101
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Hoffman L, Pratt G, Rechsteiner M. Multiple forms of the 20 S multicatalytic and the 26 S ubiquitin/ATP-dependent proteases from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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102
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Purification and initial characterization of the proteasome from the higher plant Spinacia oleracea. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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103
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Shimbara N, Orino E, Sone S, Ogura T, Takashina M, Shono M, Tamura T, Yasuda H, Tanaka K, Ichihara A. Regulation of gene expression of proteasomes (multi-protease complexes) during growth and differentiation of human hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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104
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Nothwang HG, Coux O, Bey F, Scherrer K. Prosomes and their multicatalytic proteinase activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 207:621-30. [PMID: 1633813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prosomes were first described as being mRNA-associated RNP (ribonucleoprotein) particles and subcomponents of repressed mRNPs (messenger ribonucleoprotein). We show here that prosomes isolated from translationally inactive mRNP have a protease activity identical to that described by others for the multicatalytic proteinase complex (MCP, 'proteasome'). By RNase or non-ionic detergent treatment, the MCP activity associated with repressed non-globin mRNP from avian erythroblasts, sedimenting at 35 S, could be quantitatively shifted on sucrose gradients to the 19-S sedimentation zone characteristic of prosomes, which were identified by monoclonal antibodies. The presence of small RNA in the enzymatic complex was shown by immunoprecipitation of the protease activity out of dissociated mRNP using a mixture of anti-prosome monoclonal antibodies; a set of small RNAs 80-120 nucleotides long was isolated from the immunoprecipitate. Furthermore, on CsCl gradients, colocalisation of the MCP activity with prosomal proteins and prosomal RNA was found, and no difference in the prosomal RNA pattern was observed whether the particles were fixed or not prior to centrifugation. These data indicate that the MCP activity is a property of prosomes, shown to be in part RNP and subcomplexes of in vivo untranslated mRNP. A hypothesis for the role of the prosome-MCP particles in maintaining homeostasis of specific protein levels is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Nothwang
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris 7, France
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105
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Kanayama HO, Tamura T, Ugai S, Kagawa S, Tanahashi N, Yoshimura T, Tanaka K, Ichihara A. Demonstration that a human 26S proteolytic complex consists of a proteasome and multiple associated protein components and hydrolyzes ATP and ubiquitin-ligated proteins by closely linked mechanisms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 206:567-78. [PMID: 1317798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is known that two types of high-molecular-mass protease complexes are present in the cytosol of mammalian cells; a 20S latent multicatalytic proteinase named the proteasome, and a large proteolytic complex with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 26S that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakdown of proteins conjugated with ubiquitin. In this work, we first demonstrated that a low concentration of SDS was required for activation of the latent proteasome, whereas the 26S complex degraded substrates for proteasomes in the absence of SDS. Moreover, the 26S complex was greatly stabilized in the presence of 2 mM ATP and 20% glycerol. Based on these characteristics, we next devised a novel procedure for purification of the 26S proteolytic complexes from human kidney. In this procedure, the proteolytic complexes were precipitated from cytoplasmic extracts by ultracentrifugation for 5 h at 105000 x g, and the large 26S complexes were clearly separated from the 20S proteasomes by molecular-sieve chromatography on a Biogel A-1.5 m column. The 26S enzyme was then purified to apparent homogeneity by successive chromatographies on hydroxyapatite and Q Sepharose, then by glycerol density-gradient centrifugation. Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses showed that the purified human 26S complex consisted of multiple subunits of proteasomes with molecular masses of 21-31 kDa and 13-15 protein components ranging in molecular mass over 35-110 kDa, which were directly associated with the proteasome. The purified 26S proteolytic complex degraded 125I-labeled lysozyme-ubiquitin conjugates in an ATP-dependent manner. The 26S enzyme also showed high ATPase activity, which was copurified with the complex. Vanadate and hemin strongly inhibited not only ATP cleavage, but also ATP-dependent breakdown of ubiquitinligated proteins, suggesting that the 26S complex hydrolyzes ATP and ubiquitinated proteins by closely linked mechanisms. These findings indicate that the 26S complex consists of a proteasome with proteolytic function and multiple other components including an ATPase that regulates energy-dependent, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Kanayama
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan
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106
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Strack PR, Wajnberg EF, Waxman L, Fagan JM. Comparison of the multicatalytic proteinases isolated from the nucleus and cytoplasm of chicken red blood cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:887-95. [PMID: 1612179 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90093-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Two chromatographically distinct multicatalytic proteinases (MCP's) were isolated from the cytoplasm of chicken red blood cells and one MCP was purified from the nuclei. 2. The nuclear and the majority (97-99%) of the cytoplasmic multicatalytic proteolytic activity were chromatographically similar and differed from the minor cytoplasmic activity in their elution from hydroxylapatite, number of subunits on 2D-SDS-PAGE, and in their sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors. 3. Dichloroisocoumarin, a serine proteinase inhibitor, inhibited the hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptides but stimulated the degradation of casein by the multicatalytic proteinases suggesting that this enzyme has distinct active sites for protein and peptide hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Strack
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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107
