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Ouaïssi M, Silvy F, Loncle C, Ferraz da Silva D, Martins Abreu C, Martinez E, Berthézene P, Cadra S, Le Treut YP, Hardwigsen J, Sastre B, Sielezneff I, Benkoel L, Delgrande J, Ouaissi A, Iovanna J, Lombardo D, Mas E. Further characterization of HDAC and SIRT gene expression patterns in pancreatic cancer and their relation to disease outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108520. [PMID: 25275504 PMCID: PMC4183483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is ranking 4 for patient' death from malignant disease in Western countries, with no satisfactory treatment. We re-examined more precisely the histone deacetylases (HDAC) and Sirtuin (SIRT) gene expression patterns in pancreatic cancer with more pancreatic tumors and normal tissues. We also examined the possible relationship between HDAC gene expression levels and long term disease outcome. Moreover, we have evaluated by using an in vitro model system of human pancreatic tumor cell line whether HDAC7 knockdown may affect the cell behavior. We analyzed 29 pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA), 9 chronic pancreatitis (CP), 8 benign pancreatic (BP) and 11 normal pancreatic tissues. Concerning pancreatic adenocarcinoma, we were able to collect biopsies at the tumor periphery. To assess the possible involvement of HDAC7 in cell proliferation capacity, we have generated recombinant human Panc-1 tumor which underexpressed or overexpressed HDAC7. The expression of HDAC1,2,3,4,7 and Nur77 increased in PA samples at levels significantly higher than those observed in the CP group (p = 0.0160; 0.0114; 0.0227; 0.0440; 0.0136; 0.0004, respectively). The expression of HDAC7, was significantly greater in the PA compared with BP tissue samples (p = 0.05). Mean mRNA transcription levels of PA for HDAC7 and HDAC2 were higher when compared to their counterpart biopsies taken at the tumor periphery (p = 0.0346, 0.0053, respectively). Moreover, the data obtained using confocal microscopy and a quantitative method of immunofluorescence staining strongly support the HDAC7 overexpression in PA surgical specimens. The number of deaths and recurrences at the end of follow up were significantly greater in patients with overexpression of HDAC7. Interestingly, the rate of growth was significantly reduced in the case of cell carrying shRNA construct targeting HDAC7 encoding gene when compared to the parental Panc-1 tumor cells (p = 0.0015) at 48 h and 96 h (p = 0.0021). This study strongly support the notion that HDAC7play a role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ouaïssi
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Department of Digestive and visceral Surgery, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Loncle
- Aix-Marseille University, CRCM, UMR_S 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 1068, Marseille, France
| | - Diva Ferraz da Silva
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins Abreu
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Berthézene
- Aix-Marseille University, CRCM, UMR_S 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 1068, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Cadra
- Aix-Marseille University, CRCM, UMR_S 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 1068, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Patrice Le Treut
- AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Department of hepatic transplantation and general surgery, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Hardwigsen
- AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Department of hepatic transplantation and general surgery, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Sastre
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Department of Digestive and visceral Surgery, Marseille, France
| | - Igor Sielezneff
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Department of Digestive and visceral Surgery, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean Delgrande
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Department of histopathology, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Aix-Marseille University, CRCM, UMR_S 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 1068, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR 911, Marseille, France
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Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Ouaissi A, Akharid K, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Impairment of T cell function in parasitic infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2567. [PMID: 24551250 PMCID: PMC3923671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals subverted as hosts by protozoan parasites, the latter and/or the agonists they release are detected and processed by sensors displayed by many distinct immune cell lineages, in a tissue(s)-dependent context. Focusing on the T lymphocyte lineage, we review our present understanding on its transient or durable functional impairment over the course of the developmental program of the intracellular parasites Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi in their mammalian hosts. Strategies employed by protozoa to down-regulate T lymphocyte function may act at the initial moment of naïve T cell priming, rendering T cells anergic or unresponsive throughout infection, or later, exhausting T cells due to antigen persistence. Furthermore, by exploiting host feedback mechanisms aimed at maintaining immune homeostasis, parasites can enhance T cell apoptosis. We will discuss how infections with prominent intracellular protozoan parasites lead to a general down-regulation of T cell function through T cell anergy and exhaustion, accompanied by apoptosis, and ultimately allowing pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ali Ouaissi
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Khadija Akharid
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Aîn-Chock, Université Hassan II-Casablanca, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RS); (JE)
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (RS); (JE)
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Ouaissi A. Functional genomics and immunological approaches toward a comprehensive view of protozoan parasite virulence factors. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 5:535-8. [PMID: 17678416 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.4.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ouaissi A. Regulatory cells and immunosuppressive cytokines: parasite-derived factors induce immune polarization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2007:94971. [PMID: 17597838 PMCID: PMC1893014 DOI: 10.1155/2007/94971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections are prevalent in both tropical and subtropical areas. Most of the affected and/or exposed populations are living in developing countries where control measures are lacking or inadequately applied. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of the immune response to parasites, no definitive step has yet been successfully done in terms of operational vaccines against parasitic diseases. Evidence accumulated during the past few years suggests that the pathology observed during parasitic infections is in part due to deregulation of normal components of the immune system, mainly cytokines, antibodies, and immune effector cell populations. A large number of studies that illustrate how parasites can modify the host immune system for their own benefit have been reported in both metazoan and protozoan parasites. The first line of defense against foreign organisms is barrier tissue such as skin, humoral factors, for instance the complement system and pentraxin, which upon activation of the complement cascade facilitate pathogen recognition by cells of innate immunity such as macrophages and DC. However, all the major groups of parasites studied have been shown to contain and/or to release factors, which interfere with both arms of the host immune system. Even some astonishing observations relate to the production by some parasites of orthologues of mammalian cytokines. Furthermore, chronic parasitic infections have led to the immunosuppressive environment that correlates with increased levels of myeloid and T suppressor cells that may limit the success of immunotherapeutic strategies based on vaccination. This minireview briefly analyzes some of the current data related to the regulatory cells and molecules derived from parasites that affect cellular function and contribute to the polarization of the immune response of the host. Special attention is given to some of the data from our laboratory illustrating the role of immunomodulatory factors released by protozoan parasites, in the induction and perpetuation of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ouaissi
- INSERM, IRD UR008 “Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés”, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 65401, 34394 Montpellier, France
- *Ali Ouaissi:
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Costa Lima SA, Resende M, Silvestre R, Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Lin PKT, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Characterization and evaluation of BNIPDaoct-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for visceral leishmaniasis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1839-49. [PMID: 22812711 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To overcome the limitation of bisnaphthalimidopropyldiaaminooctane (BNIPDaoct) low physiological solubility and potentially increase its efficiency against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a delivery system based on poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles was developed. MATERIALS & METHODS BNIPDaoct-PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and characterized. Anti-Leishmania activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo VL infection models. RESULTS BNIPDaoct-PLGA nanoparticles were successfully produced and were sized at 156.0 ± 2.8 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 85%. The PLGA nanoparticles reduced BNIPDaoct cellular toxicity, retained its in vitro anti-leishmanial activity and led to a significant reduction (∼80%) in the parasite burden in the infected mice spleen when compared with the free drug or amphotericin B. In the liver the effect was less pronounced, with a 30-50% reduction observed between the nanoformulation and the BNIPDaoct per se or the amphotericin B, respectively. CONCLUSION PLGA nanoparticles provide controlled and effective delivery of BNIPDaoct for treatment of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Costa Lima
- IBMC-INEB, Infection & Immunology Unit-Parasite Disease Group, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Ouaissi A, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Modulation of mammalian apoptotic pathways by intracellular protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:325-33. [PMID: 22168464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During intracellular parasitic infections, pathogens and host cells take part in a complex web of events that are crucial for the outcome of the infection. Modulation of host cell apoptosis by pathogens attracted the attention of scientists during the last decade. Apoptosis is an efficient mechanism used by the host to control infection and limit pathogen multiplication and dissemination. In order to ensure completion of their complex life cycles and to guarantee transmission between different hosts, intracellular parasites have developed mechanisms to block apoptosis and sustain the viability of their host cells. Here, we review how some of the most prominent intracellular protozoan parasites modulate the main mammalian apoptotic pathways by emphasizing the advances from the last decade, which have begun to dissect this dynamic and complex interaction.
