101
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Benfante A, Basile M, Battaglia S, Spatafora M, Scichilone N. Use of ICS/LABA (extra-fine and non-extra-fine) in elderly asthmatics. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:1553-1562. [PMID: 27789954 PMCID: PMC5072519 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age represents an exclusion criterion in randomized clinical trials designed to test the efficacy and safety of inhaled drugs in asthma. As a consequence, data on efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) combinations in elderly asthmatics are scanty. Older age is associated with an increased proportion of comorbid conditions; in addition, all organ functions undergo a process of senescence, thus reducing their ability to metabolize the agents. Overall, these age-associated conditions may variably, and often unpredictably, affect the metabolism and excretion of respiratory drugs. However, pharmacological treatment of asthma does not follow specific recommendations in the elderly. In the elderly, the ICS/LABA combinations may carry an increased risk of local indesiderable effects, primarily due to the lack of coordination between activation of the device and inhalation, and systemic adverse events, mainly due to the greater amount of active drug that is available because of the age-associated changes in organ functions as well as drug-to-drug and drug-to-concomitant disease interactions. The extra-fine formulations of ICSs/LABAs, which allow for a more favorable drug deposition in the lungs at a reduced dose, may contribute to overcome this issue. This review revises the efficacy and safety of treatment with ICSs/LABAs, focusing on the main pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs and highlighting the potential risks in the elderly asthmatic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Benfante
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Basile
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Battaglia
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Spatafora
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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102
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Busse S, Steiner J, Alter J, Dobrowolny H, Mawrin C, Bogerts B, Hartig R, Busse M. Expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:177-84. [PMID: 26402766 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although monocytes and macrophages could serve as new therapeutic targets for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging of the human innate immune system, its role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD are only poorly understood. We have addressed this here by determining the number of CD14+ monocytes and the frequency of HLA-DR-, CD80-, and CD86-expression in peripheral blood from healthy volunteers aged 20-79 years, and in AD patients at diagnosis and after 12, 30, and 52 weeks of rivastigmine treatment. While the number of CD14+ monocytes remained constant, the expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 by monocytes increased with age. However, no differences were identified by comparing AD patients with age-matched healthy controls or following treatment of AD patients with rivastigmine. These results indicate that changes in the expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 are caused by immunosenescence rather than by AD pathology or treatment of AD patients with rivastigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Alter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Immunology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology & Neonatology, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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103
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Panickar KS, Jewell DE. The beneficial role of anti-inflammatory dietary ingredients in attenuating markers of chronic low-grade inflammation in aging. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 23:59-70. [PMID: 26124060 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging in humans is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (systemic), and this condition is sometimes referred to as "inflammaging". In general, canines also age similarly to humans, and such aging is associated with a decline in mobility, joint problems, weakened muscles and bones, reduced lean body mass, cancer, increased dermatological problems, decline in cognitive ability, reduced energy, decreased immune function, decreased renal function, and urinary incontinence. Each of these conditions is also associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. An inflammatory state characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory markers including but not restricted to tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein (CRP) is believed to contribute to or worsen a general decline in biological mechanisms responsible for physical function with aging. Nutritional management of inflammation in aging dogs is important in maintaining health. In particular, natural botanicals have bioactive components that appear to have robust anti-inflammatory effects and, when included in the diet, may contribute to a reduction in inflammation. While there are scientific data to support the anti-inflammatory effects and the efficacy of such bioactive molecules from botanicals, the clinical data are limited and more studies are needed to validate the efficacy of these ingredients. This review will summarize the role of dietary ingredients in reducing inflammatory molecules as well as review the evidence available to support the role of diet and nutrition in reducing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in animal and human studies with a special reference to canines, where possible.
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104
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Turner JE. Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime "dose" of exercise? Biogerontology 2016; 17:581-602. [PMID: 27023222 PMCID: PMC4889625 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The age-associated decline in immune function, referred to as immunosenescence, is well characterised within the adaptive immune system, and in particular, among T cells. Hallmarks of immunosenescence measured in the T cell pool, include low numbers and proportions of naïve cells, high numbers and proportions of late-stage differentiated effector memory cells, poor proliferative responses to mitogens, and a CD4:CD8 ratio <1.0. These changes are largely driven by infection with Cytomegalovirus, which has been directly linked with increased inflammatory activity, poor responses to vaccination, frailty, accelerated cognitive decline, and early mortality. It has been suggested however, that exercise might exert an anti-immunosenescence effect, perhaps delaying the onset of immunological ageing or even rejuvenating aged immune profiles. This theory has been developed on the basis of evidence that exercise is a powerful stimulus of immune function. For example, in vivo antibody responses to novel antigens can be improved with just minutes of exercise undertaken at the time of vaccination. Further, lymphocyte immune-surveillance, whereby cells search tissues for antigens derived from viruses, bacteria, or malignant transformation, is thought to be facilitated by the transient lymphocytosis and subsequent lymphocytopenia induced by exercise bouts. Moreover, some forms of exercise are anti-inflammatory, and if repeated regularly over the lifespan, there is a lower morbidity and mortality from diseases with an immunological and inflammatory aetiology. The aim of this article is to discuss recent theories for how exercise might influence T cell immunosenescence, exploring themes in the context of hotly debated issues in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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105
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Wang J, Cheng X, Zhang X, Cheng J, Xu Y, Zeng J, Zhou W, Zhang Y. The anti-aging effects of LW-AFC via correcting immune dysfunctions in senescence accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) strain. Oncotarget 2016; 7:26949-65. [PMID: 27105505 PMCID: PMC5053624 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there were considerable advances in the anti-aging medical field, it is short of therapeutic drug for anti-aging. Mounting evidence indicates that the immunosenescence is the key physiopathological mechanism of aging. This study showed the treatment of LW-AFC, an herbal medicine, decreased the grading score of senescence, increased weight, prolonged average life span and ameliorated spatial memory impairment in 12- and 24-month-old senescence accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) strain. And these anti-aging effects of LW-AFC were more excellent than melatonin. The administration of LW-AFC enhanced ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation in aged SAMR1 mice. The treatment of LW-AFC not only reversed the decreased the proportions of helper T cells, suppressor T cells and B cells, the increased regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of old SAMR1 mice, but also could modulate the abnormal secretion of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNF-β, RANTES, eotaxin, MCP-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and G-CSF. These data indicated that LW-AFC reversed the immunosenescence status by restoring immunodeficiency and decreasing chronic inflammation and suggested LW-AFC may be an effective anti-aging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zeng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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106
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Magrone T, Galantino M, Di Bitonto N, Borraccino L, Chiaromonte G, Jirillo E. Effects of thermal water inhalation in chronic upper respiratory tract infections in elderly and young patients. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:18. [PMID: 27152115 PMCID: PMC4857412 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic upper respiratory tract infections (cURTI) are very frequent illnesses which occur at any age of life. In elderly, cURTI are complicated by immunosenescence, with involvement of lung immune responsiveness. Results In the present study, 51 elderly (age range: 66–86) and 51 young (age range 24–58) cURTI patients underwent a single cycle (two weeks) of inhalatory therapy with salt-bromide-iodine thermal water in the thermal station “Margherita di Savoia” (Margherita di Savoia, BAT, Italy). Peripheral blood serum cytokines and clinical assessment were performed before therapy (T0) and after six months (T1) and 12 months (T2) from inhalatory treatment. In both elderly and young patients, at baseline an increased release of T helper (h)1-related cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ] and of Th2-related cytokine (IL-4) was documented. Inhalatory treatment reduced the excessive secretion of all the above-cited cytokines. IL-10 values were above normality at all times considered in both groups of patients. In addition, an increase in IL-17 and IL-21 serum levels following therapy was observed in both groups of patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α) baseline values were lower than normal values at T0 in both elderly and young cURTI patients. Their levels increased following inhalatory treatment. Clinically, at T2 a dramatic reduction of frequency of upper respiratory tract infections was recorded in both groups of patients. Conclusion Thermal water inhalation is able to modulate systemic immune response in elderly and young cURTI patients, thus reducing excessive production of Th1 and Th2-related cytokines, on the one hand. On the other hand, increased levels of IL-21 (an inducer of Th17 cells) and of IL-17 may be interpreted as a protective mechanism, which likely leads to neutrophil recruitment in cURTI patients. Also restoration of pro-inflammatory cytokine release following inhalatory therapy may result in microbe eradication. Quite importantly, the maintenance of high levels of IL-10 during the follow-up would suggest a consistent regulatory role of this cytokine in attenuating the pro-inflammatory arm of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Galantino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Nunzio Di Bitonto
