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Zang C, Eucker J, Liu H, Coordes A, Lenarz M, Possinger K, Scholz CW. Inhibition of pan-class I phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase by NVP-BKM120 effectively blocks proliferation and induces cell death in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:425-34. [PMID: 23721513 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.806800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent aggressive lymphoma, with a great demand for novel treatments for relapsing and refractory disease. Constitutive activation of the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is often detected in this lymphoma. Inhibition of this signaling cascade with the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death. DLBCL proliferation was further decreased if NVP-BKM120-induced autophagy was blocked. Treatment with NVP-BKM120 was associated with an increase of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins Puma and Bim and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. Translation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 is facilitated by cap-dependent mRNA translation, a process that was partially inhibited by NVP-BKM120. Overall, we demonstrated here the potential of NVP-BKM120 for the treatment of DLBCL.
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Lam LT, Zhang H, Chyla B. Biomarkers of therapeutic response to BCL2 antagonists in cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 16:347-56. [PMID: 23023732 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-012-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells persist by resisting programmed cell death or apoptosis. In particular, an imbalance of proteins that regulate apoptosis leads to lack of response to apoptotic stimuli. Thus, restoring the ability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis is highly desirable. One apoptosis pathway, the intrinsic pathway, involves perturbation of the mitochondria. The major players of this pathway are the members of the B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family. Currently, three BCL2 antagonists are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. While these antagonists show various specificity and potency, the development of companion diagnostics is crucial for developing these compounds into viable cancer treatments. In this review we describe predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for these agents. Future directions on biomarker development for this class of antagonist are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd T Lam
- Department R4CD, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Abbott Laboratories, Building AP-10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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103
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Perry AM, Crockett D, Dave BJ, Althof P, Winkler L, Smith LM, Aoun P, Chan WC, Fu K, Greiner TC, Bierman P, Gregory Bociek R, Vose JM, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and burkitt lymphoma: study of 39 cases. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:40-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Crockett
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Bhavana J. Dave
- Human Genetics Laboratory; Munroe-Meyer Institute; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Pamela Althof
- Human Genetics Laboratory; Munroe-Meyer Institute; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Lisa Winkler
- Human Genetics Laboratory; Munroe-Meyer Institute; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Lynette M. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Patricia Aoun
- Department of Pathology; City of Hope National Medical Center; Duarte; CA; USA
| | - Wing C. Chan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Timothy C. Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Phillip Bierman
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Robert Gregory Bociek
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - Julie M. Vose
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
| | - James O. Armitage
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha; NE; USA
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The histological and biological spectrum of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the World Health Organization classification. Cancer J 2013; 18:411-20. [PMID: 23006945 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31826aee97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are aggressive B-cell lymphomas that are clinically, pathologically, and genetically diverse, in part reflecting the functional diversity of the B-cell system. The focus in recent years has been toward incorporation of clinical features, morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ever evolving genetic data into the classification scheme. The 2008 World Health Organization classification reflects this complexity with the addition of several new entities and variants. The discovery of distinct subtypes by gene expression profiling heralded a new era with a focus on pathways of transformation as well as a promise of more targeted therapies, directed at specific pathways. Some DLBCLs exhibit unique clinical characteristics with a predilection for specific anatomic sites; the anatomic site often reflects underlying biological distinctions. Recently, the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell proliferations in patients without iatrogenic or congenital immunosuppression has been better characterized; most of these occur in patients of advanced age and include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly. Human herpesvirus 8 is involved in the pathogenesis of primary effusion lymphoma, which can present as a "solid variant." Two borderline categories were created; one deals with tumors at the interface between classic Hodgkin lymphoma and DLBCL. The second confronts the interface between Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL, so-called "B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma" in the 2008 classification. Most cases harbor both MYC and BCL2 translocations and are highly aggressive. Another interesting entity is anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive DLBCL, which renders itself potentially targetable by anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Ongoing investigations at the genomic level, with both exome and whole-genome sequencing, are sure to reveal new pathways of transformation in the future.
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Trifonov V, Pasqualucci L, Dalla Favera R, Rabadan R. MutComFocal: an integrative approach to identifying recurrent and focal genomic alterations in tumor samples. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:25. [PMID: 23531283 PMCID: PMC3637169 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Most tumors are the result of accumulated genomic alterations in somatic cells. The emerging spectrum of alterations in tumors is complex and the identification of relevant genes and pathways remains a challenge. Furthermore, key cancer genes are usually found amplified or deleted in chromosomal regions containing many other genes. Point mutations, on the other hand, provide exquisite information about amino acid changes that could be implicated in the oncogenic process. Current large-scale genomic projects provide high throughput genomic data in a large number of well-characterized tumor samples. Methods We define a Bayesian approach designed to identify candidate cancer genes by integrating copy number and point mutation information. Our method exploits the concept that small and recurrent alterations in tumors are more informative in the search for cancer genes. Thus, the algorithm (Mutations with Common Focal Alterations, or MutComFocal) seeks focal copy number alterations and recurrent point mutations within high throughput data from large panels of tumor samples. Results We apply MutComFocal to Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) data from four different high throughput studies, totaling 78 samples assessed for copy number alterations by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis and 65 samples assayed for protein changing point mutations by whole exome/whole transcriptome sequencing. In addition to recapitulating known alterations, MutComFocal identifies ARID1B, ROBO2 and MRS1 as candidate tumor suppressors and KLHL6, IL31 and LRP1 as putative oncogenes in DLBCL. Conclusions We present a Bayesian approach for the identification of candidate cancer genes by integrating data collected in large number of cancer patients, across different studies. When trained on a well-studied dataset, MutComFocal is able to identify most of the reported characterized alterations. The application of MutComFocal to large-scale cancer data provides the opportunity to pinpoint the key functional genomic alterations in tumors.
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Clinical Impact of t(14;18) in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 23:160-4. [PMID: 23482616 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested that t(14;18) is present in a significant proportion of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). However, the prognostic significance of this translocation and its relationship with BCL-2 protein expression remains controversial. Our study aimed to investigate the predictive power of t(14;18) and BCL-2 protein expression in the prognosis of DLBCLs. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 106 DLBCLs were analyzed using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Immunophenotypic analysis of CD20, CD3, CD10, BCL-6, MUM1 and BCL-2 was performed by immunohistochemistry. SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The t(14;18) was identified in 27 of 106 cases (25.5%). The percentages of tumor cells expressing CD10, BCL-6, MUM1 and BCL-2 were 21.7%, 26.4%, 56.6% and 73.6%, respectively. The presence of this translocation was significantly correlated with the expression of CD10 and immunophenotypic subtype (p<0.001). No association was observed between BCL-2 protein expression and the presence of t(14;18). Multivariate analysis confirmed that both t(14;18) and BCL-2 expression were significantly associated with survival. Moreover, patients with t(14;18) had worse prognosis, compared with those with BCL-2 expression (for overall survival: hazard ratio, 4.235; 95%CI, 2.153-8.329, p<0.001 vs. hazard ration, 2.743; 95%CI, 1.262-5.962, p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS The t(14;18) is a useful prognostic tool for the evaluation of DLBCL immunophenotype and prognosis. The prognosis of GCB (germinal centre-like B cell) DLBCL patients should be made with the consideration of the presence of this translocation, and the detection of t(14;18) should be included as a routine diagnostic test in these cases.
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Early onset, EBV− PTLD in pediatric liver-small bowel transplantation recipients: a spectrum of plasma cell neoplasms with favorable prognosis. Blood 2013; 121:1377-83. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Five cases of EBV− PTLD in pediatric recipients of combined liver and small bowel allografts are reported. The lesions were plasma cell neoplasms that resolved completely after minimal treatment.
