X, Liu Y, Liu H. Flowering responses to light and temperature. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 59:403-8. [PMID: 26687726 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Light and temperature signals are the most important environmental cues regulating plant growth and development. Plants have evolved various strategies to prepare for, and adapt to environmental changes. Plants integrate environmental cues with endogenous signals to regulate various physiological processes, including flowering time. There are at least five distinct pathways controlling flowering in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: the photoperiod pathway, the vernalization/thermosensory pathway, the autonomous floral initiation, the gibberellins pathway, and the age pathway. The photoperiod and temperature/ vernalization pathways mainly perceive external signals from the environment, while the autonomous and age pathways transmit endogenous cues within plants. In many plant species, floral transition is precisely controlled by light signals (photoperiod) and temperature to optimize seed production in specific environments. The molecular mechanisms by which light and temperature control flowering responses have been revealed using forward and reverse genetic approaches. Here we focus on the recent advances in research on flowering responses to light and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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125
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Fungal cryptochrome with DNA repair activity reveals an early stage in cryptochrome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15130-5. [PMID: 26578805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514637112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DASH (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, Human)-type cryptochromes (cry-DASH) belong to a family of flavoproteins acting as repair enzymes for UV-B-induced DNA lesions (photolyases) or as UV-A/blue light photoreceptors (cryptochromes). They are present in plants, bacteria, various vertebrates, and fungi and were originally considered as sensory photoreceptors because of their incapability to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) lesions in duplex DNA. However, cry-DASH can repair CPDs in single-stranded DNA, but their role in DNA repair in vivo remains to be clarified. The genome of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus contains a single gene for a protein of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) encoding a cry-DASH, cryA, despite its ability to photoreactivate. Here, we show that cryA expression is induced by blue light in a Mad complex-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate that CryA is capable of binding flavin (FAD) and methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF), fully complements the Escherichia coli photolyase mutant and repairs in vitro CPD lesions in single-stranded and double-stranded DNA with the same efficiency. These results support a role for Phycomyces cry-DASH as a photolyase and suggest a similar role for cry-DASH in mucoromycotina fungi.
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126
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Tobin PH, Richards DH, Callender RA, Wilson CJ. Protein engineering: a new frontier for biological therapeutics. Curr Drug Metab 2015; 15:743-56. [PMID: 25495737 DOI: 10.2174/1389200216666141208151524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering holds the potential to transform the metabolic drug landscape through the development of smart, stimulusresponsive drug systems. Protein therapeutics are a rapidly expanding segment of Food and Drug Administration approved drugs that will improve clinical outcomes over the long run. Engineering of protein therapeutics is still in its infancy, but recent general advances in protein engineering capabilities are being leveraged to yield improved control over both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Stimulus- responsive protein therapeutics are drugs which have been designed to be metabolized under targeted conditions. Protein engineering is being utilized to develop tailored smart therapeutics with biochemical logic. This review focuses on applications of targeted drug neutralization, stimulus-responsive engineered protein prodrugs, and emerging multicomponent smart drug systems (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates, responsive engineered zymogens, prospective biochemical logic smart drug systems, drug buffers, and network medicine applications).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corey J Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, USA.