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Moreira D, Santarém N, Loureiro I, Tavares J, Silva AM, Amorim AM, Ouaissi A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Silvestre R. Impact of continuous axenic cultivation in Leishmania infantum virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1469. [PMID: 22292094 PMCID: PMC3265455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental infections with visceral Leishmania spp. are frequently performed referring to stationary parasite cultures that are comprised of a mixture of metacyclic and non-metacyclic parasites often with little regard to time of culture and metacyclic purification. This may lead to misleading or irreproducible experimental data. It is known that the maintenance of Leishmania spp. in vitro results in a progressive loss of virulence that can be reverted by passage in a mammalian host. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the loss of virulence in culture comparing the in vitro and in vivo infection and immunological profile of L. infantum stationary promastigotes submitted to successive periods of in vitro cultivation. To evaluate the effect of axenic in vitro culture in parasite virulence, we submitted L. infantum promastigotes to 4, 21 or 31 successive in vitro passages. Our results demonstrated a rapid and significant loss of parasite virulence when parasites are sustained in axenic culture. Strikingly, the parasite capacity to modulate macrophage activation decreased significantly with the augmentation of the number of in vitro passages. We validated these in vitro observations using an experimental murine model of infection. A significant correlation was found between higher parasite burdens and lower number of in vitro passages in infected Balb/c mice. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the virulence deficit caused by successive in vitro passages results from an inadequate capacity to differentiate into amastigote forms. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the use of parasites with distinct periods of axenic in vitro culture induce distinct infection rates and immunological responses and correlated this phenotype with a rapid loss of promastigote differentiation capacity. These results highlight the need for a standard operating protocol (SOP) when studying Leishmania species. Protozoan of the genus Leishmania undergo several developmental transitions during its life cycle. Leishmania alternates between two morphologically distinct forms, promastigotes (insect stage) and amastigotes (vertebrate stage). Most of the available information about Leishmania spp. has been obtained from studying in vitro cultured promastigotes, an excellent experimental model for the different developmental stages present in the insect vector. Although promastigotes are grown in a controlled environment, the maintenance of long term culture results in loss of virulence, which can lead to a misinterpretation and often contradictory experimental results. It is then of great interest to unravel the defects arising from sustained axenic parasite culture in laboratory settings. The authors demonstrate a correlation between the maintenance of parasite culture with a growing defect of the promastigote form to differentiate in the mammalian amastigote form. This research provides a biological explanation for the loss of virulence due to sustained parasite culture and discusses the impact for all experimental work done with visceral Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Loureiro
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tavares
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marina Amorim
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INSERM, UMR, CNRS 5235, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Silva AM, Lin PKT, Roy N, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Anti-leishmanial activity of the bisnaphthalimidopropyl derivatives. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:360-3. [PMID: 22155672 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) derivatives were recently identified as inhibitors of the Leishmania Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2) NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase. In this report we have for the first time, determined the potential of these compounds to treat visceral leishmaniasis using BALB/c mice chronically infected with Leishmania infantum as a model. These experiments led to the identification of BNIPdiaminooctane (BNIPDaoct) as an effective compound able to induce significant reduction of the parasite load in the spleen and in the liver. Indeed, at a dose of 1mg/kg, BNIPDaoct was more effective to treat leishmaniasis in a short course treatment (3 or 6 drug administrations) than the standard amphotericin B. Moreover, no indications of hematological toxicity were detected as evaluated by the hemoglobin, hematocrit, white and red blood cell counts, hence making BNIPDaoct a potential therapeutic agent against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Gazanion E, Garcia D, Silvestre R, Gérard C, Guichou JF, Labesse G, Seveno M, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A, Ouaissi A, Sereno D, Vergnes B. The Leishmania nicotinamidase is essential for NAD+ production and parasite proliferation. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:21-38. [PMID: 21819459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ is a central cofactor that plays important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production in all living cells. Genomics-based reconstruction of NAD+ metabolism revealed that Leishmania protozoan parasites are NAD+ auxotrophs. Consequently, these parasites require assimilating NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide riboside) from their host environment to synthesize NAD+ by a salvage pathway. Nicotinamidase is a key enzyme of this salvage pathway that catalyses conversion of nicotinamide (NAm) to nicotinic acid (Na), and that is absent in higher eukaryotes. We present here the biochemical and functional characterizations of the Leishmania infantum nicotinamidase (LiPNC1). Generation of Lipnc1 null mutants leads to a decrease in NAD+ content, associated with a metabolic shutdown-like phenotype with an extensive lag phase of growth. Both phenotypes could be rescued by an add-back construct or by addition of exogenous Na. In addition, Lipnc1 null mutants were unable to establish a sustained infection in a murine experimental model. Altogether, these results illustrate that NAD+ homeostasis is a fundamental component of Leishmania biology and virulence, and that NAm constitutes its main NAD+ source in the mammalian host. The crystal structure of LiPNC1 we solved allows now the design of rational inhibitors against this new promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gazanion
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Gazanion E, Vergnes B, Seveno M, Garcia D, Oury B, Ait-Oudhia K, Ouaissi A, Sereno D. In vitro activity of nicotinamide/antileishmanial drug combinations. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Neves BM, Silvestre R, Resende M, Ouaissi A, Cunha J, Tavares J, Loureiro I, Santarém N, Silva AM, Lopes MC, Cruz MT, Cordeiro da Silva A. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and impairment of nuclear factor-kappaB: molecular mechanisms behind the arrested maturation/activation state of Leishmania infantum-infected dendritic cells. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:2898-911. [PMID: 21037075 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions between Leishmania and dendritic cells (DCs) is central to the modulation of the outcome of this infection, given that an effective immune response against Leishmania is dependent on the successful activation and maturation of DCs. We report here that Leishmania infantum promastigotes successfully infect mouse bone marrow-derived DCs without triggering maturation, as shown by a failure in the up-regulation of CD40 and CD86 expression, and that parasites strongly counteract the lipopolysaccharide-triggered maturation of DCs. A small increase in interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 transcription and secretion and a decrease in IL-6 were observed in infected cells. This arrested DC maturation state is actively promoted by parasites because heat-killed or fixed parasites increased cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression. At a molecular level, L. infantum rapidly induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, whereas no effect was observed in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase proinflammatory pathways. Moreover, parasites actively promoted cleavage of the nuclear factor-κB p65(RelA) subunit, causing its impairment. The blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt by either treatment of bone marrow-derived DCs with wortmannin or transfection with an Akt dominant-negative mutant resulted in a strong decrease in infection rates, revealing for the first time a crucial role of this pathway on Leishmania engulfment by DCs. Overall, our data indicate that activation of Akt and impairment of nuclear factor-κB are responsible for immunogenicity subversion of L. infantum-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Miguel Neves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, and Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hoskins C, Ouaissi M, Lima SC, Cheng WP, Loureirio I, Mas E, Lombardo D, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouaissi A, Kong Thoo Lin P. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of a novel nano-sized formulation based on self-assembling polymers against pancreatic cancer. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2694-703. [PMID: 20872054 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo pancreatic anticancer activity of a nano-sized formulation based on novel polyallylamine grafted with 5% mole cholesteryl pendant groups (CH(5)-PAA). METHODS Insoluble novel anticancer drug, Bisnaphthalimidopropyldiaaminooctane (BNIPDaoct), was loaded into CH(5)-PAA polymeric self-assemblies by probe sonication. Hydrodynamic diameters and polydispersity index measurements were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the formulation was carried out by the sulforhodamine B dye assay with human pancreatic adenocarcinoma BxPC-3 cells, while for the in vivo study, Xenograff mice were used. In vitro apoptotic cell death from the drug formulation was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The aqueous polymer-drug formulation had a mean hydrodynamic size of 183 nm. The drug aqueous solubility was increased from negligible concentration to 0.3 mg mL(-1). CH(5)-PAA polymer alone did not exhibit cytotoxicity, but the new polymer-drug formulation showed potent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. The mode of cell death in the in vitro study was confirmed to be apoptotic. The in vivo results revealed that the CH(5)-PAA alone did not have any anti-proliferative effect, but the CH(5)-PAA-drug formulation exhibited similar tumour reduction efficacy as the commercial drug, gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS The proposed formulation shows potential as pancreatic cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Hoskins
