101
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Dewitte H, Verbeke R, Breckpot K, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Choose your models wisely: How different murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell protocols influence the success of nanoparticulate vaccines in vitro. J Control Release 2014; 195:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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102
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Conniot J, Silva JM, Fernandes JG, Silva LC, Gaspar R, Brocchini S, Florindo HF, Barata TS. Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking. Front Chem 2014; 2:105. [PMID: 25505783 PMCID: PMC4244808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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103
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Gao W, Thamphiwatana S, Angsantikul P, Zhang L. Nanoparticle approaches against bacterial infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:532-47. [PMID: 25044325 PMCID: PMC4197093 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide success of antibiotics, the treatment of bacterial infections still faces significant challenges, particularly the emergence of antibiotic resistance. As a result, nanoparticle drug delivery platforms including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and various inorganic nanoparticles have been increasingly exploited to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of existing antibiotics. This review focuses on areas where nanoparticle approaches hold significant potential to advance the treatment of bacterial infections. These areas include targeted antibiotic delivery, environmentally responsive antibiotic delivery, combinatorial antibiotic delivery, nanoparticle-enabled antibacterial vaccination, and nanoparticle-based bacterial detection. In each area we highlight the innovative antimicrobial nanoparticle platforms and review their progress made against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soracha Thamphiwatana
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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104
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Martins KAO, Bavari S, Salazar AM. Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:447-59. [PMID: 25308798 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or 'danger signals,' that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern vaccines. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) is a synthetic dsRNA that can activate multiple elements of the host defense in a pattern that parallels that of a viral infection. When properly combined with an antigen, it can be utilized as a PAMP-adjuvant, resulting in modulation and optimization of the antigen-specific immune response. We briefly review the preclinical and clinical uses of poly-IC and two poly-IC derivatives, poly-IC12U (Ampligen) and poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), as vaccine adjuvants.
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105
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Cruz LJ, Rosalia RA, Kleinovink JW, Rueda F, Löwik CW, Ossendorp F. Targeting nanoparticles to CD40, DEC-205 or CD11c molecules on dendritic cells for efficient CD8+ T cell response: A comparative study. J Control Release 2014; 192:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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106
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Jiménez-Sánchez G, Pavot V, Chane-Haong C, Handké N, Terrat C, Gigmes D, Trimaille T, Verrier B. Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Imiquimod Loaded Polylactide-based Micelles as Potential Vaccine Adjuvants. Pharm Res 2014; 32:311-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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107
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Muraoka D, Harada N, Hayashi T, Tahara Y, Momose F, Sawada SI, Mukai SA, Akiyoshi K, Shiku H. Nanogel-based immunologically stealth vaccine targets macrophages in the medulla of lymph node and induces potent antitumor immunity. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9209-9218. [PMID: 25180962 DOI: 10.1021/nn502975r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because existing therapeutic cancer vaccines provide only a limited clinical benefit, a different vaccination strategy is necessary to improve vaccine efficacy. We developed a nanoparticulate cancer vaccine by encapsulating a synthetic long peptide antigen within an immunologically inert nanoparticulate hydrogel (nanogel) of cholesteryl pullulan (CHP). After subcutaneous injection to mice, the nanogel-based vaccine was efficiently transported to the draining lymph node, and was preferentially engulfed by medullary macrophages but was not sensed by other macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called "immunologically stealth mode"). Although the function of medullary macrophages in T cell immunity has been unexplored so far, these macrophages effectively cross-primed the vaccine-specific CD8(+) T cells in the presence of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist as an adjuvant. The nanogel-based vaccine significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth in the prophylactic and therapeutic settings, compared to another vaccine formulation using a conventional delivery system, incomplete Freund's adjuvant. We also revealed that lymph node macrophages were highly responsive to TLR stimulation, which may underlie the potency of the macrophage-oriented, nanogel-based vaccine. These results indicate that targeting medullary macrophages using the immunologically stealth nanoparticulate delivery system is an effective vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muraoka
- Department of Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Mie 514-8507, Japan
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108
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Characterization of protein-adjuvant coencapsulation in microparticles for vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:403-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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109
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Wang Q, Tan MT, Keegan BP, Barry MA, Heffernan MJ. Time course study of the antigen-specific immune response to a PLGA microparticle vaccine formulation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8385-93. [PMID: 24986256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microparticle-based vaccine delivery systems are known to promote enhanced immune responses to protein antigens and can elicit TH1-biased responses when used in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. It is important to understand the kinetics of the immune responses to microparticle-based protein vaccines in order to predict the duration of protective immunity and to optimize prime-boost vaccination regimens. We carried out a 10-week time course study to investigate the magnitude and kinetics of the antibody and cellular immune responses to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles containing 40 μg ovalbumin (OVA) protein and 16 μg CpG-ODN adjuvant (MP/OVA/CpG) in comparison to OVA-containing microparticles, soluble OVA plus CpG, or OVA formulated with Alhydrogel(®) aluminum adjuvant. Mice vaccinated with MP/OVA/CpG developed the highest TH1-associated IgG2b and IgG2c antibody titers, while also eliciting TH2-associated IgG1 antibody titers on par with Alhydrogel(®)-formulated OVA, with all IgG subtype titers peaking at day 56. The MP/OVA/CpG vaccine also induced the highest antigen-specific splenocyte IFN-γ responses, with high levels of IFN-γ responses persisting until day 42. Thus the MP/OVA/CpG formulation produced a sustained and heightened humoral and cellular immune response, with an overall TH1 bias, while maintaining high levels of IgG1 antibody equivalent to that seen with Alhydrogel(®) adjuvant. The time course kinetics study provides a useful baseline for designing vaccination regimens for microparticle-based protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine), Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melody T Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Brian P Keegan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine), Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meagan A Barry
