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Dorlo TPC, Eggelte TA, Schoone GJ, de Vries PJ, Beijnen JH. A poor-quality generic drug for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a case report and appeal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1544. [PMID: 22666507 PMCID: PMC3362618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P C Dorlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dorlo TPC, Balasegaram M, Lima MA, de Vries PJ, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR. Translational pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation for the assessment of duration of contraceptive use after treatment with miltefosine. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1996-2004. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Evaluation of arylimidamides DB1955 and DB1960 as candidates against visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease: in vivo efficacy, acute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3690-9. [PMID: 22508306 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06404-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylimidamides (AIAs) have shown outstanding in vitro potency against intracellular kinetoplastid parasites, and the AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-propoxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB766) displayed good in vivo efficacy in rodent models of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas' disease. In an attempt to further increase the solubility and in vivo antikinetoplastid potential of DB766, the mesylate salt of this compound and that of the closely related AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-cyclopentyloxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan hydrochloride (DB1852) were prepared. These two mesylate salts, designated DB1960 and DB1955, respectively, exhibited dose-dependent activity in the murine model of VL, with DB1960 inhibiting liver parasitemia by 51% at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day × 5 and DB1955 reducing liver parasitemia by 57% when given by the same dosing regimen. In a murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection model, DB1960 decreased the peak parasitemia levels that occurred at 8 days postinfection by 46% when given orally at 100 mg/kg/day × 5, while DB1955 had no effect on peak parasitemia levels when administered by the same dosing regimen. Distribution studies revealed that these compounds accumulated to micromolar levels in the liver, spleen, and kidneys but to a lesser extent in the heart, brain, and plasma. A 5-day repeat-dose toxicology study with DB1960 and DB1955 was also conducted with female BALB/c mice, with the compounds administered orally at 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day. In the high-dose groups, DB1960 caused changes in serum chemistry, with statistically significant increases in serum blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and a 21% decrease in body weight was observed in this group. These changes were consistent with microscopic findings in the livers and kidneys of the treated animals. The incidences of observed clinical signs (hunched posture, tachypnea, tremors, and ruffled fur) were more frequent in DB1960-treated groups than in those treated with DB1955. However, histopathological examination of tissue samples indicated that both compounds had adverse effects at all dose levels.
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Varela-M RE, Villa-Pulgarin JA, Yepes E, Müller I, Modolell M, Muñoz DL, Robledo SM, Muskus CE, López-Abán J, Muro A, Vélez ID, Mollinedo F. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of ether lipid edelfosine against Leishmania spp. and SbV-resistant parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1612. [PMID: 22506086 PMCID: PMC3323514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The leishmaniases are a complex of neglected tropical diseases caused by more than 20 Leishmania parasite species, for which available therapeutic arsenal is scarce and unsatisfactory. Pentavalent antimonials (SbV) are currently the first-line pharmacologic therapy for leishmaniasis worldwide, but resistance to these compounds is increasingly reported. Alkyl-lysophospoholipid analogs (ALPs) constitute a family of compounds with antileishmanial activity, and one of its members, miltefosine, has been approved as the first oral treatment for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, its clinical use can be challenged by less impressive efficiency in patients infected with some Leishmania species, including L. braziliensis and L. mexicana, and by proneness to develop drug resistance in vitro. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that ALPs ranked edelfosine>perifosine>miltefosine>erucylphosphocholine for their antileishmanial activity and capacity to promote apoptosis-like parasitic cell death in promastigote and amastigote forms of distinct Leishmania spp., as assessed by proliferation and flow cytometry assays. Effective antileishmanial ALP concentrations were dependent on both the parasite species and their development stage. Edelfosine accumulated in and killed intracellular Leishmania parasites within macrophages. In vivo antileishmanial activity was demonstrated following oral treatment with edelfosine of mice and hamsters infected with L. major, L. panamensis or L. braziliensis, without any significant side-effect. Edelfosine also killed SbV-resistant Leishmania parasites in in vitro and in vivo assays, and required longer incubation times than miltefosine to generate drug resistance. Conclusions/Significance Our data reveal that edelfosine is the most potent ALP in killing different Leishmania