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Li N, Teranishi M, Yamaguchi H, Matsushita T, Watahiki MK, Tsuge T, Li SS, Hidema J. UV-B-Induced CPD Photolyase Gene Expression is Regulated by UVR8-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2014-23. [PMID: 26272552 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various mechanisms that protect against the harmful effects of UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) on growth and development. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase, the repair enzyme for UV-B-induced CPDs, is essential for protecting cells from UV-B radiation. Expression of the CPD photolyase gene (PHR) is controlled by light with various wavelengths including UV-B, but the mechanisms of this regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the regulation of PHR expression by light with various wavelengths, in particular low-fluence UV-B radiation (280 nm, 0.2 µmol m(-2) s(-1)), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown under light-dark cycles for 7 d and then adapted to the dark for 3 d. Low-fluence UV-B radiation induced CPDs but not reactive oxygen species. AtPHR expression was effectively induced by UV-B, UV-A (375 nm) and blue light. Expression induced by UV-A and blue light was predominantly regulated by the cryptochrome-dependent pathway, whereas phytochromes A and B played a minor but noticeable role. Expression induced by UV-B was predominantly regulated by the UVR8-dependent pathway. AtPHR expression was also mediated by a UVR8-independent pathway, which is correlated with CPD accumulation induced by UV-B radiation. These results indicate that Arabidopsis has evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate CPD photolyase expression by multiple photoreceptor signaling pathways, including UVR8-dependent and -independent pathways, as protection against harmful effects of UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Mika Teranishi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Masaaki K Watahiki
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shao-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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128
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Chen S, Lory N, Stauber J, Hoecker U. Photoreceptor Specificity in the Light-Induced and COP1-Mediated Rapid Degradation of the Repressor of Photomorphogenesis SPA2 in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005516. [PMID: 26368289 PMCID: PMC4569408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase is a key negative regulator that represses light signaling in darkness by targeting transcription factors involved in the light response for degradation. The COP1/SPA complex consists of COP1 and members of the four-member SPA protein family (SPA1-SPA4). Genetic analysis indicated that COP1/SPA2 function is particularly strongly repressed by light when compared to complexes carrying the other three SPAs, thereby promoting a light response after exposure of plants to extremely low light. Here, we show that the SPA2 protein is degraded within 5–15 min after exposure of dark-grown seedlings to a pulse of light. Phytochrome photoreceptors are required for the rapid degradation of SPA2 in red, far-red and also in blue light, whereas cryptochromes are not involved in the rapid, blue light-induced reduction in SPA2 protein levels. These results uncover a photoreceptor-specific mechanism of light-induced inhibition of COP1/SPA2 function. Phytochrome A (phyA) is required for the severe blue light responsiveness of spa triple mutants expressing only SPA2, thus confirming the important role of phyA in downregulating SPA2 function in blue light. In blue light, SPA2 forms a complex with cryptochrome 1 (cry1), but not with cryptochrome 2 (cry2) in vivo, indicating that the lack of a rapid blue light response of the SPA2 protein is only in part caused by a failure to interact with cryptochromes. Since SPA1 interacts with both cry1 and cry2, these results provide first molecular evidence that the light-regulation of different SPA proteins diverged during evolution. SPA2 degradation in the light requires COP1 and the COP1-interacting coiled-coil domain of SPA2, supporting that SPA2 is ubiquitinated by COP1. We propose that light perceived by phytochromes causes a switch in the ubiquitination activity of COP1/SPA2 from ubiquitinating downstream substrates to ubiquitinating SPA2, which subsequently causes a repression of COP1/SPA2 function. Plants have evolved photoreceptors that initiate a signaling cascade to adjust growth and development to the ambient light environment. The CUL4-dependent COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase is a key negative regulator of light signaling whose function is repressed by light. Recent research has identified mechanisms that are common to both phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors. Here, we have identified a mechanism of light-induced COP1/SPA repression that is specific to phytochrome photoreceptors. We show that the SPA2 protein is very rapidly degraded in red, far-red and blue light in a phytochrome-dependent fashion. We further show that SPA2 degradation in the light depends on COP1 and on the interaction of SPA2 with COP1. Hence, our results suggest a light-induced degradation of SPA2, but not of COP1, by the COP1/SPA2 ubiquitin ligase. The human ortholog of COP1, which functions without the plant-specific SPA proteins, is known to be regulated by autodegradation following DNA damage. Hence, autodegradation of components of this E3 ligase is a regulatory mechanism used in both humans and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niels Lory
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stauber
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Hoecker