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, St. Andrew Street, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Kong Thoo Lin P, Loureiro I, Kaur S, Roy N, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Bisnaphthalimidopropyl derivatives as inhibitors of Leishmania SIR2 related protein 1. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:140-7. [PMID: 19937668 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases, namely sirtuins, are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as gene silencing, DNA repair, longevity, metabolism, apoptosis, and development. An enzyme from the parasite Leishmania infantum that belongs to this family, LiSIR2RP1, is a NAD(+)-dependent tubulin deacetylase and an ADP-ribosyltransferase. This enzyme's involvement in L. infantum virulence and survival underscores its potential as a drug target. Our search for selective inhibitors of LiSIR2RP1 has led, for the first time, to the identification of the antiparasitic and anticancer bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) alkyl di- and triamines (IC(50) values in the single-digit micromolar range for the most potent compounds). Structure-activity studies were conducted with 12 BNIP derivatives that differ in the length of the central alkyl chain, which links the two naphthalimidopropyl moieties. The most active and selective compound is the BNIP diaminononane (BNIPDanon), with IC(50) values of 5.7 and 97.4 microM against the parasite and human forms (SIRT1) of the enzyme, respectively. Furthermore, this compound is an NAD(+)-competitive inhibitor that interacts differently with the parasite and human enzymes, as determined by docking analysis, which might explain its selectivity toward the parasitic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Silvestre R, Silva AM, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouaissi A. The contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 to the innate recognition of a Leishmania infantum silent information regulator 2 protein. Immunology 2010; 128:484-99. [PMID: 19930041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a Leishmania protein belonging to the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) family [SIR2 related protein 1 (SIR2RP1)] that might play an immunoregulatory role during infection through its capacity to trigger B-cell effector functions. We report here that SIR2RP1 leads to the proliferation of activated B cells, causing increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, which are critical ligands for T-cell cross-talk during the development of adaptive immune responses. In contrast, B cells isolated from Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) knockout mice were unable to respond to the SIR2RP1 stimulus. Similarly, SIR2RP1 induced the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in a TLR2-dependent manner with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] and enhanced the costimulatory properties of DCs. Nevertheless, immunization assays demonstrated that TLR2-deficient mice were able to mount a specific humoral response to SIR2RP1. Interestingly, further investigations showed that macrophages were activated by SIR2RP1 even in the absence of TLR2. Therefore, a different type of interplay between SIR2RP1 and the major antigen-presenting cells in vivo could explain the immune response observed in TLR2-deficient mice. Together, these results demonstrate that TLR2 signalling contributes to SIR2RP1 recognition by innate immune host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Silvestre
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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16
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Ouaïssi M, Sielezneff I, Silvestre R, Sastre B, Bernard JP, Lafontaine JS, Payan MJ, Dahan L, Pirrò N, Seitz JF, Mas E, Lombardo D, Ouaissi A. High histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) expression is significantly associated with adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2318-28. [PMID: 18506539 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-9940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in HDACs gene expression have been reported in a number of human cancers. No information is available concerning the status of HDACs in pancreatic cancer tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression levels of members of class I (HDAC1, 2,, 3), class II (HDAC4, 5, 6, and 7), and class III (SIRT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) in a set of surgically resected pancreatic tissues. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from 11 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PA): stage 0 (n = 1), IB (n = 1), IIB (n = 6), III (n = 1), IV (n = 2), one serous cystadenoma (SC), one intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas (IMPN), one complicating chronic pancreatitis (CP), and normal pancreas (NP) obtained during donor liver transplantation. Moreover, six other control pancreatic were included. HDACs gene expression was conducted using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blot and their localization by immunohistochemistry analyses of cancer tissues sections. RESULTS Remarkably, 9 of the 11 PA (approximately 81%) showed significant increase of HDAC7 mRNA levels. In contrast to PA samples, message for HDAC7 was reduced in CP, SC, and IMPN specimens. The Western blot analysis showed increased expression of HDAC7 protein in 9 out of 11 PA samples, in agreement with the qPCR data. Most of the PA tissue sections examined showed intense labeling in the cytoplasm when reacted against antibodies to HDAC7. CONCLUSION The data showed alteration of HDACs gene expression in pancreatic cancer. Increased expression of HDAC7 discriminates PA from other pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ouaïssi
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Pôle d'Oncologie et Spécialité Médico-Chirurgicales, Assistance Pubique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, Marseille 13000, France.
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17
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Mathieu-Daudé F, Lafay B, Touzet O, Lelièvre J, Parrado F, Bosseno MF, Rojas AM, Fatha S, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Exploring the FL-160-CRP gene family through sequence variability of the complement regulatory protein (CRP) expressed by the trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2008; 8:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Silvestre R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouaissi A. Live attenuated Leishmania vaccines: a potential strategic alternative. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:123-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kadam RU, Tavares J, M KV, Cordeiro A, Ouaissi A, Roy N. Structure Function Analysis of Leishmania
Sirtuin: An Ensemble of In Silico
and Biochemical Studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 71:501-506. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ouaïssi M, Cabral S, Tavares J, da Silva AC, Mathieu Daude F, Mas E, Bernard J, Sastre B, Lombardo D, Ouaissi A. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) encoding gene expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines and cell sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:523-31. [PMID: 18296916 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.4.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple biochemical and molecular alterations occur in pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, attempts were made for the first time, to explore the level of expression of members of histone deacetylase encoding genes (HDACs) in four pancreatic tumor cell lines: Panc-1, BxPC-3, SOJ-6 and MiaPaCa-2; and two non-related tumor cells: Jurkat and HeLa. Furthermore, we examined the possible relationship between the levels of HDACs expression and the sensitivity/resistance to HDAC inhibitors (TSA, Nicotinamide and Sirtinol). RESULTS We have found that although a slight variation in the profiles of gene expression among cell lines could be evidenced, HDACs protein synthesis seem to be similar. Furthermore, the cells were equally sensitive to inhibition by Sirtinol whereas some variation in the IC(50) could be seen in the case of TSA. We also demonstrate that the drugs had the capacity to induce the death of cells by apoptosis. METHODS We have used four human pancreatic tumor cell lines and two-non related tumor cells, to evaluate the expression of HDAC encoding genes by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We also measured the effect of certain HDAC inhibitors (HDIs) on cell growth, cell cycle alteration, membrane phosphatidyl-serine exposure, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data support the notion that the level of cell sensitivity to the HDIs might be related to the level of expression of genes such as those encoding proteins playing a role in cell cycle checkpoints control but not HDAC per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ouaïssi
- Service de chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
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Silvestre R, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A, Santarém N, Vergnes B, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. SIR2-deficient Leishmania infantum induces a defined IFN-gamma/IL-10 pattern that correlates with protection. J Immunol 2007; 179:3161-70. [PMID: 17709531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the Leishmania genome to create genetically modified parasites by introducing or eliminating genes is considered a powerful alternative for developing a new generation vaccine against leishmaniasis. Previously, we showed that the deletion of one allele of the Leishmania infantum silent information regulatory 2 (LiSIR2) locus was sufficient to dramatically affect amastigote axenic proliferation. Furthermore, LiSIR2 single knockout (LiSIR2(+/-)) amastigotes were unable to replicate in vitro inside macrophages. Because this L. infantum mutant persisted in BALB/c mice for up to 6 wk but failed to establish an infection, we tested its ability to provide protection toward a virulent L. infantum challenge. Strikingly, vaccination with a single i.p. injection of LiSIR2(+/-) single knockout elicits complete protection. Thus, vaccinated BALB/c mice showed a reversal of T cell anergy with specific anti-Leishmania cytotoxic activity and high levels of NO production. Moreover, vaccinated mice simultaneously generated specific anti-Leishmania IgG Ab subclasses suggestive of both type 1 and type 2 responses. A strong correlation was found between the elimination of the parasites and an increased Leishmania-specific IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio. Therefore, we propose that the polarization to a high IFN-gamma/low IL-10 ratio after challenge is a clear indicator of vaccine success. Furthermore these mutants, which presented attenuated virulence, represent a good model to understand the correlatives of protection in visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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22
