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Japp AG, Cruden NL, Barnes G, van Gemeren N, Mathews J, Adamson J, Johnston NR, Denvir MA, Megson IL, Flapan AD, Newby DE. Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans: potential role in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2010; 121:1818-27. [PMID: 20385929 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.911339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin, the endogenous ligand for the novel G protein-coupled receptor APJ, has major cardiovascular effects in preclinical models. The study objectives were to establish the effects of acute apelin administration on peripheral, cardiac, and systemic hemodynamic variables in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen patients with New York Heart Association class II to III chronic heart failure, 6 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography, and 26 healthy volunteers participated in a series of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Measurements of forearm blood flow, coronary blood flow, left ventricular pressure, and cardiac output were made by venous occlusion plethysmography, Doppler flow wire and quantitative coronary angiography, pressure wire, and thoracic bioimpedance, respectively. Intrabrachial infusions of (Pyr(1))apelin-13, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside caused forearm vasodilatation in patients and control subjects (all P<0.0001). Vasodilatation to acetylcholine (P=0.01) but not apelin (P=0.3) or sodium nitroprusside (P=0.9) was attenuated in patients with heart failure. Intracoronary bolus of apelin-36 increased coronary blood flow and the maximum rate of rise in left ventricular pressure and reduced peak and end-diastolic left ventricular pressures (all P<0.05). Systemic infusions of (Pyr(1))apelin-13 (30 to 300 nmol/min) increased cardiac index and lowered mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance in patients and healthy control subjects (all P<0.01) but increased heart rate only in control subjects (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Acute apelin administration in humans causes peripheral and coronary vasodilatation and increases cardiac output. APJ agonism represents a novel potential therapeutic target for patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Japp
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
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Telejko B, Kuzmicki M, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Szamatowicz J, Nikolajuk A, Zonenberg A, Zwierz-Gugala D, Jelski W, Laudański P, Wilczynski J, Kretowski A, Gorska M. Plasma apelin levels and apelin/APJ mRNA expression in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87:176-83. [PMID: 19926159 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND METHODS Apelin is a novel adipokine identified as an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. In this study we compared plasma apelin concentrations in 101 patients with gestational diabetes (GDM) and 101 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation (Group 1), as well as in 20 women with GDM and 16 subjects with NGT at term (Group 2). Apelin and APJ mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and placental tissue were also measured in Group 2, using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS There were no significant differences in plasma apelin levels between the women with GDM and NGT (Group 1: 1555.6 [1281.2-1804.2]pg/ml vs 1656.5 [1430.2-1852.1]pg/ml, Group 2: 1607.9 [1453.4-1768.7]pg/ml vs 1493.8 [1316.8-1956.7]pg/ml) nor in apelin and APJ mRNA expression in SAT, VAT and placental tissue. Apelin mRNA expression was approximately 10 fold higher in placental than in adipose tissue (p<0.0001). Apelin and APJ mRNA expression correlated significantly in SAT (R=0.45, p=0.03), VAT (R=0.69, p=0.003) and placental tissue (R=0.37, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS No associations between circulating apelin or apelin/APJ mRNA expression and GDM or the indices of insulin resistance were noted in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Telejko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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Takaya T, Wada H, Morimoto T, Sunagawa Y, Kawamura T, Takanabe-Mori R, Shimatsu A, Fujita Y, Sato Y, Fujita M, Kimura T, Sawamura T, Hasegawa K. Left Ventricular Expression of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 in Failing Rat Hearts. Circ J 2010; 74:723-9. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Takaya
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Teruhisa Kawamura
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Rieko Takanabe-Mori
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
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104
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105
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Andersen C, Markvardsen L, Hilberg O, Simonsen U. Pulmonary apelin levels and effects in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Respir Med 2009; 103:1663-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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106