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108
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Ando M, Sato Y, Takata K, Nomoto J, Nakamura S, Ohshima K, Takeuchi T, Orita Y, Kobayashi Y, Yoshino T. A20 (TNFAIP3) deletion in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders/lymphomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56741. [PMID: 23418597 PMCID: PMC3572056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A negative regulator of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, A20 (TNFAIP3), is inactivated in several types of lymphomas; particularly in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. These findings suggest that the NF-κB activation is related to A20 inactivation. Recently, A20 inactivation has also been observed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphomas; however, this occurrence has not been well investigated. Moreover, NF-κB is a key molecule in activated B-cell-like (ABC)-type DLBCL; EBV-associated DLBCL is of the ABC type. Therefore, we focused on A20 deletions in EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders/lymphomas. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, A20 deletions were identified in 4 of 13 samples from patients with pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) (31%), 3 of 20 samples from nasal-type NK/T cell lymphomas (NKTLs) (15%), 1 of 8 samples of EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly (DLBCL-e) (13%), but not in any of the 11 samples from individuals with methotrexate-related lymphoproliferative disorder (MTX-LPD) (0%). Among the samples with A20 deletions, EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) expression was detected in all 4 of the PAL samples with A20 deletions and in the DLBCL-e sample with an A20 deletion, but not in any of the 3 NKTL samples. This finding indicated that A20 deletions were not directly related to the EBV latency pattern of lymphomas, although such deletions might be related to the diagnostic category. Immunohistologically, the A20 protein was absent in 2 (15%) of the 13 PAL samples, 1 (9%) of 11 MTX-LPD samples, and in none of the 20 NKTL (0%) or 8 DLBCL-e samples. In conclusion, A20 deletion and/or dysfunctional expression are frequently associated with PALs, and A20 abnormalities may be related to the pathogenesis of PAL.
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MESH Headings
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Empyema, Pleural/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/metabolism
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ando
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Nomoto
- Hematology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Takeuchi
- Department of Immunopathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yorihisa Orita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukio Kobayashi
- Hematology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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109
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Galectin-3 binds to CD45 on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to regulate susceptibility to cell death. Blood 2012; 120:4635-44. [PMID: 23065155 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an aggressive malignancy. Galectin-3 (gal-3), the only antiapoptotic member of the galectin family, is overexpressed in DLBCL. While gal-3 can localize to intracellular sites, gal-3 is secreted by DLBCL cells and binds back to the cell surface in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. The major counterreceptor for gal-3 on DLBCL cells was identified as the transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Removal of cell-surface gal-3 from CD45 with the polyvalent glycan inhibitor GCS-100 rendered DLBCL cells susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents. Binding of gal-3 to CD45 modulated tyrosine phosphatase activity; removal of endogenous cell-surface gal-3 from CD45 with GCS-100 increased phosphatase activity, while addition of exogenous gal-3 reduced phosphatase activity. Moreover, the increased susceptibility of DLBCL cells to chemotherapeutic agents after removal of gal-3 by GCS-100 required CD45 phosphatase activity. Gal-3 binding to a subset of highly glycosylated CD45 glycoforms was regulated by the C2GnT-1 glycosyltransferase, indicating that specific glycosylation of CD45 is important for regulation of gal-3-mediated signaling. These data identify a novel role for cell-surface gal-3 and CD45 in DLBCL survival and suggest novel therapeutic targets to sensitize DLBCL cells to death.
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Pfreundschuh M. Growing Importance ofMYC/BCL2Immunohistochemistry in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3433-5. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pfreundschuh
- German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group; Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
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Visco C, Tzankov A, Xu-Monette ZY, Miranda RN, Tai YC, Li Y, Liu WM, d'Amore ESG, Li Y, Montes-Moreno S, Dybkær K, Chiu A, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Wang HY, Dunphy CH, His ED, Zhao XF, Choi WWL, Zhao X, van Krieken JH, Huang Q, Ai W, O'Neill S, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Kahl BS, Winter JN, Go RS, Dirnhofer S, Piris MA, Møller MB, Wu L, Medeiros LJ, Young KH. Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of germinal center origin with BCL2 translocations have poor outcome, irrespective of MYC status: a report from an International DLBCL rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study. Haematologica 2012; 98:255-63. [PMID: 22929980 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.066209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can be classified by gene expression profiling into germinal center and activated B-cell subtypes with different prognoses after rituximab-CHOP. The importance of previously recognized prognostic markers, such as Bcl-2 protein expression and BCL2 gene abnormalities, has been questioned in the new therapeutic era. We analyzed Bcl-2 protein expression, and BCL2 and MYC gene abnormalities by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in 327 patients with de novo disease treated with rituximab-CHOP. Isolated BCL2 and MYC rearrangements were not predictive of outcome in our patients as a whole, but only in those with the germinal center subtype of lymphoma. The prognostic relevance of isolated MYC rearrangements was weaker than that of BCL2 isolated translocations, but was probably limited by the rarity of the rearrangements. Seven of eight patients with double hit lymphoma had the germinal center subtype with poor outcome. The germinal center subtype patients with isolated BCL2 translocations had significantly worse outcome than the patients without BCL2 rearrangements (P=0.0002), and their outcome was similar to that of patients with the activated B-cell subtype (P=0.30), but not as bad as the outcome of patients with double hit lymphoma (P<0.0001). Bcl-2 protein overexpression was associated with inferior outcome in patients with germinal center subtype lymphoma, but multivariate analysis showed that this was dependent on BCL2 translocations. The gene expression profiling of patients with BCL2 rearrangements was unique, showing activation of pathways that were silent in the negative counterpart. BCL2 translocated germinal center subtype patients have worse prognosis after rituximab-CHOP, irrespective of MYC status, but the presence of combined gene breaks significantly overcomes the prognostic relevance of isolated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Visco
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Johnson NA, Slack GW, Savage KJ, Connors JM, Ben-Neriah S, Rogic S, Scott DW, Tan KL, Steidl C, Sehn LH, Chan WC, Iqbal J, Meyer PN, Lenz G, Wright G, Rimsza LM, Valentino C, Brunhoeber P, Grogan TM, Braziel RM, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Weisenburger DD, Campo E, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Delabie J, Holcroft C, Jaffe ES, Staudt LM, Gascoyne RD. Concurrent expression of MYC and BCL2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3452-9. [PMID: 22851565 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.41.0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is curable in 60% of patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). MYC translocations, with or without BCL2 translocations, have been associated with inferior survival in DLBCL. We investigated whether expression of MYC protein, with or without BCL2 protein expression, could risk-stratify patients at diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We determined the correlation between presence of MYC and BCL2 proteins by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with survival in two independent cohorts of patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP. We further determined if MYC protein expression correlated with high MYC mRNA and/or presence of MYC translocation. RESULTS In the training cohort (n = 167), MYC and BCL2 proteins were detected in 29% and 44% of patients, respectively. Concurrent expression (MYC positive/BCL2 positive) was present in 21% of patients. MYC protein correlated with presence of high MYC mRNA and MYC translocation (both P < .001), but the latter was less frequent (both 11%). MYC protein expression was only associated with inferior overall and progression-free survival when BCL2 protein was coexpressed (P < .001). Importantly, the poor prognostic effect of MYC positive/BCL2 positive was validated in an independent cohort of 140 patients with DLBCL and remained significant (P < .05) after adjusting for presence of high-risk features in a multivariable model that included elevated international prognostic index score, activated B-cell molecular subtype, and presence of concurrent MYC and BCL2 translocations. CONCLUSION Assessment of MYC and BCL2 expression by IHC represents a robust, rapid, and inexpensive approach to risk-stratify patients with DLBCL at diagnosis.