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Luisella Borraccino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Gerardo Chiaromonte
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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107
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Kverneland AH, Streitz M, Geissler E, Hutchinson J, Vogt K, Boës D, Niemann N, Pedersen AE, Schlickeiser S, Sawitzki B. Age and gender leucocytes variances and references values generated using the standardized ONE-Study protocol. Cytometry A 2016; 89:543-64. [PMID: 27144459 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is now accepted as an ideal technology to reveal changes in immune cell composition and function. However, it is also an error-prone and variable technology, which makes it difficult to reproduce findings across laboratories. We have recently developed a strategy to standardize whole blood flow cytometry. The performance of our protocols was challenged here by profiling samples from healthy volunteers to reveal age- and gender-dependent differences and to establish a standardized reference cohort for use in clinical trials. Whole blood samples from two different cohorts were analyzed (first cohort: n = 52, second cohort: n = 46, both 20-84 years with equal gender distribution). The second cohort was run as a validation cohort by a different operator. The "ONE Study" panels were applied to analyze expression of >30 different surface markers to enumerate proportional and absolute numbers of >50 leucocyte subsets. Indeed, analysis of the first cohort revealed significant age-dependent changes in subsets e.g. increased activated and differentiated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets, acquisition of a memory phenotype for Tregs as well as decreased MDC2 and Marginal Zone B cells. Males and females showed different dynamics in age-dependent T cell activation and differentiation, indicating faster immunosenescence in males. Importantly, although both cohorts consisted of a small sample size, our standardized approach enabled validation of age-dependent changes with the second cohort. Thus, we have proven the utility of our strategy and generated reproducible reference ranges accounting for age- and gender-dependent differences, which are crucial for a better patient monitoring and individualized therapy. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders H Kverneland
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Mathias Streitz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Vogt
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - David Boës
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Niemann
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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108
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Kared H, Martelli S, Ng TP, Pender SLF, Larbi A. CD57 in human natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:441-52. [PMID: 26850637 PMCID: PMC11029668 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CD57 antigen (alternatively HNK-1, LEU-7, or L2) is routinely used to identify terminally differentiated 'senescent' cells with reduced proliferative capacity and altered functional properties. In this article, we review current understanding of the attributes of CD57-expressing T-cells and NK cells in both health and disease and discuss how this marker can inform researchers about their likely functions in human blood and tissues in vivo. While CD57 expression on human lymphocytes indicates an inability to proliferate, these cells also display high cytotoxic potential, and CD57(pos) NK cells exhibit both memory-like features and potent effector functions. Accordingly, frequencies of CD57-expressing cells in blood and tissues have been correlated with clinical prognosis in chronic infections or various cancers and with human aging. Functional modulation of senescent CD57(pos) T-cells and mature CD57(pos) NK cells may therefore represent innovative strategies for protection against human immunological aging and/or various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #3 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Serena Martelli
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #3 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontological Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sylvia L F Pender
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #3 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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109
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Pannone AF, Wang XQ, Archbald-Pannone LR. Peripheral Inflammation and Functional Decline in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Elderly Population. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:654-6. [PMID: 27000345 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Pannone
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Xin-Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Laurie R Archbald-Pannone
- Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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110
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Dedeoglu B, Meijers RWJ, Klepper M, Hesselink DA, Baan CC, Litjens NHR, Betjes MGH. Loss of CD28 on Peripheral T Cells Decreases the Risk for Early Acute Rejection after Kidney Transplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150826. [PMID: 26950734 PMCID: PMC4780739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background End-stage renal disease patients have a dysfunctional, prematurely aged peripheral T-cell system. Here we hypothesized that the degree of premature T-cell ageing before kidney transplantation predicts the risk for early acute allograft rejection (EAR). Methods 222 living donor kidney transplant recipients were prospectively analyzed. EAR was defined as biopsy proven acute allograft rejection within 3 months after kidney transplantation. The differentiation status of circulating T cells, the relative telomere length and the number of CD31+ naive T cells were determined as T-cell ageing parameters. Results Of the 222 patients analyzed, 30 (14%) developed an EAR. The donor age and the historical panel reactive antibody score were significantly higher (p = 0.024 and p = 0.039 respectively) and the number of related donor kidney transplantation was significantly lower (p = 0.018) in the EAR group. EAR-patients showed lower CD4+CD28null T-cell numbers (p<0.01) and the same trend was observed for CD8+CD28null T-cell numbers (p = 0.08). No differences regarding the other ageing parameters were found. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that higher CD4+CD28null T-cell numbers was associated with a lower risk for EAR (HR: 0.65, p = 0.028). In vitro, a significant lower percentage of alloreactive T cells was observed within CD28null T cells (p<0.001). Conclusion Immunological ageing-related expansion of highly differentiated CD28null T cells is associated with a lower risk for EAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burç Dedeoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruud W. J. Meijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Klepper
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis A. Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolle H. R. Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel G. H. Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
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111
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Clifford KM, Dy-Boarman EA, Haase KK, Maxvill K, Pass SE, Alvarez CA. Challenges with Diagnosing and Managing Sepsis in Older Adults. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:231-41. [PMID: 26687340 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1135052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis in older adults has many challenges that affect rate of septic diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring parameters. Numerous age-related changes and comorbidities contribute to increased risk of infections in older adults, but also atypical symptomatology that delays diagnosis. Due to various pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic changes in the older adult, medications are absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated at different rates as compared to younger adults, which increases risk of adverse drug reactions due to use of drug therapy needed for sepsis management. This review provides information to aid in diagnosis and offers recommendations for monitoring and treating sepsis in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin M Clifford
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Eliza A Dy-Boarman
- b Department of Clinical Sciences , Drake University , Des Moines , IA , USA
| | - Krystal K Haase
- c Department of Pharmacy Practice , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Kristen Maxvill
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Steven E Pass
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Carlos A Alvarez
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Dallas , TX , USA.,d Department of Clinical Sciences , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
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112
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Naradikian MS, Hao Y, Cancro MP. Age-associated B cells: key mediators of both protective and autoreactive humoral responses. Immunol Rev 2015; 269:118-29. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Naradikian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Microbiology; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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113
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Ponchel F, Burska A, Hensor E, Raja R, Campbell M, Emery P, Conaghan P. Changes in peripheral blood immune cell composition in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1870-8. [PMID: 26162804 PMCID: PMC4638189 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immune age-related abnormalities may synergise with osteoarthritis (OA) pathology. We explored whether abnormalities in the blood immune cell composition are present in OA, beyond defects typically associated with ageing. DESIGN Blood was collected from 121 healthy controls (HC) and 114 OA patients. Synovial biopsies were obtained from another 52 OA patients. Flow cytometry was used to establish the frequencies of lineage subsets, naïve, memory and regulatory T and B-cells, cells with an abnormal phenotype related to inflammation (IRC) and memory-like CD8(+) T-cells. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to determine whether the relative subset frequencies differed between HC and OA, controlling for age. RESULTS Expected histology and T/B-cell infiltration were observed. Following age adjusted analysis, we confirmed the lack of age association in HC for CD4(+), B, NK and NKT cells but a negative trend for CD8(+) T-cells. In OA, CD4(+) T-cell and B-cell frequency were lower compared to HC while CD8(+) T-cell frequencies were higher. CD8(+) memory-like cells were more likely to be found in OA (odds ratio = 15). Increased CD8(+) IRC frequencies were also present in OA. The relationship between age and CD4(+) or CD8(+) naïve T-cells in HC were changed in OA while the age relationships with memory cells were lost. The increase in CD4(+) Treg with age was also lost in OA. B-cells showed limited evidence of disturbance. CONCLUSIONS Immune dysfunction may be present in OA beyond what appears related to ageing; this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ponchel
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: F. Ponchel, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James University Hospital, Clinical Science Building, L5, R 5.25, LS9 7TF, Leeds, UK. Tel: 44 (0) 1132065673.