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lazaro A, Mouriz A, Piñeiro M, Jarillo JA. Red Light-Mediated Degradation of CONSTANS by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase HOS1 Regulates Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2437-54. [PMID: 26373454 PMCID: PMC4815090 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of CONSTANS (CO) gene expression is crucial to accurately measure changes in daylength, which influences flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. CO expression is under both transcriptional and posttranslational control mechanisms. We previously showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES1 (HOS1) physically interacts with CO in Arabidopsis. This interaction is required to precisely modulate the timing of CO accumulation and, consequently, to maintain low levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T expression during the first part of the day. The data presented here demonstrate that HOS1 is involved in the red light-mediated degradation of CO that takes place in the early stages of the daylight period. Our results show that phytochrome B (phyB) is able to regulate flowering time, acting in the phloem companion cells, as previously described for CO and HOS1. Moreover, we reveal that phyB physically interacts with HOS1 and CO, indicating that the three proteins may be present in a complex in planta that is required to coordinate a correct photoperiodic response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazaro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mouriz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Piñeiro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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131
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Zoratti L, Jaakola L, Häggman H, Giongo L. Modification of Sunlight Radiation through Colored Photo-Selective Nets Affects Anthocyanin Profile in Vaccinium spp. Berries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135935. [PMID: 26288240 PMCID: PMC4545418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, the interest on the effects of the specific wavelengths of the light spectrum on growth and metabolism of plants has been increasing markedly. The present study covers the effect of modified sunlight conditions on the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in two Vaccinium species: the European wild bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) and the cultivated highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.). METHODS The two Vaccinium species were grown in the same test field in the Alps of Trentino (Northern Italy) under modified light environment. The modification of sunlight radiation was carried out in field, through the use of colored photo-selective nets throughout the berry ripening during two consecutive growing seasons. The anthocyanin profile was then assessed in berries at ripeness. RESULTS The results indicated that the light responses of the two Vaccinium species studied were different. Although both studied species are shade-adapted plants, 90% shading of sunlight radiation was beneficial only for bilberry plants, which accumulated the highest content of anthocyanins in both seasons. The same condition, instead, was not favorable for blueberries, whose maturation was delayed for at least two weeks, and anthocyanin accumulation was significantly decreased compared to berries grown under sunlight conditions. Moreover, the growing season had strong influence on the anthocyanin accumulation in both species, in relation to temperature flow and sunlight spectra composition during the berry ripening period. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the use of colored photo-selective nets may be a complementary agricultural practice for cultivation of Vaccinium species. However, further studies are needed to analyze the effect of the light spectra modifications to other nutritional properties, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the detected differences between the two relative Vaccinium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zoratti
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO Holt, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hely Häggman
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lara Giongo
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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SUMOylation of phytochrome-B negatively regulates light-induced signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11108-13. [PMID: 26283376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415260112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The red/far red light absorbing photoreceptor phytochrome-B (phyB) cycles between the biologically inactive (Pr, λmax, 660 nm) and active (Pfr; λmax, 730 nm) forms and functions as a light quality and quantity controlled switch to regulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. At the molecular level, phyB interacts in a conformation-dependent fashion with a battery of downstream regulatory proteins, including PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR transcription factors, and by modulating their activity/abundance, it alters expression patterns of genes underlying photomorphogenesis. Here we report that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is conjugated (SUMOylation) to the C terminus of phyB; the accumulation of SUMOylated phyB is enhanced by red light and displays a diurnal pattern in plants grown under light/dark cycles. Our data demonstrate that (i) transgenic plants expressing the mutant phyB(Lys996Arg)-YFP photoreceptor are hypersensitive to red light, (ii) light-induced SUMOylation of the mutant phyB is drastically decreased compared with phyB-YFP, and (iii) SUMOylation of phyB inhibits binding of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5 to phyB Pfr. In addition, we show that OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT 1 (OTS1) de-SUMOylates phyB in vitro, it interacts with phyB in vivo, and the ots1/ots2 mutant is hyposensitive to red light. Taken together, we conclude that SUMOylation of phyB negatively regulates light signaling and it is mediated, at least partly, by the action of OTS SUMO proteases.
