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Aguilar OA, Hadj-Moussa H, Storey KB. Regulation of SMAD transcription factors during freezing in the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 201:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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102
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Kassi E, Nasiri-Ansari N, Spilioti E, Kalotychou V, Apostolou PE, Moutsatsou P, Papavassiliou AG. Vitamin D interferes with glucocorticoid responsiveness in human peripheral blood mononuclear target cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4341-4354. [PMID: 27220430 PMCID: PMC11108367 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; however, patients are often resistant to GC effects. Current studies indicate that vitamin D reduces the risk or modifies the course of autoimmune diseases posing vitamin D supplementation as a prevention or therapeutic option. Herein, we investigated whether vitamin D can modify the response to GCs at the molecular level. To this end, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy vitamin D-deficient women and incubated with either the active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 (VitD) for 11 days or dexamethasone (Dex) for the last 2 days in the presence or absence of VitD. Ex vivo GC sensitivity was assessed by the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsive gene GILZ with RT-PCR. Long-term incubation of PBMCs with VitD significantly decreased the Dex-induced augmentation of GILZ expression. Since the intracellular concentration of GR and the GR nuclear translocation are critical determinants of GC sensitivity, we next evaluated the effect of VitD on these factors. RT-PCR and western-blot analysis revealed that VitD reduced the expression of GR. This effect was abolished by the HDAC-specific inhibitor trichostatin A, implying that HDAC was implicated in this effect. Moreover, NCoR1 mRNA was significantly decreased upon treatment with VitD either alone or as pre-treatment to Dex, suggesting that a possible increase in expression of this co-repressor was not involved. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that VitD hindered the Dex-induced GRα nuclear translocation, an effect verified by subcellular fractionation and western-blot experiments. To further explore the underpinning mechanism, we examined the potential of VitD to: (1) strengthen the FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) negative feedback loop and (2) modify the phosphorylation status of GR. Remarkably, VitD decreased FKBP5 expression and decreased phosphorylation at Ser211, while enhancing phosphorylation of GR at Ser203. Overall, VitD decreases the ex vivo GC sensitivity and this effect is, at least in part, attributed both to decrease of GR expression owing to a mechanism that engages HDAC and inhibition of GR translocation to nucleus via differential modulation of the phosphorylation state of GR. Our study provides, for the first time, evidence that long-term action of VitD induces GC resistance in PBMCs from healthy volunteers and offers a possible mechanistic basis for VitD-triggered attenuation of GC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kalotychou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Laikon' General Hospital, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota E Apostolou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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103
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Calmette J, Bertrand M, Vétillard M, Ellouze M, Flint S, Nicolas V, Biola-Vidamment A, Pallardy M, Morand E, Bachelerie F, Godot V, Schlecht-Louf G. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Protein Controls Macropinocytosis in Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4247-4256. [PMID: 27793999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ag sampling is a key process in dendritic cell (DC) biology. DCs use constitutive macropinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis to capture exogenous Ags for presentation to T cells. We investigated the mechanisms that regulate Ag uptake by DCs in the steady-state and after a short-term LPS exposure in vitro and in vivo. We show that the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ), already known to regulate effector versus regulatory T cell activation by DCs, selectively limits macropinocytosis, but not receptor-mediated phagocytosis, in immature and recently activated DCs. In vivo, the GILZ-mediated inhibition of Ag uptake is restricted to the CD8α+ DC subset, which expresses the highest GILZ level among splenic DC subsets. In recently activated DCs, we further establish that GILZ limits p38 MAPK phosphorylation, providing a possible mechanism for GILZ-mediated macropinocytosis control. Finally, our results demonstrate that the modulation of Ag uptake by GILZ does not result in altered Ag presentation to CD4 T cells but impacts the efficiency of cross-presentation to CD8 T cells. Altogether, our results identify GILZ as an endogenous inhibitor of macropinocytosis in DCs, the action of which contributes to the fine-tuning of Ag cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Calmette
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Matthieu Bertrand
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Mathias Vétillard
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Mehdi Ellouze
- UMR955, Team 16, Institut de Recherche Vaccinal, INSERM, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Shaun Flint
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique, SFR-UMS, Chatenay Malabry 92296, France
| | - Armelle Biola-Vidamment
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay Malabry 92296, France; and
| | - Marc Pallardy
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay Malabry 92296, France; and
| | - Eric Morand
- Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- UMR955, Team 16, Institut de Recherche Vaccinal, INSERM, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart 92140, France;
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104
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Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in immuno suppression: master regulator or bystander? Oncotarget 2016; 6:38446-57. [PMID: 26498359 PMCID: PMC4770713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) by glucocorticoids has been reported to be essential for their anti-inflammatory actions. At the same time, GILZ is actively downregulated under inflammatory conditions, resulting in an enhanced pro-inflammatory response. Two papers published in the recent past showed elevated GILZ expression in the late stage of an inflammation. Still, the manuscripts suggest seemingly contradictory roles of endogenous GILZ: one of them suggested compensatory actions by elevated corticosterone levels in GILZ knockout mice, while our own manuscript showed a distinct phenotype upon GILZ knockout in vivo. Herein, we discuss the role of GILZ in inflammation with a special focus on the influence of endogenous GILZ on macrophage responses and suggest a cell-type specific action of GILZ as an explanation for the conflicting results as presented in recent reports.