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Heffernan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine), Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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110
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Abstract
Research in cancer immunotherapy has gained momentum in the last two decades, with many studies and clinical trials showing positive therapeutic outcomes. Immunotherapy can elicit not only a strong anticancer immune response which could even control metastases, but could also induce immunological memory, resulting in long-lasting protection in the prophylactic setting and protection against possible recurrence. Nanocarriers offer an attractive means for delivery of a multitude of therapeutic immunomodulators which are readily taken up by immune cells and can initiate a particular arm of an immunostimulatory cascade leading to tumor cell killing. This review focuses on recent advances in nanocarrier-mediated immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Both in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical progress are discussed in various sections. Description of the specific role of nanoparticle technology in immunotherapy highlights the way particles can be tailor-made in terms of size, structure, payload, and surface properties for active targeting to antigen-presenting cells and/or enhanced accumulation in the solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Smriti Singh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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111
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Targeting TLR2 for vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:619410. [PMID: 25057505 PMCID: PMC4098989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of innate immune receptors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-targeting formulations, such as synthetic lipopeptides and antigens expressed in fusion with lipoproteins, have been shown to have built-in adjuvant properties and to be effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in different animal species. However, contradictory data has arisen concerning the profile of the immune response elicited. The benefits of targeting TLR2 for vaccine development are thus still debatable and more studies are needed to rationally explore its characteristics. Here, we resume the main features of TLR2 and TLR2-induced immune responses, focusing on what has been reported for veterinary animals.
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112
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Hanson MC, Bershteyn A, Crespo MP, Irvine DJ. Antigen delivery by lipid-enveloped PLGA microparticle vaccines mediated by in situ vesicle shedding. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2475-81. [PMID: 24894061 PMCID: PMC4115588 DOI: 10.1021/bm500337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lipid-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles
(LCMPs) consist of a solid polymer core wrapped by a surface lipid
bilayer. Previous studies demonstrated that immunization with LCMPs
surface-decorated with nanograms of antigen elicit potent humoral
immune responses in mice. However, the mechanism of action for these
vaccines remained unclear, as LCMPs are too large to drain efficiently
to lymph nodes from the vaccination site. Here, we characterized the
stability of the lipid envelope of LCMPs and discovered that in the
presence of serum the lipid coating of the particles spontaneously
delaminates, shedding antigen-displaying vesicles. Lipid delamination
generated 180 nm liposomes in a temperature- and lipid/serum-dependent
manner. Vesicle shedding was restricted by inclusion of high-TM lipids or cholesterol in the LCMP coating.
Administration of LCMPs bearing stabilized lipid envelopes generated
weaker antibody responses than those of shedding-competent LCMPs,
suggesting that in situ release of antigen-loaded
vesicles plays a key role in the remarkable potency of LCMPs as vaccine
adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Hanson
- Department of Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, §Health Sciences and Technology Program, and ∥David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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113
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Macho-Fernandez E, Cruz LJ, Ghinnagow R, Fontaine J, Bialecki E, Frisch B, Trottein F, Faveeuw C. Targeted delivery of α-galactosylceramide to CD8α+ dendritic cells optimizes type I NKT cell-based antitumor responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:961-9. [PMID: 24913977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy aiming at enhancing innate and acquired host immunity is a promising approach for cancer treatment. The invariant NKT (iNKT) cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) holds great promise in cancer therapy, although several concerns limit its use in clinics, including the uncontrolled response it promotes when delivered in a nonvectorized form. Therefore, development of delivery systems to in vivo target immune cells might be a valuable option to optimize iNKT cell-based antitumor responses. Using dendritic cell (DC)-depleted mice, DC transfer experiments, and in vivo active cell targeting, we show that presentation of α-GalCer by DCs not only triggers optimal primary iNKT cell stimulation, but also maintains secondary iNKT cell activation after challenge. Furthermore, targeted delivery of α-GalCer to CD8α(+) DCs, by means of anti-DEC205 decorated nanoparticles, enhances iNKT cell-based transactivation of NK cells, DCs, and γδ T cells. We report that codelivery of α-GalCer and protein Ag to CD8α(+) DCs triggers optimal Ag-specific Ab and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. Finally, we show that targeting nanoparticles containing α-GalCer and Ag to CD8α(+) DCs promotes potent antitumor responses, both in prophylactic and in therapeutic settings. Our data may have important implications in tumor immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Macho-Fernandez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Luis Javier Cruz
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Reem Ghinnagow
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Josette Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Bialecki
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Frisch
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Université de Strasbourg, F-67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France;
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
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114
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, the development of effective vaccines inducing strong and durable T-cell responses against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells has remained a challenge. The initiation of effector CD8+ T-cell responses requires the presentation of peptides derived from internalized antigen on class I major histocompatibility complex molecules by dendritic cells (DCs) in a process called cross-presentation. A current strategy to enhance the effectiveness of vaccination is to deliver antigens directly to DCs. This is done via selective targeting of antigen using monoclonal antibodies directed against endocytic receptors on the surface of the DCs. In this review, we will discuss considerations relevant to the design of such vaccines: the existence of DC subsets with specialized functions, the impact of the antigen intracellular trafficking on cross-presentation, and the influence of maturation signals received by DCs on the outcome of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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115