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114
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Battaglia S, Benfante A, Scichilone N. Asthma in the older adult: presentation, considerations and clinical management. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1297-308. [PMID: 26358013 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1087850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma affects older adults to the same extent as children and adolescents. However, one is led to imagine that asthma prevalence decreases with aging and becomes a rare entity in the elderly. From a clinical perspective, this misconception has nontrivial consequences in that the recognition of the disease is delayed and the treatment postponed. The overall management of asthma in the elderly population is also complicated by specific features that the disease develops in the most advanced ages, and by the difficulties that the physician encounters when approaching the older asthmatic subjects. The current review article aims at describing the specific clinical presentations of asthma in the elderly and highlights the gaps and pitfalls in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Relevant issues with regard to the clinical management of asthma in the elderly are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Battaglia
- a Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.MIS), University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Alida Benfante
- a Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.MIS), University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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115
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Vitlic A, Lord JM, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Bartlett DB, Rossi A, Arora-Duggal N, Welham A, Heald M, Oliver C, Carroll D, Phillips AC. Neutrophil function in young and old caregivers. Br J Health Psychol 2015; 21:173-89. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitlic
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
- School of Immunity and Infection; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Angela E. Taylor
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM); University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM); University of Birmingham; UK
| | - David B. Bartlett
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
- School of Immunity and Infection; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
- School of Immunity and Infection; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Niharika Arora-Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
- School of Immunity and Infection; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Alice Welham
- School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Mary Heald
- School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
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116
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Inflammatory Markers Change with Age, but do not Fall Beyond Reported Normal Ranges. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:249-54. [PMID: 26283530 PMCID: PMC4863028 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF, IL-6R, TNF-R1, and CRP and the dynamics of changes in these levels according to age. The study included healthy individuals of 20–90 years of age. Participants were divided into subgroups based on their decade of life, and into subgroups of ≥65 or <65 years. Serum cytokine levels were assayed by ELISA, and CRP using an immunoturbidimetric method. Serum CRP levels were within the normal range for all subgroups. The 60- to 70-year age group showed higher CRP than the 20- to 30- (p = 0.003), 30- to 40- (p = 0.009), and 40- to 50- (p = 0.030) year age groups. Serum cytokine levels were low. It was greater in the 60- to 70-year age group than in the 20- to 30- (p = 0.008) and 30- to 40- (p = 0.040) year groups, and was greater in the 70- to 90-year group than the 20- to 30-year group (p = 0.043). Serum TNF-R1 level in the 70- to 90-year group was greater than in all other age groups (p = 0.000 for all comparisons). Other measured parameters did not differ between groups. Serum levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-R1 were greater in participants ≥65 than <65 years of age. Healthy older people showed low serum levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, but higher than in younger population. Therefore, the adjustment of normal ranges in the elderly should be considered. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated beyond normal ranges indicate particular diseases.
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117
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Lorenzi T, Chisholm RH, Melensi M, Lorz A, Delitala M. Mathematical model reveals how regulating the three phases of T-cell response could counteract immune evasion. Immunology 2015; 146:271-80. [PMID: 26119966 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are key players in immune action against the invasion of target cells expressing non-self antigens. During an immune response, antigen-specific T cells dynamically sculpt the antigenic distribution of target cells, and target cells concurrently shape the host's repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. The succession of these reciprocal selective sweeps can result in 'chase-and-escape' dynamics and lead to immune evasion. It has been proposed that immune evasion can be countered by immunotherapy strategies aimed at regulating the three phases of the immune response orchestrated by antigen-specific T cells: expansion, contraction and memory. Here, we test this hypothesis with a mathematical model that considers the immune response as a selection contest between T cells and target cells. The outcomes of our model suggest that shortening the duration of the contraction phase and stabilizing as many T cells as possible inside the long-lived memory reservoir, using dual immunotherapies based on the cytokines interleukin-7 and/or interleukin-15 in combination with molecular factors that can keep the immunomodulatory action of these interleukins under control, should be an important focus of future immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lorenzi
- Centre de Mathématiques et de Leurs Applications, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Cachan Cedex, France
| | - Rebecca H Chisholm
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matteo Melensi
- Department of Health Sciences, A. Avogadro Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alexander Lorz
- MAMBA Team, INRIA-Paris-Rocquencourt, Le Chesnay Cedex, France.,Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7598, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, CNRS, UMR 7598, Paris, France
| | - Marcello Delitala
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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118
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Zolla V, Nizamutdinova IT, Scharf B, Clement CC, Maejima D, Akl T, Nagai T, Luciani P, Leroux J, Halin C, Stukes S, Tiwari S, Casadevall A, Jacobs WR, Entenberg D, Zawieja DC, Condeelis J, Fooksman DR, Gashev AA, Santambrogio L. Aging-related anatomical and biochemical changes in lymphatic collectors impair lymph transport, fluid homeostasis, and pathogen clearance. Aging Cell 2015; 14:582-94. [PMID: 25982749 PMCID: PMC4531072 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphatic vessels is to transport fluid, soluble molecules, and immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Here, we analyze how the aging process affects the functionality of the lymphatic collectors and the dynamics of lymph flow. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and proteomic analysis indicates a loss of matrix proteins, and smooth muscle cells in aged collectors resulting in a decrease in contraction frequency, systolic lymph flow velocity, and pumping activity, as measured in vivo in lymphatic collectors. Functionally, this impairment also translated into a reduced ability for in vivo bacterial transport as determined by time-lapse microscopy. Ultrastructural and proteomic analysis also indicates a decrease in the thickness of the endothelial cell glycocalyx and loss of gap junction proteins in aged lymph collectors. Redox proteomic analysis mapped an aging-related increase in the glycation and carboxylation of lymphatic’s endothelial cell and matrix proteins. Functionally, these modifications translate into apparent hyperpermeability of the lymphatics with pathogen escaping from the collectors into the surrounding tissue and a decreased ability to control tissue fluid homeostasis. Altogether, our data provide a mechanistic analysis of how the anatomical and biochemical changes, occurring in aged lymphatic vessels, compromise lymph flow, tissue fluid homeostasis, and pathogen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Zolla
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Irina Tsoy Nizamutdinova
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - Brian Scharf
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Cristina C. Clement
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
- Department of Physiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tony Akl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843USA
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
- Department of Physiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Sabriya Stukes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David C. Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David R. Fooksman
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
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119
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de Mare-Bredemeijer ELD, Shi XL, Mancham S, van Gent R, van der Heide-Mulder M, de Boer R, Heemskerk MHM, de Jonge J, van der Laan LJW, Metselaar HJ, Kwekkeboom J. Cytomegalovirus-Induced Expression of CD244 after Liver Transplantation Is Associated with CD8+ T Cell Hyporesponsiveness to Alloantigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1838-48. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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120
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Septic Shock in Advanced Age: Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Altered Molecular Signatures in Neutrophil Granulocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128341. [PMID: 26047321 PMCID: PMC4457834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the highest causes of mortality in hospitalized people and a common complication in both surgical and clinical patients admitted to hospital for non-infectious reasons. Sepsis is especially common in older people and its incidence is likely to increase substantially as a population ages. Despite its increased prevalence and mortality in older people, immune responses in the elderly during septic shock appear similar to that in younger patients. The purpose of this study was to conduct a genome-wide gene expression analysis of circulating neutrophils from old and young septic patients to better understand how aged individuals respond to severe infectious insult. We detected several genes whose expression could be used to differentiate immune responses of the elderly from those of young people, including genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction and TGF-β signaling, among others. Our results identify major molecular pathways that are particularly affected in the elderly during sepsis, which might have a pivotal role in worsening clinical outcomes compared with young people with sepsis.