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Maurya JP, Sethi V, Gangappa SN, Gupta N, Chattopadhyay S. Interaction of MYC2 and GBF1 results in functional antagonism in blue light-mediated Arabidopsis seedling development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:439-450. [PMID: 26047210 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulations of Arabidopsis seedling growth by two proteins, which belong to different classes of transcription factors, are poorly understood. MYC2 and GBF1 belong to bHLH and bZIP classes of transcription factors, respectively, and function in cryptochrome-mediated blue light signaling. Here, we have investigated the molecular and functional interrelation of MYC2 and GBF1 in blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis. Our study reveals that MYC2 and GBF1 colocalize and physically interact in the nucleus. This interaction requires the N-terminal domain of each protein. The atmyc2 gbf1 double mutant analyses and transgenic studies have revealed that MYC2 and GBF1 act antagonistically and inhibit the activity of each other to regulate hypocotyl growth and several other biological processes. This study further reveals that MYC2 and GBF1 bind to HYH promoter and inhibit each other through non-DNA binding bHLH-bZIP heterodimers. These results, taken together, provide insights into the mechanistic view on the concerted regulatory role of MYC2 and GBF1 in Arabidopsis seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Maurya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Vishmita Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | | | - Nisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
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Fraikin GY, Strakhovskaya MG, Belenikina NS, Rubin AB. Bacterial photosensory proteins: Regulatory functions and optogenetic applications. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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135
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Abstract
Plants are able to sense UV-B through the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8. UV-B photon absorption by a UVR8 homodimer leads to UVR8 monomerization and interaction with the downstream signaling factor COP1. This then initiates changes in gene expression, which lead to several metabolic and morphological alterations. A major response is the activation of mechanisms associated with UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance, including biosynthesis of sunscreen metabolites, antioxidants and DNA repair enzymes. To balance the response, UVR8 is inactivated by regulated re-dimerization. Apart from their importance for plants, UVR8 and its interacting protein COP1 have already proved useful for the optogenetic toolkit used to engineer synthetic light-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland.
| | - Gareth I Jenkins
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Thieulin-Pardo G, Avilan L, Kojadinovic M, Gontero B. Fairy "tails": flexibility and function of intrinsically disordered extensions in the photosynthetic world. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:23. [PMID: 26042223 PMCID: PMC4436894 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), or protein fragments also called Intrinsically Disordered Regions (IDRs), display high flexibility as the result of their amino acid composition. They can adopt multiple roles. In globular proteins, IDRs are usually found as loops and linkers between secondary structure elements. However, not all disordered fragments are loops: some proteins bear an intrinsically disordered extension at their C- or N-terminus, and this flexibility can affect the protein as a whole. In this review, we focus on the disordered N- and C-terminal extensions of globular proteins from photosynthetic organisms. Using the examples of the A2B2-GAPDH and the α Rubisco activase isoform, we show that intrinsically disordered extensions can help regulate their “host” protein in response to changes in light, thereby participating in photosynthesis regulation. As IDPs are famous for their large number of protein partners, we used the examples of the NAC, bZIP, TCP, and GRAS transcription factor families to illustrate the fact that intrinsically disordered extremities can allow a protein to have an increased number of partners, which directly affects its regulation. Finally, for proteins from the cryptochrome light receptor family, we describe how a new role for the photolyase proteins may emerge by the addition of an intrinsically disordered extension, while still allowing the protein to absorb blue light. This review has highlighted the diverse repercussions of the disordered extension on the regulation and function of their host protein and outlined possible future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Thieulin-Pardo
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Luisana Avilan
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Mila Kojadinovic