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Zope H, Quer CB, Bomans PHH, Sommerdijk NAJM, Kros A, Jiskoot W. Peptide amphiphile nanoparticles enhance the immune response against a CpG-adjuvanted influenza antigen. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:343-8. [PMID: 23983195 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cationic peptide amphiphile nanoparticles are employed for co-delivery of immune modulator CpG and antigen. This results in better targeting to the antigen presenting cells and eliciting strong Th1 response, which is effective against the intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal Zope
- Department of Soft Matter Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Barnier Quer
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. H. Bomans
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Soft Matter Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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116
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De Smet R, Allais L, Cuvelier CA. Recent advances in oral vaccine development: yeast-derived β-glucan particles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1309-18. [PMID: 24553259 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination is the most challenging vaccination method due to the administration route. However, oral vaccination has socio-economic benefits and provides the possibility of stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal sites. Despite the advantages of oral vaccination, only a limited number of oral vaccines are currently approved for human use. During the last decade, extensive research regarding antigen-based oral vaccination methods have improved immunogenicity and induced desired immunological outcomes. Nevertheless, several factors such as the harsh gastro-intestinal environment and oral tolerance impede the clinical application of oral delivery systems. To date, human clinical trials investigating the efficacy of these systems are still lacking. This review addresses the rationale and key biological and physicochemical aspects of oral vaccine design and highlights the use of yeast-derived β-glucan microparticles as an oral vaccine delivery platform.
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117
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Hauptmann N, Pion M, Wehner R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Schmitz M, Voit B, Appelhans D. Potential of Ni(II)-NTA-Modified Poly(ethylene imine) Glycopolymers as Carrier System for Future Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:957-67. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Hauptmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organic
Chemistry of Polymers, Dresden University of Technology, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. Pion
- Laboratorio
InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Dr Esquerdo 46, E 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Wehner
- Institute
of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - M.-Á. Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio
InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Dr Esquerdo 46, E 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Schmitz
- Institute
of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - B. Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organic
Chemistry of Polymers, Dresden University of Technology, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - D. Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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118
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119
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Passive delivery techniques for transcutaneous immunization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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120
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Rosenthal JA, Chen L, Baker JL, Putnam D, DeLisa MP. Pathogen-like particles: biomimetic vaccine carriers engineered at the nanoscale. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 28:51-8. [PMID: 24832075 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are an essential component of vaccine design, helping to generate immunity to pathogen antigens in the absence of infection. Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have created a new class of particulate bionanotechnology that uses biomimicry to better integrate adjuvant and antigen. These pathogen-like particles, or PLPs, can come from a variety of sources, ranging from fully synthetic platforms to biologically derived, self-assembling systems. By employing molecularly engineered targeting and stimulation of key immune cells, recent studies utilizing PLPs as vaccine delivery platforms have shown great promise against high-impact, unsolved vaccine targets ranging from bacterial and viral pathogens to cancer and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Rosenthal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Linxiao Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jenny L Baker
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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121
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Okada N. [From basic principles to clinical applications on transcutaneous vaccine]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:1363-72. [PMID: 24292185 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent vigorous transnational migration of people and materials reflecting the development of transportation facilities, changes in social structure, and war disasters has increased the global spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Vaccine, which is the major fundamental prophylaxis against infectious diseases, has greatly contributed to the maintenance and improvement of human health worldwide. However, the disadvantages of conventional injection systems hamper the speedy mass-vaccination and the global distribution of vaccines. Transcutaneous immunization systems, which are easy-to-use and low-invasive methods of vaccination, have the potential to overcome certain issues associated with injectable vaccinations. In this review, we provide an outline of recent trends in the development of techniques for the transcutaneous delivery of vaccine antigens. We also introduce basic and clinical research involving our transcutaneous immunization systems that incorporate self-dissolving microneedle patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okada
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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122
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Brudeseth BE, Wiulsrød R, Fredriksen BN, Lindmo K, Løkling KE, Bordevik M, Steine N, Klevan A, Gravningen K. Status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1759-68. [PMID: 23769873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fin fish farming is developing from extensive to intensive high industrial scale production. Production of fish in high-density growth conditions requires effective vaccines in order to control persistent and emerging diseases. Vaccines can also have significant positive impact on the reduced usage of antibiotics. This was demonstrated when vaccines were introduced in Norway for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the late eighties and early nineties, resulting in a rapid decline of antibiotics consumption. The present review will focus on current vaccine applications for farmed industrialized fish species such as Atlantic salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), cod (Gadus morhua), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata), yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), great amberjack (Seriola dumerili), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), japanese flounder (Paralichythys olivaceus), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), red sea bream (Pagrus major), rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), seven band grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus), striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This paper will review the current use of licensed vaccines in fin fish farming and describe vaccine administration regimes including immersion, oral and injection vaccination. Future trends for inactivated-, live attenuated - and DNA - vaccines will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Erik Brudeseth
