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McInnes IB, Leung B, Wei XQ, Gemmell CC, Liew FY. Septic Arthritis Following Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.1.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced in large amounts by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), has emerged recently as an important microbicidal and immunomodulatory mediator. We have investigated its role in bacterial septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection using iNOS-deficient mice. The incidence, rate of development, and severity of arthritis were greater in iNOS-deficient than in heterozygous or wild-type control mice. Similarly, the incidence and severity of septicemia and mortality were significantly higher in iNOS-deficient mice compared with controls. Increased TNF-α synthesis in vivo and in vitro and enhanced IFN-γ compared with IL-4 production in vitro in iNOS-mutant mice demonstrated exaggerated Th1 polarization of the host response. These data indicate that high output NO production is not a prerequisite for severe articular destruction and imply that NO is of importance in synovial defense against staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain B. McInnes
- *Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bernard Leung
- *Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Xiao-Qing Wei
- *Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Curtis C. Gemmell
- †Department of Bacteriology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Foo Y. Liew
- *Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
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102
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Abstract
The topical glucocorticoids (GCs) represent the treatment of choice for many types of inflammatory dermatoses. Despite the extensive use of this class of drugs as first line therapy the mechanism of their action is uncertain. It is clear that the multiplicity of actions of the topical GCs is an important facet of their scope in the treatment of dermal disorders. The aim of this update is to review past and current theories regarding how these agents might work. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC action has advanced significantly over the past decade with the realisation that multiple systems are responsible for transduction of GC effects at a molecular level. The two primary modes of action are via interaction directly with DNA or indirectly through modulation of specific transcription factors: the endpoint in both cases being modulation of specific protein synthesis. Both of these mechanisms will be discussed. In particular this review will concentrate on the possibility that a GC-inducible protein, termed lipocortin 1, may have a significant role to play in the anti-inflammatory actions of these drugs. Additionally it has become apparent that several inflammatory enzymes induced in inflammation are sites of inhibitory action of the GCs, and the possibility that this occurs in the skin will be discussed paying particular attention to the inducible phospholipase A2, nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahluwalia
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, The Rayne Institute, UK.
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103
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Weber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia 65212, USA
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104
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Meldrum DR, McIntyre RC, Sheridan BC, Cleveland JC, Fullerton DA, Harken AH. L-arginine decreases alveolar macrophage proinflammatory monokine production during acute lung injury by a nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1997; 43:888-93. [PMID: 9420100 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199712000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical reports indicate that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) reduces lung parenchymal inflammation during acute lung injury; however, the mechanism of its protective effects remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the provision of substrate for local NO production (L-arginine) would reduce alveolar macrophage proinflammatory monokine production during endotoxin (ETX)-induced acute lung injury. Our purposes were to (1) determine alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) production after ETX-induced acute lung injury; (2) determine the effect of L-arginine on alveolar macrophage TNFalpha and IL-1beta production in ETX-induced acute lung injury; and (3) determine whether L-arginine's effects on the alveolar macrophage are mediated by NO. METHODS Rats received ETX (0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or vehicle, with or without (1) L-arginine supplementation (300 mg/kg i.p.) and (2) nitric oxide synthase inhibition (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, 30 mg/kg i.p.). Four hours later, alveolar macrophage were harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage and incubated at 10(6) cells/mL + 1 microg/mL phorbol myristase acetate for 24 hours. Cell-free supernatants were collected and assayed (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for TNFalpha and IL-1beta. RESULTS Sublethal ETX increased alveolar macrophage capacity to produce TNFalpha and IL-1beta (p < 0.05, analysis of variance and Bonferroni/Dunn). L-Arginine decreased alveolar macrophage TNFalpha and IL-1beta release during acute lung injury. Concurrent inhibition of nitric oxide synthase abrogated L-arginine's protective effects, suggesting that L-arginine's anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by NO. CONCLUSIONS (1) L-Arginine is an immunomodulating nutritional supplement; (2) L-arginine decreases alveolar macrophage proinflammatory monokine production during ETX-induced acute lung injury by a nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism; and (3) the provision of exogenous substrate for local NO production may reduce inflammation during acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Meldrum
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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105