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121
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Sturmberg JP, Bennett JM, Picard M, Seely AJE. The trajectory of life. Decreasing physiological network complexity through changing fractal patterns. Front Physiol 2015; 6:169. [PMID: 26082722 PMCID: PMC4451341 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this position paper, we submit a synthesis of theoretical models based on physiology, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and non-linear time-series analysis. Based on an understanding of the human organism as a system of interconnected complex adaptive systems, we seek to examine the relationship between health, complexity, variability, and entropy production, as it might be useful to help understand aging, and improve care for patients. We observe the trajectory of life is characterized by the growth, plateauing and subsequent loss of adaptive function of organ systems, associated with loss of functioning and coordination of systems. Understanding development and aging requires the examination of interdependence among these organ systems. Increasing evidence suggests network interconnectedness and complexity can be captured/measured/associated with the degree and complexity of healthy biologic rhythm variability (e.g., heart and respiratory rate variability). We review physiological mechanisms linking the omics, arousal/stress systems, immune function, and mitochondrial bioenergetics; highlighting their interdependence in normal physiological function and aging. We argue that aging, known to be characterized by a loss of variability, is manifested at multiple scales, within functional units at the small scale, and reflected by diagnostic features at the larger scale. While still controversial and under investigation, it appears conceivable that the integrity of whole body complexity may be, at least partially, reflected in the degree and variability of intrinsic biologic rhythms, which we believe are related to overall system complexity that may be a defining feature of health and it's loss through aging. Harnessing this information for the development of therapeutic and preventative strategies may hold an opportunity to significantly improve the health of our patients across the trajectory of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Sturmberg
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle Wamberal, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeanette M Bennett
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ottawa and Associate Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
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122
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Sarkozy C, Salles G, Falandry C. The Biology of Aging and Lymphoma: a Complex Interplay. Curr Oncol Rep 2015; 17:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-015-0457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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123
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Ahmadi-Abhari S, Kaptoge S, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Longitudinal association of C-reactive protein and Haemoglobin A1c over 13 years: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer--Norfolk study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:61. [PMID: 25994228 PMCID: PMC4445808 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type-2 diabetes is associated with systemic inflammation and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. However, the longitudinal association of CRP and haemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) has not been described in large prospective studies. Understanding such associations may shed light on the role of inflammation in development of type-2 diabetes and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases. Methods EPIC-Norfolk is a cohort study of men and women aged 40–79 years at time of recruitment (1993–1997). Serum CRP (mg/l) was measured using a high-sensitivity assay at baseline and 13-years follow-up. HbA1c (%) was measured at baseline, 4, and 13 years. Participants were excluded if they were diagnosed with diabetes or were taking diabetes medication. Data on at least one measurement of CRP and HbA1c was available for 14228 participants (55 % of the cohort). Results In the cross-sectional analysis of baseline data, a 1-SD higher loge-CRP (about three-fold higher CRP) was associated with 0.06 (95 % CI 0.04, 0.08) higher HbA1c (%) adjusted for potential confounders. In longitudinal analysis using multivariable linear mixed models, change in CRP over 13 years was to a similar extent positively associated with increase in HbA1c, such that 1-SD higher longitudinal change in loge-CRP was associated with 0.04 (95 % CI 0.02, 0.05) increase in HbA1c. Conclusion In this study we found longitudinal observational evidence suggesting that increase in systemic inflammation is associated with an increase in HbA1c and thus systemic inflammation may have a role in development of type-2 diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi-Abhari
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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124
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Peterson CT, Sharma V, Elmén L, Peterson SN. Immune homeostasis, dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:363-77. [PMID: 25345825 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The distal gut harbours ∼10(13) bacteria, representing the most densely populated ecosystem known. The functional diversity expressed by these communities is enormous and relatively unexplored. The past decade of research has unveiled the profound influence that the resident microbial populations bestow to host immunity and metabolism. The evolution of these communities from birth generates a highly adapted and highly personalized microbiota that is stable in healthy individuals. Immune homeostasis is achieved and maintained due in part to the extensive interplay between the gut microbiota and host mucosal immune system. Imbalances of gut microbiota may lead to a number of pathologies such as obesity, type I and type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammaging/immunosenscence in the elderly. In-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control homeostasis and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota represents an important step in our ability to reliably modulate the gut microbiota with positive clinical outcomes. The potential of microbiome-based therapeutics to treat epidemic human disease is of great interest. New therapeutic paradigms, including second-generation personalized probiotics, prebiotics, narrow spectrum antibiotic treatment and faecal microbiome transplantation, may provide safer and natural alternatives to traditional clinical interventions for chronic diseases. This review discusses host-microbiota homeostasis, consequences of its perturbation and the associated challenges in therapeutic developments that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Peterson
- The George Washington University, The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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125
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Figueredo GP, Siebers PO, Aickelin U, Whitbrook A, Garibaldi JM. Juxtaposition of system dynamics and agent-based simulation for a case study in immunosenescence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118359. [PMID: 25807273 PMCID: PMC4373923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in healthcare and in the quality of life significantly increase human life expectancy. With the aging of populations, new un-faced challenges are brought to science. The human body is naturally selected to be well-functioning until the age of reproduction to keep the species alive. However, as the lifespan extends, unseen problems due to the body deterioration emerge. There are several age-related diseases with no appropriate treatment; therefore, the complex aging phenomena needs further understanding. It is known that immunosenescence is highly correlated to the negative effects of aging. In this work we advocate the use of simulation as a tool to assist the understanding of immune aging phenomena. In particular, we are comparing system dynamics modelling and simulation (SDMS) and agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) for the case of age-related depletion of naive T cells in the organism.