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Busconi L, Folco EJ, Studdert C, Sanchez JJ. Purification and characterization of a latent form of multicatalytic proteinase from fish muscle. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 102:303-9. [PMID: 1617938 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90126-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. A latent form of multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) was purified to apparent homogeneity from white croaker muscle by DEAE-Sephacel, Mono-Q, Sephacryl S-300 and second Mono-Q chromatographies. 2. The enzyme preparation was electrophoretically and immunologically similar to MCP purified from the same source by a different method (Folco et al., 1988b, Archs Biochem. Biophys. 267, 599-605) but showed much lower chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like activities. 3. These activities responded to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), urea and heat treatments in different ways: SDS stimulated both activities, urea stimulated the former and inhibited the latter and heating stimulated the former and did not affect the latter. 4. The stimulation of chymotrypsin-like activity by the three treatments was irreversible. 5. Exposure of MCP to SDS or urea in the absence of substrate rapidly inactivated it, whereas heat activation took place irrespective of the presence of substrate. 6. The stimulating effect of SDS on chymotrypsin-like activity was lost in the presence of urea. 7. These results suggest that the enzyme may be activated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Busconi
- Centro de Investigaciones de Technología Pesquera (INTI), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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108
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Richter-Ruoff B, Heinemeyer W, Wolf DH. The proteasome/multicatalytic-multifunctional proteinase. In vivo function in the ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway of protein degradation in eukaryotes. FEBS Lett 1992; 302:192-6. [PMID: 1321727 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80438-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase yscE, the proteasome/multicatalytic-multifunctional proteinase of yeast had been shown to function in stress response and in the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins [(1991) EMBO J. 10, 555-562]. A well-defined set of proteins degraded via ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis are the substrates of the N-end rule pathway [(1986) Science 234, 179-186; (1989) Science 243, 1576-1583]. We show that mutants defective in the chymotryptic activity of proteinase yscE fail to degrade substrates of the N-end rule pathway. This gives further proof of the proteasome being a central catalyst in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis.
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109
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Coux O, Nothwang HG, Scherrer K, Bergsma-Schutter W, Arnberg AC, Timmins PA, Langowski J, Cohen-Addad C. Structure and RNA content of the prosomes. FEBS Lett 1992; 300:49-55. [PMID: 1372271 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80162-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Duck erythroblasts prosomes were analysed by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), dynamic light scattering and (cryo-)electron microscopy. A molecular weight of approximately 720,000 +/- 50,000, a radius of gyration of 64 +/- 2 A and a hydrodynamic radius of approximately 86 A were obtained. Electron micrographs show a hollow cylinder-like particle with a diameter of 120 A, a height of 170 A and a diameter of 40 A for the cavity, built of four discs, the two outer ones being more pronounced than those in the center. Results from SANS indicate less then 5% of RNA in the purified prosomes, but nuclease protection assays confirm its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Coux
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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110
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Sawada MT, Someno T, Hoshi M, Sawada H. Participation of 650-kDa protease (20 S proteasome) in starfish oocyte maturation. Dev Biol 1992; 150:414-8. [PMID: 1551483 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90252-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A protease involved in oocyte maturation of a starfish, Asterina pectinifera, was explored. Trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities of the 650-kDa protease in oocyte extract were revealed to increase more than twice under the influence of 1-methyladenine before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) during maturation. The inhibitory potencies of leupeptin and its five analogs against the chymotrypsin-like activity, but not the trypsin-like activity, of this protease was well in accord with those against GVBD (Takagi Sawada et al. (1989). Dev. Biol. 133, 609-612). These results indicate that the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 650-kDa protease (most probably 20 S proteasome) plays a key role in starfish oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Sawada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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111
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Georgatsou E, Georgakopoulos T, Thireos G. Molecular cloning of an essential yeast gene encoding a proteasomal subunit. FEBS Lett 1992; 299:39-43. [PMID: 1544471 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present the cloning and sequence of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, PUP2, which encodes for a proteasomal subunit. The PUP2 protein is similar to other proteasomal components from yeast, as well as from Drosophila and rat. Although not-properly-folded proteins have been implicated to constitute substrates of proteasomes, we show that the accumulation of such proteins does not induce expression of the PUP2 gene. Finally, gene disruption experiments demonstrate that PUP2 belongs to the class of yeast proteasomal subunits that are essential for cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Georgatsou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece
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112
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Lee DH, Tanaka K, Tamura T, Chung CH, Ichihara A. PRS3 encoding an essential subunit of yeast proteasomes homologous to mammalian proteasome subunit C5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:452-60. [PMID: 1734860 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91753-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We found by computer analysis that a putative yeast proteasome subunit gene named PRS3 that encodes a protein very similar to subunit C5 of rat and human proteasomes is located immediately 3' to the ERD2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The similarity of the primary structures of the two suggests that this subunit may have a common function in proteasomes of all eukaryotes. The protein, deduced from the open reading frame of PRS3, consists of 242 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 27,077. Chromosomal disruption of the PRS3 gene created a recessive lethal mutation. Physical mapping by hybridization to intact S. cerevisiae chromosomal DNA showed that the PRS3 gene is located on chromosome II, unlike two other subunit genes, PRS1 and PRS2, which are located on chromosomes XV and VII, respectively. These findings indicate that the PRS3 protein is a subunit of yeast proteasomes that is essential for cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
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113