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113
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Variation in BCL2 protein expression in follicular lymphomas without t(14;18) chromosomal translocations. Pathology 2012; 44:228-33. [PMID: 22406486 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e3283513fb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The hallmark of follicular lymphoma is the t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocations that lead to deregulation of BCL2 expression in tumour cells. However, not all cases of follicular lymphoma express BCL2, nor is the t(14;18) translocation always present. Follicular lymphomas lacking the BCL2 rearrangement are less well studied with regards to their immunohistochemical and molecular features. This study aims to investigate the BCL2 protein expression pattern in t(14;18) negative follicular lymphomas. METHODS BCL2 protein expression pattern was analysed in 26 cases of t(14;18) negative follicular lymphoma [determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)], using antibodies against two-different epitopes, i.e., the widely-used antibody BCL2/124 and an alternative antibody E17. RESULTS Two of the t(14;18) negative cases showed evidence of BCL2 amplification and trisomy 18. A total of 13 cases (50%) lacked BCL2 expression. In 10 cases (38%) the expression was heterogeneous and in only three cases (12%) the BCL2 expression was strongly positive. These cases could thus be subdivided into three subgroups: Group I, normal BCL2 genes (i.e., no evidence of translocation or amplification), and BCL2 protein negative; Group II, normal BCL2 genes but BCL2 protein positive; and Group III, presence of other genetic alterations, i.e., BCL2 amplification and trisomy 18, and BCL2 protein positive. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that it may be possible on the basis of staining to predict that the t(14;18) translocation is absent if a case is either negative for BCL2 protein with different antibodies or has heterogeneous BCL2 expression, possibly acquired through a physiological process of differentiation.
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114
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Perry AM, Mitrovic Z, Chan WC. Biological Prognostic Markers in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Control 2012; 19:214-26. [DOI: 10.1177/107327481201900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija M. Perry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology at the Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Zdravko Mitrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wing C. Chan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology at the Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Steinhardt JJ, Gartenhaus RB. Promising personalized therapeutic options for diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma Subtypes with oncogene addictions. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4538-48. [PMID: 22745106 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, two major classification systems segregate diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into subtypes based on gene expression profiles and provide great insights about the oncogenic mechanisms that may be crucial for lymphomagenesis as well as prognostic information regarding response to current therapies. However, these current classification systems primarily look at expression and not dependency and are thus limited to inductive or probabilistic reasoning when evaluating alternative therapeutic options. The development of a deductive classification system that identifies subtypes in which all patients with a given phenotype require the same oncogenic drivers, and would therefore have a similar response to a rational therapy targeting the essential drivers, would significantly advance the treatment of DLBCL. This review highlights the putative drivers identified as well as the work done to identify potentially dependent populations. These studies integrated genomic analysis and functional screens to provide a rationale for targeted therapies within defined populations. Personalizing treatments by identifying patients with oncogenic dependencies via genotyping and specifically targeting the responsible drivers may constitute a novel approach for the treatment of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Steinhardt
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Green TM, Young KH, Visco C, Xu-Monette ZY, Orazi A, Go RS, Nielsen O, Gadeberg OV, Mourits-Andersen T, Frederiksen M, Pedersen LM, Møller MB. Immunohistochemical double-hit score is a strong predictor of outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3460-7. [PMID: 22665537 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.41.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately 5% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are double-hit lymphomas (DHLs) with translocations of both MYC and BCL2. DHLs are characterized by poor outcome. We tested whether DLBCLs with high expression of MYC protein and BCL2 protein share the clinical features and poor prognosis of DHLs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded lymphoma samples from 193 patients with de novo DLBCL who were uniformly treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) were studied using immunohistochemistry for MYC, BCL2, CD10, BCL6, and MUM1/interferon regulatory factor 4, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for MYC and BCL2. RESULTS FISH analysis identified DHL in 6% of patients, who showed the expected poor overall survival (OS; P = .002). On the basis of immunohistochemical MYC and BCL2 expression, a double-hit score (DHS) was assigned to all patients with DLBCL. The DHS-2 group, defined by high expression of both MYC and BCL2 protein, comprised 29% of the patients. DHS 2 was significantly associated with lower complete response rate (P = .004), shorter OS (P < .001), and shorter progression-free survival (PFS; P < .001). The highly significant correlation with OS and PFS was maintained in multivariate models that controlled for the International Prognostic Index and the cell-of-origin subtype (OS, P < .001; PFS, P < .001). DHS was validated in an independent cohort of 116 patients who were treated with R-CHOP. CONCLUSION The immunohistochemical DHS defined a large subset of DLBCLs with double-hit biology and was strongly associated with poor outcome in patients treated with R-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Marie Green
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 15, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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117
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Di Lisio L, Sánchez-Beato M, Gómez-López G, Rodríguez ME, Montes-Moreno S, Mollejo M, Menárguez J, Martínez MA, Alves FJ, Pisano DG, Piris MA, Martínez N. MicroRNA signatures in B-cell lymphomas. Blood Cancer J 2012; 2:e57. [PMID: 22829247 PMCID: PMC3288280 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate lymphoma diagnosis, prognosis and therapy still require additional markers. We explore the potential relevance of microRNA (miRNA) expression in a large series that included all major B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) types. The data generated were also used to identify miRNAs differentially expressed in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) samples. A series of 147 NHL samples and 15 controls were hybridized on a human miRNA one-color platform containing probes for 470 human miRNAs. Each lymphoma type was compared against the entire set of NHLs. BL was also directly compared with DLBCL, and 43 preselected miRNAs were analyzed in a new series of routinely processed samples of 28 BLs and 43 DLBCLs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A signature of 128 miRNAs enabled the characterization of lymphoma neoplasms, reflecting the lymphoma type, cell of origin and/or discrete oncogene alterations. Comparative analysis of BL and DLBCL yielded 19 differentially expressed miRNAs, which were confirmed in a second confirmation series of 71 paraffin-embedded samples. The set of differentially expressed miRNAs found here expands the range of potential diagnostic markers for lymphoma diagnosis, especially when differential diagnosis of BL and DLBCL is required.