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Wozniak SE, Gee LL, Wachtel MS, Frezza EE. Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ? A review article. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1847-56. [PMID: 19052866 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fat is either white or brown, the latter being found principally in neonates. White fat, which comprises adipocytes, pre-adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leukocytes, actively participates in hormonal and inflammatory systems. Adipokines include hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, hepcidine, chemerin, omentin, and inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator protein (PAI). Multiple roles in metabolic and inflammatory responses have been assigned to adipokines; this review describes the molecular actions and clinical significance of the more important adipokines. The array of adipokines evidences diverse roles for adipose tissue, which looms large in the mediators of inflammation and metabolism. For this reason, treating obesity is more than a reduction of excess fat; it is also the treatment of obesity's comorbidities, many of which will some day be treated by drugs that counteract derangements induced by adipokine excesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Wozniak
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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107
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Weir RAP, Chong KS, Dalzell JR, Petrie CJ, Murphy CA, Steedman T, Mark PB, McDonagh TA, Dargie HJ, McMurray JJV. Plasma apelin concentration is depressed following acute myocardial infarction in man. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:551-8. [PMID: 19351633 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Apelin, a novel peptide with a putative role in cardiovascular homeostasis, has gained interest as an endogenous inotrope, but has yet to be described following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in man. We aimed to characterize plasma apelin concentrations following AMI and to examine its relationship with clinical and prognostic biomarkers. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma concentrations of apelin, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), norepinephrine, and arginine vasopressin were measured in 100 patients [mean age 58.9 +/- 12 (SD) years, 77% male] admitted with AMI, with echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <40%, at mean 46 h after admission and at 24 weeks. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed pre-discharge and at 24 weeks. Thirty-eight subjects with no cardiac history acted as controls. Apelin concentration was reduced early after AMI (0.54 +/- 0.25 vs. 3.22 +/- 3.01 ng/mL, P <0.001) and remained low at 24 weeks, although it did increase significantly from baseline to 0.62 +/- 0.36 ng/mL, P = 0.030. Apelin had no relationship with any parameter of LV function over time. A relationship was found between baseline apelin and norepinephrine (r = 0.26, P = 0.008). Both NT-proBNP and norepinephrine correlated with adverse ventricular function after AMI. CONCLUSION Plasma apelin concentration is reduced early after AMI, increases significantly over time, but remains depressed at 24 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A P Weir
- Cardiology Department, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK.
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108
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Guo L, Li Q, Wang W, Yu P, Pan H, Li P, Sun Y, Zhang J. Apelin inhibits insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells by activation of PI3-kinase-phosphodiesterase 3B. Endocr Res 2009; 34:142-54. [PMID: 19878074 DOI: 10.3109/07435800903287079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Apelin is secreted by adipocytes acting on APJ receptor and plays an important role in control of feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. The adipokine is regulated by insulin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in adipose tissue, suggesting apelin is involved in the regulation of pancreatic function. In this study, we incubated rat insulinoma INS-1 cells producing insulin for 60 min and examined the effects of pyr(1)-apelin-13 on insulin secretion and the mechanism. MAIN METHODS INS-1 cells were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of glucose and/or apelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) inhibitor, and cAMP analogues. We examined the effect of apelin on insulin secretion and the pathway of the action. Insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. KEY FINDINGS We found that apelin over the concentration range of 1-10(4) nmol/L inhibited the insulin response to glucose and GLP-1 and the concentration effect was biphasic. The effect of apelin was abolished when insulin secretion was induced with cAMP analogues that cannot be hydrolyzed by cyclic nucleotide PDE3B. Selective inhibitors of PDE3B and PI3-kinase completely prevent the apelin effect on insulin secretion and cAMP accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that apelin exerts direct inhibitory actions on the pancreatic beta-cells by activating PI3-kinase-dependent PDE3B and subsequently suppressing of cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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109