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Tamura T, Tanaka K, Tanahashi N, Ichihara A. Improved method for preparation of ubiquitin-ligated lysozyme as substrate of ATP-dependent proteolysis. FEBS Lett 1991; 292:154-8. [PMID: 1659994 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple method was developed for preparation of proteins conjugated with ubiquitin. Heat-denatured 125I-labeled lysozyme was highly ubiquitinated by incubation at pH 9.0 with a ubiquitin-protein ligase system consisting of E1, E2 and E3 that had been partially purified from rabbit reticulocytes by affinity chromatography with ubiquitin as a ligand. The resulting conjugates were separated from free lysozyme and other proteins by successive chromatographies on anion and cation ion-exchange resins. The ubiquitinated 125I-lysozymes recovered in the fraction not adsorbed to either resin served as an efficient substrate for ATP-dependent proteolysis in a reticulocyte lysate or with a purified 26 S protease complex. By the present method, 125I-lysozyme-Ub conjugates can be prepared in 3 h with a high yield of 15-20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamura
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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114
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Celis JE, Leffers H, Rasmussen HH, Madsen P, Honoré B, Gesser B, Dejgaard K, Olsen E, Ratz GP, Lauridsen JB. The master two-dimensional gel database of human AMA cell proteins: towards linking protein and genome sequence and mapping information (update 1991). Electrophoresis 1991; 12:765-801. [PMID: 1794341 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The master two-dimensional gel database of human AMA cells currently lists 3801 cellular and secreted proteins, of which 371 cellular polypeptides (306 IEF; 65 NEPHGE) were added to the master images during the last 10 months. These include: (i) very basic and acidic proteins that do not focus under normal running conditions and (ii) low-abundant proteins that can only be detected after prolonged gel exposure. Annotation categories updated in this version include "protein name", "antibody against protein", "cellular localization", and "microsequenced proteins". New entries include "human autoantigens" and "cDNAs". For convenience we have included an alphabetical list of all known proteins recorded in this database. In the long run, the main goal of this database is to link protein and DNA sequencing and mapping information (Human Genome Program) and to provide an integrated picture of the expression levels and properties of the thousands of proteins that orchestrate various cellular functions both under physiological and abnormal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Celis
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
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115
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Ortiz-Navarrete V, Seelig A, Gernold M, Frentzel S, Kloetzel PM, Hämmerling GJ. Subunit of the '20S' proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase) encoded by the major histocompatibility complex. Nature 1991; 353:662-4. [PMID: 1922384 DOI: 10.1038/353662a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize fragments (peptides) of protein antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In general, the peptides are derived from cytosolic proteins and are then transported to the endoplasmic reticulum where they assemble with the MHC class I heavy chains and beta 2-microglobulin to form stable and functional class I molecules. The proteases involved in the generation of these peptides are unknown. One candidate is the proteasome, a nonlysosomal proteinase complex abundantly present in the cytosol. Proteasomes have several proteolytically active sites and are complexes of high relative molecular mass (Mr about 600K), consisting of about 20-30 subunits with Mrs between 15 and 30K. Here we show that at least one of these subunits is encoded by the mouse MHC in the region between the K locus and the MHC class II region, and inducible by interferon-gamma. This raises the intriguing possibility that the MHC encodes not only the MHC class I molecules themselves but also proteases involved in the formation of MHC-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ortiz-Navarrete
- Institute for Immunology and Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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116
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Li XC, Gu MZ, Etlinger JD. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous inhibitor of the proteasome. Biochemistry 1991; 30:9709-15. [PMID: 1911759 DOI: 10.1021/bi00104a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel endogenous inhibitor of the proteasome (high molecular weight multicatalytic protease) has been isolated and characterized from human erythrocytes. After purification by ion-exchange and sizing chromatography, the inhibitor displayed a native molecular mass of approximately 200 kDa and contained a single subunit of 50 kDa with an isoelectric point of 6.9. Although the inhibitor noncompetitively blocks proteolysis of [methyl-14C]-alpha-casein (Ki = 7.1 x 10(-8) M) and inhibits hydrolysis of Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC, it did not affect hydrolysis of other peptide substrates, such as MeOSuc-Phe-Leu-Phe-MNA and Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-MNA. To further characterize the 50-kDa inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody (MI-8) was generated that showed specific binding upon Western blot analysis of both native PAGE and SDS-PAGE. Immunoprecipitation with MI-8 specifically removed inhibitor activity against the proteasome. The 50-kDa inhibitor is distinct from a previously described 40-kDa inhibitor of the proteasome (Murakami, K., & Etlinger, J.D. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 7588-7592) on the basis of lack of cross-reactivity with MI-8 and dissimilar peptide digest patterns. It is suggested that these endogenous inhibitors may have a role in ATP/ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and/or other cellular functions involving this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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117
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Fujii G, Tashiro K, Emori Y, Saigo K, Tanaka K, Shiokawa K. Deduced primary structure of a Xenopus proteasome subunit XC3 and expression of its mRNA during early development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178:1233-9. [PMID: 1872843 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome is a non-lysosomal proteinase complex ubiquitously distributed in eukaryotic cells. We isolated here the cDNA clone for one of the proteasome subunits (XC3) from Xenopus ovary cDNA libraries using rat RC3 cDNA as a prove. The cDNA is 885 bp long and encodes 234 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly homologous (95.3%) to those of rat RC3 and human HC3 subunits. The mRNA for XC3 is one of the maternal mRNAs and detected at all the embryonic stages investigated, but its level changes in a characteristic way especially at the gastrula stage. We suggest that the highly conserved XC3 subunit plays an essential role in proteasome function and also that during Xenopus embryogenesis mRNA for XC3 subunit is replaced from maternal to newly-synthesized one probably around the gastrula stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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118