We address the following research questions: Which simulation approach is more suitable for this problem? Can these approaches be employed interchangeably? Is there any benefit of using one approach compared to the other? Results show that both simulation outcomes closely fit the observed data and existing mathematical model; and the likely contribution of each of the naive T cell repertoire maintenance method can therefore be estimated. The differences observed in the outcomes of both approaches are due to the probabilistic character of ABMS contrasted to SDMS. However, they do not interfere in the overall expected dynamics of the populations. In this case, therefore, they can be employed interchangeably, with SDMS being simpler to implement and taking less computational resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazziela P Figueredo
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peer-Olaf Siebers
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Aickelin
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Whitbrook
- Department of Computer Science, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Garibaldi
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Nikolakis G, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Skin mirrors human aging. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 16:13-28. [PMID: 25436743 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Aged skin exhibits disturbed lipid barrier, angiogenesis, production of sweat, immune functions, and calcitriol synthesis as well as the tendency towards development of certain benign or malignant diseases. These complex biological processes comprise endogenous and exogenous factors. Ethnicity also markedly influences the phenotype of skin aging. The theories of cellular senescence, telomere shortening and decreased proliferative capacity, mitochondrial DNA single mutations, the inflammation theory, and the free radical theory try to explain the biological background of the global aging process, which is mirrored in the skin. The development of advanced glycation end-products and the declining hormonal levels are major factors influencing intrinsic aging. Chronic photodamage of the skin is the prime factor leading to extrinsic skin aging. The deterioration of important skin functions, due to intrinsic and extrinsic aging, leads to clinical manifestations, which mirror several internal age-associated diseases such as diabetes, arterial hypertension and malignancies.
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127
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Meijers RWJ, Betjes MGH, Baan CC, Litjens NHR. T-cell ageing in end-stage renal disease patients: Assessment and clinical relevance. World J Nephrol 2014; 3:268-276. [PMID: 25374821 PMCID: PMC4220360 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a defective T-cell-mediated immune system which is related to excessive premature ageing of the T-cell compartment. This is likely to be caused by the uremia-associated pro-inflammatory milieu, created by loss of renal function. Therefore, ESRD patients are highly susceptible for infections, have an increased risk for virus-associated cancers, respond poorly to vaccination and have an increased risk for atherosclerotic diseases. Three ageing parameters can be used to assess an immunological T-cell age. First, thymic output can be determined by assessing the T-cell receptor excision circles-content together with CD31 expression within the naïve T cells. Second, the telomere length of T cells and third the T-cell differentiation status are also indicators of T-cell ageing. Analyses based on these parameters in ESRD patients revealed that the immunological T-cell age is increased by on average 20 years compared to the chronological age. After kidney transplantation (KTx) the aged T-cell phenotype persists although the pro-inflammatory milieu is diminished. This might be explained by epigenetic modifications at hematopoietic stem cells level. Assessment of an immunological T-cell age could be an important tool to identify KTx recipients who are at risk for allograft rejection or to prevent over-immunosuppression.
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128
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Ponte EV, Stelmach R, Franco R, Souza-Machado C, Souza-Machado A, Cruz AA. Age is not associated with hospital admission or uncontrolled symptoms of asthma if proper treatment is offered. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 165:61-7. [PMID: 25342531 DOI: 10.1159/000367924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging modifies immune response and respiratory physiology. Few studies evaluate the effect of age on asthma. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether age is associated with uncontrolled symptoms and hospital admissions due to asthma in a setting where patients were receiving proper treatment. METHODS We enrolled 401 patients with uncontrolled asthma who were inhaled corticosteroid-naive. The follow-up period was 1 year. They received medications for asthma, performed spirometry, a symptoms questionnaire, and all emergency room visits and hospital admissions due to asthma were reported. The primary end point was hospital admission during the follow-up period. RESULTS Baseline data demonstrated that subjects >55 years of age had a later onset of asthma and a longer duration of symptoms. Adjusted logistic regression models demonstrated that older age at enrollment did not predict asthma control in the follow-up: hospital admission due to asthma [odds ratio (OR) 1.7 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-4.7], symptoms score (OR 0.6 and 95% CI 0.3-1.1) and emergency room visits due to asthma (OR 0.9 and 95% CI 0.6-1.3). Older age was associated with worse lung function (OR 1.8 and 95% CI 1.1-3.3). CONCLUSION This study allows us to conclude that older age is associated with a later onset of asthma and a longer duration of symptoms. Age does not predict hospital admissions or poor control of asthma symptoms if proper treatment is offered. It does, however, predict worse lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vieira Ponte
- Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Jundiaí, Brazil
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129
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Immune profile predicts survival and reflects senescence in a small, long-lived mammal, the greater sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108268. [PMID: 25254988 PMCID: PMC4177908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system imposes costs that may have to be traded against investment of resources in other costly life-history traits. Yet, it is unknown if a trade-off between immunity and longevity occurs in free-ranging mammals. Here, we tested if age and survival, two aspects associated with longevity, are linked to immune parameters in an 8 g bat species. Using a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we assessed whether total white blood cell (WBC) counts, bacterial killing ability of the plasma (BKA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration change with age. Furthermore, we asked if these immune parameters impose costs resulting in decreased survival probabilities. We found that WBC counts decreased with age both within and among individuals. IgG concentrations were higher in older individuals, but did not change with age within individuals. Furthermore, individuals with above average WBC counts or IgG concentration had lower probabilities to survive the next six months. High WBC counts and IgG concentrations may reflect infections with parasites and pathogens, however, individuals that were infected with trypanosomes or nematodes showed neither higher WBC counts or IgG concentrations, nor was infection connected with survival rates. BKA was higher in infected compared with uninfected bats, but not related to age or survival. In conclusion, cellular (WBC) and humoral (IgG) parts of the immune system were both connected to age and survival, but not to parasite infections, which supports the hypothesis that energetically costly immunological defences are traded against other costly life-history traits, leading to a reduced lifespan in this free-ranging mammal.