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Tavares J, Ouaissi M, Ouaissi A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Characterization of the anti-Leishmania effect induced by cisplatin, an anticancer drug. Acta Trop 2007; 103:133-41. [PMID: 17658446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), known as cis-DDP or cisplatin is a widely used drug in cancer chemotherapy. Although a recent study has shown the anti-Leishmania activity of some cis-DDP derivatives, the cytotoxic properties were measured only on promastigotes, the insect vector form of the parasite. In this study the effect of cis-DDP on promastigotes and amastigotes, the vertebrate stage of the parasite is reported. The IC50, determined by flow cytometry, after 72 h of drug incubation was four times higher, 7.73+/-1.03 microM in the case of promastigotes compared to axenic amastigotes, 1.88+/-0.10 microM. In intracellular amastigotes the IC50, determined by counting the parasite index was 1.85+/-0.22 microM. By using flow cytometry, two patterns of cell cycle changes was observed: cis-DDP treated promastigotes and amastigotes accumulated in S phase and G2 phase, respectively. The cis-DDP response was also found to involve an "apoptosis-like" death of both promastigotes and amastigotes. However, DNA fragmentation was only detected in promastigote forms. In contrast mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss was observed for both stages of the parasite. Upon incubation of parasites with the drug an increase on GSH and GSSG levels and reactive oxygen species could be detected in the case of promastigote. Moreover, a slight increase of GSH level was detected on amastigote form. Taken together, these observations indicate that amastigotes are more sensitive to cis-DDP when compared to promastigotes. However, the signaling pathways leading to cell death could be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tavares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mathieu-Daudé F, Bosseno MF, Garzon E, Lelièvre J, Sereno D, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Sequence diversity and differential expression of Tc52 immuno-regulatory protein in Trypanosoma cruzi: potential implications in the biological variability of strains. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1355-63. [PMID: 17659387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is highly heterogeneous in terms of genetics and biological properties. To explore the diversity of T. cruzi, we focused our study on the T. cruzi Tc52 protein playing a critical immunosuppressive role during infection. Sequence variability and expression levels of this virulence factor were analysed in various strains. Among the 40 amino acid substitutions detected in the Tc52 coding sequences, three substitutions may have an impact on protein activity or function, as two are localized in sites involved in the glutathione binding and the third is present in the region bearing immunomodulatory function. This sequence variability was consistent with the genetic subdivisions of T. cruzi. Moreover, we observed that the level of Tc52 transcripts and proteins varied between the different strains, but we did not find a significant correlation between Tc52 expression and the phylogeny of the parasite. Thus, both diversity in the sequences and differences in the expression levels of Tc52 protein may be involved in the biological variability of T. cruzi, especially in virulence and immunosuppression properties of T. cruzi strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Département Sociétés et Santé, UR008 Pathogénie et Epidémiologie des Trypanosomatidés, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Sanchez-Burgos G, Mezquita-Vega RG, Escobedo-Ortegon J, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Arjona-Torres A, Ouaissi A, Rodrigues MM, Dumonteil E. Comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:333-41. [PMID: 17521394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem in most of Latin America. A key priority is the development of new treatments, due to the poor efficacy of current ones. We report here the comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines encoding various T. cruzi antigens. ICR mice infected with 500 parasites intraperitoneally were treated at 5 and 12 days postinfection with 20 microg of plasmid DNA encoding T. cruzi antigens TSA-1, TS, ASP-2-like, Tc52 or Tc24. Treatment with plasmid encoding TS and/or ASP-2-like antigens had no significant effect on parasitemia or survival. Treatment with Tc52 DNA significantly reduced parasitemia, as well as cardiac parasite burden, and improved survival, although myocarditis was not significantly affected. Finally, treatment with plasmids encoding Tc24 and TSA-1 induced the most complete control of disease as evidenced by significant reductions in parasitemia, mortality, myocarditis and heart parasite burden. These data demonstrate that therapeutic vaccine efficacy is dependent on the antigen and suggest that DNA vaccines encoding Tc24, TSA-1, and Tc52 represent the best candidates for further studies of a therapeutic vaccine against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilma Sanchez-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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25
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Adriano MA, Vergnes B, Poncet J, Mathieu-Daude F, da Silva AC, Ouaissi A, Sereno D. Proof of interaction between Leishmania SIR2RP1 deacetylase and chaperone HSP83. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:811-8. [PMID: 17096142 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic Leishmania silent information regulator 2 (SIR2)RP1 protein is essential for parasite growth and survival and constitutes an attractive therapeutic target. Little information is available on putative substrate(s) and/or partner(s) that could shed light on the pathways in which this enzyme plays a role. We carried out co-immunoprecipitation experiments on the soluble fractions of wild-type and parasites overexpressing LmSIR2RP1 and found that the essential chaperone heat shock protein (HSP) 83, the Leishmania ortholog of the mammalian HSP90, constantly co-immunoprecipitated with LmSIR2RP1. We found that Leishmania HSP83 is among the lysine acetylated protein, but the intracellular level of SIR2RP1 does not influence the acetylation status of HSP83. Finally, the modified Geldanamycin susceptibility (an inhibitor of HSP83) exhibited by SIR2RP1 mutant parasites support an in vivo relationship between the chaperone activity of HSP83 and LmSIR2RP1. An insight on the nature of the interaction in Leishmania is required to understand its role in the cell fate control during cytodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte-Alegre Adriano
- UR008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394, France
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Sereno D, Cordeiro da Silva A, Mathieu-Daude F, Ouaissi A. Advances and perspectives in Leishmania cell based drug-screening procedures. Parasitol Int 2006; 56:3-7. [PMID: 17079188 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efforts for the development of new therapeutics, essential for the control of leishmaniasis rely mainly on screening of potentially effective compounds in pathogen growth/multiplication assays, both in vitro and in vivo. Screenings designed to closely reflect the situation in vivo are currently labor-intensive and expensive, since they require intracellular amastigotes and animal models. Screenings designed to facilitate rapid testing of a large number of drugs are not performed on the clinically relevant parasite stage, but the promastigotes. The ability to select transgenic Leishmania expressing reporter proteins, such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the luciferase, opened up new possibilities for the development of drug screening tests. In this review we will focus on available methodologies for direct drug screening purposes against the mammalian stage of the parasite, with emphasis on the future developments that could improve sensitivity, reliability, versatility and the throughput of the intracellular model screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sereno
- IRD, UR008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Monte-Alegre A, Ouaissi A, Sereno D. Leishmania amastigotes as targets for drug screening. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis 2006; 5:6. [PMID: 17059597 PMCID: PMC1635419 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct drug screening against the mammalian stage of Leishmania has been hampered by cost and the time consuming effort required to accomplish it. The ability to derive transgenic Leishmania expressing reporter genes opened up new possibilities for the development of drug screening tests. Further developments to standardize and gather multiple informations could now be envisionned. We will discuss on such available methodologies that could improve sensitivity, reliability, versatility and the rapidity, of the screen based on intracellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Monte-Alegre
- IRD, UR008 " Pathogènie des Trypanosomatidés", 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- IRD, UR008 " Pathogènie des Trypanosomatidés", 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, UR008 " Pathogènie des Trypanosomatidés", 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Silvestre R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Tavares J, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. Leishmania cytosolic silent information regulatory protein 2 deacetylase induces murine B-cell differentiation and in vivo production of specific antibodies. Immunology 2006; 119:529-40. [PMID: 17026719 PMCID: PMC2265827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we identified a gene product belonging to the silent information regulatory 2 protein (SIR2) family. This protein is expressed by all Leishmania species so far examined (L. major, L. infantum, L. amazonensis, L. mexicana) and found to be crucial for parasite survival and virulence. In the present study, we investigated whether a Leishmania SIR2 recombinant protein (LmSIR2) would affect T- and B-cell functions in a murine model. In vitro treatment of spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice with LmSIR2 showed increased expression of CD69 on B cells. This effect was not abolished by the addition of polymyxin B. Intravenous injection of LmSIR2 into BALB/c mice induced increased spleen B cell number by a factor of about approximately 1.6, whereas no modification occurred at the level of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of LmSIR2 alone without adjuvant into BALB/c mice or nude mice triggered the production of elevated levels of LmSIR2-specific antibodies. The analysis of specific isotype profiles showed a predominance of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a antibody responses in BALB/c mice, and IgM in nude mice. Moreover, the anti-LmSIR2 mouse antibodies in the presence of complement induced the in vitro lysis of L. infantum amastigotes. In the absence of complement, the antibodies induced significant inhibition of amastigotes developpement inside macrophages. Together, the current study provides the first evidence that a Leishmania protein belonging to the SIR2 family may play a role in the regulation of immune response through its capacity to trigger B-cell effector function.