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Chun HJ, Ali ZA, Kojima Y, Kundu RK, Sheikh AY, Agrawal R, Zheng L, Leeper NJ, Pearl NE, Patterson AJ, Anderson JP, Tsao PS, Lenardo MJ, Ashley EA, Quertermous T. Apelin signaling antagonizes Ang II effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3343-54. [PMID: 18769630 DOI: 10.1172/jci34871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin and its cognate G protein-coupled receptor APJ constitute a signaling pathway with a positive inotropic effect on cardiac function and a vasodepressor function in the systemic circulation. The apelin-APJ pathway appears to have opposing physiological roles to the renin-angiotensin system. Here we investigated whether the apelin-APJ pathway can directly antagonize vascular disease-related Ang II actions. In ApoE-KO mice, exogenous Ang II induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm formation; we found that coinfusion of apelin abrogated these effects. Similarly, apelin treatment rescued Ang II-mediated increases in neointimal formation and vascular remodeling in a vein graft model. NO has previously been implicated in the vasodepressor function of apelin; we found that apelin treatment increased NO bioavailability in ApoE-KO mice. Furthermore, infusion of an NO synthase inhibitor blocked the apelin-mediated decrease in atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation. In rat primary aortic smooth muscle cells, apelin inhibited Ang II-mediated transcriptional regulation of multiple targets as measured by reporter assays. In addition, we demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis that the Ang II and apelin receptors interacted physically. Taken together, these findings indicate that apelin signaling can block Ang II actions in vascular disease by increasing NO production and inhibiting Ang II cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung J Chun
- Department of Medicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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110
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Wilson KD, Li Z, Wagner R, Yue P, Tsao P, Nestorova G, Huang M, Hirschberg DL, Yock PG, Quertermous T, Wu JC. Transcriptome alteration in the diabetic heart by rosiglitazone: implications for cardiovascular mortality. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2609. [PMID: 18648539 PMCID: PMC2481284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the type 2 diabetes medication, rosiglitazone, has come under scrutiny for possibly increasing the risk of cardiac disease and death. To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone on the diabetic heart, we performed cardiac transcriptional profiling and imaging studies of a murine model of type 2 diabetes, the C57BL/KLS-lepr(db)/lepr(db) (db/db) mouse. METHODS AND FINDINGS We compared cardiac gene expression profiles from three groups: untreated db/db mice, db/db mice after rosiglitazone treatment, and non-diabetic db/+ mice. Prior to sacrifice, we also performed cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography. As expected, overall the db/db gene expression signature was markedly different from control, but to our surprise was not significantly reversed with rosiglitazone. In particular, we have uncovered a number of rosiglitazone modulated genes and pathways that may play a role in the pathophysiology of the increase in cardiac mortality as seen in several recent meta-analyses. Specifically, the cumulative upregulation of (1) a matrix metalloproteinase gene that has previously been implicated in plaque rupture, (2) potassium channel genes involved in membrane potential maintenance and action potential generation, and (3) sphingolipid and ceramide metabolism-related genes, together give cause for concern over rosiglitazone's safety. Lastly, in vivo imaging studies revealed minimal differences between rosiglitazone-treated and untreated db/db mouse hearts, indicating that rosiglitazone's effects on gene expression in the heart do not immediately turn into detectable gross functional changes. CONCLUSIONS This study maps the genomic expression patterns in the hearts of the db/db murine model of diabetes and illustrates the impact of rosiglitazone on these patterns. The db/db gene expression signature was markedly different from control, and was not reversed with rosiglitazone. A smaller number of unique and interesting changes in gene expression were noted with rosiglitazone treatment. Further study of these genes and molecular pathways will provide important insights into the cardiac decompensation associated with both diabetes and rosiglitazone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitchener D. Wilson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zongjin Li
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Yue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gergana Nestorova
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Hirschberg
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Yock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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111
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Chandrasekaran B, Dar O, McDonagh T. The role of apelin in cardiovascular function and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:725-32. [PMID: 18583184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is a novel peptide that acts through the APJ receptor, sharing similarities with the angiotensin II-angiotensin II type 1 receptor pathway. It is a peripheral vasodilator, powerful inotrope and may affect central fluid homeostasis. Animal and human studies suggest that it may play a role in the pathogenesis of heart failure by modulating the harmful effects of angiotensin II. Apelin is reduced in patients with heart failure and up regulated following favourable left ventricular remodelling. It is widely distributed in a number of tissues, mainly restricted to vascular endothelium. This comprehensive review of the literature highlights the important studies that have led to the discovery of apelin and its role in cardiovascular function and heart failure.