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130
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Park J, Miyakawa T, Shiokawa A, Nakajima-Adachi H, Tanokura M, Hachimura S. Attenuation of migration properties of CD4+ T cells from aged mice correlates with decrease in chemokine receptor expression, response to retinoic acid, and RALDH expression compared to young mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:976-80. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.910099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aging results in attenuation of abilities to mount appropriate immune responses. The influence of aging on CD4+ T cell migration ability toward chemokines was investigated with young and aged mice. We found functional decline in migration ability toward CCL19 and also decreased CCR7 expression level in antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells from aged mice compared with those from young mice. Upon addition of retinoic acid (RA), CD4+ T cells from aged mice showed decreased CCR9 expression level compared to young mice and the migration ability of CD4+ T cells from aged mice toward CCL25 was attenuated compared to young mice. We also observed that the expression of RALDH2 mRNA was decreased in mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells from aged mice compared to those from young mice. These results demonstrate that attenuated migration abilities of CD4+ T cells were observed in aged mice, which correlated with decreased chemokine receptor expression. Furthermore, the reduced production and response to RA by aging may be one of the causes of such attenuated migration abilities in the intestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Shiokawa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyo Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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131
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Immunosenenescence: Role of cytomegalovirus. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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132
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Franceschi C, Campisi J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69 Suppl 1:S4-9. [PMID: 24833586 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2329] [Impact Index Per Article: 232.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation, and this phenomenon has been termed as "inflammaging." Inflammaging is a highly significant risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in the elderly people, as most if not all age-related diseases share an inflammatory pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise etiology of inflammaging and its potential causal role in contributing to adverse health outcomes remain largely unknown. The identification of pathways that control age-related inflammation across multiple systems is therefore important in order to understand whether treatments that modulate inflammaging may be beneficial in old people. The session on inflammation of the Advances in Gerosciences meeting held at the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging in Bethesda on October 30 and 31, 2013 was aimed at defining these important unanswered questions about inflammaging. This article reports the main outcomes of this session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Italy. IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, and CNR-ISOF, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California
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133
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Luiz DP, Santos Júnior CD, Bonetti AM, Brandeburgo MAM. Tollip or not Tollip: what are the evolving questions behind it? PLoS One 2014; 9:e97219. [PMID: 24828816 PMCID: PMC4020778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tollip plays an important role in the interleukin-1 receptor IL-1R and Toll pathways. As a modulator of the immune pathway, it indirectly controls the amount of antimicrobial peptides. This could indicate a vital step in maintaining animal immune systems and preventing infection. Evolutionary questions are crucial to understanding the conservation and functioning of the biochemical pathways like the Tollip-mediated one. Through an analysis of 36 sequences of the Tollip protein from different animal taxa, downloaded from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databank, we inferred diverse evolutionary parameters, such as molecular selection and structure conservation, by analyzing residue by residue, beyond the canonical parameters to this type of study, as maximum likelihood trees. We found that Tollip presented different trends in its evolving history. In primates, the protein is becoming more unstable, just the opposite is observed in the arthropod group. The most interesting finding was the concentration of positively selected residues at amino terminal ends. Some observed topological incongruences in maximum likelihood trees of complete and curated Tollip data sets could be explained through horizontal transfers, evidenced by recombination detection. These results suggest that there is more to be researched and understood about this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Prudencio Luiz
- Genetics Laboratory, Genetics and Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Célio Dias Santos Júnior
- Genetics Laboratory, Genetics and Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bonetti
- Genetics Laboratory, Genetics and Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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134
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Welzl K, Weinberger B, Kronbichler A, Sturm G, Kern G, Mayer G, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Koppelstaetter C. How immunosuppressive therapy affects T cells from kidney transplanted patients of different age: the role of latent cytomegalovirus infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:112-9. [PMID: 24028181 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The average age of patients receiving renal transplantation is increasing as programmes have been established which support the donation of organs from elderly donors to older recipients. Little is known about the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the immune system of older patients. In this study, T cell function and the composition of the T cell repertoire were analysed in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients of different age and cytomegalovirus (CMV) status in comparison to age- and CMV-matched controls. Independent of age and CMV status, the production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ by T cells was decreased in the patient groups and autologous serum from patients was capable of inhibiting the proliferation of CD3⁺ T cells. CXCR5 expression on T cells was increased in patients versus controls reflecting reduced endogenous IL-2 signalling under immunosuppressive therapy. In CMV-seronegative patients kidney transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy did not induce changes in the CD8⁺ T cell pool, but there was a moderate increase in CD4⁺CD28⁻ effector T cells when compared to age-matched controls. In contrast, latent CMV infection triggered a shift from early to late differentiated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in patients and controls. This shift was most pronounced in elderly transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation is effective in patients older than 65 years. Latent CMV infection, however, accelerates age-related changes in the T cell repertoire in elderly people under immunosuppressive therapy. These patients should therefore be monitored with special care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Welzl
- Immunology Division, Research Institute of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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135
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Grignolio A, Mishto M, Faria AMC, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Tieri P. Towards a liquid self: how time, geography, and life experiences reshape the biological identity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:153. [PMID: 24782860 PMCID: PMC3988364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conceptualization of immunological self is amongst the most important theories of modern biology, representing a sort of theoretical guideline for experimental immunologists, in order to understand how host constituents are ignored by the immune system (IS). A consistent advancement in this field has been represented by the danger/damage theory and its subsequent refinements, which at present represents the most comprehensive conceptualization of immunological self. Here, we present the new hypothesis of "liquid self," which integrates and extends the danger/damage theory. The main novelty of the liquid self hypothesis lies in the full integration of the immune response mechanisms into the host body's ecosystems, i.e., in adding the temporal, as well as the geographical/evolutionary and environmental, dimensions, which we suggested to call "immunological biography." Our hypothesis takes into account the important biological changes occurring with time (age) in the IS (including immunosenescence and inflammaging), as well as changes in the organismal context related to nutrition, lifestyle, and geography (populations). We argue that such temporal and geographical dimensions impinge upon, and continuously reshape, the antigenicity of physical entities (molecules, cells, bacteria, viruses), making them switching between "self" and "non-self" states in a dynamical, "liquid" fashion. Particular attention is devoted to oral tolerance and gut microbiota, as well as to a new potential source of unexpected self epitopes produced by proteasome splicing. Finally, our framework allows the set up of a variety of testable predictions, the most straightforward suggesting that the immune responses to defined molecules representing potentials antigens will be quantitatively and qualitatively quite different according to the immuno-biographical background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grignolio
- Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani" for Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Michele Mishto
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sul Cancro "G. Prodi", University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani" for Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; IRCCS of Neurological Science , Bologna , Italy ; Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Bologna , Italy
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Mathematics "M. Picone", National Research Council , Rome , Italy
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136
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Islam J, Taylor AL, Rao K, Huffnagle G, Young VB, Rajkumar C, Cohen J, Papatheodorou P, Aronoff DM, Llewelyn MJ. The role of the humoral immune response to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in susceptibility to C. difficile infection: a case-control study. Anaerobe 2014; 27:82-6. [PMID: 24708941 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody levels to Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA), but not toxin B (TcdB), have been found to determine risk of C. difficile infection (CDI). Historically, TcdA was thought to be the key virulence factor; however the importance of TcdB in disease is now established. We re-evaluated the role of antibodies to TcdA and TcdB in determining patient susceptibility to CDI in two separate patient cohorts. In contrast to earlier studies, we find that CDI patients have lower pre-existing IgA titres to TcdB, but not TcdA, when compared to control patients. Our findings suggest that mucosal immunity to TcdB may be important in the early stages of infection and identifies a possible target for preventing CDI progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Islam
- Pathogen Host Interaction Group, Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Medical School Research Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - A L Taylor
- Pathogen Host Interaction Group, Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Medical School Research Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - K Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G Huffnagle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Rajkumar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK
| | - J Cohen
- Pathogen Host Interaction Group, Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Medical School Research Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - P Papatheodorou
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - D M Aronoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M J Llewelyn
- Pathogen Host Interaction Group, Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Medical School Research Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK.