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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Nishihama R, Ishizaki K, Hosaka M, Matsuda Y, Kubota A, Kohchi T. Phytochrome-mediated regulation of cell division and growth during regeneration and sporeling development in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:407-21. [PMID: 25841334 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light regulates various aspects of development throughout the life cycle of sessile land plants. Photoreceptors, such as the red (R) and far-red (FR) light receptors phytochromes, play pivotal roles in modulating developmental programs. Reflecting high developmental plasticity, plants can regenerate tissues, organs, and whole bodies from varieties of cells. Among land plants, bryophytes exhibit extraordinary competency of regeneration under hormone-free conditions. As an environmental factor, light plays critical roles in regeneration of bryophytes. However, how light regulates regeneration remains unknown. Here we show that using the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which contains a single phytochrome gene, the phytochrome regulates re-entry into the cell cycle and cell shape in newly regenerating tissues. Our morphological and cytological observations revealed that S-phase entry of G1-arrested epidermal cells around the midrib on the ventral surface of thallus explants was greatly retarded in the dark or under phytochrome-inactive R/FR cycle irradiation conditions, where, nevertheless, small, laterally narrow regenerants were eventually formed. Thus, consistent with earlier descriptions published over a century ago, light is not essential for, but exerts profound effects on regeneration in M. polymorpha. Ventral cells in regenerants grown under R/FR cycle conditions were longer and narrower than those under R cycle. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of M. polymorpha phytochrome allowed regeneration of well grown, widely expanded thalli even in the dark when sugar was supplied, further demonstrating that the phytochrome signal promotes cell proliferation, which is rate-limited by sucrose availability. Similar effects of R and FR irradiation on cell division and elongation were observed in sporelings as well. Thus, besides activation of photosynthesis, major roles of R in regeneration of M. polymorpha are to facilitate proliferation of rounder cells through the phytochrome by mechanisms that are likely to operate in the sporeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan,
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138
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Zakhvataev VE. Tidal variations of radon activity as a possible factor synchronizing biological processes. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350915010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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139
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Nozue K, Tat AV, Kumar Devisetty U, Robinson M, Mumbach MR, Ichihashi Y, Lekkala S, Maloof JN. Shade avoidance components and pathways in adult plants revealed by phenotypic profiling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004953. [PMID: 25874869 PMCID: PMC4398415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shade from neighboring plants limits light for photosynthesis; as a consequence, plants have a variety of strategies to avoid canopy shade and compete with their neighbors for light. Collectively the response to foliar shade is called the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). The SAS includes elongation of a variety of organs, acceleration of flowering time, and additional physiological responses, which are seen throughout the plant life cycle. However, current mechanistic knowledge is mainly limited to shade-induced elongation of seedlings. Here we use phenotypic profiling of seedling, leaf, and flowering time traits to untangle complex SAS networks. We used over-representation analysis (ORA) of shade-responsive genes, combined with previous annotation, to logically select 59 known and candidate novel mutants for phenotyping. Our analysis reveals shared and separate pathways for each shade avoidance response. In particular, auxin pathway components were required for shade avoidance responses in hypocotyl, petiole, and flowering time, whereas jasmonic acid pathway components were only required for petiole and flowering time responses. Our phenotypic profiling allowed discovery of seventeen novel shade avoidance mutants. Our results demonstrate that logical selection of mutants increased success of phenotypic profiling to dissect complex traits and discover novel components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nozue
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - An V. Tat
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Upendra Kumar Devisetty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maxwell R. Mumbach
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Saradadevi Lekkala
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Julin N. Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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140
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Wang Q, Barshop WD, Bian M, Vashisht AA, He R, Yu X, Liu B, Nguyen P, Liu X, Zhao X, Wohlschlegel JA, Lin C. The blue light-dependent phosphorylation of the CCE domain determines the photosensitivity of Arabidopsis CRY2. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:631-43. [PMID: 25792146 PMCID: PMC5219891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) is a blue light receptor that mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and long-day promotion of floral initiation. CRY2 is known to undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation, which is believed to serve regulatory roles in the function of CRY2. We report here on a biochemical and genetics study of CRY2 phosphorylation. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 (S598, S599, and S605) that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seedlings. A study of serine-substitution mutations in the CCE domain of CRY2 demonstrates that CRY2 contains two types of phosphorylation in the CCE domain, one in the serine cluster that causes electrophoretic mobility upshift and the other outside the serine cluster that does not seem to cause mobility upshift. We showed that mutations in the serine residues within and outside the serine cluster diminished blue light-dependent CRY2 phosphorylation, degradation, and physiological activities. These results support the hypothesis that blue light-dependent phosphorylation of the CCE domain determines the photosensitivity of Arabidopsis CRY2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William D Barshop