spp., and it is less prone to lead to drug resistance development than miltefosine. Edelfosine is effective in killing Leishmania in culture and within macrophages, as well as in animal models infected with different Leishmania spp. and SbV-resistant parasites. Our results indicate that edelfosine is a promising orally administered antileishmanial drug for clinical evaluation. Leishmaniasis represents a major international health problem, has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and is classified as an emerging and uncontrolled disease by the World Health Organization. The migration of population from endemic to nonendemic areas, and tourist activities in endemic regions are spreading the disease to new areas. Unfortunately, treatment of leishmaniasis is far from satisfactory, with only a few drugs available that show significant side-effects. Here, we show in vitro and in vivo evidence for the antileishmanial activity of the ether phospholipid edelfosine, being effective against a wide number of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Our experimental mouse and hamster models demonstrated not only a significant antileishmanial activity of edelfosine oral administration against different wild-type Leishmania spp., but also against parasites resistant to pentavalent antimonials, which constitute the first line of treatment worldwide. In addition, edelfosine exerted a higher antileishmanial activity and a lower proneness to generate drug resistance than miltefosine, the first drug against leishmaniasis that can be administered orally. These data, together with our previous findings, showing an anti-inflammatory action and a very low toxicity profile, suggest that edelfosine is a promising orally administered drug for leishmaniasis, thus warranting clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- APOINTECH, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Parque Científico de la Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Janny A. Villa-Pulgarin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- APOINTECH, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Parque Científico de la Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Edward Yepes
- APOINTECH, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Parque Científico de la Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Modolell
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diana L. Muñoz
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara M. Robledo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iván D. Vélez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Silva AM, Lin PKT, Roy N, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Anti-leishmanial activity of the bisnaphthalimidopropyl derivatives. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:360-3. [PMID: 22155672 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) derivatives were recently identified as inhibitors of the Leishmania Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2) NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase. In this report we have for the first time, determined the potential of these compounds to treat visceral leishmaniasis using BALB/c mice chronically infected with Leishmania infantum as a model. These experiments led to the identification of BNIPdiaminooctane (BNIPDaoct) as an effective compound able to induce significant reduction of the parasite load in the spleen and in the liver. Indeed, at a dose of 1mg/kg, BNIPDaoct was more effective to treat leishmaniasis in a short course treatment (3 or 6 drug administrations) than the standard amphotericin B. Moreover, no indications of hematological toxicity were detected as evaluated by the hemoglobin, hematocrit, white and red blood cell counts, hence making BNIPDaoct a potential therapeutic agent against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Loiseau PM, Cojean S, Schrével J. Sitamaquine as a putative antileishmanial drug candidate: from the mechanism of action to the risk of drug resistance. Parasite 2011; 18:115-9. [PMID: 21678786 PMCID: PMC3671420 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2011182115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitamaquine is a 8-aminoquinoline in development for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by oral route, no activity being observed on the experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis experimental models. Recent data explain how sitamaquine accumulate in Leishmania parasites, however its molecular targets remain to be identified. An advantage of sitamaquine is its short elimination half-life, preventing a rapid resistance emergence. The antileishmanial action of its metabolites is not known. The selection of a sitamaquine-resistant clone of L. donovani in laboratory and the phase II clinical trials pointing out some adverse effects such as methemoglobinemia and nephrotoxicity are considered for a further development decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Groupe Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR 8076 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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107
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Ramesh V, Katara G, Verma S, Salotra P. Miltefosine as an effective choice in the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:411-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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108