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118
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Abstract
The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are particularly prone to malignant transformation because the machinery used for antibody diversification can cause chromosomal translocations and oncogenic mutations. The advent of functional and structural genomics has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in lymphomagenesis. The signaling pathways that normal B cells utilize to sense antigens are frequently derailed in B cell malignancies, leading to constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways. These malignancies co-opt transcriptional regulatory systems that characterize their normal B cell counterparts and frequently alter epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. These mechanistic insights are ushering in an era of targeted therapies for these cancers based on the principles of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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119
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Akyurek N, Uner A, Benekli M, Barista I. Prognostic significance ofMYC,BCL2, andBCL6rearrangements in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone plus rituximab. Cancer 2011; 118:4173-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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120
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Schuetz JM, Johnson NA, Morin RD, Scott DW, Tan K, Ben-Nierah S, Boyle M, Slack GW, Marra MA, Connors JM, Brooks-Wilson AR, Gascoyne RD. BCL2 mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2011; 26:1383-90. [PMID: 22189900 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BCL2 is deregulated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by the t(14;18) translocation, gene amplification and/or nuclear factor-κB signaling. RNA-seq data have recently shown that BCL2 is the most highly mutated gene in germinal center B-cell (GCB) DLBCL. We have sequenced BCL2 in 298 primary DLBCL biopsies, 131 additional non-Hodgkin lymphoma biopsies, 24 DLBCL cell lines and 51 germline DNAs. We found frequent BCL2 mutations in follicular lymphoma (FL) and GCB DLBCL, but low levels of BCL2 mutations in activated B-cell DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic leukemia and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. We found no BCL2 mutations in GC centroblasts. Many mutations were non-synonymous; they were preferentially located in the flexible loop domain, with few in BCL2-homology domains. An elevated transition/transversions ratio supports that the mutations result from somatic hypermutation. BCL2 translocations correlate with, and are likely important in acquisition of, additional BCL2 mutations in GCB DLBCL and FL. DLBCL mutations were not independently associated with survival. Although previous studies of BCL2 mutations in FL have reported mutations to result in pseudo-negative BCL2 protein expression, we find this rare in de-novo DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schuetz
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, BC Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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121
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122
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Wilson WH, Jung SH, Porcu P, Hurd D, Johnson J, Martin SE, Czuczman M, Lai R, Said J, Chadburn A, Jones D, Dunleavy K, Canellos G, Zelenetz AD, Cheson BD, Hsi ED. A Cancer and Leukemia Group B multi-center study of DA-EPOCH-rituximab in untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with analysis of outcome by molecular subtype. Haematologica 2011; 97:758-65. [PMID: 22133772 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.056531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase II trial of dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) from the National Cancer Institute showed promising activity in untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B conducted a study to determine if these results could be reproduced in a multi-institutional setting. DESIGN AND METHODS The study included 69 patients with untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma at least 18 years of age and at least stage II. Radiaton therapy was not permitted on study. Median age was 58 years (range 23-83) and 40% had high-intermediate or high International Prognostic Index risk. Immunohistochemical biomarkers for cell of origin and proliferation were performed. RESULTS With a median follow up of 62 months, time to progression and overall survival were 81% and 84%, respectively, and time to progression was 87%, 92% and 54% for low/low-intermediate, high-intermediate and high International Prognostic Index risk groups, respectively, at 5-years and beyond. The time to progression and event-free survival of germinal center B-cell lymphoma were 100% and 94%, respectively, and non-germinal center B-cell GCB diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were 67% and 58%, respectively, at 62 months (germinal center vs. non-germinal center B cell P=0.008). DA-EPOCH-R was tolerated without significant grade 4 non-hematologic toxicities. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first confirmation by a multi-institutional group that DA-EPOCH-R provides high durable remissions in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and is effective in both germinal center and non-germinal center B-cell subtypes. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.Gov (NCT00032019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyndham H Wilson
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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123
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Tamura M, Takata K, Sato Y, Nakamura N, Kikuti YY, Ichimura K, Tanaka T, Tari A, Maeda Y, Tanimoto M, Okada H, Yoshino T. Germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the duodenum is associated with t(14;18) translocation. Pathol Int 2011; 61:742-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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124
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Iqbal J, Meyer PN, Smith LM, Johnson NA, Vose JM, Greiner TC, Connors JM, Staudt LM, Rimsza L, Jaffe E, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Delabie J, Campo E, Braziel RM, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Gascoyne RD, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC. BCL2 predicts survival in germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with CHOP-like therapy and rituximab. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7785-95. [PMID: 21933893 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown the prognostic significance of BCL2 expression in the activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) patients treated with cyclophosphamide-Adriamycin-vincristine-prednisone (CHOP) or CHOP-like therapy. However, after the inclusion of rituximab (R) in the CHOP regimen, several conflicting observations about the prognostic value of BCL2 expression have been reported. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated the R-CHOP cohort of 221 DLBCL cases with gene expression profiling data. BCL2 protein (n = 169), mRNA (n = 221) expression, and t(14;18) (n = 144) were correlated with clinical outcome. The CHOP cohort (n = 181) was used for comparative analysis. RESULTS BCL2 protein expression has significant impact on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in DLBCL (OS, P = 0.009; EFS, P = 0.001) and GCB-DLBCL (OS, P = 0.03; EFS, P = 0.002) but not in ABC-DLBCL in the R-CHOP cohort. The survival differences for EFS in GCB-DLBCL were still observed in multivariate analysis. At the mRNA level, this correlation was observed in EFS in DLBCL (P = 0.006), but only a trend was observed in GCB-DLBCL (P = 0.09). The t(14;18) was detected in 34% of GCB-DLBCL but was not associated with significant differences in survival. Gene enrichment analysis identified significant enrichment of the DLBCL "stromal-1" signatures and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1-α) signature in BCL2(-)GCB-DLBCL, whereas T(FH) cell signatures were enriched in BCL2(+)GCB-DLBCL. CONCLUSION The prognostic significance of BCL2 has changed after inclusion of rituximab in the treatment protocol and is observed in the GCB-DLBCL rather than the ABC-DLBCL. Although rituximab has benefited patients in both DLBCL subgroups, the BCL2(+)GCB-DLBCL seems to receive less benefit from this treatment and may require other novel therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Disease-Free Survival
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Prednisolone/administration & dosage
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Translocation, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Iqbal
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology/Oncology and College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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125
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Morin RD, Mendez-Lago M, Mungall AJ, Goya R, Mungall KL, Corbett R, Johnson NA, Severson TM, Chiu R, Field M, Jackman S, Krzywinski M, Scott DW, Trinh DL, Tamura-Wells J, Li S, Firme M, Rogic S, Griffith M, Chan S, Yakovenko O, Meyer IM, Zhao EY, Smailus D, Moksa M, Chittaranjan S, Rimsza L, Brooks-Wilson A, Spinelli JJ, Ben-Neriah S, Meissner B, Woolcock B, Boyle M, McDonald H, Tam A, Zhao Y, Delaney A, Zeng T, Tse K, Butterfield Y, Birol I, Holt R, Schein J, Horsman DE, Moore R, Jones SJ, Connors JM, Hirst M, Gascoyne RD, Marra MA. Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nature 2011; 476:298-303. [PMID: 21796119 PMCID: PMC3210554 DOI: 10.1038/nature10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the two most common non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Here we sequenced tumour and matched normal DNA from 13 DLBCL cases and one FL case to identify genes with mutations in B-cell NHL. We analysed RNA-seq data from these and another 113 NHLs to identify genes with candidate mutations, and then re-sequenced tumour and matched normal DNA from these cases to confirm 109 genes with multiple somatic mutations. Genes with roles in histone modification were frequent targets of somatic mutation. For example, 32% of DLBCL and 89% of FL cases had somatic mutations in MLL2, which encodes a histone methyltransferase, and 11.4% and 13.4% of DLBCL and FL cases, respectively, had mutations in MEF2B, a calcium-regulated gene that cooperates with CREBBP and EP300 in acetylating histones. Our analysis suggests a previously unappreciated disruption of chromatin biology in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Morin