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reqing He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuhong Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Paula Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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141
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Mitsui H, Maeda T, Yamaguchi C, Tsuji Y, Watari R, Kubo Y, Okano K, Okano T. Overexpression in yeast, photocycle, and in vitro structural change of an avian putative magnetoreceptor cryptochrome4. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1908-17. [PMID: 25689419 DOI: 10.1021/bi501441u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) have been found in a wide variety of living organisms and can function as blue light photoreceptors, circadian clock molecules, or magnetoreceptors. Non-mammalian vertebrates have CRY4 in addition to the CRY1 and CRY2 circadian clock components. Though the function of CRY4 is not well understood, chicken CRY4 (cCRY4) may be a magnetoreceptor because of its high level of expression in the retina and light-dependent structural changes in retinal homogenates. To further characterize the photosensitive nature of cCRY4, we developed an expression system using budding yeast and purified cCRY4 at yields of submilligrams of protein per liter with binding of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) chromophore. Recombinant cCRY4 dissociated from anti-cCRY4 C1 mAb, which recognizes the C-terminal region of cCRY4, in a light-dependent manner and showed a light-dependent change in its trypsin digestion pattern, suggesting that cCRY4 changes its conformation with light irradiation in the absence of other retinal factors. Combinatorial analyses with UV-visible spectroscopy and immunoprecipitation revealed that there is chromophore reduction in the cCRY4 photocycle and formation of a flavosemiquinone radical intermediate that is likely accompanied by a conformational change in the carboxyl-terminal region. Thus, cCRY4 seems to be an intrinsically photosensitive and photoswitchable molecule and may exemplify a vertebrate model of cryptochrome with possible function as a photosensor and/or magnetoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Mitsui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toshinori Maeda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Ryuji Watari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Keiko Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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142
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Christie JM, Blackwood L, Petersen J, Sullivan S. Plant flavoprotein photoreceptors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:401-13. [PMID: 25516569 PMCID: PMC4357641 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on the surrounding light environment to direct their growth. Blue light (300-500 nm) in particular acts to promote a wide variety of photomorphogenic responses including seedling establishment, phototropism and circadian clock regulation. Several different classes of flavin-based photoreceptors have been identified that mediate the effects of blue light in the dicotyledonous genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana. These include the cryptochromes, the phototropins and members of the Zeitlupe family. In this review, we discuss recent advances, which contribute to our understanding of how these photosensory systems are activated by blue light and how they initiate signaling to regulate diverse aspects of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Petersen
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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143
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Yang D, Zhao W, Meng Y, Li H, Liu B. A CIB1-LIKE transcription factor GmCIL10 from soybean positively regulates plant flowering. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:261-9. [PMID: 25651969 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING basic helix-loop-helix 1 (CIB1) is a well characterized transcriptional factor which promotes flowering through the physical interaction with the blue light receptor CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) in Arabidopsis. However, the role of its counterpart in crop species remains largely unknown. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a CIB1 homolog gene, Glycine max CIB1-LIKE10 (GmCIL10), from soybean genome. The mRNA expression of GmCIL10 in the unifoliate leaves shows a diunal rhythm in both long day (LD) and short day (SD) photoperiod, but it only oscillates with a circadian rhythm when the soybean is grown under LDs, indicating that the clock regulation of GmCIL10 transcription is LD photoperiod-dependent. Moreover, its mRNA expression varies in different tissue or organs, influenced by the develpomental stage, implying that GmCIL10 may be involved in the regulation of multiple developmental processes. Similar to CIB1, GmCIL10 was evident to be a nuclei protein and ectopically expression of GmCIL10 in transgenic Arabidopsis accelerates flowering under both LDs and SDs, implying that CIBs dependent regulation of flowering time is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGuang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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144