- PHARMAQ AS, Harbitzalléen 5, 0275 Oslo, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
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123
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Nair-Gupta P, Blander JM. An updated view of the intracellular mechanisms regulating cross-presentation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:401. [PMID: 24319447 PMCID: PMC3837292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation involves the presentation of peptides derived from internalized cargo on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by dendritic cells, a process critical for tolerance and immunity. Detailed studies of the pathways mediating cross-presentation have revealed that this process takes place in a specialized subcellular compartment with a unique set of proteins. In this review, we focus on the recently appreciated role for intracellular vesicular traffic, which serves to equip compartments such as endosomes and phagosomes with the necessary apparatus for conducting the various steps of cross-presentation. We also consider how these pathways may integrate with inflammatory signals particularly from pattern recognition receptors that detect the presence of microbial components during infection. We discuss the consequences of such signals on initiating cross-presentation to stimulate adaptive CD8 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Nair-Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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124
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Tel J, Sittig SP, Blom RAM, Cruz LJ, Schreibelt G, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. Targeting Uptake Receptors on Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Triggers Antigen Cross-Presentation and Robust Type I IFN Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5005-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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125
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Hafner AM, Corthésy B, Merkle HP. Particulate formulations for the delivery of poly(I:C) as vaccine adjuvant. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1386-99. [PMID: 23751781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current research and development of antigens for vaccination often center on purified recombinant proteins, viral subunits, synthetic oligopeptides or oligosaccharides, most of them suffering from being poorly immunogenic and subject to degradation. Hence, they call for efficient delivery systems and potent immunostimulants, jointly denoted as adjuvants. Particulate delivery systems like emulsions, liposomes, nanoparticles and microspheres may provide protection from degradation and facilitate the co-formulation of both the antigen and the immunostimulant. Synthetic double-stranded (ds) RNA, such as polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), is a mimic of viral dsRNA and, as such, a promising immunostimulant candidate for vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens. Poly(I:C) signaling is primarily dependent on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and on melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA-5), and strongly drives cell-mediated immunity and a potent type I interferon response. However, stability and toxicity issues so far prevented the clinical application of dsRNAs as they undergo rapid enzymatic degradation and bear the potential to trigger undue immune stimulation as well as autoimmune disorders. This review addresses these concerns and suggests strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of immunostimulatory dsRNA formulations. The focus is on technological means required to lower the necessary dosage of poly(I:C), to target surface-modified microspheres passively or actively to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to control their interaction with non-professional phagocytes and to modulate the resulting cytokine secretion profile.
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126
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Liu H, de Vries-Idema J, Ter Veer W, Wilschut J, Huckriede A. Influenza virosomes supplemented with GPI-0100 adjuvant: a potent vaccine formulation for antigen dose sparing. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 203:47-55. [PMID: 24062182 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants can stimulate vaccine-induced immune responses and can contribute decisively to antigen dose sparing when vaccine antigen production is limited, as for example during a pandemic influenza outbreak. We earlier showed that GPI-0100, a semi-synthetic saponin derivative with amphiphilic structure, significantly stimulates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza subunit vaccine administered via a systemic route. Here, we evaluated the adjuvant effect of GPI-0100 on a virosomal influenza vaccine formulation. In contrast to influenza subunit vaccine adjuvanted with GPI-0100, virosomal vaccine supplemented with the same dose of GPI-0100 provided full protection of mice against infection at the extremely low antigen dose of 2 × 8 ng hemagglutinin. Overall, adjuvanted virosomes elicited higher antibody and T-cell responses than did adjuvanted subunit vaccine. The enhanced immunogenicity of the GPI-0100-adjuvanted virosomes, particularly at low antigen doses, is possibly due to a physical association of the amphiphilic adjuvant with the virosomal membrane. These results show that a combination of GPI-0100 and a virosomal influenza vaccine formulation is highly immunogenic and allows the use of very low antigen doses without compromising the protective potential of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O.Box 30.001, EB 88, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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127
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Hølvold LB, Fredriksen BN, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Transgene and immune gene expression following intramuscular injection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with DNA-releasing PLGA nano- and microparticles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:890-9. [PMID: 23850547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles as carriers for DNA delivery has received considerable attention in mammalian studies. DNA vaccination of fish has been shown to elicit durable transgene expression, but no reports exist on intramuscular administration of PLGA-encapsulated plasmid DNA (pDNA). We injected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) intramuscularly with a plasmid vector containing a luciferase (Photinus pyralis) reporter gene as a) naked pDNA, b) encapsulated into PLGA nano- (~320 nm) (NP) or microparticles (~4 μm) (MP), c) in an oil-based formulation, or with empty particles of both sizes. The ability of the different pDNA-treatments to induce transgene expression was analyzed through a 70-day experimental period. Anatomical distribution patterns and depot effects were determined by tracking isotope labeled pDNA. Muscle, head kidney and spleen from all treatment groups were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), antiviral genes (IFN-α, Mx) and cytotoxic T-cell markers (CD8, Eomes) at mRNA transcription levels at days 1, 2, 4 and 7. Histopathological examinations were performed on injection site samples from days 2, 7 and 30. Injection of either naked pDNA or the oil-formulation was superior to particle treatments for inducing transgene expression at early time-points. Empty particles of both sizes were able to induce proinflammatory immune responses as well as degenerative and inflammatory pathology at the injection site. Microparticles demonstrated injection site depots and an inflammatory pathology comparable to the oil-based formulation. In comparison, the distribution of NP-encapsulated pDNA resembled that of naked pDNA, although encapsulation into NPs significantly elevated the expression of antiviral genes in all tissues. Together the results indicate that while naked pDNA is most efficient for inducing transgene expression, the encapsulation of pDNA into NPs up-regulates antiviral responses that could be of benefit to DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Benjaminsen Hølvold