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Goya
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | - Richard Corbett
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Readman Chiu
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Matthew Field
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Shaun Jackman
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Diane L. Trinh
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | - Sa Li
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Marlo Firme
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Sanja Rogic
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | - Susanna Chan
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Eric Y. Zhao
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Duane Smailus
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | - Lisa Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University
| | - John J. Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen McDonald
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Angela Tam
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Allen Delaney
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Thomas Zeng
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Kane Tse
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | - Inanc Birol
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Rob Holt
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Richard Moore
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | | | | | - Martin Hirst
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia
| | - Marco A. Marra
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
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126
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Sasaki N, Kuroda J, Nagoshi H, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi S, Tsutsumi Y, Kobayashi T, Shimura Y, Matsumoto Y, Taki T, Nishida K, Horiike S, Akao Y, Taniwaki M. Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both could be a more effective treatment strategy for B-cell lymphoma with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:817-28.e1. [PMID: 21640157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prognosis for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2 remains dismal; there is an urgent need to clarify the significance of these two oncogenes as therapeutic targets for a more effective treatment strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established two novel cell lines, KPUM-MS3 and KPUM-UH1, from two chemoresistant patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2, and investigated the significance of c-Myc and Bcl-2 as therapeutic targets. RESULTS KPUM-MS3 possesses t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation and KPUM-UH1 bcl-2 gene amplification, both of which account for Bcl-2 overexpression. Chromosomal translocation t(8;14)(q24;q34) was found to coexist only in KPUM-UH1, overexpression of pvt-1 messenger RNA was detected only in KPUM-MS3, and reduced expression of miR-143 and miR-145 was identified in both. Working together, these abnormalities can contribute to c-Myc overexpression. Using ABT-263, an inhibitor for Bcl-2, and 10058-F4, an inhibitor for c-Myc, we found that both cell lines were more highly sensitive to cell death as a result of Bcl-2 inhibition than of c-Myc inhibition. When combined with genotoxic agents, ABT-263 exerted additive and/or synergistic cell-killing effects, while 10058-F4 showed, at most, a modest combinatory effect. Importantly, the combination of ABT-263 and 10058-F4 had a synergistic cell-killing effect on both cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both Bcl-2 and c-Myc would be an even more effective treatment strategy for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectral Karyotyping
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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127
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Williams P, Galipeau J. GM-CSF–Based Fusion Cytokines as Ligands for Immune Modulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5527-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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128
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Jaffe ES, Pittaluga S. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas: a review of new and old entities in the WHO classification. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2011; 2011:506-514. [PMID: 22160082 PMCID: PMC6329301 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive B-cell lymphomas are clinically and pathologically diverse and reflect multiple pathways of transformation. The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification reflects this complexity with the addition of several new entities and variants. Whereas MYC translocations have long been associated with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), deregulation of MYC has been shown to occur in other aggressive B-cell lymphomas, most often as a secondary event. Lymphomas with translocations of both MYC and BCL2 are highly aggressive tumors, with a high failure rate with most treatment protocols. These "double-hit" lymphomas are now separately delineated in the WHO classification as B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and BL. A MYC translocation is also found uncommonly in DLBCL, but the clinical consequences of this in the absence of a double hit are not yet fully delineated. Most recently, MYC translocations have been identified as a common secondary event in plasma cell neoplasms, seen in approximately 50% of plasmablastic lymphoma. Another area that has received recent attention is the spectrum of EBV-driven B-cell proliferations in patients without iatrogenic or congenital immunosuppression; most of these occur in patients of advanced age and include the EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Jaffe
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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129
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Yanai S, Nakamura S, Takeshita M, Fujita K, Hirahashi M, Kawasaki K, Kurahara K, Sakai Y, Matsumoto T. Translocation t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 in gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: correlation with clinicopathologic features in 48 patients. Cancer 2010; 117:2467-77. [PMID: 24048795 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) and the BCL2 gene (t[14;18][q32;q21]/IGH-BCL2) is present in 60% to 90% of nodal follicular lymphomas. To the authors' knowledge, the prevalence and clinical significance of this translocation have not been examined previously in gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas. METHODS Clinicopathologic and molecular features were investigated in 48 patients who had gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma. The site of involvement was the duodenum in 54% of patients, the jejunum in 52%, the ileum in 52%, the stomach in 29%, and the colorectum in 15%. The presence of the t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 translocation was detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Treatment modalities included surgical resection (n = 16), rituximab plus chemotherapy (n = 13), rituximab alone (n = 6), antibiotics (n = 5), and watchful waiting (n = 8). Complete remission (CR) of lymphoma was achieved in 31 patients (65%). The overall survival and event-free survival rates after 5 years were 93% and 68%, respectively. The t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 was detected in 39 patients (81%). The involvement of multiple sites (69% vs 0%), manifestation of the lymphomatous polyposis type (72% vs 22%), and histologic grade 1 or 2 tumors (92% vs 56%) were more frequent in the t(14;18)-positive group than in the negative group. In addition, the CR rate was lower in the t(14;18)-positive group than in the negative group (56% vs 100%; P = .0179), and a trend was observed toward poorer event-free survival in the positive group (P = .089). CONCLUSIONS The t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 chromosomal translocation occurred frequently in gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas. The current results indicated that this translocation may be a predictor of an adverse clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Yanai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Mandelbaum J, Bhagat G, Tang H, Mo T, Brahmachary M, Shen Q, Chadburn A, Rajewsky K, Tarakhovsky A, Pasqualucci L, Dalla-Favera R. BLIMP1 is a tumor suppressor gene frequently disrupted in activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Cancer Cell 2010; 18:568-79. [PMID: 21156281 PMCID: PMC3030476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease composed of at least two distinct subtypes: germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and activated B cell-like (ABC) DLBCL. These phenotypic subtypes segregate with largely unique genetic lesions, suggesting the involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms. In this report we show that the BLIMP1/PRDM1 gene is inactivated by multiple mechanisms, including homozygous deletions, truncating or missense mutations, and transcriptional repression by constitutively active BCL6, in ∼53% of ABC-DLBCL. In vivo, conditional deletion of Blimp1 in mouse B cells promotes the development of lymphoproliferative disorders recapitulating critical features of the human ABC-DLBCL. These results demonstrate that BLIMP1 is a bona fide tumor-suppressor gene whose loss contributes to lymphomagenesis by blocking plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mandelbaum
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongyan Tang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tongwei Mo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Manisha Brahmachary
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qiong Shen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York. NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ;
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ;
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131