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Yukawa M, Sakon M, Kambayashi J, Shiba E, Kawasaki T, Ariyoshi H, Mori T. Proteasome and its novel endogeneous activator in human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178:256-62. [PMID: 2069566 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91807-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome, a high molecular weight multicatalytic protease, was purified from the cytosolic fraction of human platelets for the first time. The biochemical properties of the enzyme including substrate specificity, optimal pH and effects of various inhibitors were almost identical with those of other cells. During the purification with a Heparin-Sepharose chromatography, a novel endogenous activator of the protease was identified and was partially purified. The activator enhanced both chymotrypsin or trypsin like activities of the proteasome in a dose related manner and was inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. This newly identified activator may serve as an important regulator or cofactor of intracellular activities of the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yukawa
- Department of Surgery II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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119
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Orino E, Tanaka K, Tamura T, Sone S, Ogura T, Ichihara A. ATP-dependent reversible association of proteasomes with multiple protein components to form 26S complexes that degrade ubiquitinated proteins in human HL-60 cells. FEBS Lett 1991; 284:206-10. [PMID: 1647982 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of proteasomes in ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent protein degradation was studied by analyzing lysates of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells by glycerol density gradient centrifugation. High succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide hydrolyzing activity was found in the 26S fraction, whereas the 20S fraction containing proteaomes had no activity. Addition of 0.05% sodium dodecylsulfate to the latter fraction, however, induced marked activity. The 26S, but not the 20S fraction catalyzed ATP-dependent degradation of [125I]lysozyme-Ub conjugate. Depletion from the lysate of ATP caused complete shift of the active 26S complex to the latent 20S form, whereas in the lysate prepared from ATP-depleted cells, ATP converted 20S proteasomes to 26S complexes. The immunoprecipitated 26S complexes were found to consist of proteasomes and 13-15 other proteins ranging in size from 35 to 110 kDa. We conclude that in the lysate, latent proteasomes undergo reversible, ATP-dependent association with multiple protein components to form 26S complexes that catalyze ATP-dependent degradation of Ub-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan
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120
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Matsumura K, Aketa K. Activation of Proteasome in Sea Urchin Sperm by Lysophosphatidylinositol and by Sperm Lipids. (proteasome/sea urchin/sperm/acrosome reaction/lysophospholipid). Dev Growth Differ 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1991.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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121
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Matsumura K, Aketa K. Proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase) of sea urchin sperm and its possible participation in the acrosome reaction. Mol Reprod Dev 1991; 29:189-99. [PMID: 1878226 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080290215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The egg jelly-induced acrosome reaction of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, was inhibited by succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide (Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-MCA), but not by Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA. The proteases with hydrolytic activity toward the former were purified from sperm extract by DEAE-Sephacel and hydroxylapatite chromatographies, Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration, and heparin-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. Two types of protease were separated, and the molecular weights were estimated to be 65 and 700 kDa, respectively, by gel filtration. The former was accompanied by hydrolytic activity toward Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA, which was not hydrolyzed by the latter. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 700 kDa protease gave a single protein band under nondenaturing conditions and at least eight bands in the range of 22-33 kDa in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The substrate specificity and the inhibitor sensitivity of 700 kDa protease indicate that it contains two types of the activity, one is chymotrypsin-type and the other trypsin-type. The former activity was enhanced by poly-L-lysine or SDS. These properties of 700 kDa protease are similar to those of proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinases) isolated from various eukaryotic sources. We had previously shown that inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like proteases inhibit the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by egg jelly, resulting in the inhibition of the acrosome reaction of St. intermedius (Matsumura and Aketa, Gamete Res 23:255-266, 1989). Bringing these findings together, we suggest that the chymotrypsin-like activity of sperm proteasome participates in the onset of the acrosome reaction of St. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumura
- Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
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122
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Tamura T, Lee DH, Osaka F, Fujiwara T, Shin S, Chung CH, Tanaka K, Ichihara A. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs for five major subunits of human proteasomes (multi-catalytic proteinase complexes). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1089:95-102. [PMID: 2025653 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes are multicatalytic proteinase complexes consisting of a set of non-identical polypeptide components. Of these multiple components, the nucleotide sequences of five major subunits (named HC2, HC3, HC5, HC8 and HC9) of human proteasomes have been determined from recombinant cDNA clones by screening a human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cell cDNA library with rat proteasome cDNAs isolated previously as probes. The polypeptides deduced from their nucleotide sequences consisted of 263, 234, 241, 255 and 261 amino acid residues with calculated molecular weights of 29,554, 25,897, 26,487, 28,431 and 29,482, respectively, which are encoded by single independent genes. The primary structures of these subunits of human proteasomes closely resemble those of their rat counterparts and show considerably high inter-subunit homology, although the homology of HC5 is relatively low. These findings, together with the structural similarities of other eukaryotic proteasomes including those of Drosophila and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) support and extend the previously proposed concept that eukaryotic proteasome genes form a multi-gene family with the same evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamura
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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123
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124