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Sorrentino R, Sautebin L, Pinto A. Effect of methylguanidine, guanidine and structurally related compounds on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. Life Sci 1997; 61:1283-91. [PMID: 9324070 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of methylguanidine, guanidine and their precursors, creatine and creatinine, on both the neuronal constitutive and lung inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase were examined in this study. Methylguanidine and guanidine (0.01-3 mM) significantly (P<0.01) inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner both isoforms of the enzyme. Furthermore analysis of the inhibition curves by ANOVA revealed that methylguanidine and guanidine act as non selective inhibitors of both nitric oxide synthases (P>0.4 for both methylguanidine and guanidine). In contrast, creatine and creatinine, although containing guanidine group, were totally ineffective on either enzyme even at concentration up to 3 mM. The results obtained for tested compounds also suggest a role for the lateral chain of guanidine group in the enzyme inhibition. The lack of selectivity of methylguanidine and guanidine in inhibiting both the nitric oxide synthase enzymes could account for some pathological manifestations like neurological disorders, host defense impairment and probably hypertension, that often occur in patients with uremia or chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sorrentino
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Italy
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106
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Abstract
Many painful disorders, including joint dysfunctions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), are associated with hyperthermia of the overlying skin. The same is true of certain intractable chronic pain conditions, such as chronic orofacial pain, which may be associated with TMD. We suggest that this skin hyperthermia, caused by regional vasodilation, is induced by extravascular nitric oxide (NO). Extravascular NO can be produced in the affected joint by osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and macrophages, by mechanical stimulation of endothelial cells, or by stimulated neurons. In view of a strong correlation between pain and skin hyperthermia in these disorders, and the evidence that NO enhances the sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors, we also suggest that at least this kind of pain is associated with excessive local level of NO. This hypothesis can be verified by dynamic area telethermometry, assessing the effect of NO on the sympathetic nervous function. This mechanism, which is in line with the general role of NO as a mediator between different organ systems, also may be relevant to any pain associated with enhanced immune response. Clinical implications of the proposed mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anbar
- Department of Biophysical Sciences, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY 14214-3005, USA
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107
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Schroeder RA, delaTorre A, Kuo PC. CD14-dependent mechanism for endotoxin-mediated nitric oxide synthesis in murine macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C1030-9. [PMID: 9316424 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.3.c1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin-mediated macrophage synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with immune effector function, intercellular communication, leukocyte adhesion, vascular integrity, and neurotransmission. However, little is known of the cellular receptor and signal transduction pathway by which endotoxin induces NO production. With the use of a model of ANA-1 murine macrophages, we stimulated NO production by incubation with increasing concentrations of endotoxin and 5% fetal calf serum. In selected instances, the anti-CD14 antibody, ED9, was added. Endotoxin-mediated NO synthesis was dependent on CD14 function and the presence of an additional serum factor. Endotoxin treatment increased plasma membrane GTPase activity and 35S-labeled guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) ([35S]GTP gamma S) binding. Conversely, coincubation of cells with endotoxin and the heterotrimeric G protein inhibitors, suramin and guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) trilithium salt, was associated with decreased NO synthesis, plasma membrane GTPase activity, and [35S]GTP gamma S binding. Blockade of CD14 or G protein function was associated with ablation of endotoxin-mediated inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein expression, iNOS mRNA levels, and iNOS gene transcription, as determined by immunoblot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and nuclear run-on analyses, respectively. These results indicate that endotoxin-mediated NO synthesis is a CD14-heterotrimeric G protein-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Schroeder
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore 21201, USA
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108
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Kuo PC, Schroeder RA, Bartlett ST. Endotoxin-mediated synthesis of nitric oxide is dependent on Gq protein signal transduction. Surgery 1997; 122:394-402; discussion 402-3. [PMID: 9288146 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous multifunctional free radical produced during sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and allograft rejection. Many studies are presently evaluating the functional roles of NO production in these settings. However, the signal transduction mechanisms underlying initiation of NO production are largely unknown. This study defines the cell surface receptor proteins that mediate endotoxin-induced NO synthesis in ANA-1 murine macrophages. METHODS Endotoxin (LPS, 10 micrograms/ml) was added to ANA-1 macrophages to induce NO synthesis. In selected instances guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate)-trilithium salt (GOTP), pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, or suramin were added as inhibitors of specific subclasses of heterotrimeric G proteins. Calphostin was added as a protein kinase C inhibitor, and ET-OCH3 was added as a phospholipase C-beta inhibitor. NO release was quantified by measurement of the NO metabolite, nitrite. Membrane guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity was also analyzed. Steady-state levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA were determined by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Inhibition of G protein function by suramin or GOTP significantly decreased synthesis of NO and expression of iNOS mRNA. Pertussis and cholera toxin did not alter NO synthesis, suggesting that the Gi and Gs classes are not involved. Inhibition of protein kinase C or upstream phospholipase C-beta activity decreased NO synthesis, implicating the Gq class of heterotrimeric G proteins. CONCLUSIONS In ANA-1 macrophages, endotoxin-mediated NO synthesis is dependent on heterotrimeric Gq protein-phospholipase C-beta-protein kinase C signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, USA
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109