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Wilson WH, O'Connor OA, Czuczman MS, LaCasce AS, Gerecitano JF, Leonard JP, Tulpule A, Dunleavy K, Xiong H, Chiu YL, Cui Y, Busman T, Elmore SW, Rosenberg SH, Krivoshik AP, Enschede SH, Humerickhouse RA. Navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity inhibitor of BCL-2, in lymphoid malignancies: a phase 1 dose-escalation study of safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumour activity. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:1149-59. [PMID: 21094089 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the BCL-2 family regulate clonal selection and survival of lymphocytes, and are frequently overexpressed in lymphomas. Navitoclax is a targeted high-affinity small molecule that inhibits the anti-apoptotic activity of BCL-2 and BCL-XL. We aimed to assess the safety and antitumour activity of navitoclax in patients with lymphoid tumours, and establish the drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. METHODS In this phase 1 dose-escalation study, patients (aged ≥18 years) with relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies were enrolled and treated at seven sites in the USA between November, 2006, and November, 2009. A modified Fibonacci 3+3 design was used to assign patients to receive oral navitoclax once daily by one of two dosing schedules: intermittently for the first 14 days of a 21-day cycle (14/21) at doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 110, 160, 225, 315, or 440 mg/day; or continuously for 21 days of a 21-day cycle (21/21) at doses of 200, 275, 325, or 425 mg/day. Study endpoints were safety, maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects on platelets and T cells, and antitumour activity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00406809. FINDINGS 55 patients were enrolled (median age 59 years, IQR 51-67), 38 to receive the 14/21 dosing schedule, and 17 to receive the 21/21 dosing schedule. Common toxic effects included grade 1 or 2 anaemia (41 patients), infection (39), diarrhoea (31), nausea (29), and fatigue (21); and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (29), lymphocytopenia (18), and neutropenia (18). On the intermittent 14/21 schedule, dose-limiting toxic effects were hospital admissions for bronchitis (one) and pleural effusion (one), grade 3 increase in aminotransferases (one), grade 4 thrombocytopenia (one), and grade 3 cardiac arrhythmia (one). To reduce platelet nadir associated with intermittent 14/21 dosing, we assessed a 150 mg/day lead-in dose followed by a continuous 21/21 dosing schedule. On the 21/21 dosing schedule, two patients did not complete the first cycle and were excluded from assessment of dose-limiting toxic effects; dose-limiting toxic effects were grade 4 thrombocytopenia (one), grade 3 increase in aminotransferases (one), and grade 3 gastrointestinal bleeding (one). Navitoclax showed a pharmacodynamic effect on circulating platelets and T cells. Clinical responses occurred across the range of doses and in several tumour types. Ten of 46 patients with assessable disease had a partial response, and these responders had median progression-free survival of 455 days (IQR 40-218). INTERPRETATION Navitoclax has a novel mechanism of peripheral thrombocytopenia and T-cell lymphopenia, attributable to high-affinity inhibition of BCL-XL and BCL-2, respectively. On the basis of these findings, a 150 mg 7-day lead-in dose followed by a 325 mg dose administered on a continuous 21/21 dosing schedule was selected for phase 2 study. FUNDING Abbott Laboratories, Genentech, and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyndham H Wilson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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132
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A study on nm23-H1 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was treated with CyclOBEAP plus rituximab therapy. Ann Hematol 2010; 90:185-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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133
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Durnick DK, Law ME, Maurer MJ, Natkunam Y, Levy R, Lossos IS, Kurtin PJ, McPhail ED. Expression of LMO2 is associated with t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 fusion but not BCL6 translocations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:278-81. [PMID: 20660332 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpatup1d0hgcug] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be separated for prognostic purposes using gene expression profiling (GEP) into 2 subgroups: germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell phenotypes. However, GEP is impractical for routine clinical use, and immunophenotyping is an imperfect surrogate. Therefore, we studied the relationship between expression of the purported germinal center marker LMO2 and the presence of IGH-BCL2 fusions, BCL6 translocations, and LMO2 translocations. In addition, we investigated the usefulness of LMO2 expression as a marker of GCB subtype in DLBCL. Immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies were successfully performed on 101 cases of de novo DLBCL that had been incorporated into a tissue microarray. There was a statistically significant association between IGH-BCL2 fusion and LMO2 protein expression (P = .02) but not between BCL6 translocations and LMO2 expression. LMO2 translocations were not identified. Although uncommon, all cases that had both IGH-BCL2 fusion and BCL6 translocations expressed LMO2. The findings suggest LMO2 as a potential marker for the GCB phenotype.
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134
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostics for lymphoid malignancies has undergone substantial technical evolution during the past two decades, moving from labor-intensive investigations of individual abnormalities to high-throughput genome-wide analyses. Accordingly, its role has expanded to new fields such as monitoring of minimal residual disease and, more recently, outcome prediction in specific lymphoma subtypes. One novel technology that has had a major impact on the molecular diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies is gene expression profiling by DNA microarrays. It has provided robust and distinct molecular signatures for the most common types of lymphomas and has identified novel subsets that would not be identified by conventional methods. It also has led to the construction of molecularly defined prognostic models in these lymphoma subtypes and to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. This development will undoubtedly transform diagnostic medicine in the near future and lead us into an era when tumor diagnosis will incorporate the information of critical molecular abnormalities that will have significant impact on disease outcome in each individual tumor sample. Future treatments are likely to be founded on effective, individualized, and mechanism-based therapies with the least toxicity.
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135
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Chan WJC. Pathogenesis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:219-30. [PMID: 20582737 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial additional insight has been obtained in the past decade regarding the pathogenesis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Distinct subtypes of DLBCL have been defined by gene expression profiling (GEP) and they differ not only in GE profiles but also in the pattern of genetic abnormalities. The ability to correlate corresponding genetic and GEP data markedly facilitates the identification of target genes in regions with copy number abnormalities. Oncogenic pathways are often differentially activated in these different subtypes of DLBCL, suggesting that therapy should be targeted according to these differences. The tumor microenvironment plays a significant role in determining outcome and may be a novel target for therapy. The role of microRNA in lymphomagenesis is increasingly being recognized and mutation of key genes has been demonstrated to drive the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway and B cell receptor signaling. The pace of discovery will be even more rapid in the near future with the convergence of data from multiple complementary genome-wide studies and technological innovations including the rapid advance in the technology of high-throughput sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing John C Chan
- Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Leukemia and Lymphoma Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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136
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with CDKN2A deletion have a distinct gene expression signature and a poor prognosis under R-CHOP treatment: a GELA study. Blood 2010; 116:1092-104. [PMID: 20435884 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-247122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic alterations play a crucial role in the development and progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). We determined gene copy number alterations (GCNAs) of TP53, CDKN2A, CDKN1B, BCL2, MYC, REL, and RB1 with a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (quantitative multiplex PCR of short fragments [QMPSF]) in a cohort of 114 patients with DLBCL to assess their prognostic value and relationship with the gene expression profile. Losses of TP53 and CDKN2A, observed in 8% and 35% of patients, respectively, were significantly associated with a shorter survival after rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) treatment, independently of the International Prognostic Index and of the cell of origin. Analysis of the 9p21 genomic region indicated that transcripts encoding p14ARF and p16INK4A were both disrupted in most patients with CDKN2A deletion. These patients predominantly had an activated B-cell profile and showed a specific gene expression signature, characterized by dysregulation of the RB/E2F pathway, activation of cellular metabolism, and decreased immune and inflammatory responses. These features may constitute the molecular basis sustaining the unfavorable outcome and chemoresistance of this DLBCL subgroup. Detection of TP53 and CDKN2A loss by QMPSF is a powerful tool that could be used for patient stratification in future clinical trials.