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McDermott JR, Gibson AM, Oakley AE, Biggins JA. Multicatalytic, high-Mr endopeptidase from postmortem human brain. J Neurochem 1991; 56:1509-17. [PMID: 2013752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The main high molecular weight (650K) multicatalytic endopeptidase has been purified from postmortem human cerebral cortex. As in other tissues and species, this enzyme is composed of several subunits of 24-31K and has three distinct catalytic activities, as shown by the hydrolysis of the fluorogenic tripeptide substrates glutaryl-Gly-Gly-Phe-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, benzyloxycarboxyl-Gly-Gly-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, and benzyloxycarboxyl-Leu-Leu-Glu-2-naphthylamide with hydrophobic (Phe), basic (Arg), and acidic (Glu) residues in the P1 position, respectively. These activities are distinguishable by their differential sensitivity to peptidase inhibitors. The enzyme hydrolysed neuropeptides at pH 7.4 at multiple sites with widely differing rates, ranging from 113 nmol/min/mg for substance-P, down to 2 nmol/min/mg for bradykinin. The enzyme also had proteinase activity as shown by the hydrolysis of casein. For the hydrolysis of the Tyr5-Gly6 bond in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, the Km was 0.95 mM and the specificity constant (kcat/Km) was 4.7 X 10(3) M-1 s-1. The bond specificity of the enzyme at neutral pH was determined by identifying the degradation products of 15 naturally occurring peptide sequences. The bonds most susceptible to hydrolysis had a hydrophobic residue at P1 and either a small (e.g., -Gly or -NH2) or hydrophobic residue at P'1. Hydrolysis of -Glu-X bonds (most notably in neuropeptide Y) and the Arg6-Arg7 bond in dynorphin peptides was also seen. Thus the three activities identified with fluorogenic substrates appear to be expressed against oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McDermott
- Medical Research Council, Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle General Hospital, England
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125
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Ohkubo I, Gasa S, Namikawa C, Makita A, Sasaki M. Human erythrocyte multicatalytic proteinase: activation and binding to sulfated galacto- and lactosylceramides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 174:1133-40. [PMID: 1825464 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91538-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like activity of multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) purified from human erythrocytes was selectively activated 2.5--3.5-fold by sulfated glycolipids such as galactosylceramide sulfate (SM4) and lactosylceramide sulfate (SM3) but not by other glycolipids including galactosylceramide (GalCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), GD1a, GM1 and GM3. Heparin also selectively activated trypsin-like activity 2.5-fold, while other mucopolysaccharides did not. This proteinase molecule bound specifically and with high affinity to both SM4 and SM3, but not to GalCer, LacCer and GM3. The binding of SM4 and SM3 to the enzyme molecule was also confirmed by thin layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan
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126
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127
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Saitoh Y, Kawahara H, Miyamatsu H, Yokosawa H. Comparative studies on proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinases) isolated from spermatozoa and eggs of sea urchins. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:71-6. [PMID: 1959331 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinases) have been purified from spermatozoa and eggs of sea urchins by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and Sepharose 6B. 2. The isolated sperm and egg proteasomes showed similar properties such as molecular weight (both 630,000) and multiple catalytic activity (pH optimum, substrate specificity, inhibitor-susceptibility and SDS-stimulation). 3. Distinct protein components were detected between sperm and egg proteasomes by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis using antibody against egg proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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128
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Sorimachi H, Tsukahara T, Kawasaki H, Ishiura S, Emori Y, Sugita H, Suzuki K. Molecular cloning of cDNAs for two subunits of rat multicatalytic proteinase. Existence of N-terminal conserved and C-terminal diverged sequences among subunits. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:775-81. [PMID: 2249692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
cDNA clones for two subunits (designated subunits K and L) of rat liver multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) were isolated using oligonucleotide probes synthesized according to their partial amino acid sequences. The encoded polypeptides of subunits K and L consisted of 255 and 261 amino acid residues with calculated molecular mass of 28.3 kDa and 29.5 kDa, respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that subunits K and L were expressed in all tissues examined and their expression patterns were almost identical. The deduced amino acid sequences showed no similarities to known protein sequences other than the recently reported sequences of rat and Drosophila MCP subunits. Sequence comparison of MCP subunits of rat and Drosophila revealed that the N-terminal two-thirds of the sequence (especially the N-terminal approximately 20 residues) is conserved, but the C-terminal third of the sequence shows no similarity, suggesting functional and structural roles for both regions. Implications for the structural and functional aspects of MCP subunits are discussed based on the sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sorimachi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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129
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Tanaka K, Yoshimura T, Tamura T, Fujiwara T, Kumatori A, Ichihara A. Possible mechanism of nuclear translocation of proteasomes. FEBS Lett 1990; 271:41-6. [PMID: 2226812 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80367-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinase complexes), which are identical to the ubiquitous eukaryotic 20S particles, are localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, but the mechanism of their co-localization in the two compartments is unknown. On examination of the primary structures of subunits of proteasomes, a consensus sequence for nuclear translocation of proteins, X-X-K-K(R)-X-K(R) (where X is any residue), was found to be present in some subunits and to be highly conserved in the subunits of a wide range of eukaryotes. In addition, proteasomal subunits were found to bear a cluster of acidic amino acid residues and also a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site that was located in the same polypeptide chain as the nuclear location signal. These structural properties suggest that two sets of clusters with positive and negative charges serve to regulate the translocation of proteasomes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and that phosphorylation of tyrosine in certain subunits may play an additional role in transfer of proteasomes into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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130