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Liu HW, Anand A, Bloch K, Christiani D, Kradin R. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by macrophages in rat lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:223-8. [PMID: 9230752 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9609140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived free radical that is secreted by pulmonary macrophages (Mø). An inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) catalyses the production of NO and is activated by lipopolysaccharide and certain T-helper(h) 1 cytokines, including interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha. In the present study, iNOS+ interstitial cells were demonstrated in the alveolar wall of normal Lewis rat lung. Enzymatic digests of normal lung showed that approximately one third of pulmonary ED1+ interstitial Mø (IM) were iNOS+ and secreted modest amounts of NO without ex vivo stimulation, whereas normal alveolar macrophages (AM) were iNOS- and showed no basal NO secretion. When incubated with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKL) in vitro, AM secreted larger amounts of NO than did IM. Recombinant murine GM-CSF stimulated production of NO by AM but not by IM. However, when IM were costimulated with GM-CSF and IFN-gamma, they expressed a marked increase in NO production. Intratracheal challenge with HKL yielded decreased NO production by IM. We conclude that iNOS+ IM are present in normal rat lung, where they regulate the pulmonary cell-mediated immune response to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Liu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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110
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Moore PK, Handy RL. Selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase — is no NOS really good NOS for the nervous system? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(97)90624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Ramaswamy K, He YX, Salafsky B. ICAM-1 and iNOS expression increased in the skin of mice after vaccination with gamma-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Exp Parasitol 1997; 86:118-32. [PMID: 9207742 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1997.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Host responses to migrating schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were compared in the skin of naive, multiply infected, or vaccinated (with gamma-irradiated cercariae) mice during the first 72 hr after cercarial penetration. Cellular response to the migrating parasite was minimal in the skin of naive mice for up to 72 hr after infection. In sharp contrast, the multiply infected or vaccinated animals exhibited a marked inflammatory response in the skin as early as 8 hr after cutaneous penetration of the challenge cercariae. This early inflammatory response in the skin of sensitized animals was characterized by a significant increase in the number of infiltrating cells, predominantly mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Increased exudation of serum proteins was also present in the skin of sensitized animals in areas of cercarial challenge. A time course of analyses revealed that mononuclear cell numbers increased significantly in the skin of vaccinated animals as early as 60 min after a challenge infection and continued to be present at a significantly higher level up to 72 hr after challenge. Peak neutrophil responses occurred in the skin at 24 hr (in multiply infected animals) and at 48 hr (in vaccinated animals) after a challenge infection. Along with the massive cellular infiltration there was an increased tissue expression of ICAM-1 and mRNA for iNOS in the skin of sensitized animals. Further analysis showed that in sensitized animals increased ICAM-1 expression was predominantly found on endothelial cells lining dermal capillaries, especially in areas around schistosomular migration and on cells that surrounded schistosomula in the dermis. In naive animals, however, a similar infection did not induce any ICAM-1 expression or iNOS production in the skin. Thus, an ICAM-1 mediated early accumulation of mononuclear cells in the skin and local production of nitric oxide may be important for the initial cutaneous inflammatory immune responses to migrating schistosomula of S. mansoni in vaccinated animals. On the contrary, in naive animals a potential parasite-induced suppression of ICAM-1 may play an important role in reducing cellular reaction in the skin and consequently help the parasite evade immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford 61107, USA
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112
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Moore PK, Handy RL. Selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase--is no NOS really good NOS for the nervous system? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997; 18:204-11. [PMID: 9226999 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(97)01064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now ten years since NO was shown to account for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). It is also the tenth anniversary of the identification of L-NG monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) as the very first inhibitor of NO biosynthesis. That EDRF and NO were one and the same sparked an explosion of interest in the biochemistry and pharmacology of NO which has yet to subside. In contrast, the first ever nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor slipped seamlessly into the literature virtually without comment at the time. Over the following decade, L-NMMA (and like NOS inhibitors) have proved invaluable as tools for probing the biological roles of NO in health and disease and, in particular, have increased our understanding of the function of NO in the nervous system. Further advances in this important area now require the development of inhibitors selective for the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS). Here, Philip Moore and Rachel Handy provide an up-to-date account of the literature regarding the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of NOS inhibitors with particular reference to compounds with greater selectivity for the nNOS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, University of London, UK
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113
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Abstract
The short-lived, highly reactive NO radical arises in two ways: 1) a rapidly triggered process well suited for homeostatic fine-tuning of blood pressure and 2) a prolonged high-level production best suited for microbicidal activity. Roles in vascular "leakiness" and leukocyte extravasation are also emerging. Continued investigation may yield new therapies addressing individual facets of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Lyons
- Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, USA
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