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137
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Chen Y, Han T, Iqbal J, Irons R, Chan WC, Zhu X, Fu K. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Chinese patients: immunophenotypic and cytogenetic analyses of 124 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133:305-13. [PMID: 20093241 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp4h6adgydzmoa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), BCL2 expression usually correlates with the t(14;18) (q32;q21) in germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype and with gain/amplification of chromosome 18q21 in the activated B cell-like subtype. Studies have suggested that the GCB subtype is less common in Chinese than in Western populations. We studied 124 Chinese DLBCL cases using immunohistochemical, conventional cytogenetics, and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. A cohort of 114 well-characterized DLBCL cases from Western populations was also analyzed for comparison. Lower incidences of the GCB subtype (P = .0001) and the t(14;18) translocation (P = .0001) were present in Chinese cases. However, BCL2 overexpression was more frequent in Chinese compared with Western cases (P = .0054). BCL2 expression was associated with gain of chromosome 18/18q in the Chinese and Western cohorts. More interestingly, BCL2 expression was associated with gain of chromosome 3/3q in Chinese DLBCL cases, whereas this association was less significant in Western cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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138
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Fernberg P, Chang ET, Duvefelt K, Hjalgrim H, Eloranta S, Sørensen KM, Porwit A, Humphreys K, Melbye M, Ekström Smedby K. Genetic variation in chromosomal translocation breakpoint and immune function genes and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:759-69. [PMID: 20087644 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Fernberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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139
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Hallack Neto AE, Siqueira SAC, Dulley FL, Chauobah A, Belesso M, Saboia R, Ruiz MA, Chamone DAF, Pereira J. Bcl-2 protein frequency in patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. SAO PAULO MED J 2010; 128:14-7. [PMID: 20512275 PMCID: PMC10936133 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802010000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Gene expression and immunohistochemical profiling of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have revealed important prognostic subgroups: germinal center B-cell-like (GCB-like) DLBCL and activated B cell-like (ABC-like) DLBCL. Although few reports on high-risk DLBCL are available, the prognosis for the GCB-like subgroup has been shown to be better than that of the ABC-like subgroup. The role of Bcl-2 as a predictor of survival in DLBCL cases is unclear and its expression varies between the two subgroups of DLBCL. In this study, we analyzed the frequency and prognostic impact of Bcl-2 protein expression in high-risk DLBCL cases. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study among DLBCL patients treated at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). METHODS The prognostic impact of the expression of the proteins CD10, Bcl-6, MUM1 (multiple myeloma oncogene-1) and Bcl-2 on high-risk DLBCL cases was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry. Seventy-three patients aged 18-60 years were evaluated for all these markers. RESULTS Twenty-four cases (32.9%) were GCB-like and 49 (67.1%) were ABC-like, with no difference regarding complete remission, disease-free survival or overall survival rates. Twenty-seven patients (37%) showed Bcl-2 expression, which was the only independent factor predicting a worse prognosis for overall survival according to multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Bcl-2 protein was expressed in 37% of the high-risk DLBCL patients, without any difference between the ABC-like DLBCL and GCB-like DLBCL cases.
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Abstract
Non-Hodgkin (NHL) and Hodgkin (HL) lymphomas are represented prominently in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. These diseases represent 11% of total cancer diagnoses in children, 4% in those 40 years of age and older, and 13% in AYA (aged 15-39 years). Although age-adjusted incidence rates of NHL increase with age, the more aggressive lymphomas are seen more commonly in the younger population with a transition to low-grade, indolent subtypes as the population ages. Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma make up the most common subtypes in the AYA population, although within the subgroup age 30-39 years, follicular lymphoma becomes more prominent. As a result, much of the armamentarium in the treatment of aggressive NHL and HL in adults is based on data from pediatric clinical trials. There are obvious limitations to this approach. It is vital that we gain a more thorough understanding of the biology and therapeutic responsiveness of NHL and HL in the AYA population. Thus, we must leverage the large prospective and retrospective trials that have been completed to date and redirect our approaches to cancer care in this unique population. We review the epidemiological data on NHL and HL from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries as a cornerstone for a comparative analysis of therapeutic outcomes available in this population.
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Sakai T, Nishikori M, Tashima M, Yamamoto R, Kitawaki T, Takaori-Kondo A, Suzuki T, Tsuzuki S, Uchiyama T. Distinctive cell properties of B cells carrying the BCL2 translocation and their potential roles in the development of lymphoma of germinal center type. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2361-7. [PMID: 19780757 PMCID: PMC11159751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL2/IGH translocation is a hallmark of follicular lymphoma and germinal center B-cell type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Although a strong determinant of these histological subtypes, this translocation is insufficient by itself for lymphomagenesis, so that other genetic alterations are required. To clarify how the BCL2 translocation contributes to the development of specific lymphoma subtypes, we used chimeric mouse models and a bone marrow transplantation system to examine the biological features of BCL2-overexpressing B cells. These cells showed a cell-autonomous differentiation preference for follicular B cells. Their cell cycle progression was enhanced in wild-type but not in Emu-BCL2 transgenic mice, indicating that the low proliferative activity of B cells in Emu-BCL2 transgenic mice is partly due to their specific microenvironment, which is caused by the abnormal B cells themselves. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that Emu-BCL2(+) B cells have reduced responsiveness to terminal differentiation stimulation. According to these results, we hypothesize that B cells that have undergone BCL2/IGH translocation might possibly be forced to localize in follicles, and accumulate genetic abnormalities by being subjected to recurrent stimulation. Our findings lead us to propose that B cells carrying the BCL2/IGH translocation comprise a distinctive cell population that leads to the development of germinal center B-cell type lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sakai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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142
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Copie-Bergman C, Gaulard P, Leroy K, Briere J, Baia M, Jais JP, Salles GA, Berger F, Haioun C, Tilly H, Emile JF, Banham AH, Mounier N, Gisselbrecht C, Feugier P, Coiffier B, Molina TJ. Immuno–Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Index Predicts Survival in Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With R-CHOP: A GELA Study. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5573-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the prognostic value of cell of origin immunohistochemical markers and BCL2, BCL6, and c-MYC translocations in a homogeneous cohort of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Patients and Methods Patients with CD20+ DLBCL were enrolled in the randomized LNH98-5 and 01-5B Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte trials. Paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 119 patients treated with R-CHOP were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD10, BCL6, MUM1/IRF4, LMO2, and forkhead box protein P1 (FOXP1) expression and for BCL2, BCL6, and c-MYC breakpoints by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on tissue microarray. Results LMO2 expression and BCL2 breakpoint were associated with the germinal center (GC) subtype defined by Hans' algorithm, respectively (P < .0001; P = .0002) whereas FOXP1 expression and BCL6 breakpoint were associated with the non-germinal center (non-GC) subtype (P = .008 and P = .0001, respectively). The immunohistochemical markers analyzed independently, GC/non-GC phenotype and BCL2 breakpoint did not predict overall survival (OS). BCL6 breakpoint was significantly associated with an unfavorable impact on OS (P = .04). Interestingly, an immunoFISH index, defined by positivity for at least two of three non-GC markers (FOXP1, MUM1/IRF4, BCL6 breakpoint) was significantly associated with a shorter 5-year OS rate (44%; 95% CI, 28 to 60 v 78%; 95% CI, 59 to 89; P = .01) which was independent (P = .04) of the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (P = .04) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that combining immunohistochemistry with FISH allows construction of an immunoFISH index that significantly predicts survival in elderly DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Copie-Bergman
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Karen Leroy
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Josette Briere
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Maryse Baia
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Gilles A. Salles
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Françoise Berger
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Corinne Haioun
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Herve Tilly
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Jean-François Emile
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Alison H. Banham
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Nicolas Mounier
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Christian Gisselbrecht
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Pierre Feugier
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Bertrand Coiffier
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
| | - Thierry J. Molina
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale; Université Paris 12, Faculté de médecine, Créteil; Université Paris Diderot and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker; Université Paris Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu,
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143