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112
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Castan-Laurell I, Vítkova M, Daviaud D, Dray C, Kováciková M, Kovacova Z, Hejnova J, Stich V, Valet P. Effect of hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss in obese women on plasma apelin and adipose tissue expression of apelin and APJ. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158:905-10. [PMID: 18390990 PMCID: PMC2683032 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apelin is a novel adipokine acting on APJ receptor, regulated by insulin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in adipose tissue (AT). Plasma apelin levels are increased in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. The aim was to investigate whether the hypocaloric diet associated with weight loss modifies the elevated plasma apelin levels and the expression of apelin and APJ receptor in AT in obese women. DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting plasma levels of apelin and TNF-alpha as well as mRNA levels of apelin and APJ in AT were measured before and after a 12-week hypocaloric weight-reducing diet in 20 obese women (body mass index (BMI) before diet 32.2+/-6.4 kg/m(2)). Twelve healthy women with a BMI of 20.7+/-0.6 kg/m(2) served as reference. RESULTS Plasma levels of apelin and TNF-alpha were higher in obese compared with lean controls. The hypocaloric diet resulted in a significant decrease of BMI to 29.8+/-6.3 kg/m(2), plasma insulin (8.16+/-0.73 to 6.58+/-0.66 mU/l), apelin (369+/-25 pg/ml to 257+/-12 pg/ml), TNF-alpha levels (0.66+/-0.04 pg/ml to 0.56+/-0.04 pg/ml), and AT mRNAs of apelin and APJ. In addition, changes in AT mRNA apelin were related to changes in AT mRNA APJ levels. CONCLUSION The hypocaloric diet associated with weight loss reduces the increased plasma and AT expression of apelin in obese women. This reduced apelin expression in AT could contribute to decreased circulating apelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- Inserm, U858 Equipe 3, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, BP84225, Toulouse F-31432 Cedex 4, France.
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113
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Karmazyn M, Purdham DM, Rajapurohitam V, Zeidan A. Signalling mechanisms underlying the metabolic and other effects of adipokines on the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:279-86. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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114
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Furuya M, Ishida J, Inaba S, Kasuya Y, Kimura S, Nemori R, Fukamizu A. Impaired placental neovascularization in mice with pregnancy-associated hypertension. J Transl Med 2008; 88:416-29. [PMID: 18268474 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious disorder that may result in severe morbidity and mortality for mother and fetus, and it is thought that the placental dysfunction is important in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. As the model of preeclampsia, we previously generated a transgenic mouse model that developed pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH) by mating females expressing human angiotensinogen with males expressing human renin. In PAH mice, maternal blood pressure started to rise from days 12 to 13 of gestation (E12-13) to term (E19-20), which is accompanied by the fetal intrauterine growth retardation and systemic maternal disorders including proteinuria and convulsion. To understand the pathology of the complications in PAH mice that overlap with those in human preeclampsia, we analyzed the PAH placenta sequentially from the onset of hypertension to the term of delivery. In PAH placenta, histological analysis revealed that the microvessel densities of fetal vasculature at term were significantly lower than those of normal placenta, and the majority of terminal vessels of PAH placenta were lacking for pericytes and basement membrane. The interaction between fetal vasculature and maternal blood canal at labyrinth of PAH placenta was morphologically distorted, and the expression patterns of key molecules in neovascularization of PAH placenta were distinct from those of normal placenta during pregnancy. In addition, maternal plasma level of soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) was significantly increased in PAH at E19. Furthermore, in uteroplacental site, in situ proteolytic activity of PAH mice was suppressed from E16 to term compared to that of normal pregnancy, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA was strikingly downregulated at E16 in PAH mice. Collective data suggest that the impairments of fetoplacental neovascularization and uteroplacental remodeling contribute to the development of complications in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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115
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Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of cardiovascular function: physiologic and clinical perspectives. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 17:275-83. [PMID: 18021938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the biology of white adipose tissue has increased dramatically since the discovery of leptin in 1994. The identification of the product of the gene obese (ob) threw light on the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity-related diseases and spurred the identification of numerous other adipokines, many of a proinflammatory nature. It has become increasingly evident that white adipose tissue-derived cytokines mediate between obesity-related exogenous factors (nutrition and lifestyle) and the molecular events that lead to metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases. Here we review recent adipokine research, with particular attention to the roles of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, apelin, omentin, and chemerin in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gualillo
- Research Laboratory 4 (Laboratory of Neuro Endocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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116