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Tanaka K, Kanayama H, Tamura T, Lee DH, Kumatori A, Fujiwara T, Ichihara A, Tokunaga F, Aruga R, Iwanaga S. cDNA cloning and sequencing of component C8 of proteasomes from rat hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171:676-83. [PMID: 2403356 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of component C8 of rat proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinase complexes) has been determined by sequencing on isolated cDNA clone. C8 consists of 255 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 28,417. These values are consistent with those obtained by protein chemical analyses. Computer-assisted homology comparison showed that C8 is a new protein, differing from all proteins reported so far. The overall amino acid sequence of C8 resembles those of most other components of proteasomes reported, such as components C2, C3 and C9 of rat proteasomes and certain components of other eukaryotic proteasomes, such as those of Drosophila and yeast, but shows little similarity with component C5 of rat proteasomes. C8 showed particularly close structural similarity to component YC1 of yeast proteasomes, suggesting that C8 has been highly conserved during evolution and functions ubiquitously in all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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131
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Fujiwara T, Tanaka K, Orino E, Yoshimura T, Kumatori A, Tamura T, Chung CH, Nakai T, Yamaguchi K, Shin S. Proteasomes are essential for yeast proliferation. cDNA cloning and gene disruption of two major subunits. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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132
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Sacchetta P, Santarone S, Battista P, Di Cola D. Isolation of two high-molecular-mass proteinases from human erythrocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 191:275-80. [PMID: 2200671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two forms of a neutral--alkaline high-molecular-mass proteinase (termed A1 and A2) have been purified from human erythrocytes by a procedure including a DEAE-cellulose batchwise treatment of erythrocyte cytosol, gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Both enzymes show distinctive properties of multicatalytic proteinases. They have an apparent molecular mass of 700 kDa and are composed by eight major subunits (23-32 kDa). Both enzymes show a proteinase activity towards casein and hydrolyze synthetic peptides with tyrosine, arginine or lysine at the P1 position. Among the synthetic peptides tested, the tetrapeptide succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin and tripeptides with arginine in the P1 position (benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-leucyl-arginyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide and benzyloxycarbonyl-alanyl-arginyl-arginyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide) are the most effective substrates. The proteinases are devoid of amino and diaminopeptidase activity. Both enzymes are completely inhibited by hemin, chymostatin and thiol-group reagents. However, the enzymes can be distinguished by the isoelectric point, the different effect of nucleotides, glutathione disulphide, sodium dodecyl sulfate and cations on the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sacchetta
- Istituto di Scienze Biochimiche, Facoltà di Medicina, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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133
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Haass C, Pesold-Hurt B, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Kloetzel PM. The Drosophila PROS-28.1 gene is a member of the proteasome gene family. Gene X 1990; 90:235-41. [PMID: 2169443 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90185-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present communication, we report the identification of a new gene family which encodes the protein subunits of the proteasome. The proteasome is a high-Mr complex possessing proteolytic activity. Screening a Drosophila lambda gt11 cDNA expression library with the proteasome-specific antibody N19-28 we isolated a clone encoding the 28-kDa No. 1 proteasome protein subunit. In accordance with the nomenclature of proteasome subunits in Drosophila, the corresponding gene is designated PROS-28.1, and it encodes an mRNA of 1.1 kb with an open reading frame of 249 amino acids (aa). Genomic Southern-blot hybridization shows PROS-28.1 to be a member of a family of related genes. Analysis of the predicted aa sequence reveals a potential nuclear targeting signal, a potential site for tyrosine kinase and a potential cAMP/cGMP-dependent phosphorylation site. The aa sequence comparison of the products of PROS-28.1 and PROS-35 with the C2 proteasome subunit of rat shows a strong sequence similarity between the different proteasome subunits. The data suggest that at least a subset of the proteasome-encoding genes belongs to a family of related genes (PROS gene family) which may have evolved from a common ancestral PROS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Haass
- ZMBH/Molekulare Genetik, University of Heidelberg, F.R.G
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134
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Tamura T, Tanaka K, Kumatori A, Yamada F, Tsurumi C, Fujiwara T, Ichihara A, Tokunaga F, Aruga R, Iwanaga S. cDNA cloning and sequencing of component C5 of proteasomes from rat hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 1990; 264:91-4. [PMID: 2338147 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80773-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes are multicatalytic proteinase complexes consisting of a set of non-identical polypeptide subunits. A cDNA for component C5 of rat proteasomes was isolated by screening a Reuber H4TG hepatoma cell cDNA library using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes corresponding to partial amino acid sequences of the protein. The polypeptide deduced from the open reading frame consisted of 240 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 26,479. Computer analysis revealed little similarity of C5 to other proteins reported so far. The primary structure of C5 showed partial sequence homology to that of another component C3, but no regions of homology with the sequence of component C2. Thus C5 is concluded to be a new type of subunit of the proteasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamura
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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135
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The suppressor gene scll+ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for growth. Gene X 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90219-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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136