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Sereno D, Vergnes B, Mathieu-Daude F, Cordeiro da Silva A, Ouaissi A. Looking for putative functions of the Leishmania cytosolic SIR2 deacetylase. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:1-9. [PMID: 17048004 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the past few years, the silent information regulator SIR2 protein family has attracted great interest due to its implication in an organism's life span extension. They bear diverse subcellular localization and play a role in transcriptional silencing and DNA repair. The biochemical reaction catalysed by these enzymes (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependant deacetylase/adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl transferase) is supposed to be linked to metabolism. Members of this protein family were described in parasitic organisms, but little information is available on potential functions of such enzymes in these organisms. In this article, we review recent information on structure and peculiar functions of SIR2s in eukaryotes, with emphasis on parasitic protozoa, particularly the Trypanosomatidae. Through the enzyme localization and the diverse substrates and by-products of the enzymatic reactions, we approach the potential pathways in which the Leishmania cytosolic SIR2 protein can be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sereno
- UR008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Ouaissi M, Ouaissi A. Histone deacetylase enzymes as potential drug targets in cancer and parasitic diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006; 2006:13474. [PMID: 16883049 PMCID: PMC1510935 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the mechanisms of transcriptional activation and repression in eukaryotic cells has shed light on the important role of acetylation-deacetylation of histones mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. Another group belonging to the large family of sirtuins (silent information regulators (SIRs)) has an (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) NAD(+)-dependent HDAC activity. Several inhibitors of HDACs (HDIs) have been shown to exert antitumor effects. Interestingly, some of the HDIs exerted a broad spectrum of antiprotozoal activity. The purpose of this review is to analyze some of the current data related to the deacetylase enzymes as a possible target for drug development in cancer and parasitic diseases with special reference to protozoan infections. Given the structural differences among members of this family of enzymes, development of specific inhibitors will not only allow selective therapeutic intervention, but may also provide a powerful tool for functional study of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ouaissi
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Générale, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite,
270 Boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- IRD UR008 “Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés,” Centre IRD de Montpellier, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, 911
Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Borges M, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Vergnes B, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. Conversion of Trypanosoma cruzi Tc52 released factor to a protein inducing apoptosis. Tissue Cell 2005; 37:469-78. [PMID: 16246387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study Tc52, a Trypanosoma cruzi released protein, which exerts an immunoregulatory activity, was converted to a molecular form with altered biological function. Indeed, the genetic fusion of Tc52 to a carrier protein, the Shistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (Tc52-Sj26), was shown to induce apoptosis in spleen cells from BALB/c or CBA mice and the human T-cell leukemic cell line (CEM). Cell death by apoptosis was evidenced by the following criteria: (1) increased binding of Annexin V to rTc52-treated spleen cells; (2) the presence of an ordered cleavage of the DNA backbone; (3) double labeling showed increased number of T cells undergoing apoptosis upon incubation with rTc52; (4) the use of a CEM cell line and TUNEL assay allowed to show in situ DNA fragmentation. Surprisingly, intraperitoneal injections of rTc52 to BALB/c mice, which were then infected with T. cruzi, resulted in increased parasiteamia levels and is congruent to 2.5 times increase of macrophages number. Since native Tc52 could not trigger, apoptosis of T cells we could hypothesized that the fusion of Tc52 with Sj26 led to conformational changes resulting in apoptosis inducing properties of rTc52. The possible in vivo physiopathological implications of these finding were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borges
- IRD UR 008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatides, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
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Oury B, Tarrieu F, Monte-Alegre A, Ouaissi A. Trypanosoma cruzi: Sequence polymorphism of the gene encoding the Tc52 immunoregulatory-released factor in relation to the phylogenetic diversity of the species. Exp Parasitol 2005; 111:198-206. [PMID: 16199037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified a Trypanosoma cruzi gene encoding a protein named Tc52 sharing structural and functional properties with the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin family involved in thiol-disulfide redox reactions. Gene targeting strategy and immunological studies allowed showing that Tc52 is among T. cruzi virulence factors. Taking into account that T. cruzi has a genetic variability that might be important determinant that governs the different behaviour of T. cruzi clones in vitro and in vivo, we thought it was of interest to analyse the sequence polymorphism of Tc52 gene in several reference clones. The DNA sequences of 12 clones which represent the whole genetic diversity of T. cruzi allowed showing that 40 amino-acid positions over 400 analysed are targets for mutations. A number of residues corresponding to putative amino-acids playing a role in GSH binding and/or enzymatic function and others located nearby are subject to mutations. Although the immunological analysis showed that Tc52 is present in parasite extracts from different clones, it is possible that the amino-acid differences could affect the enzymatic and/or the immunomodulatory function of Tc52 variants and therefore the parasite phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Oury
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Recherche no 8 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae, Montpellier, France.