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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128
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Rosalia RA, Silva AL, Camps M, Allam A, Jiskoot W, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Oostendorp J. Efficient ex vivo induction of T cells with potent anti-tumor activity by protein antigen encapsulated in nanoparticles. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1161-73. [PMID: 23613147 PMCID: PMC11029091 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein antigen (Ag)-based immunotherapies have the advantage to induce T cells with a potentially broad repertoire of specificities. However, soluble protein Ag is generally poorly cross-presented in MHC class I molecules and not efficient in inducing robust cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. In the present study, we have applied poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) which strongly improve protein Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DC) in the absence of additional Toll-like receptor ligands or targeting devices. Protein Ag-loaded DC were used as antigen presenting cells to stimulate T cells in vitro and subsequently analyzed in vivo for their anti-tumor effect via adoptive transfer, a treatment strategy widely studied in clinical trials as a therapy against various malignancies. In a direct comparison with soluble protein Ag, we show that DC presentation of protein encapsulated in plain PLGA-NP results in efficient activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as reflected by high numbers of activated CD69(+) and CD25(+), interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2-producing T cells. Adoptive transfer of PLGA-NP-activated CD8(+) T cells in tumor-bearing mice displayed good in vivo expansion capacity, potent Ag-specific cytotoxicity and IFN-γ cytokine production, resulting in curing mice with established tumors. We conclude that delivery of protein Ag through encapsulation in plain PLGA-NP is a very efficient and simple procedure to stimulate potent anti-tumor T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Rosalia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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129
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Mittal A, Raber AS, Lehr CM, Hansen S. Particle based vaccine formulations for transcutaneous immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1950-5. [PMID: 23778884 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine formulations on the basis of nano- (NP) or microparticles (MP) can solve issues with stabilization, controlled release, and poor immunogenicity of antigens. Likewise transcutaneous immunization (TCI) promises superior immunogenicity as well as the advantages of needle-free application compared with conventional intramuscular injections. Thus the combination of both strategies seems to be a very valuable approach. However, until now TCI using particle based vaccine formulations has made no impact on medical practice. One of the main difficulties is that NPs and MPs cannot penetrate the skin to an extent that would allow the application of the required dose of antigen. This is due to the formidable stratum corneum (SC) barrier, the limited amount of antigen in the formulation and often an insufficient immunogenicity. A multitude of strategies are currently under investigation to overcome these issues. We highlight selected methods presenting a spectrum of solutions ranging from transfollicular delivery, to devices disrupting the SC barrier and the combination of particle based vaccines with adjuvants discussing their advantages and shortcomings. Some of these are currently at an experimental state while others are already in clinical testing. All methods have been shown to be capable of transcutaneous antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mittal
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Saarland University; Saarbruecken, Germany
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130
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Wilson JT, Keller S, Manganiello MJ, Cheng C, Lee CC, Opara C, Convertine A, Stayton PS. pH-Responsive nanoparticle vaccines for dual-delivery of antigens and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3912-25. [PMID: 23590591 PMCID: PMC4042837 DOI: 10.1021/nn305466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein subunit vaccines offer important potential advantages over live vaccine vectors but generally elicit weaker and shorter-lived cellular immune responses. Here we investigate the use of pH-responsive, endosomolytic polymer nanoparticles that were originally developed for RNA delivery as vaccine delivery vehicles for enhancing cellular and humoral immune responses. Micellar nanoparticles were assembled from amphiphilic diblock copolymers composed of an ampholytic core-forming block and a redesigned polycationic corona block doped with thiol-reactive pyridyl disulfide groups to enable dual-delivery of antigens and immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) adjuvants. Polymers assembled into 23 nm particles with simultaneous packaging of CpG ODN and a thiolated protein antigen, ovalbumin (ova). Conjugation of ova to nanoparticles significantly enhanced antigen cross-presentation in vitro relative to free ova or an unconjugated, physical mixture of the parent compounds. Subcutaneous vaccination of mice with ova-nanoparticle conjugates elicited a significantly higher CD8(+) T cell response (0.5% IFN-γ(+) of CD8(+)) compared to mice vaccinated with free ova or a physical mixture of the two components. Significantly, immunization with ova-nanoparticle conjugates electrostatically complexed with CpG ODN (dual-delivery) enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses (3.4% IFN-γ(+) of CD8(+)) 7-, 18-, and 8-fold relative to immunization with conjugates, ova administered with free CpG, or a formulation containing free ova and CpG complexed to micelles, respectively. Similarly, dual-delivery carriers significantly increased CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) (Th1) responses and elicited a balanced IgG1/IgG2c antibody response. Intradermal administration further augmented cellular immune responses, with dual-delivery carriers inducing ∼7% antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. This work demonstrates the ability of pH-responsive, endosomolytic nanoparticles to actively promote antigen cross-presentation and augment cellular and humoral immune responses via dual-delivery of protein antigens and CpG ODN. Hence, pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticles offer promise as a delivery platform for protein subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Corresponding Author Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195- 1721. Tel: (206) 685-8148.