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Chowdhury S, Mukherjee T, Sengupta S, Chowdhury SR, Mukhopadhyay S, Majumder HK. Novel Betulin Derivatives as Antileishmanial Agents with Mode of Action Targeting Type IB DNA Topoisomerase. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:694-703. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Mrva M, Garajová M, Lukáč M, Ondriska F. Weak Cytotoxic Activity of Miltefosine Against Clinical Isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. J Parasitol 2011; 97:538-40. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2669.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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110
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Tiuman TS, Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV. Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e525-32. [PMID: 21605997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1.5 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur each year around the world. For over half a century, the clinical forms of the disease have been treated almost exclusively with pentavalent antimonial compounds. In this review, we describe the arsenal available for treating Leishmania infections, as well as recent advances from research on plants and synthetic compounds as source drugs for treating the disease. We also review some new drug-delivery systems for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. We observe that the pharmaceutical industry should employ its modern technologies, which could lead to better use of plants and their extracts, as well as to the development of synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds. New studies have highlighted some biopharmaceutical technologies in the design of the delivery strategy, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, cochleates, and non-specific lipid transfer proteins. These observations serve as a basis to indicate novel routes for the development and design of effective anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Tiuman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Zuo X, Djordjevic JT, Bijosono Oei J, Desmarini D, Schibeci SD, Jolliffe KA, Sorrell TC. Miltefosine induces apoptosis-like cell death in yeast via Cox9p in cytochrome c oxidase. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:476-85. [PMID: 21610197 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.072322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Miltefosine has antifungal properties and potential for development as a therapeutic for invasive fungal infections. However, its mode of action in fungi is poorly understood. We demonstrate that miltefosine is rapidly incorporated into yeast, where it penetrates the mitochondrial inner membrane, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential and leading to an apoptosis-like cell death. COX9, which encodes subunit VIIa of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex in the electron transport chain of the mitochondrial membrane, was identified as a potential target of miltefosine from a genomic library screen of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When overexpressed in S. cerevisiae, COX9, but not COX7 or COX8, led to a miltefosine-resistant phenotype. The effect of miltefosine on COX activity was assessed in cells expressing different levels of COX9. Miltefosine inhibited COX activity in a dose-dependent manner in Cox9p-positive cells. This inhibition most likely contributed to the miltefosine-induced apoptosis-like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zuo
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute and Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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112
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Eissa MM, El Bardicy S, Tadros M. Bioactivity of miltefosine against aquatic stages of Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium and their snail hosts, supported by scanning electron microscopy. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:73. [PMID: 21569375 PMCID: PMC3114006 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miltefosine, which is the first oral drug licensed for the treatment of leishmaniasis, was recently reported to be a promising lead compound for the synthesis of novel antischistosomal derivatives with potent activity in vivo against different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. In this paper an in vitro study was carried out to investigate whether it has a biocidal activity against the aquatic stages of Schistosoma mansoni and its snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria alexandrina , thus being also a molluscicide. Additionally, to see whether miltefosine can have a broad spectrum antischistosomal activity, a similar in vitro study was carried out on the adult stage of Schistosoma haematobium, the second major human species, its larval stages and snail intermediate host, Bulinus truncutes. This was checked by scanning electron microscopy. Results Miltefosine proved to have in vitro ovicidal, schistolarvicidal and lethal activity on adult worms of both Schistosoma species and has considerable molluscicidal activity on their snail hosts. Scanning electron microscopy revealed several morphological changes on the different stages of the parasite and on the soft body of the snail, which further strengthens the current evidence of miltefosine's activity. This is the first report of mollusicidal activity of miltefosine and its in vitro schistosomicidal activity against S.haematobium. Conclusions This study highlights miltefosine not only as a potential promising lead compound for the synthesis of novel broad spectrum schistosomicidal derivatives, but also for molluscicidals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Eissa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Seifert K. Structures, targets and recent approaches in anti-leishmanial drug discovery and development. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2011; 5:31-9. [PMID: 21629509 PMCID: PMC3103891 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a significant improvement in available treatment options for leishmaniasis. Two new drugs, miltefosine and paromomycin, have been registered for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India since 2002. Combination therapy is now explored in clinical trials as a new treatment approach for VL to reduce the length of treatment and potentially prevent selection of resistant parasites. However there is still a need for new drugs due to safety, resistance, stability and cost issues with existing therapies. The search for topical treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is ongoing. This review gives a brief overview of recent developments and approaches in anti-leishmanial drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Seifert
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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114
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Miltefosine, a promising novel agent for schistosomiasis mansoni. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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115
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Kshirsagar N, Ferner R, Figueroa BAA, Ghalib H, Lazdin J. Pharmacovigilance methods in public health programmes: the example of miltefosine and visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Spada E, Proverbio D, Groppetti D, Perego R, Grieco V, Ferro E. First report of the use of meglumine antimoniate for treatment of canine leishmaniasis in a pregnant dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 47:67-71. [PMID: 21164165 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis during pregnancy is rarely reported, even in countries where the infection in dogs is endemic. The authors report a case of a 4 yr old bitch with leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate during pregnancy. The pregnancy and delivery were normal and the bitch presented improvement of the infection during treatment. Three puppies died within 2 days of birth and tested negative via real-time PCR for L. infantum. The two surviving puppies were followed clinically, serologically, and by real-time PCR until 1 yr of age with no evidence of congenital leishmaniasis. L. infantum DNA was detected with real-time PCR analysis of uterine tissue from the bitch at the time of ovariohysterectomy. PCR analysis was performed after an ovariohysterectomy of the bitch that was performed two months after parturition. Meglumine antimoniate use in the pregnant bitch may have prevented vertical transmission of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
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Sinha PK, Roddy P, Palma PP, Kociejowski A, Lima MA, Rabi Das VN, Gupta J, Kumar N, Mitra G, Saint-Sauveur JF, Seena S, Balasegaram M, Parreño F, Pandey K. Effectiveness and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis under routine program conditions in Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:357-64. [PMID: 20682882 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated, through the prospective monitoring of 251 patients at Sadar Hospital in Bihar, India, the effectiveness and safety of 20 mg/kg body weight of liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. The treatment success rates for the intention-to-treat, per protocol, and intention-to-treat worse-case scenario analyses were 98.8%, 99.6%, and 81.3%, respectively. Nearly one-half of patients experienced mild adverse events, but only 1% developed serious but non-life-threatening lips swelling. The lost to follow-up rate was 17.5%. Our findings indicate that the 20 mg/kg body weight treatment dosage is effective and safe under routine program conditions. Given that the exorbitant cost of liposomal amphotericin B is a barrier to its widespread use, we recommend further study to monitor and evaluate a lowered dosage and a shorter treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Sinha
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India
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Oliva G, Roura X, Crotti A, Maroli M, Castagnaro M, Gradoni L, Lubas G, Paltrinieri S, Zatelli A, Zini E. Guidelines for treatment of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1192-8. [PMID: 20513197 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples, 80137 Naples, Italy
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John von Freyend S, Rosenqvist H, Fink A, Melzer IM, Clos J, Jensen ON, Wiese M. LmxMPK4, an essential mitogen-activated protein kinase of Leishmania mexicana is phosphorylated and activated by the STE7-like protein kinase LmxMKK5. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:969-78. [PMID: 20178803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The essential mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), LmxMPK4, of Leishmania mexicana is minimally active when purified following recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and was therefore unsuitable for drug screening until now. Using an E. coli protein co-expression system we identified LmxMKK5, a STE7-like protein kinase from L. mexicana, which phosphorylates and activates recombinant LmxMPK4 in vitro. LmxMKK5 is comprised of 525 amino acids and has a calculated molecular mass of 55.9kDa. The co-expressed, purified LmxMPK4 showed strong phosphotransferase activity in radiometric kinase assays and was confirmed by immunoblot and tandem mass spectrometry analyses to be phosphorylated on threonine 190 and tyrosine 192 of the typical TXY MAP kinase activation motif. The universal protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine reduced the phosphotransferase activity of co-expressed and activated LmxMPK4 in a dose-dependent manner. To our knowledge this is the first time that an in vitro activator of an essential Leishmania MAP kinase was identified and our findings form the basis for the development of drug screening assays to identify small molecule inhibitors of LmxMPK4 in the search for new therapeutic drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona John von Freyend