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Vergnes B, Sereno D, Tavares J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Vanhille L, Madjidian-Sereno N, Depoix D, Monte-Alegre A, Ouaissi A. Targeted disruption of cytosolic SIR2 deacetylase discloses its essential role in Leishmania survival and proliferation. Gene 2005; 363:85-96. [PMID: 16236469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the SIR2 family are characterized by a conserved catalytic domain that exerts unique NAD-dependent deacetylase activity on histone and various other cellular substrates. Functional analyses of such proteins have been carried out in a number of prokaryotes and eukaryotes organisms but until now, none have described an essential function for any SIR2 genes. Here using genetic approach, we report that a cytosolic SIR2 homolog in Leishmania is determinant to parasite survival. L. infantum promastigote tolerates deletion of one wild-type LiSIR2 allele (LiSIR2+/-) but achievement of null chromosomal mutants (LiSIR2-/-) requires episomal rescue. Accordingly, plasmid cure shows that these parasites maintain episome even in absence of drug pressure. Though single LiSIR2 gene disruption (LiSIR2+/-) does not affect the growth of parasite in the promastigote form, axenic amastigotes display a marked reduction in their capacity to multiply in vitro inside macrophages and in vivo in Balb/c mice. Taken together these data support a stage specific requirement and/or activity of the Leishmania cytosolic SIR2 protein and reveal an unrelated essential function for the life cycle of this unicellular pathogenic organism. The lack of an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis, and the need for alternative drug treatments, makes LiSIR2 protein a new attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Vergnes
- IRD UR008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032, Montpellier, France
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34
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Santarém N, Tomás A, Ouaissi A, Tavares J, Ferreira N, Manso A, Campino L, Correia JM, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Antibodies against a Leishmania infantum peroxiredoxin as a possible marker for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and for monitoring the efficacy of treatment. Immunol Lett 2005; 101:18-23. [PMID: 15885803 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is frequently based on serological methods, such as direct agglutination, immunofluorescence tests and ELISA assays with Leishmania total extracts, as antigen, however due to highly inconclusive results, more reliable tests are needed. In the present study, the prevalence of antibodies to a number of recombinant proteins (LmSIR2, LmS3a, LimTXNPx, LicTXNPx and LiTXN1) highly conserved among Leishmania species, were evaluated by ELISA in Leishmania infantum infected children from an endemic area of Portugal. We found that sera from children patients had antibodies against the different recombinant proteins, LicTXNPx presented the highest immuno-reactivity compared to the other and the most often recognized in the case of acute visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Moreover, in children treated with meglumine antimoniate or amphotericin B, antibodies against some of the recombinant proteins declined, whereas conventional serology using crude extracts showed little or no difference between the pre- and post-treatment values. The highest reduction was observed in the case of antibodies against the LicTXNPx protein. These results suggest that the antibodies against LicTXNPx might be a useful constituent of a defined serological test for the diagnosis and the monitoring of the therapeutic response in VL. The monitoring and follow-up in a large-scale field trials of such marker in areas where leishmaniasis is endemic will lend support to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Santarém
- Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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35
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Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Tavares J, Araújo N, Cerqueira F, Tomás A, Kong Thoo Lin P, Ouaissi A. Immunological alterations induced by polyamine derivatives on murine splenocytes and human mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:547-56. [PMID: 15099532 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three polyamine derivatives assigned as bis-naphthalimidopropyl putrescine (BNIPPut), spermidine (BNIPSpd) and spermine (BNIPSpm) were studied to determine their effects on the proliferation of murine splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced by the mitogens, Con A, LPS and PHA. All compounds showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on mouse and human T cell proliferation induced by the mitogens, with BNIPPut exhibiting the most potent antiproliferative activity, followed by BNIPSpd and by BNIPSpm, respectively (Put > Spd > Spm), when considering human T cells. This suppressive activity also affects the capacity of mouse spleen cells to produce Th1 cytokines, namely IL-2 and INF-gamma after in vitro stimulation with Con A. The polyamine-induced inhibition also occurred in the case of LPS-stimulated B cells with a marked decrease of CD69 expression by these cells. Furthermore, the ability for these polyamine derivatives to induce apoptosis on Con A-stimulated splenocytes could be related to their antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, Oporto 4050, Portugal.
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36
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Vergnes B, Vanhille L, Ouaissi A, Sereno D. Stage-specific antileishmanial activity of an inhibitor of SIR2 histone deacetylase. Acta Trop 2005; 94:107-15. [PMID: 15860278 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) proteins are NAD-dependant deacetylases found in organisms ranging from bacteria to human. In eukaryotes, these proteins are involved in many biological processes including transcriptional repression, metabolism, ageing, or apoptosis. Here, we have shown that Sirtinol, a commercially available inhibitor of SIR2 deacetylases, significantly inhibits the in vitro proliferation of Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is stage specific since sirtinol did not affect the in vitro growth of parasite promastigotes. Growth arrest in amastigotes is associated with genomic DNA fragmentation, a process reminiscent of apoptosis. Interestingly parasites carrying extra copies of the LmSIR2 gene were less susceptible to the sirtinol mediated cell death. Altogether, these results constitute novel evidences that Leishmania SIR2 proteins play a role in the control of the parasite apoptotic phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Vergnes
- IRD UR008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Lin PKT, Tomás A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Differential effects of polyamine derivative compounds against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:637-46. [PMID: 15862577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The natural polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that play important biological functions in cell growth and differentiation. In the case of protozoan species that are causative agents of important human diseases such as Leishmaniasis, an exogenous supply of polyamines supports parasite proliferation. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of three polyamine derivatives, (namely bis-naphthalimidopropyl putrescine (BNIPPut), spermidine (BNIPSpd) and spermine (BNIPSpm)), on the proliferative stages of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. A significant reduction of promastigotes and axenic amastigotes growth was observed in the presence of increasing concentrations of the drugs, although the mechanisms leading to the parasite growth arrest seems to be different. Indeed, by using a number of biochemical approaches to analyse the alterations that occurred during early stages of parasite-drug interaction (i.e. membrane phosphatidylserine exposure measured by annexin V binding, DNA fragmentation, deoxynucleotidyltranferase-mediated dUTP end labelin (TUNEL), mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss), we showed that the drugs had the capacity to induce the death of promastigotes by a mechanism that shares many features with metazoan apoptosis. Surprisingly, the amastigotes did not behave in a similar way to promastigotes. The drug inhibitory effect on amastigotes growth and the absence of propidium iodide labelling may suggest that the compounds are acting as cytostatic substances. Although, the mechanisms of action of these compounds have yet to be elucidated, the above data show for the first time that polyamine derivatives may act differentially on the Leishmania parasite stages. Further chemical modifications are needed to make the polyamine derivatives as well as other analogues able to target the amastigote stage of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tavares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Our study represents the first report demonstrating the antileishmanial activity of nicotinamide (NAm), a form of vitamin B(3). A 5 mM concentration of NAm significantly inhibited the intracellular growth of Leishmania amastigotes and the NAD-dependent deacetylase activity carried by parasites overexpressing Leishmania major SIR2 (LmSIR2). However, the transgenic parasites were as susceptible as the wild-type parasites to NAm-induced cell growth arrest. Therefore, we conclude that NAm inhibits leishmanial growth and that overexpression of LmSIR2 does not overcome this inhibition. The mechanism of the inhibition is not defined but may include other in vivo targets. NAm may thus represent a new antileishmanial agent which could potentially be used in combination with other drugs during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sereno
- U R008, Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Guevara AG, Garzón E, Bowen C, Córdova X, Gómez E, Ouaissi A. High infection rates ofTriatoma dimidiataare associated with low levels ofTrypanosoma cruziseroprevalence in Pedro Carbo, Ecuador. Use of atc24 gene-based PCR approach. Parasite 2005; 12:65-8. [PMID: 15828584 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2005121065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In control programs for vectorial transmission of Chagas' disease, conventional microscopic procedures are generally performed to determine baseline levels of infectivity of vectors. Reported here are data using Polymerase Chain Reaction in the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatoma dimidiata, one of the principal vectors of Chagas' disease in Ecuador. The microscopy and PCR techniques showed a high percentage of vector infection in Pedro Carbo, province of Guayas (Ecuador), with 44.16% and 46.13% positive insects, respectively. This contrasted with the very low Chagas seropositivity recorded (0.5%). Since T. dimidiata was the only vector of the Chagas' disease found in Pedro Carbo and looking at the vector behavior, our data suggest that despite the high T. dimidiata infection, the low Chagas seropositivity detected is closely associated with the epidemiological and ecological context of T. dimidiata in Pedro Carbo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Guevara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, Community Services, Hospital Vozandes, HCJB, Quito, Ecuador.