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131
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Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Tacken P, Albericio F, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Enhancing immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of HIV-1 antigens by in vivo targeting to dendritic cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 7:1591-610. [PMID: 23148541 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current retroviral treatments have reduced AIDS to a chronic disease for most patients. However, given drug-related side effects, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the persistence of viral replication, the development of alternative treatments is a pressing need. This review focuses on recent developments in HIV immunotherapy treatments, with particular emphasis on current vaccination strategies for optimizing the induction of an effective immune response by the recruitment of dendritic cells. In addition to cell-based therapies, targeted strategies aiming to deliver synthetic HIV peptides to dendritic cell-specific receptors in vivo will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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132
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Silva A, Rosalia R, Sazak A, Carstens M, Ossendorp F, Oostendorp J, Jiskoot W. Optimization of encapsulation of a synthetic long peptide in PLGA nanoparticles: Low-burst release is crucial for efficient CD8+ T cell activation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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133
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Silva JM, Videira M, Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2013; 168:179-99. [PMID: 23524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccine - antigen, adjuvant and delivery system - will be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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134
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Powell TJ, Tang J, Derome ME, Mitchell RA, Jacobs A, Deng Y, Palath N, Cardenas E, Boyd JG, Nardin E. Plasmodium falciparum synthetic LbL microparticle vaccine elicits protective neutralizing antibody and parasite-specific cellular immune responses. Vaccine 2013; 31:1898-904. [PMID: 23481177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic species of the malaria parasite, have been shown to elicit protective immunity in experimental animals and human volunteers. The mechanisms of immunity include parasite-neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit parasite motility in the skin at the site of infection and in the bloodstream during transit to the hepatocyte host cell and also block interaction with host cell receptors on hepatocytes. In addition, specific CD4+ and CD8+ cellular mechanisms target the intracellular hepatic forms, thus preventing release of erythrocytic stage parasites from the infected hepatocyte and the ensuing blood stage cycle responsible for clinical disease. An innovative method for producing particle vaccines, layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication of polypeptide films on solid CaCO3 cores, was used to produce synthetic malaria vaccines containing a tri-epitope CS peptide T1BT comprising the antibody epitope of the CS repeat region (B) and two T-cell epitopes, the highly conserved T1 epitope and the universal epitope T. Mice immunized with microparticles loaded with T1BT peptide developed parasite-neutralizing antibodies and malaria-specific T-cell responses including cytotoxic effector T-cells. Protection from liver stage infection following challenge with live sporozoites from infected mosquitoes correlated with neutralizing antibody levels. Although some immunized mice with low or undetectable neutralizing antibodies were also protected, depletion of T-cells prior to challenge resulted in the majority of mice remaining resistant to challenge. In addition, mice immunized with microparticles bearing only T-cell epitopes were not protected, demonstrating that cellular immunity alone was not sufficient for protective immunity. Although the microparticles without adjuvant were immunogenic and protective, a simple modification with the lipopeptide TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys increased the potency and efficacy of the LbL vaccine candidate. This study demonstrates the potential of LbL particles as promising malaria vaccine candidates using the T1BT epitopes from the P. falciparum CS protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
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135
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Hirobe S, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Transcutaneous vaccines--current and emerging strategies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:485-98. [PMID: 23316778 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.760542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination, which is the major fundamental prophylaxis against illness and death from infectious disease, has greatly contributed to the global improvement of human health. However, the disadvantages of conventional injection systems hamper the delivery of vaccination technologies to developing countries. The imminent practice of easy-to-use vaccination methods is expected to overcome certain issues associated with injectable vaccinations. One innovative method is the transcutaneous immunization (TCI) system. AREAS COVERED Two major strategies for TCI are discussed in this review. One is to promote antigen permeation of the skin barrier by patch systems or nanoparticles. The other is the delivery of antigens into the skin by electroporation and microneedles in order to physically overcome the skin barrier. Moreover, adjuvant development for TCI is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Many different approaches have been developed for TCI, which have the potential to be effective, easy-to-use and painless methods of vaccination. However, in practical terms, the guidelines concerning the manufacturing processes and clinical trial evaluation of the procedures have not kept pace with the development of these novel formulations. The accumulation of information regarding skin characteristics and the properties of TCI devices will help refine TCI system development guidelines and thus lead to the improvement of transcutaneous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirobe
- Osaka University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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136
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Rizwan S, McBurney W, Young K, Hanley T, Boyd B, Rades T, Hook S. Cubosomes containing the adjuvants imiquimod and monophosphoryl lipid A stimulate robust cellular and humoral immune responses. J Control Release 2013; 165:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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137