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Kleinz MJ, Baxter GF. Apelin reduces myocardial reperfusion injury independently of PI3K/Akt and P70S6 kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 146:271-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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117
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Charles CJ. The apelin peptides as putative targets in cardiovascular drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 3:51-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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118
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Zhong JC, Huang Y, Yung LM, Lau CW, Leung FP, Wong WT, Lin SG, Yu XY. The novel peptide apelin regulates intrarenal artery tone in diabetic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 144:109-14. [PMID: 17692936 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, a newly identified angiotensin (Ang) II homologue, has been implicated in diabetes. We previously reported that apelin exerts an opposing influence on the Ang II signaling. Our aim was to further implore whether apelin could regulate intrarenal artery tone in response to Ang II and Ang IV in diabetes. A Multi Myograph system was used to determine the isometric renal artery tone in diabetic db/db and control db/m+ mice. The phosphorylation, and protein levels of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), and apelin receptor APJ were analyzed by Western blotting. Diminished expression of APJ protein and enhanced contractile responses to Ang II and Ang IV were exhibited in renal arteries from db/db mice. Apelin supplement reversed the abnormal renal vascular responsiveness to Ang II and acetylcholine, but not to Ang IV in db/db mice. Finally, in db/db mice, significant increases in phosphorylation of eNOS on serine 1177 and in NO generation were found in renal arteries pretreated with apelin. Our findings provide novel evidence for the regulatory roles of renal apelin system in vascular functions in diabetes. Apelin treatment may regulate the balance between Ang II and NO and thereby exert beneficial effects on the diabetic vascular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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119
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Abstract
Apelin is a bioactive peptide known as the ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Diverse active apelin peptides exist under the form of 13, 17 or 36 amino acids, originated from a common 77-amino-acid precursor. Both apelin and APJ mRNA are widely expressed in several rodent and human tissues and have functional effects in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Apelin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis, vessel formation and cell proliferation. More recently, apelin has been described as an adipocyte-secreted factor (adipokine), up-regulated in obesity. By acting as circulating hormone or paracrine factor, adipokines are involved in physiological regulations (fat depot development, energy storage, metabolism or eating behavior) or in the promotion of obesity-associated disorders (type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunctions). In this regard, expression of apelin gene in adipose tissue is increased by insulin and TNFα. This review will consider the main roles of apelin in physiopathology with particular attention on its role in energy balance regulation and in obesity-associated disorders.
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120
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Sheikh AY, Chun HJ, Glassford AJ, Kundu RK, Kutschka I, Ardigo D, Hendry SL, Wagner RA, Chen MM, Ali ZA, Yue P, Huynh DT, Connolly AJ, Pelletier MP, Tsao P, Robbins RC, Quertermous T. In vivo genetic profiling and cellular localization of apelin reveals a hypoxia-sensitive, endothelial-centered pathway activated in ischemic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 294:H88-98. [PMID: 17906101 PMCID: PMC2570026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00935.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the peptide ligand apelin and its cognate G protein-coupled receptor APJ has a potent inotropic effect on cardiac contractility and modulates systemic vascular resistance through nitric oxide-dependent signaling. In addition, there is evidence for counterregulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin pathways. Regulatory stimuli of the apelin-APJ pathway are of obvious importance but remain to be elucidated. To better understand the physiological response of apelin-APJ to disease states such as heart failure and to elucidate the mechanism by which such a response might occur, we have used the murine model of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation-induced ischemic cardiac failure. To identify the key cells responsible for modulation and production of apelin in vivo, we have created a novel apelin-lacZ reporter mouse. Data from these studies demonstrate that apelin and APJ are upregulated in the heart and skeletal muscle following myocardial injury and suggest that apelin expression remains restricted to the endothelium. In cardiac failure, endothelial apelin expression correlates with other hypoxia-responsive genes, and in healthy animals both apelin and APJ are markedly upregulated in various tissues following systemic hypoxic exposure. Experiments with cultured endothelial cells in vitro show apelin mRNA and protein levels to be increased by hypoxia, through a hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated pathway. These studies suggest that apelin-expressing endothelial cells respond to conditions associated with heart failure, possibly including local tissue hypoxia, and modulate apelin-APJ expression to regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. The apelin-APJ pathway may thus provide a mechanism for systemic endothelial monitoring of tissue perfusion and adaptive regulation of cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hyung J Chun
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alexander J Glassford
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ramendera K Kundu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ingo Kutschka