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137
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Poulose N, Raju R. Aging and injury: alterations in cellular energetics and organ function. Aging Dis 2014; 5:101-8. [PMID: 24729935 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by increased oxidative stress, heightened inflammatory response, accelerated cellular senescence and progressive organ dysfunction. The homeostatic imbalance with aging significantly alters cellular responses to injury. Though it is unclear whether cellular energetic imbalance is a cause or effect of the aging process, preservation of mitochondrial function has been reported to be important in organ function restoration following severe injury. Unintentional injuries are ranked among the top 10 causes of death in adults of both sexes, 65 years and older. Aging associated decline in mitochondrial function has been shown to enhance the vulnerability of heart, lung, liver and kidney to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Studies have identified alterations in the level or activity of factors such as SIRT1, PGC-1α, HIF-1α and c-MYC involved in key regulatory processes in the maintenance of mitochondrial structural integrity, biogenesis and function. Studies using experimental models of hemorrhagic injury and burn have demonstrated significant influence of aging in metabolic regulation and organ function. Understanding the age-associated molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial dysfunction following injury is important towards identifying novel targets and therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome after injury in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA30912, USA ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA30912, USA
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138
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Zang Q, Wolf SE, Minei JP. Sepsis-induced Cardiac Mitochondrial Damage and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in the Elderly. Aging Dis 2014; 5:137-49. [PMID: 24729939 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sepsis and its attendant mortality risk are significantly increased with aging. Thus, severe sepsis in the elderly is likely to become an emerging concern in critical care units. Cardiac dysfunction is an important component of multi-organ failure after sepsis. In our laboratory, utilizing a pneumonia-related sepsis animal model, our research has been focused on the mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced cardiac failure. In this review, based on findings from others and ours, we discussed age-dependent decay in mitochondria and the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in sepsis-induced cardiac inflammation and autophagy. Our recent discovery of a potential signal transduction pathway that triggers myocardial mitochondrial damage is also discussed. Because of the significance of mitochondria damage in the aging process and in sepsis pathogenesis, we hypothesize that specific enhancing mitochondrial antioxidant defense by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MTAs) may provide important therapeutic potential in treating elder sepsis patients. In this review, we summarized the categories of currently published MTA molecules and the results of preclinical evaluation of MTAs in sepsis and aging models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven E Wolf
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph P Minei
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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139
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Si H, Liu D. Dietary antiaging phytochemicals and mechanisms associated with prolonged survival. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:581-91. [PMID: 24742470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is well-known an inevitable process that is influenced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not well understood. Increasing evidence shows that aging is highly associated with chronic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), accumulation of a low-grade proinflammatory phenotype and reduction in age-related autophagy, suggesting that these factors may play important roles in promoting aging. Indeed, reduction of ROS and low-grade inflammation and promotion of autophagy by calorie restriction or other dietary manipulation can extend lifespan in a wide spectrum of model organisms. Interestingly, recent studies show that some food-derived small molecules, also called phytochemicals, can extend lifespan in various animal species. In this paper, we review several recently identified potential antiaging phytochemicals that have been studied in cells, animals and humans and further highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the antiaging actions by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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140
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Abstract
Adipose tissue historically was believed to be an inert tissue, functioning primarily in the storage of energy and thermal homeostasis. However, recent discoveries point toward a critical role for adipocytes in endocrine function as well as immune regulation. Excess body fat, accumulated through aging and/or a calorie-rich diet, is associated with many chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Within the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, macrophages and T cells accumulate with increasing tissue mass, secreting pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this review we discuss the current understanding of immune cell function in both diet-induced and age-related obesity. In both models of obesity, the classically activated, pro-inflammatory (M1) subtype takes precedence over the alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, causing tissue necrosis and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6. Other distinct adipose tissue macrophage subtypes have been identified by surface marker expression and their functions characterized. Adipose tissue T cell recruitment to adipose tissue is also different between aging- and diet-induced obesity. Under both conditions, T cells exhibit restricted T-cell receptor diversity and produce higher levels of pro-inflammatory signals like interferon-γ and granzyme B relative to young or healthy mice. However, numbers of regulatory T cells are dramatically different between the 2 models of obesity. Taken together, these findings suggest models of age- and diet-induced obesity may be more distinct than previously thought, with many questions yet to be resolved in this multidimensional disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Colin Delaney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Raymond Yung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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141
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Arsenović-Ranin N, Kosec D, Pilipović I, Bufan B, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Radojević K, Nacka-Aleksić M, Leposavić G. Androgens contribute to age-associated changes in peripheral T-cell homeostasis acting in a thymus-independent way. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:161-82. [PMID: 24504059 DOI: 10.1159/000355349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering a causal role of androgens in thymic involution, age-related remodeling of peripheral T-cell compartments in the absence of testicular hormones was evaluated. METHODS Rats were orchidectomized (ORX) at the age of 1 month, and T-peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and splenocytes from young (75-day-old) and aged (24-month-old) rats were examined for differentiation/activation and immunoregulatory marker expression. RESULTS In ORX rats, following the initial rise, the counts of CD4+ and CD8+ PBLs diminished with aging. This reflected the decline in thymic export as shown by recent thymic emigrant (RTE) enumeration. Orchidectomy increased the count of both of the major T-splenocyte subsets in young rats, and they (differently from controls) remained stable with aging. The CD4+:CD8+ T-splenocyte ratio in ORX rats shifted towards CD4+ cells compared to age-matched controls. Although in the major T-cell subsets in the blood and spleen from aged ORX rats the numbers of RTEs were comparable to the corresponding values in age-matched controls, the numbers of mature naïve and memory/activated cells substantially differed. Compared with age-matched controls, in aged ORX rats the numbers of CD4+ mature naïve PBLs and splenocytes were reduced, whereas those of CD4+ memory/activated cells (predictive of early mortality) were increased. Additionally, in spleens from aged ORX rats, despite unaltered thymic export, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and natural killer T cell counts were greater than in age-matched controls. CONCLUSION (i) Age-related decline in thymopoietic efficacy is not dependent on androgen presence, and (ii) androgens are involved in the maintenance of peripheral T-cell (particularly CD4+ cell) homeostasis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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142
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Abstract
Abstract The concept of immunosenescence reflects age-related changes in immune responses, both cellular and serological, affecting the process of generating specific responses to foreign and self-antigens. The decline of the immune system with age is reflected in the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, poorer response to vaccination, increased prevalence of cancer, autoimmune and other chronic diseases. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are affected by the aging process; however, the adaptive response seems to be more affected by the age-related changes in the immune system. Additionally, aged individuals tend to present a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis and diabetes). However, some individuals arrive to advanced ages without any major health problems, referred to as healthy aging. The immune system dysfunction seems to be somehow mitigated in this population, probably due to genetic and environmental factors yet to be described. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize the current knowledge on how the immune system is affected by the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camil Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain and
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143
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Abstract
There are many age-associated changes in the respiratory and pulmonary immune system. These changes include decreases in the volume of the thoracic cavity, reduced lung volumes, and alterations in the muscles that aid respiration. Muscle function on a cellular level in the aging population is less efficient. The elderly population has less pulmonary reserve, and cough strength is decreased in the elderly population due to anatomic changes and muscle atrophy. Clearance of particles from the lung through the mucociliary elevator is decreased and associated with ciliary dysfunction. Many complex changes in immunity with aging contribute to increased susceptibility to infections including a less robust immune response from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Considering all of these age-related changes to the lungs, pulmonary disease has significant consequences for the aging population. Chronic lower respiratory tract disease is the third leading cause of death in people aged 65 years and older. With a large and growing aging population, it is critical to understand how the body changes with age and how this impacts the entire respiratory system. Understanding the aging process in the lung is necessary in order to provide optimal care to our aging population. This review focuses on the nonpathologic aging process in the lung, including structural changes, changes in muscle function, and pulmonary immunologic function, with special consideration of obstructive lung disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lowery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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144
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aging of the hematopoietic system is associated with myeloid malignancies, anemia and immune dysfunction. As hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate all cells of the hematopoietic system, age-associated changes in HSCs may underlie many features of the aged hematopoietic system. Recent findings on age-associated changes in HSCs are reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Aged HSCs are myeloid biased, have acquired DNA damage and are functionally compromised. However, overall function of the HSC compartment is well maintained through age-associated expansion of HSCs. Many age-related changes in the hematopoietic system, in particular the clonal myeloid bias of HSCs and the decrease in B and T-cell development, in fact begin during development. Furthermore, HSCs possess specific protective mechanisms aimed at maintaining their number, even at the expense of accumulating damaged cells. SUMMARY We argue that age-related changes in HSCs and in the hematopoietic system may not entirely be due to a degenerative aging process, but are the result of developmental and stem cell-protective mechanisms aimed at maximizing fitness during reproductive life. These mechanisms may be disadvantageous later in life as damaged HSCs accumulate and establishment of responses to neoantigens becomes compromised because of the reduced generation of naive T and B cells.