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Garzon E, Genna F, Bosseno MF, Simony-La Fontaine J, Radal M, Sereno D, Mathieu-Daude F, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Differential infectivity and immunopathology in murine experimental infections by two natural clones belonging to theTrypanosoma cruziI lineage. Parasitology 2005; 131:109-19. [PMID: 16038402 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200400722x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathology of Chagas' disease in Balb/c mice infected with 2Trypanosoma cruziclones, belonging to theT. cruziI lineage and presenting differentin vitrovirulence (P/209 cl1>SO34 cl4) was compared. In the acute phase, evading mechanisms such as parasite-induced lymphocyte polyclonal activation and T cell immunosuppression were higher in mice infected with the clone giving a higher parasitaemia (P/209 cl1). A similar increase of non-specific isotypes was observed in both infections with IgG2a prevalence. Interestingly, CD8+ cell hypercellularity and lymphocyte immunosuppression were observed during the chronic phase (245 days post-infection) in mice infected by the most virulent clone. In the same way, the parasite-specific antibody response was more intense in P/209 cl1-infected mice over the acute phase. During the chronic phase this response remarkably dropped down in SO34 cl4-infected mice exclusively. Finally, P/209 cl1-infected mice presented a more severe inflammation and tissue damage in heart and quadriceps than SO34 cl4-infected mice. This comparative study showed differences between the two clones: a higher virulencein vivobeing clearly associated with a greater ability to induce evasion mechanisms and severe tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garzon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UR 008 Pathogénie et Epidémiologie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Ouaissi A, Ouaissi M. Molecular basis of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania interaction with their host(s): exploitation of immune and defense mechanisms by the parasite leading to persistence and chronicity, features reminiscent of immune system evasion strategies in cancer diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2005; 53:102-14. [PMID: 15928579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of features occurring during host-parasite interactions in Chagas disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmaniasis, caused by a group of kinetoplastid protozoan parasites are reminiscent of those observed in cancer diseases. In fact,although the cancer is not a single disease, and that T.cruzi and Leishmania are sophisticated eukaryotic parasites presenting a high level of genotypic variability the growth of the parasites in their host and that of cancer cells share at least one common feature, that is their mutual capacity for rapid cell division. Surprisingly, the parasitic diseases and cancers share some immune evasion strategies. Consideration of these immunological alterations must be added to the evaluation of the pathogenic processes. The molecular and functional characterization of virulence factors and the study of their effect on the arms of the immune system have greatly improved understanding of the regulation of immune effectors functions. The purpose of this review is to analyze some of the current data related to the regulatory components or processes originating from the parasite that control or interfere with host cell physiology. Attempts are also made to delineate some similarities between the immune evasion strategies that parasites and tumors employ. The elucidation of the mode of action of parasite virulence factors toward the host cell allow not only provide us with a more comprehensive view of the host-parasite relationships but may also represent a step forward in efforts aimed to identify new target molecules for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ouaissi
- IRD, Research Unit No.008, The Pathogenesis of Trypanosomatides, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Sereno D, Vanhille L, Vergnes B, Monte-Allegre A, Ouaissi A. Experimental study of the function of the excreted/secreted Leishmania LmSIR2 protein by heterologous expression in eukaryotic cell line. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis 2005; 4:1. [PMID: 15667659 PMCID: PMC548286 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background In yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans, Silent Information Regulator (SIR2) proteins have been shown to be involved in ageing regulation. In Leishmania, the LmSIR2rp was originally isolated from the excreted/secreted material of the Leishmania parasites. Among the function(s) of this protein in Leishmania biology, we have documented its implication in parasite survival, and in particular in Leishmania amastigotes. In this paper we question the role of the excreted/secreted form of the protein. In particular we wonder if the Leishmania Sir2 homologue is involved in some aspect of its biological function(s), in various components and pathways, which could promote the host cell survival. To test this hypothesis we have mimicked an intracellular release of the protein through constitutive expression in mouse L929 fibrosarcoma cells. Results Our results demonstrate that the LmSIR2 protein was properly expressed by fibroblasts and that LmSIR2 is localized both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of all the transformed cell clones. Unexpectedly, we found that cells expressing LmSIR2 presents reduced saturation cell density ranging from 40% to 60% and expressed an acidic (pH6.0) β-galactosidase activity, which is known to be a senescence biomarker. As a consequence, we observed that LmSIR2 positive fibroblasts were more permissive towards Leihmania infection. Conclusions LmSIR2 is able to substantially interfere with the host cell physiology. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that these modifications could help Leishmania to survive for a long period in a cell with reduced capacity to multiply or respond to immunologic stimuli. The potential implications of our finding during the in vivo infection process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Vanhille
- UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Adriano Monte-Allegre
- UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
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Brenière SF, Pietrokovsky S, Gastélum EM, Bosseno MF, Soto MM, Ouaissi A, Kasten FL, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Feeding patterns of Triatoma longipennis Usinger (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in peridomestic habitats of a rural community in Jalisco State, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2004; 41:1015-1020. [PMID: 15605639 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed triatomine blood feeding patterns to evaluate the role of peridomiciles in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission at the rural village of Tepehuaje de Morelos at Jalisco State, Mexico (1999). A total of 206 bugs were collected in 11 out of 26 households (42.3%). Nymphs predominated in the collections (64.9% of the total). Except for one Triatoma barberi female, a species that belongs to the protracta species complex, all adults were Triatoma longipennis, a species of the phyllosoma complex. Triatomines were exclusively present in peridomestic sites mainly piles of tiles and bricks, and none were found indoors. Overall infection rate was 56.6% and no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between nymphs and adults or males and females. Identified blood meals were chicken (29.4%), opossum (20.9%), pig (24.5%), murid (20.9%), dog (3.5%), and armadillo (0.7%). No gut content reacted against anti-human, anti-bovine, anti-rabbit, and anti-cat sera. In contrast to fifth nymphs and adults, 87% of the small nymphs fed on one host, indicating that they are less mobile than other stages. Most fifth nymphs and adults fed on domestic hosts, while small nymphs mainly fed on opossum and murid. Infection blood-meal indexes were around 50% for single meals on opossum and murid, stressing their importance as trypanosome donors. Peridomiciles in Tepehuaje could be regarded as interaction sites among domestic and wild and synanthropic mammals and triatomines, which would facilitate circulation of the same T. cruzi strains between domestic and sylvatic cycles. Stone-made walls and building materials, which hold synanthropic rodents and opossums, should be considered as targets for vector control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 08, Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Av Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Magallón-Gastélum E, Lozano-Kasten F, Bosseno MF, Cárdenas-Contreras R, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Colonization of rock pile boundary walls in fields by sylvatic triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Jalisco State, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2004; 41:484-488. [PMID: 15185954 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Granite rocks is a very abundant material in Mexico because they are used habitually as borders for fields. The current work established the significance of this ecotype as a colonization site for triatomines of the Phyllosoma complex. Seven sites, arbitrary selected, in San Martin de Hidalgo municipality (Mexico) were investigated in April 2002 by using 210 mouse bait-traps left during the night in wall hollows. One hundred and seventy-two triatomines of all life stages were collected from the seven sites. Triatomines adhered to the tape that covered the traps or were found near them, and 36.6% of the traps collected triatomines. The principal species was Triatomia longipennis Usinger (1939) and low numbers of Triatoma picturata Usinger (1939) were found. The nymphal population was very young, probably corresponding to the reproductive period in April (end of the dry season). The infection rate of the triatomines for Trypanosoma cruzi was 49%. Because collecting triatomines in the field is laborious and time-consuming, the mouse bait-trap method found to be practical to assess the population of triatomines within a sylvatic habitat.