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G40NR, UK
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Antileishmanial effect of cisplatin against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2009; 59:62-9. [PMID: 19853668 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug development in visceral leishmaniasis is extremely vital as the existing therapeutic modalities are plagued by the unwanted twosome of toxicity and drug resistance. Antineoplastic drugs have in the past been effective against the parasitic infections, for example, miltefosine. Cisplatin is a first-generation platinum-containing drug, used in the treatment of various solid tumors. Its in vitro antileishmanial effect has already been demonstrated. In the present study, the leishmanicidal potential of two doses (0.5mg/kg body weight and 1mg/kg body weight) of the drug was studied in BALB/c mice. The antileishmanial effect of the drug was revealed by significant reduction in the parasite burden. The infected and treated animals were also found to exhibit increased DTH responses. An initial transient and reversible increase in levels of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, blood urea, creatinine and phosphorus was observed in infected animals treated with both doses of the drug. The reduction in parasite load, increase in DTH response and various biochemical parameters were more pronounced in animals treated with 1mg/kg body weight of cisplatin as compared to those treated with 0.5mg/kg body weight of the drug. Though some histopathological changes were observed in the kidneys of animals treated with 1mg/kg body weight of cisplatin, no such change was observed in mice treated with the lower dose. Thus, we have for the first time characterized the in vivo effect of cisplatin in murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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Trypanothione reductase high-throughput screening campaign identifies novel classes of inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2824-33. [PMID: 19364854 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01568-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of 100,000 lead-like compounds led to the identification of nine novel chemical classes of trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors worthy of further investigation. Hits from five of these chemical classes have been developed further through different combinations of preliminary structure-activity relationship rate probing and assessment of antiparasitic activity, cytotoxicity, and chemical and in vitro metabolic properties. This has led to the identification of novel TR inhibitor chemotypes that are drug-like and display antiparasitic activity. For one class, a series of analogues have displayed a correlation between TR inhibition and antiparasitic activity. This paper explores the process of identifying, investigating, and evaluating a series of hits from a high-throughput screening campaign.
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Foglia Manzillo V, Paparcone R, Cappiello S, De Santo R, Bianciardi P, Oliva G. Resolution of tongue lesions caused by Leishmania infantum in a dog treated with the association miltefosine-allopurinol. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 19426445 PMCID: PMC2679398 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a severe systemic disease caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Leishmania infantum, an obligatory intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages, transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. The infection in dogs might occur without any clinical signs or might be characterised by chronic viscerocutaneous signs, such as lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, splenomegaly, onychogryphosis, and renal as well as ocular damage due to immunocomplex deposition. In atypical cases the parasites can be found in the striated musculature, the central nervous system, the endocrine glands or gonads, with or without functional damage. Leishmania infection might seldom induce oral lesions, particularly on the tongue. The authors describe the clinical case of a four-year old mongrel dog with tongue lesions caused by L. infantum. The dog was presented due to diarrhoea, lack of appetite and hypersalivation. Examination of the oral cavity revealed the presence of multiple red, nodular lesions on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. Definite diagnosis of an infection with L. infantum was obtained by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and by the cytological identification of the parasite in nodular, lingual lesions and bone marrow aspirates. The dog was treated with a combination of miltefosine (Milteforan®, Virbac), 2 mg/kg orally once a day for four weeks and allopurinol (Ziloric®, GlaxoSmithKline), 10 mg/kg orally twice a day for six months. At the end of the treatment, the animal showed full remission of clinical signs. The authors outline the atypical manifestations in the oral cavity in combination with a L. infantum infection and discuss the therapeutic potential of the combination treatment of miltefosine and allopurinol in canine leishmaniosis.