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145
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Iskander KN, Osuchowski MF, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Kurosawa S, Stepien D, Valentine C, Remick DG. Sepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understanding. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1247-88. [PMID: 23899564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis represents the host's systemic inflammatory response to a severe infection. It causes substantial human morbidity resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Despite decades of intense research, the basic mechanisms still remain elusive. In either experimental animal models of sepsis or human patients, there are substantial physiological changes, many of which may result in subsequent organ injury. Variations in age, gender, and medical comorbidities including diabetes and renal failure create additional complexity that influence the outcomes in septic patients. Specific system-based alterations, such as the coagulopathy observed in sepsis, offer both potential insight and possible therapeutic targets. Intracellular stress induces changes in the endoplasmic reticulum yielding misfolded proteins that contribute to the underlying pathophysiological changes. With these multiple changes it is difficult to precisely classify an individual's response in sepsis as proinflammatory or immunosuppressed. This heterogeneity also may explain why most therapeutic interventions have not improved survival. Given the complexity of sepsis, biomarkers and mathematical models offer potential guidance once they have been carefully validated. This review discusses each of these important factors to provide a framework for understanding the complex and current challenges of managing the septic patient. Clinical trial failures and the therapeutic interventions that have proven successful are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Iskander
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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146
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Buffa S, Pellicanò M, Bulati M, Martorana A, Goldeck D, Caruso C, Pawelec G, Colonna-Romano G. A novel B cell population revealed by a CD38/CD24 gating strategy: CD38(-)CD24 (-) B cells in centenarian offspring and elderly people. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2009-24. [PMID: 23129025 PMCID: PMC3776115 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The B cell arm of adaptive immunity undergoes significant modifications with age. Elderly people are characterized by impaired B cell responses reflected in a reduced ability to effectively respond against viruses and bacteria. Alterations of immunity with advancing age (immunosenescence) have been widely studied in centenarians who are considered a good example of successful aging. In recent years, attention has shifted to centenarian offspring (CO) as a model of people genetically advantaged for healthy aging and longevity. Here, we describe the preliminary characterization of a proposed new population of memory B cells, defined as CD19(+)CD38(-)CD24(-), which we find at higher frequencies in the elderly but less so in CO than healthy age-matched random controls. In addition, we found a decreased expression of RP105 (CD180), a toll-like receptor-associated molecule, on these cells. CD180 downregulation may potentially be a marker of immunosenescence. Moreover, we show that these CD19(+)CD38(-)CD24(-) B cells produce TNF and hypothesize that their observed expansion in the elderly might contribute to the increased inflammatory status sometimes designated "inflamm-aging."
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Buffa
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
| | - Mariavaleria Pellicanò
- />Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, Tübingen Aging and Tumor Immunology Group, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Bulati
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
| | - Adriana Martorana
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
| | - David Goldeck
- />Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, Tübingen Aging and Tumor Immunology Group, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Calogero Caruso
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
| | - Graham Pawelec
- />Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, Tübingen Aging and Tumor Immunology Group, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
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147
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Ostan R, Bucci L, Cevenini E, Palmas MG, Pini E, Scurti M, Vescovini R, Caruso C, Mari D, Vitale G, Franceschi C, Monti D. Metabolic syndrome in the offspring of centenarians: focus on prevalence, components, and adipokines. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1995-2007. [PMID: 23138631 PMCID: PMC3776117 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With aging, an increased prevalence of a clustering of metabolic abnormalities has been observed. These abnormalities include obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance and are collectively known as metabolic syndrome (MetS), a low-grade, systemic, inflammatory condition associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other adverse health outcomes. A number of studies have demonstrated that centenarians' offspring have a significant survival advantage and a lower risk of developing the most important age-related diseases. They therefore represent one of the best models with which to study the familiar component of human longevity. The aim of this study was to determine if the offspring of centenarians (n = 265 subjects) showed a different prevalence of MetS in comparison to the offspring of non-long-lived parents (controls, n = 101 subjects). In addition, we assessed whether centenarians' offspring showed particular features of MetS and a distinct regulation of circulating adipokines, cytokines, and metabolic mediators. Although the prevalence of MetS was quite similar both in the offspring of centenarians and the controls, MetS-affected centenarians' offspring seemed healthier, more functionally fit, and had lower resistin levels. MetS prevalence did not change in centenarians' offspring across resistin, IGF-1, and resistin/IGF-1 ratio tertiles. On the other hand, in controls, MetS prevalence strongly increased across resistin tertiles and in the third resistin/IGF-1 ratio tertile, indicating a dramatic increase in MetS prevalence when the ratio between these two factors is unbalanced, with high levels of resistin and low levels of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ostan
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Bucci
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Cevenini
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. G. Palmas
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Pini
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Scurti
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Vescovini
- />Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - C. Caruso
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 211, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - D. Mari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
- />Geriatric Unit IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - G. Vitale
- />Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
- />IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Franceschi
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Monti
- />Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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148
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Influenza virus specific CD8⁺ T cells exacerbate infection following high dose influenza challenge of aged mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:876314. [PMID: 24187666 PMCID: PMC3800650 DOI: 10.1155/2013/876314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause severe illnesses and death, mainly in the aged population. Protection afforded by licensed vaccines through subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies is incomplete, especially when the vaccine antigens fail to closely match those of the circulating viral strains. Efforts are underway to generate a so-called universal influenza vaccine expressing conserved viral sequences that induce broad protection to multiple strains of influenza virus through the induction of CD8+ T cells. Here we assess the effect of a potent antiviral CD8+ T cell response on influenza virus infection of young and aged mice. Our results show that CD8+ T cell-inducing vaccines can provide some protection to young mice, but they exacerbate influenza virus-associated disease in aged mice, causing extensive lung pathology and death.
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149
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Boehm AM, Rosenstiel P, Bosch TCG. Stem cells and aging from a quasi-immortal point of view. Bioessays 2013; 35:994-1003. [PMID: 24037777 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding aging and how it affects an organism's lifespan is a fundamental problem in biology. A hallmark of aging is stem cell senescence, the decline of functionality, and number of somatic stem cells, resulting in an impaired regenerative capacity and reduced tissue function. In addition, aging is characterized by profound remodeling of the immune system and a quantitative decline of adequate immune responses, a phenomenon referred to as immune-senescence. Yet, what is causing stem cell and immune-senescence? This review discusses experimental studies of potentially immortal Hydra which have made contributions to answering this question. Hydra transcription factor FoxO has been shown to modulate both stem cell proliferation and innate immunity, lending strong support to a role of FoxO as critical rate-of-aging regulator from Hydra to human. Constructing a model of how FoxO responds to diverse environmental factors provides a framework for how stem cell factors might contribute to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marei Boehm
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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150
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Pellicano M, Buffa S, Goldeck D, Bulati M, Martorana A, Caruso C, Colonna-Romano G, Pawelec G. Evidence for Less Marked Potential Signs of T-Cell Immunosenescence in Centenarian Offspring Than in the General Age-Matched Population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:495-504. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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