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Leleux J, Roy K. Micro and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccine immunotherapy: an immunological and materials perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:72-94. [PMID: 23225517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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138
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Craparo EF, Bondì ML. Application of polymeric nanoparticles in immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:658-64. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283588c57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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139
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Bhargava A, Mishra D, Banerjee S, Mishra PK. Engineered dendritic cells for gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy: opportunities in translational research. J Drug Target 2012; 21:126-36. [PMID: 23061479 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.731069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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140
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Kibenge FS, Godoy MG, Fast M, Workenhe S, Kibenge MJ. Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:257-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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141
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Moon JJ, Huang B, Irvine DJ. Engineering nano- and microparticles to tune immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3724-46. [PMID: 22641380 PMCID: PMC3786137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be a cure or cause of disease, fulfilling a protective role in attacking cancer or pathogenic microbes but also causing tissue destruction in autoimmune disorders. Thus, therapies aimed to amplify or suppress immune reactions are of great interest. However, the complex regulation of the immune system, coupled with the potential systemic side effects associated with traditional systemic drug therapies, has presented a major hurdle for the development of successful immunotherapies. Recent progress in the design of synthetic micro- and nano-particles that can target drugs, deliver imaging agents, or stimulate immune cells directly through their physical and chemical properties is leading to new approaches to deliver vaccines, promote immune responses against tumors, and suppress autoimmunity. In addition, novel strategies, such as the use of particle-laden immune cells as living targeting agents for drugs, are providing exciting new approaches for immunotherapy. This progress report describes recent advances in the design of micro- and nano-particles for immunotherapies and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Moon
- Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology-MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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142
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Sezer AD, Cevher E. Topical drug delivery using chitosan nano- and microparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1129-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.702752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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143
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Mueller M, Reichardt W, Koerner J, Groettrup M. Coencapsulation of tumor lysate and CpG-ODN in PLGA-microspheres enables successful immunotherapy of prostate carcinoma in TRAMP mice. J Control Release 2012; 162:159-66. [PMID: 22709589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) deliver antigens and toll like receptor (TLR) ligands to antigen presenting cells (APC) in vitro and in vivo. PLGA-MS-microencapsulated model antigens are efficiently presented on MHC class I and II molecules of dendritic cells and stimulate strong cytotoxic and T helper cell responses enabling the eradication of pre-existing model tumors. The application of tumor lysates as a source of antigen for immunotherapy has so far not been very successful also due to a lack of suitable delivery systems. In this study we used PLGA-MS with co-encapsulated tumor lysates and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) as well as microencapsulated polyI:C in order to elicit anti-tumor responses. Immunization of mice with such mixtures of MS yielded substantial cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses and interfered with tumor growth in TRAMP mice, a pre-clinical transgenic mouse model of prostate carcinoma, which has previously resisted dendritic cell-based therapy. As an important step towards clinical application of PLGA-MS, we could show that γ-irradiation of PLGA-MS sterilized the MS, without reducing their efficacy in eliciting CTL and anti-tumor responses in subcutaneous tumor grafts. Since PLGA is approved for clinical application, sterilized PLGA-MS containing tumor lysates and TLR ligands hold promise as anti-tumor vaccines against prostate carcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mueller
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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144
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Martins RDC, Irache JM, Gamazo C. Acellular vaccines for ovine brucellosis: a safer alternative against a worldwide disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:87-95. [PMID: 22149711 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovine brucellosis is a very contagious zoonotic disease distributed worldwide and constitutes a very important zoosanitary and economic problem. The control of the disease includes animal vaccination and slaughter of infected flocks. However, the commercially available vaccine in most countries is based on the attenuated strain Brucella melitensis Rev 1, which presents important safety drawbacks. This review is focused on the most recent and promising acellular vaccine proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Da Costa Martins
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1 31008-Pamplona, Spain
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145
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Jain S, O'Hagan DT, Singh M. The long-term potential of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as the next-generation vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1731-42. [PMID: 22085176 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymeric microparticles of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) have been extensively evaluated for drug delivery and vaccine applications over the last three decades. Despite a wealth of studies on the use of PLG microparticles in vaccines through controlled release of antigens, there is no commercial PLG-based vaccine as yet. The key challenge that prevented the development of PLG microparticles as commercial vaccines was the instability of encapsulated antigen. Over the years, advancements were made towards maintaining antigen integrity during PLG microparticle preparation and sterilization. In parallel and independently, development of PLG microparticles as therapeutic commercial products established PLG with an excellent safety record in humans, and as a suitable candidate for next-generation vaccines. Through the combination of Toll-like receptor agonist encapsulation and surface adsorption of antigen, PLG microparticles can be used as a vaccine adjuvant to address unmet medical needs, such as vaccines against HIV, malaria and TB. With strategic development of PLG-based vaccines, PLG microparticles can offer advantages over the conventional vaccine adjuvants allowing commercial development of this adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Jain