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Diego Ardigo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stephen L Hendry
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Roger A. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mary M. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ziad A. Ali
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Patrick Yue
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Diem T. Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Marc P Pelletier
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Phil Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert C Robbins
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
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121
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Hashimoto T, Kihara M, Imai N, Yoshida SI, Shimoyamada H, Yasuzaki H, Ishida J, Toya Y, Kiuchi Y, Hirawa N, Tamura K, Yazawa T, Kitamura H, Fukamizu A, Umemura S. Requirement of apelin-apelin receptor system for oxidative stress-linked atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1705-12. [PMID: 17884970 PMCID: PMC2043530 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently identified endogenous peptide apelin and its specific apelin receptor (APJ) are currently being considered as potential regulators in vascular tissue. Previously, we reported apelin mediates phosphorylation of myosin light chain and elicits vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle. In this study, physiological roles of the apelin-APJ system were investigated on atherosclerosis. In APJ and apolipoprotein E double-knockout (APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-)) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic lesions were dramatically reduced when compared with APJ(+/+) ApoE(-/-) mice, in the absence of an effect of cholesterol levels. Immunohistochemical detection of smooth muscle cells, using a smooth muscle alpha-actin antibody, showed greatly reduced staining for these cells in lesions of APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Vascular production of superoxide radicals and the expression of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits were decreased in APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice compared with APJ(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice fed a standard normal diet. In vascular smooth muscle cells, apelin induced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit expression. Apelin also induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, which was inhibited by superoxide dismutase or diphenylene iodonium. The apelin-APJ system is a mediator of oxidative stress in vascular tissue, and thus we propose it to be a critical factor in atherogenesis under high-cholesterol dietary conditions. APJ deficiency is preventative against oxidative stress-linked atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Hashimoto
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine and School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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122
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Chong KS, Gardner RS, Ashley EA, Dargie HJ, McDonagh TA. Emerging role of the apelin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Biomark Med 2007; 1:37-43. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin receptor-like 1 (APJ) and its novel ligand, apelin, share similarities in structure and anatomical distribution with that of angiotensin II and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. However, apelin has positive inotropic, vasodilatory and diuretic properties. Differential expression and synthesis of apelin and the APJ receptor in normal and failing hearts suggest that the apelin system may contribute to the pathophysiology of human heart failure and has potential therapeutic use in treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok S Chong
- Western Infirmary, Department of Cardiology, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roy S Gardner
- Royal Infirmary, Department of Cardiology, Glasgow, UK
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, California, USA
| | - Henry J Dargie
- Western Infirmary, Department of Cardiology, Glasgow, UK
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123
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Miettinen KH, Magga J, Vuolteenaho O, Vanninen EJ, Punnonen KR, Ylitalo K, Tuomainen P, Peuhkurinen KJ. Utility of plasma apelin and other indices of cardiac dysfunction in the clinical assessment of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 140:178-84. [PMID: 17223209 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a recently discovered peptide ligand reported to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. The exact role of apelin in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure has remained obscure, and the reported circulating levels of apelin in patients with heart failure have been contradictory. To establish the role of apelin in the assessment of cardiac dysfunction we measured plasma apelin levels in 65 patients with congestive heart failure caused by idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and 14 healthy volunteers by specific radioimmunoassay. IDC patients were carefully examined including echocardiography, both-sided cardiac catheterization and cardiopulmonary exercise test. In addition, plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), epinephrine and norepinephrine were determined. Plasma apelin levels were similar in IDC patients (median 26.5 pg/ml, range<3.40-97.6 pg/ml) and in control subjects (median 24.1 pg/ml, range 19.0-28.7 pg/ml; p=NS). Unlike the levels of NT-proBNP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and norepinephrine, plasma apelin levels did not reflect the severity of heart failure. Our study demonstrates that although disturbed apelin-APJ signalling in heart may play a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure, circulating apelin levels cannot be applied in the clinical assessment of patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati H Miettinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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