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Sacchetta P, Battista P, Santarone S, Di Cola D. Purification of human erythrocyte proteolytic enzyme responsible for degradation of oxidant-damaged hemoglobin. Evidence for identifying as a member of the multicatalytic proteinase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1037:337-43. [PMID: 2178687 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90035-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human red cells to oxidants such as phenylhydrazine, 2,4-dimethylphenylhydrazine and 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid stimulates the proteolysis of hemoglobin as evidenced by the increase in the rate of the free alanine and acid soluble amino groups released. An enzyme responsible for proteolytic degradation of oxidized hemoglobin, was purified from cytosolic fraction of erythrocytes by a DEAE-batch procedure followed by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The final enzyme preparation produces a single band in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and eight different bands of 23-32 kDa when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The native enzyme has a molecular mass of about 700 kDa as estimated by gel filtration. The enzyme, unable to hydrolyze native hemoglobin, cleaves phenylhydrazine-treated hemoglobin into small peptides without free amino acid release. In addition, the enzyme shows an endopeptidase activity towards synthetic peptides having a tyrosine or an arginine in the P1 position, whereas it does not hydrolyze shorter peptides and those with a proline in the P1 or P2 position. The proteolytic activity of the enzyme against oxidized hemoglobin is inhibited by chymostatin and p-chloromercuribenzoate, while it is stimulated by N-ethylmaleimide and epoxysuccinylleucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64). The peptidase activity assayed on succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-MCA is inhibited by chymostatin, hemin, N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The results obtained show that in human erythrocytes oxidized hemoglobin is cleaved into peptides by a high molecular mass proteinase identified as a member of the multicatalytic proteinase family. It is also suggested that the complete degradation of oxidized hemoglobin to free amino acids requires the involvement of a further proteolytic enzyme(s) which remain(s) to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sacchetta
- Institute of Scienze Biochimiche, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
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137
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Kinoshita M, Toyohara H, Shimizu Y. Induction of carp muscle multicatalytic proteinase activities by sodium dodecyl sulfate and heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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138
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Di Cola D, Miranda M, Bonfigli A, Zarivi O, Santarone S, Sacchetta P. Changes of a high molecular mass proteinase activity during Bufo bufo development. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 97:751-4. [PMID: 2128227 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90118-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. A chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity was found both in unfertilized eggs and in embryos of Bufo bufo. 2. A dramatical change of activity can be observed in the course of embryonic development. The activity rapidly increases after fertilization up to the stage 9 followed by a fall to a level close to unfertilized eggs. 3. Gel chromatography analysis reveals, in all stages of development, the presence of a single peak of proteinase activity characterized by a very high molecular mass. 4. Proteinase activity, found change during the development of Bufo bufo, was characterized by substrate specificity, protease inhibitor and pH effect. All results obtained suggest that the chymotrypsin-like activity can be assigned to the multicatalytic proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Di Cola
- Istituto di Scienze Biochimiche, Facoltá di Medicina, Universitá G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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139
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Kinoshita M, Toyohara H, Shimizu Y. Characterization of two distinct latent proteinases associated with myofibrils of crucian carp (Carassius auratus cuvieri). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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140
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141
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Lively
- Department of Biochemistry, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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142
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Tanaka K, Tamura T, Kumatori A, Kwak TH, Chung CH, Ichihara A. Separation of yeast proteasome subunits. Immunoreactivity with antibodies against ATP-dependent protease Ti from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:1253-61. [PMID: 2686637 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
On two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteasomes (multicatalytic proteinase complexes) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated into a characteristic set of approximately 20 components with molecular weights of 21,000 to 31,000 and isoelectric points of 3.5 to 7.5. The main components were isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography on a TSK gel phenyl-5PW RP column and named YC1 to YC11, in order of their elution. Immuno-blot analysis showed that two components (YC1-alpha and YC1-beta) with molecular weights of 30,800 and 28,300 strongly cross-reacted with antibody against the P-component of ATP-dependent protease Ti from Escherichia coli, but no components were found to react with antibodies against the A-component of protease Ti or another ATP-dependent protease La (the Ion gene product) of Escherichia coli. These results indicate a structural relationship between eukaryotic proteasomes and bacterial ATP-dependent protease Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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143
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Mykles DL. Purification and characterization of a multicatalytic proteinase from crustacean muscle: comparison of latent and heat-activated forms. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 274:216-28. [PMID: 2673043 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-molecular-weight (Mr 740,000) multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) was purified over 3100-fold from soluble extracts of lobster claw and abdominal muscles. The enzyme was extracted from muscle in a latent state; brief (3 min) heating of an ammonium sulfate fraction (45-65% saturation) at 60 degrees C irreversibly activated the proteinase while denaturing about 55% of the protein. MCP was further purified by chromatography on two sequential arginine-Sepharose columns and a Mono Q column with a yield of 60%. About 1.12 mg MCP was obtained for every 100 g tissue. In addition to [14C]methylcasein, the MCP hydrolyzed synthetic peptide substrates of trypsin and chymotrypsin at pH 7.75. Serine protease inhibitors (diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, benzamidine, soybean trypsin inhibitor, chloromethyl ketones), leupeptin, antipain, hemin, sulfhydryl-blocking reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, mersalyl acid, p-chloromercurisulfonic acid, iodoacetamide) suppressed activity while Ep-475, a specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, had no effect, suggesting the MCP is a serine proteinase with one or more cysteine residues indirectly involved in catalysis. The latent MCP was purified using the same procedure as that for the active form, except that thermal activation was omitted. The elution characteristics of latent MCP from the arginine-Sepharose and Mono Q columns were identical to those of active MCP. Since the purified latent form could still be activated by heating, activation did not involve denaturation of an endogenous inhibitor or substrate. Subunit compositions of both forms were identical in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels; each was composed of eight polypeptides with molecular weights between 25,000 and 32,500 and a ninth polypeptide with a molecular weight of 41,000. Electron microscopy of negatively stained material showed that each form was a cylinder-shaped particle (approximately 10 x 15 nm) consisting of a stack of four rings with a hollow center; no differences in shape, dimensions, or submolecular structure were observed. These results suggest that activation probably involved small conformational changes rather than covalent modifications or rearrangement of subunits within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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144