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Raoux D, Duband S, Forest F, Trombert B, Chambonnière ML, Dumollard JM, Khaddage A, Gentil-Perret A, Péoc'h M. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: immunohistochemical profile and prognostic significance. Neuropathology 2009; 30:232-40. [PMID: 19925562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with extranodal location affecting only the CNS, meninges and eye, without visceral or lymph node involvement. Its incidence has increased sharply over the past three decades, especially in immunocompetent subjects. Most PCNSL cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). However, it differs from nodal DLBCL in that it has a worse prognosis. DLBCLs are a heterogeneous entity and according to new genomic discoveries, classifications into prognostic subgroups have been embarked upon. Two prognostic algorithms were then prepared using a panel of immunohistochemical markers (CD10, Bcl6, MUM1/IRF-4, and Bcl2), thus categorizing DLBCL into two subgroups, GCB (germinal centre B-cell-like) or non-GCB, and into Group 1 or Group 2. Our goal is to apply both of these two sub-classifications to 39 PCNSLs, in order to assess their usefulness and prognostic relevance. 74.3% of our PCNSLs were of a non-GCB phenotype, corresponding to an activated postgerminal origin. They were evenly distributed across G1 and G2. Two- and 5-year overall survival rates were 34.8% and 19.6%, respectively. Younger age (<65) and a therapeutic combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy significantly improved our patients' survival rates. The other clinical or biological markers tested had no prognostic impact. The two classifications did not reveal any significant survival difference. The recent discovery of a specific "transcriptional signature" of PCNSL, marking them out of DLBCL could account for the irrelevance of such prognostic classifications to PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Raoux
- Department of Pathology, Centre, Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne 42055 Cedex 2, France
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144
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Abstract
Retinal lymphoma, the most common form of intraocular lymphoma, is a high-grade malignancy, usually of B-cell type, and is associated with a poor prognosis because of frequent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. The neoplastic B-cells of retinal lymphoma have a characteristic morphology and immunophenotype, express certain chemokines and chemokine receptors, and produce interleukins (IL), e.g. IL-10. Together with the cytological features of these tumors, the immunophenotype, presence of immunoglobulin rearrangements, and biochemical profile aid the diagnosis of retinal lymphomas. Immunophenotyping and somatic mutation analysis suggest derivation of most retinal lymphomas from an early post-germinal centre B-cell. Chromosomal translocation data would suggest, however, that a subgroup of these neoplasms may arise from germinal centre B-cells, and these could be associated with a better prognosis. Further investigations, such as gene expression profiling, are required to identify oncogenic pathways potentially involved in retinal lymphoma development, and to identify new prognostic/therapeutic markers for this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
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145
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Obermann EC, Csato M, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. BCL2 gene aberration as an IPI-independent marker for poor outcome in non-germinal-centre diffuse large B cell lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62:903-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.066597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim:Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in the western hemisphere, and is characterised by a highly variable outcome that impedes individual risk assessment. Lacking reliable biomarkers, the international prognostic index (IPI) has been the most reliable factor to predict survival and stratify patients for therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and potential prognostic role of BCL2 aberrations on the chromosomal level and the protein level in a large DLBCL collective.Methods:Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with commercially available dual-colour break-apart probes and immunohistochemistry were used to assess BCL2 gene abnormalities and bcl2 protein expression on validated tissue microarrays containing 224 well-characterised cases of primary DLBCL.Results:FISH analysis of BCL2 revealed a break in 40/215 cases (19%) and a gain in 66/171 (39%) cases. Only BCL2 gains correlated with bcl2 protein expression (p = 0.001). Presence of any BCL2 gene abnormality, particularly gains, correlated independently of the IPI with a significantly worse prognosis in DLBCL of non-germinal centre (non-GC) phenotype as opposed to DLBCL of non-GC type without this genetic alteration (p = 0.003). DLBCL of germinal centre phenotype did not show this association.Conclusions:Cases of DLBCL of the non-GC type with BCL2 gene aberration are accompanied by a significantly worse prognosis as opposed to cases without such gene abnormalities. It may be helpful to asses BCL2 gene abnormalities by FISH in addition to assessing established parameters for individual risk estimation in DLBCL.
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146
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Alacacioglu I, Ozcan MA, Ozkal S, Piskin O, Turgut N, Demirkan F, Ozsan GH, Kargi A, Undar B. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:84-9. [PMID: 19298719 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x385205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the clinical significance of immunoperoxidase staining for CD10, bcl-6, mum-1 and bcl-2 to subdivide DLBCL into prognostic subgroups, we analysed 50 DLBCL cases using immunohistochemical methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty DLBCL patients were evaluated retrospectively. The expression of CD10 was associated with better OS (p=0.04) whereas expression of mum-1 was associated with worse OS (p=0.009). There were no significance of OS in case of expression of bcl-6 (p=0.05) and bcl-2 (p=0.3). They were subclassified using CD10, mum-1, bcl-6 as germinal center B-cell like (GCB) lymphoma (30%) and non-GCB lymphoma (70%). The OS and EFS (event free survival) were longer in GCB group (p=0.002) and 5-year OS for GCB group was 92% compared with only 44% for the non-GCB group (p=0.02). The OS of the GCB group also was longer compared to that of the non-GCB group in low IPI subgroup (p=0.01). CONCLUSION The existence of survival differences between GCB a non-GCB group also in the patients with low IPI score, showed the importance of prognostic classification in the risk-adaptive treatment approaches. The classification as GCB and non-GCB based immunostains may enable to define more accurate prognostic groups in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Alacacioglu
- Division of Hematology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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147
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Alizadeh AA, Lossos IS. Double trouble in follicular lymphoma: A rare and unusual synergy of oncogenes in the germinal center. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:377-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190801947542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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148
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Chang CM, Schroeder JC, Huang WY, Dunphy CH, Baric RS, Olshan AF, Dorsey KC, Dent GA, Cerhan JR, Lynch CF, Rothman N, Cantor KP, Blair A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes defined by common translocations: utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a case-control study. Leuk Res 2009; 34:190-5. [PMID: 19505720 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to identify t(14;18) translocations in archival paraffin-embedded tumor sections from non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases enrolled in a population-based study. t(14;18) was identified in 54% of 152 cases, including 39% of diffuse large cell lymphomas (26 of 66 cases) and 84% of follicular lymphomas (36 of 43 cases). Eighty-seven percent of t(14;18)-positive cases and 57% of t(14;18)-negative cases expressed bcl-2. FISH assays detected twice as many t(14;18)-positive follicular lymphomas as PCR assays. Overall, study findings support the use of FISH assays to detect t(14;18) in archival tumor samples for epidemiologic studies of NHL subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/standards
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/classification
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd., EPS 7074, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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149
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Tibiletti MG, Martin V, Bernasconi B, Del Curto B, Pecciarini L, Uccella S, Pruneri G, Ponzoni M, Mazzucchelli L, Martinelli G, Ferreri AJ, Pinotti G, Assanelli A, Scandurra M, Doglioni C, Zucca E, Capella C, Bertoni F. BCL2, BCL6, MYC, MALT 1, and BCL10 rearrangements in nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: a multicenter evaluation of a new set of fluorescent in situ hybridization probes and correlation with clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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150
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The BCL6 transcriptional program features repression of multiple oncogenes in primary B cells and is deregulated in DLBCL. Blood 2009; 113:5536-48. [PMID: 19307668 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-193037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL6 transcriptional repressor is required for development of germinal center (GC) B cells and when expressed constitutively causes diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). We examined genome-wide BCL6 promoter binding in GC B cells versus DLBCLs to better understand its function in these settings. BCL6 bound to both distinct and common sets of functionally related gene in normal GC cells versus DLBCL cells. Certain BCL6 target genes were preferentially repressed in GC B cells, but not DLBCL cells. Several such genes have prominent oncogenic functions, such as BCL2, MYC, BMI1, EIF4E, JUNB, and CCND1. BCL6 and BCL2 expression was negatively correlated in primary DLBCLs except in the presence of BCL2 translocations. The specific BCL6 inhibitor retro-inverso BCL6 peptidomimetic inhibitor-induced expression of BCL2 and other oncogenes, consistent with direct repression effects by BCL6. These data are consistent with a model whereby BCL6 can directly silence oncogenes in GC B cells and counterbalance its own tumorigenic potential. Finally, a BCL6 consensus sequence and binding sites for other physiologically relevant transcription factors were highly enriched among target genes and distributed in a pathway-dependent manner, suggesting that BCL6 forms specific regulatory circuits with other B-cell transcriptional factors.
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