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Ouaissi A, Ouaissi M, Tavares J, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A. Host Cell Phenotypic Variability Induced by Trypanosomatid-Parasite-Released Immunomodulatory Factors: Physiopathological Implications. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004; 2004:167-174. [PMID: 15292583 PMCID: PMC551588 DOI: 10.1155/s1110724304311034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp release a variety of molecules into their mammalian hosts (ESA: excretory-secretory products). The effects of these ESA on the host cell function may participate in the establishment of a successful infection, in which the parasite persists for a sufficient period of time to complete its life cycle. A number of regulatory components or processes originating from the parasite that control or regulate the metabolism and the growth of host cell have been identified. The purpose of the present review is to analyze some of the current data related to the parasite ESA that interfere with the host cell physiology. Special attention is given to members of conserved protein families demonstrating remarkable diversity and plasticity of function (ie, glutathione S-transferases and related molecules; members of the trans-sialidase and mucin family; and members of the ribosomal protein family). The identification of parasite target molecules and the elucidation of their mode of action toward the host cell represents a step forward in efforts aimed at an immunotherapeutic or pharmacological control of parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ouaissi
- Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche no 008 “Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae,” Montpellier, France
- *Ali Ouaissi:
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Générale, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, 270 Boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Tavares
- Biochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
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Brenière SF, Taveira B, Bosseno MF, Ordoñez R, Lozano-Kasten F, Magallón-Gastélum E, Ouaissi A, Ramsey J. Preliminary results of random amplification of polymorphic DNA among Triatominae of the phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:1033-8. [PMID: 15049086 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mexico, Triatoma longipennis (Usinger), Triatoma picturata (Usinger), and Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal), primary Chagas disease vector species of the phyllosoma complex, were analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Sixteen decametric primers resolved individual profiles not identical, but partially discriminative between species. Analysis based on pairwise presence/absence comparisons between the three species was performed using three primers and two outgroup species Triatoma infestans (Klug) and Triatoma barberi (Usinger). Fifty-three bands in total were scored, although only two bands were constant among the three phyllosoma complex species. Two other bands were constant only for T. longipennis and T. picturata together, and not present in T. pallidipennis. Neighbor Joining tree and the multiple correspondence analysis discriminated T. pallidipennis clearly from the other two species, although there was overlap between T. longipennis and T. picturata. The results indicate a close relationship between the studied species and support the hypothesis of their recent evolution. The suitability of RAPD to discern populations within the species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone F Brenière
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 008, Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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Garzón E, Borges MC, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Nacife V, Meirelles MDN, Guilvard E, Bosseno MF, Guevara AG, Brenière SF, Ouaissi A. Trypanosoma cruzi carrying a targeted deletion of a Tc52 protein-encoding allele elicits attenuated Chagas' disease in mice. Immunol Lett 2003; 89:67-80. [PMID: 12946866 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. We have previously characterized a T. cruzi virulence factor named Tc52 sharing structural and functional properties with the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin protein family. Single mutant parasite clones (Tc52(+/-)) exhibiting low virulence in vitro and in vivo were obtained by targeted Tc52 gene replacement. In this report, we have extended our study to analyze the immune response and the disease phenotype in Tc52(+/-)-infected BALB/c mice, during the acute and chronic phases of the disease. Significantly lower parasitemia were found in Tc52(+/-)-infected mice, as compared to wild-type parasite (WT)-infected ones. However, the expansion of all classes of lymphocytes and macrophages was similar for both clones. Furthermore, except for IgG2b levels which were higher in the case of WT-infected mice, all classes of Ig presented no significant difference for WT and Tc52(+/-)-infected animals. Interestingly, a lack of suppression of IL-2 production and of T-cell proliferation inhibition was observed in the case of spleen cells from Tc52(+/-)-infected mice. Finally, the pattern of inflammation process was different and characterized as diffused in the case of Tc52(+/-)-infected mice, or presenting numerous foci in the case of WT-infected mice. Localization of the Tc52 protein in tissue sections and infected heart cell primary cultures by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling, respectively, revealed the presence of Tc52 at the amastigote surface and associated to aggregates within host cell vesicles. Taken together, these results reinforce the notion of Tc52 being a virulence factor playing a role in the phenotype of the immune response associated to the infection and on the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Garzón
- IRD UR 008 Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Ouaissi A. Apoptosis-like death in trypanosomatids: search for putative pathways and genes involved. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis 2003; 2:5. [PMID: 12871596 PMCID: PMC166162 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Trypanosomatidae family comprises species that are causative of important human diseases such as Chagas'disease, Leishmaniasis and sleeping sickness. A wealth of evidence has accumulated that illustrates the ability of these unicellular organisms to undergo, with or without induction (stress conditions), a cell death with some features resembling apoptosis-like phenomenon. However, despite the apparent phenotypic similarities between the apoptosis-like death of kinetoplastids and mammalian nucleated cell programmed cell death (PCD), the pathways seem to differ significantly. This review analyses some of the current data related to the cell death in trypanosomatids. Special attention is given to members of conserved protein families demonstrating remarkable diversity and plasticity of function [i.e. elongation factor-1 subunits alpha and gamma; and the Silent Information Regulator (SIR2)-related gene, showed to be associated with resistance to apoptosis-like death in Leishmania]. The elucidation of the molecular events which tightly regulated the processes of growth arrest, differentiation and death of Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp and African trypanosomes, might allow not only to define a more comprehensive view of the cell death machinery in term of evolutionary origin but may also be useful to identify new target molecules for chemotherapeutic drug development and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ouaissi
- IRD UR 008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatides", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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Borges M, Da Silva AC, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. Peptide-based analysis of the amino acid sequence important to the immunoregulatory function of Trypanosoma cruzi Tc52 virulence factor. Immunology 2003; 109:147-55. [PMID: 12709028 PMCID: PMC1782932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the aetiological agent of Chagas' disease. We have previously identified a T. cruzi-released protein called Tc52, which is crucial for parasite survival and virulence. In the present study, we attempted to define the Tc52 epitope(s) responsible for its immunoregulatory function. A naturally occurring major peptide fragment of molecular mass 28 kDa (Tc28k) was identified, which was localized in the C-terminal portion of Tc52 and was inhibitory for T-cell activation. Synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences in Tc52 were evaluated for their ability to modulate T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Results obtained using five peptides spanning the N-terminal or C-terminal domain of the Tc52 protein indicated that the activity mapped to Tc52 residues 432-445. Moreover, it was found that the peptide, when coupled to a carrier protein (ovalbumin), exhibited increased inhibitory activity on T-lymphocyte activation. Incubation with 8 nm ovalbumin-coupled peptide 432-445 resulted in approximately the same levels (>75%) of inhibition of T-cell proliferation as 5 micro g/ml Tc28k. Furthermore, we showed that the coupled peptide significantly down-regulated the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Likewise, in immunized mice, the coupled peptide 432-445 was a very poor B- and T-cell antigen compared with the other Tc52-derived peptides. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory portion of the T. cruzi Tc52 virulent factor may reside, at least in part, in a conserved sequence within its C-terminal domain, which could minimize its antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Borges
- IRD UR 008 ‘Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae’, Centre IRD de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro Da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of PortoPortugal
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD UR 008 ‘Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae’, Centre IRD de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Ali Ouaissi
- IRD UR 008 ‘Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidae’, Centre IRD de MontpellierMontpellier, France
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Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Cardoso L, Araújo N, Castro H, Tomás A, Rodrigues M, Cabral M, Vergnes B, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. Identification of antibodies to Leishmania silent information regulatory 2 (SIR2) protein homologue during canine natural infections: pathological implications. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:155-62. [PMID: 12644317 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the domestic reservoir of zoonotic visceral Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean basin and thus constitute an important health problem in both human and veterinary medicine. Until vaccines become available, conventional measures such as epidemiological surveillance including reservoir control will be among the practical options for prevention and containment of the disease. We have recently characterised novel Leishmania sp. genes encoding parasite proteins named (LmS3a: homologous to mammalian ribosomal protein S3a; LmSIR2: homologous to the silent information regulatory 2 protein family; LimTXNPx: homologous to the peroxiredoxin family with N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence) that may contribute to the host immune dysfunction in murine experimental Leishmaniasis. In the present study we have investigated the humoral responses against the parasite antigens in groups of L. infantum-infected dogs with different clinical status: symptomatic and asymptomatic with DTH positive or negative test. The determination of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes revealed high levels of total IgG in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals when compared to IgM. Furthermore, the IgG2 appeared to be the predominant subclass of Ig present in the sera of infected animals particularly in the case of symptomatic dogs. The IgG subclass reactivity analysis revealed a broad specific recognition range of parasite recombinant antigens. Interestingly, differential profiles of IgG1 and IgG2 antibody reactivity were observed in asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. The LmSIR2 protein was found to be a highly reactive molecule with IgG2 from most of the asymptomatic and symptomatic animals. Considering the fact that LmSIR2 secreted by the parasites can be bound and taken up by neighbouring cells, the latter could be a target for anti-LmSIR2 antibodies and this may contribute to the immunopathological alterations and host tissue damage. The implications of these observations in the pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Biochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, Porto, Portugal.
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