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Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Large Protease Accumulated in Mammalian Cells in the Presence of Inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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145
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Saitoh Y, Yokosawa H, Ishii S. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-induced conformational and enzymatic changes of multicatalytic proteinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:334-9. [PMID: 2751656 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like activity of the multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) purified from eggs of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi was activated by the addition of SDS. Complete activation was achieved simultaneously at the time of SDS addition, and this activity decreased as a function of time. Autonomous fluorescence of MCP also increased rapidly at the time of SDS addition and then decreased at a rate that depended on the SDS concentration. The decrease of autonomous fluorescence induced by SDS preceded that of the activity. These results suggest that a rapid conformational change of MCP induced by SDS results in the enhancement of chymotrypsin-like activity, followed by the decrease of this activity because of the lability of the activated conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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146
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147
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Tanaka K, Kumatori A, Ii K, Ichihara A. Direct evidence for nuclear and cytoplasmic colocalization of proteasomes (multiprotease complexes) in liver. J Cell Physiol 1989; 139:34-41. [PMID: 2651460 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041390107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular localization of the large multicatalytic protease complexes called proteasomes, which have been found in soluble fractions of various cells, was examined by biochemical, immunological, and immunohistological methods. Rat liver nuclei, purified by two different procedures, showed high activities for degrading [3H]methylcasein and various fluorogenic oligopeptides with neutral and weakly alkaline pH optima. On gel filtration, all of these peptidase activities were recovered in a single peak with the unusually large molecular weight of about 600,000. Properties of the proteolytic activity in crude extracts of the nucleus and the cytoplasm were very similar. Immunoelectrophoretic blot analysis showed the presence of appreciable concentrations of proteasomes with similar immunoreactivity in isolated nuclear and cytosolic fractions. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining of human liver showed that proteasomes were predominantly localized in the nuclear matrix but also were present diffusely in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. These findings indicate the nuclear and cytoplasmic colocalization of proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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148
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Tanaka K, Ichihara A. Half-life of proteasomes (multiprotease complexes) in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159:1309-15. [PMID: 2649098 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase complexes) are abundant in rat liver, constituting approximately 1.0% of the total soluble proteins. In the present study, the apparent half-life of the proteasomes was determined to be 12-15 days from the decay curve of isotopically labeled enzymes in vivo, suggesting their slow turnover. This finding together with the ubiquitous distribution of proteasomes in eukaryotic cells (Tanaka et al., 1988 J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16209-16217) indicates that proteasomes belong to a family of proteins with house-keeping function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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149
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Tanaka K, Ichihara A. Autodegradation of rat liver proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase complexes). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 158:548-54. [PMID: 2644934 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purified proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase complexes) were found to be very stable, showing no change in activities or structures during prolonged incubation in medium of pH 7.5 at 37 degrees C. However, on addition of urea they were degraded autocatalytically in a time- and dose-dependent manner, suggesting that destruction of the proteasomal complexes acts as a signal for their autolysis. ATP at a physiological concentration greatly stimulated the urea-dependent breakdown of proteasomes. The autolysis induced by urea was almost completely inhibited by hemin, but not by other protease inhibitors tested, such as leupeptin, chymostation and Ep-475. Thus, autolytic degradation of proteasomes appears to be important for the regulation of enzyme levels in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Japan
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150
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Abstract
Many proteins that control cell-cycle progression are short-lived. Therefore, alterations in protein degradation are as likely as changes in transcription and/or translation in causing the proliferation arrest of senescent cells. Several different pathways of intracellular protein degradation have been identified, and both cytosolic and lysosomal pathways operate in most cells. We have used red cell-mediated microinjection to study degradation of radiolabelled proteins introduced into IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts at early and late population doubling levels. Lysosomal pathways of protein degradation are reduced in senescent cells, and this defect may account for many characteristics of aging, including the accumulation of posttranslationally altered proteins. These abnormal proteins may then stimulate cytosolic, ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathways that are also responsible for the degradation of crucial regulatory proteins. Unknown short-lived proteins are also required for some step in lysosomal proteolysis, and this connection between the two degradative systems may cause the age-related changes in protein degradation to be progressive. Several experimental approaches are available to test whether altered protein degradation significantly contributes to proliferative arrest of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Dice
- Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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