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Woerly V, Maynard L, Sanquer A, Eun HM. Clinical efficacy and tolerance of miltefosine in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:463-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Comparative study on the short term efficacy and adverse effects of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate in dogs with natural leishmaniosis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:155-62. [PMID: 19238439 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral administration of miltefosine (Milteforan) at 2 mg/kg/day for 28 days (Group M; n = 60) with a subcutaneous administration of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) at 50 mg/kg/12 h or at 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days (Group G; n = 59) in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis in dogs. Out of 119 dogs included in the study, 90 could be used for efficacy assessment and 112 for safety assessment. Treated dogs were followed up for 6 weeks, with re-checks every 14 days. The mean total clinical scores significantly decreased throughout the study in both treatment groups. The evolution of parasitological results after treatment (D42) shows a high percentage of dogs with negative bone marrow smears, 90% and 91.3% in groups M and G respectively, and did not significantly differ between groups (p = 0.8066). Out of the 112 dogs used for the safety assessment, only 26 dogs (23.2%) presented product-related adverse events concerning the gastrointestinal tract. These results showed that miltefosine at 2 mg/kg once daily can be safely used over a 28-day period in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis and provides both a steadily increasing improvement of the clinical signs and a good leishmanicidal efficacy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by a parasitic infection and is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many developing countries. Antimonials are the most commonly prescribed treatment but other drugs have been used with varying success. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of treatments for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL). SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (April 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2008), MEDLINE (2003-April 2008), EMBASE (2005-April 2008), CINAHL (1982-August 2007), LILACS (from inception to April 2008) and ongoing trials databases (August 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials assessing treatments in immuno-competent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture or polymerase chain reaction. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS We included 49 trials involving 5559 participants. Reporting quality was generally poor and only two studies contained sufficiently similar data to pool.In Leishmania major infections, there was good RCT evidence of benefit of cure around 3 months after treatment when compared to placebo for 200 mg oral fluconazole (1 RCT n = 200, RR 2.78; 95% CI 1.86, 4.16), topical 15% paromomycin + 12% methylbenzethonium chloride (PR-MBCL) (1 RCT n = 60, RR 3.09; 95% CI 1.14, 8.37) and photodynamic therapy (1 RCT n = 60, RR 7.02; 95% CI 3.80, 17.55). Topical PR-MBCL was less efficacious than photodynamic therapy (1 RCT n = 65, RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.29, 0.66). Oral pentoxifylline was a good adjuvant therapy to intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) when compared to IMMA plus placebo (1 RCT n = 64, RR 1.63; 95% CI 1.11, 2.39)In Leishmania tropica infections, there was good evidence of benefit for the use of 200 mg oral itraconazole for 6 weeks compared with placebo (1 RCT n = 20, RR 7.00; 95% CI 1.04, 46.95), for intralesional sodium stibogluconate (1 RCT n = 292, RR 2.62; 95% CI 1.78, 3.86), and for thermotherapy compared with intramuscular sodium stibogluconate (1 RCT n = 283, RR 2.99; 95% CI 2.04, 4.37). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Most trials have been designed and reported poorly, resulting in a lack of evidence for potentially beneficial treatments. There is a desperate need for large well conducted studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies. We suggest the creation of an international platform to improve quality and standardization of future trials in order to inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbà González
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit for Evidence-based Dermatology, Hospital Plató, c/ Plato 21, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain, 08006.