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Rameau C, Bertheloot J, Leduc N, Andrieu B, Foucher F, Sakr S. Multiple pathways regulate shoot branching. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:741. [PMID: 25628627 PMCID: PMC4292231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching patterns result from the spatio-temporal regulation of axillary bud outgrowth. Numerous endogenous, developmental and environmental factors are integrated at the bud and plant levels to determine numbers of growing shoots. Multiple pathways that converge to common integrators are most probably involved. We propose several pathways involving not only the classical hormones auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones, but also other signals with a strong influence on shoot branching such as gibberellins, sugars or molecular actors of plant phase transition. We also deal with recent findings about the molecular mechanisms and the pathway involved in the response to shade as an example of an environmental signal controlling branching. We propose the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF transcription factor TB1/BRC1 and the polar auxin transport stream in the stem as possible integrators of these pathways. We finally discuss how modeling can help to represent this highly dynamic system by articulating knowledges and hypothesis and calculating the phenotype properties they imply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leduc
- UMR1345 IRHS, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR1091 EGC, INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR1091 EGC, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- UMR1345 IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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145
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Conrad KS, Manahan CC, Crane BR. Photochemistry of flavoprotein light sensors. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:801-9. [PMID: 25229449 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three major classes of flavin photosensors, light oxygen voltage (LOV) domains, blue light sensor using FAD (BLUF) proteins and cryptochromes (CRYs), regulate diverse biological activities in response to blue light. Recent studies of structure, spectroscopy and chemical mechanism have provided unprecedented insight into how each family operates at the molecular level. In general, the photoexcitation of the flavin cofactor leads to changes in redox and protonation states that ultimately remodel protein conformation and molecular interactions. For LOV domains, issues remain regarding early photochemical events, but common themes in conformational propagation have emerged across a diverse family of proteins. For BLUF proteins, photoinduced electron transfer reactions critical to light conversion are defined, but the subsequent rearrangement of hydrogen bonding networks key for signaling remains highly controversial. For CRYs, the relevant photocycles are actively debated, but mechanistic and functional studies are converging. Despite these challenges, our current understanding has enabled the engineering of flavoprotein photosensors for control of signaling processes within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Craig C Manahan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Crane
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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146
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Mao K, Jiang L, Bo W, Xu F, Wu R. Cloning of the cryptochrome-encoding PeCRY1 gene from Populus euphratica and functional analysis in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115201. [PMID: 25503486 PMCID: PMC4264880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue/UV-A light receptors that evolved from photolyases. In plants, cryptochromes regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. Despite of their involvement in the control of important plant traits, however, most studies on cryptochromes have focused on lower plants and herbaceous crops, and no data on cryptochrome function are available for forest trees. In this study, we isolated a cryptochrome gene, PeCRY1, from Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica), and analyzed its structure and function in detail. The deduced PeCRY1 amino acid sequence contained a conserved N-terminal photolyase-homologous region (PHR) domain as well as a C-terminal DQXVP-acidic-STAES (DAS) domain. Secondary and tertiary structure analysis showed that PeCRY1 shares high similarity with AtCRY1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. PeCRY1 expression was upregulated at the mRNA level by light. Using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis, we showed that PeCRY1 overexpression rescued the cry1 mutant phenotype. In addition, PeCRY1 overexpression inhibited hypocotyl elongation, promoted root growth, and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in wild-type background seedlings grown under blue light. Furthermore, we examined the interaction between PeCRY1 and AtCOP1 using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc) assay. Our data provide evidence for the involvement of PeCRY1 in the control of photomorphogenesis in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Mao
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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147
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Müller P, Bouly JP. Searching for the mechanism of signalling by plant photoreceptor cryptochrome. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:189-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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148