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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146
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Heuking S, Borchard G. Toll-Like Receptor-7 Agonist Decoration Enhances the Adjuvanticity of Chitosan–DNA Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1166-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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147
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Surface assembly of poly(I:C) on PEGylated microspheres to shield from adverse interactions with fibroblasts. J Control Release 2012; 159:204-14. [PMID: 22349184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By expressing an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), fibroblasts play an important role in stimulating and modulating the response of the innate immune system. The TLR3 ligand polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), a mimic of viral dsRNA, is a vaccine adjuvant candidate to activate professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, owing to its ligation with extracellular TLR3 on fibroblasts, subcutaneously administered poly(I:C) bears danger towards autoimmunity. It is thus in the interest of its clinical safety to deliver poly(I:C) in such a way that its activation of professional APCs is as efficacious as possible, whereas its interference with non-immune cells such as fibroblasts is controlled or even avoided. Complementary to our previous work with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), here we sought to control the delivery of poly(I:C) surface-assembled on microspheres to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Negatively charged polystyrene (PS) microspheres were equipped with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) corona through electrostatically driven coatings with a series of polycationic poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, PLL-g-PEG, of varying grafting ratios g from 2.2 up to 22.7. Stable surface assembly of poly(I:C) was achieved by incubation of polymer-coated microspheres with aqueous poly(I:C) solutions. Notably, recognition of both surface-assembled and free poly(I:C) by extracellular TLR3 on HFFs halted their phagocytic activity. Ligation of surface-assembled poly(I:C) with extracellular TLR3 on HFFs could be controlled by tuning the grafting ratio g and thus the chain density of the PEG corona. When assembled on PLL-5.7-PEG-coated microspheres, poly(I:C) was blocked from triggering class I MHC molecule expression on HFFs. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 by HFFs after exposure to surface-assembled poly(I:C) was distinctly lower as compared to free poly(I:C). Overall, surface assembly of poly(I:C) may have potential to contribute to the clinical safety of this vaccine adjuvant candidate.
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148
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Cruz LJ, Tacken PJ, Rueda F, Domingo JC, Albericio F, Figdor CG. Targeting nanoparticles to dendritic cells for immunotherapy. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509:143-63. [PMID: 22568905 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391858-1.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and are currently exploited in immunotherapy for treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Development of targeted nanodelivery systems carrying vaccine components, including antigens and adjuvants, to DCs in vivo represents a promising strategy to enhance immune responses. Delivering particulate vaccines specifically to DCs and preventing nonspecific uptake by other endocytotic cells are challenging. Size represents a critical parameter determining whether particulate vaccines can penetrate lymph nodes and reach resident DCs. Specific delivery is further enhanced by actively targeting DC-specific receptors. This chapter discusses the rationale for the use of particle-based vaccines and provides an overview of antigen-delivery vehicles currently under investigation. In addition, we discuss how vaccine delivery systems may be developed, focusing on liposomes, PLGA polymers, and gold nanoparticles, to obtain safe and efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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149
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Salvador A, Igartua M, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Combination of immune stimulating adjuvants with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres enhances the immune response of vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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150
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Basto AP, Piedade J, Ramalho R, Alves S, Soares H, Cornelis P, Martins C, Leitão A. A new cloning system based on the OprI lipoprotein for the production of recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived immunogenic formulations. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:50-63. [PMID: 22115954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of antigens with ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) is emerging as a promising strategy for the modulation of specific immunity. Here, we describe a new Escherichia coli system for the cloning and expression of heterologous antigens in fusion with the OprI lipoprotein, a TLR ligand from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM). Analysis of the OprI expressed by this system reveals a triacylated lipid moiety mainly composed by palmitic acid residues. By offering a tight regulation of expression and allowing for antigen purification by metal affinity chromatography, the new system circumvents the major drawbacks of former versions. In addition, the anchoring of OprI to the OM of the host cell is further explored for the production of novel recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived formulations (OM fragments and OM vesicles) with distinct potential for PRR activation. As an example, the African swine fever virus ORF A104R was cloned and the recombinant antigen was obtained in the three formulations. Overall, our results validate a new system suitable for the production of immunogenic formulations that can be used for the development of experimental vaccines and for studies on the modulation of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso P Basto
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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