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Pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2855-60. [PMID: 18519729 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00014-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in leishmaniasis patients are, to a great extent, unknown. We examined and characterized the pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in a group of patients with Old World (Leishmania major) cutaneous leishmaniasis. Miltefosine plasma concentrations were determined in samples taken during and up to 5 months after the end of treatment from 31 Dutch military personnel who contracted cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan and were treated with 150 mg miltefosine/day for 28 days. Samples were analyzed with a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 4 ng/ml. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed with nonlinear mixed-effect modeling, using NONMEM. The pharmacokinetics of miltefosine could best be described by an open two-compartment disposition model, with a first elimination half-life of 7.05 days and a terminal elimination half-life of 30.9 days. The median concentration in the last week of treatment (days 22 to 28) was 30,800 ng/ml. The maximum duration of follow-up was 202 days after the start of treatment. All analyzed samples contained a concentration above the LLOQ. Miltefosine is eliminated from the body much slower than previously thought and is therefore still detectable in human plasma samples taken 5 to 6 months after the end of treatment. The presence of subtherapeutic miltefosine concentrations in the blood beyond 5 months after treatment might contribute to the selection of resistant parasites, and moreover, the measures for preventing the teratogenic risks of miltefosine treatment should be reconsidered.
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Saugar JM, Delgado J, Hornillos V, Luque-Ortega JR, Amat-Guerri F, Acuña AU, Rivas L. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fluorescent Leishmanicidal Analogues of Hexadecylphosphocholine (Miltefosine) as Probes of Antiparasite Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5994-6003. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070595+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seifert K, Lemke A, Croft SL, Kayser O. Antileishmanial structure-activity relationships of synthetic phospholipids: in vitro and in vivo activities of selected derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4525-8. [PMID: 17908944 PMCID: PMC2167978 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00465-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antileishmanial activities of 91 synthetic phospholipids against Leishmania donovani were evaluated in vitro and cytotoxicity assessed against two mammalian cell lines. Promising compounds were tested further in vivo. In vitro structure-activity relationships showed a positive contribution of head groups bearing ring systems (N-methylpiperidino and N-methylmorpholino) to antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Seifert
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Mohebali M, Fotouhi A, Hooshmand B, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Rahnema A, Razaghian AR, Kabir MJ, Nadim A. Comparison of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) by a randomized clinical trial in Iran. Acta Trop 2007; 103:33-40. [PMID: 17586452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was a randomized, open label comparison that was designed to determine efficacy and safety of miltefosine as the first oral drug for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in comparison with meglumine antimoniate. Complete clinical response was defined as 100% re-epithelialization of the lesion. Definitions of lesion cure and failure were based on both clinical and parasitological criteria two weeks after the end of treatment and clinical recovery three months after this period. Of 32 patients enrolled for miltefosine treatment 28 patients completed treatment, of which 26 were cured at three months, corresponding to a cure rate of 92.9% on a per protocol analysis, and 81.3% according to intention to treat analysis. There was one failure (3.1%), one relapse (3.1%) and four dropouts due to lack of tolerability (12.5%) during the first week of treatment. Of 31 patients who received intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (20mgSb(5)/kg body weight daily for 14 days) 25 were cured (83.3% on a per protocol basis, 80.6% on intention to treat basis), five failed (16.1%) and one was lost (3.2%) at 3-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up after the end of treatment, no relapse was observed. Both regimens were tolerated but averages of nausea (32.2%) and vomiting (21.5%) were observed in patients during two weeks after initiation of miltefosine treatment. Other gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and total adverse events were not statistically different in the two groups during one to four weeks after therapy initiation. No relevant changes were observed in levels of liver enzymes, creatinine and hematological tests before and after end of treatment in both groups. In conclusion, miltefosine is apparently at least as good as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major in Iran, based on parasitological as well as clinical criteria two weeks, three months, and six months after end of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohebali
- School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Llull D, Rivas L, García E. In vitro bactericidal activity of the antiprotozoal drug miltefosine against Streptococcus pneumoniae and other pathogenic streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1844-8. [PMID: 17353242 PMCID: PMC1855570 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01428-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine), the first oral drug against visceral leishmaniasis, triggered pneumococcal autolysis at concentrations higher than 2.5 microM. Bactericidal activity was also observed in cultures of other streptococci, although these failed to undergo lysis. The autolysis elicited by miltefosine can be attributed to triggering of the pneumococcal autolysin LytA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Llull
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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