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Kong F, Li H, Sun P, Zhou Y, Mao Y. De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of seagrass Zostera marina using Illumina paired-end sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112245. [PMID: 25423588 PMCID: PMC4244107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The seagrass Zostera marina is a monocotyledonous angiosperm belonging to a polyphyletic group of plants that can live submerged in marine habitats. Zostera marina L. is one of the most common seagrasses and is considered a cornerstone of marine plant molecular ecology research and comparative studies. However, the mechanisms underlying its adaptation to the marine environment still remain poorly understood due to limited transcriptomic and genomic data. Principal Findings Here we explored the transcriptome of Z. marina leaves under different environmental conditions using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Approximately 55 million sequencing reads were obtained, representing 58,457 transcripts that correspond to 24,216 unigenes. A total of 14,389 (59.41%) unigenes were annotated by blast searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. 45.18% and 46.91% of the unigenes had significant similarity with proteins in the Swiss-Prot database and Pfam database, respectively. Among these, 13,897 unigenes were assigned to 57 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 4,745 unigenes were identified and mapped to 233 pathways via functional annotation against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database (KEGG). We compared the orthologous gene family of the Z. marina transcriptome to Oryza sativa and Pyropia yezoensis and 11,667 orthologous gene families are specific to Z. marina. Furthermore, we identified the photoreceptors sensing red/far-red light and blue light. Also, we identified a large number of genes that are involved in ion transporters and channels including Na+ efflux, K+ uptake, Cl− channels, and H+ pumping. Conclusions Our study contains an extensive sequencing and gene-annotation analysis of Z. marina. This information represents a genetic resource for the discovery of genes related to light sensing and salt tolerance in this species. Our transcriptome can be further utilized in future studies on molecular adaptation to abiotic stress in Z. marina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanna Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunxiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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149
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Ouzounis T, Fretté X, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO. Spectral effects of supplementary lighting on the secondary metabolites in roses, chrysanthemums, and campanulas. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1491-9. [PMID: 25105234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the light spectrum on photosynthesis, growth, and secondary metabolites Rosa hybrida 'Scarlet', Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Coral Charm', and Campanula portenschlagiana 'BluOne' were grown at 24/18°C day/night temperature under purpose-built LED arrays yielding approximately 200 μmol m(-2)s(-1) at plant height for 16 h per day. The four light treatments were (1) 40% Blue/60% Red, (2) 20% Blue/80% Red, (3) 100% Red, and (4) 100% White (Control). The plant height was smallest in 40% Blue/60% Red in roses and chrysanthemums, while the biomass was smallest in the white control in roses and in 100% Red in chrysanthemums. The total biomass was unaffected by the spectrum in campanulas, while the leaf area was smallest in the 40% Blue/60% Red treatment. In 100% Red curled leaves and other morphological abnormalities were observed. Increasing the blue to red ratio increased the stomatal conductance though net photosynthesis was unaffected, indicating excess stomatal conductance in some treatments. With higher blue light ratio all phenolic acids and flavonoids increased. In view of the roles of these secondary metabolites as antioxidants, anti-pathogens, and light protectants, we hypothesize that blue light may predispose plants to better cope with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis Ouzounis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Xavier Fretté
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Selection for Crop Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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150
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Wieland M, Müller M, Kyburz A, Heissig P, Wekenmann S, Stolz F, Ausländer S, Fussenegger M. Engineered UV-A light-responsive gene expression system for measuring sun cream efficacy in mammalian cell culture. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:150-3. [PMID: 25234574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Light-dependent gene regulation systems are advantageous as they allow for precise spatio-temporal control of target gene expression. In this paper, we present a novel UV-A and blue-light-inducible gene control system that is based on the light-dependent heterodimerization of the CRY2 and C1BN domains. Upon their interaction, a transcription factor is released from the cell membrane and initiates target gene expression. Capitalizing on that, sun cream UV-A protection properties were measured intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wieland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marius Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kyburz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Phillip Heissig
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wekenmann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Stolz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ausländer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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