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105
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Hoppstädter J, Hachenthal N, Valbuena-Perez JV, Lampe S, Astanina K, Kunze MM, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Schmid T, Diesel B, Kiemer AK. Induction of Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) Contributes to Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Product Curcumin in Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22949-22960. [PMID: 27629417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) is inducible by glucocorticoids and plays a key role in their mode of action. GILZ attenuates inflammation mainly by inhibition of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but does not seem to be involved in the severe side effects observed after glucocorticoid treatment. Therefore, GILZ might be a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. The present work focuses on the natural product curcumin, which has previously been reported to inhibit NF-κB. GILZ was inducible by curcumin in macrophage cell lines, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The up-regulation of GILZ was neither associated with glucocorticoid receptor activation nor with transcriptional induction or mRNA or protein stabilization but was a result of enhanced translation. Because the GILZ 3'-UTR contains AU-rich elements (AREs), we analyzed the role of the mRNA-binding protein HuR, which has been shown to promote the translation of ARE-containing mRNAs. Our results suggest that curcumin treatment induces HuR expression. An RNA immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that HuR can bind GILZ mRNA. In accordance, HuR overexpression led to increased GILZ protein levels but had no effect on GILZ mRNA expression. Our data employing siRNA in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages show that curcumin facilitates its anti-inflammatory action by induction of GILZ in macrophages. Experiments with LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type and GILZ knock-out mice demonstrated that curcumin inhibits the activity of inflammatory regulators, such as NF-κB or ERK, and subsequent TNF-α production via GILZ. In summary, our data indicate that HuR-dependent GILZ induction contributes to the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hachenthal
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Lampe
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Ksenia Astanina
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael M Kunze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Britta Diesel
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany,
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106
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Bunched and Madm Function Downstream of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex to Regulate the Growth of Intestinal Stem Cells in Drosophila. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:813-25. [PMID: 26323255 PMCID: PMC4653243 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila adult midgut contains intestinal stem cells that support homeostasis and repair. We show here that the leucine zipper protein Bunched and the adaptor protein Madm are novel regulators of intestinal stem cells. MARCM mutant clonal analysis and cell type specific RNAi revealed that Bunched and Madm were required within intestinal stem cells for proliferation. Transgenic expression of a tagged Bunched showed a cytoplasmic localization in midgut precursors, and the addition of a nuclear localization signal to Bunched reduced its function to cooperate with Madm to increase intestinal stem cell proliferation. Furthermore, the elevated cell growth and 4EBP phosphorylation phenotypes induced by loss of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex or overexpression of Rheb were suppressed by the loss of Bunched or Madm. Therefore, while the mammalian homolog of Bunched, TSC-22, is able to regulate transcription and suppress cancer cell proliferation, our data suggest the model that Bunched and Madm functionally interact with the TOR pathway in the cytoplasm to regulate the growth and subsequent division of intestinal stem cells.
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107
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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108
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The caffeine-binding adenosine A2A receptor induces age-like HPA-axis dysfunction by targeting glucocorticoid receptor function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31493. [PMID: 27510168 PMCID: PMC4980603 DOI: 10.1038/srep31493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is associated with procognitive effects in humans by counteracting overactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), which is upregulated in the human forebrain of aged and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. We have previously shown that an anti-A2AR therapy reverts age-like memory deficits, by reestablishment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis feedback and corticosterone circadian levels. These observations suggest that A2AR over-activation and glucocorticoid dysfunction are key events in age-related hippocampal deficits; but their direct connection has never been explored. We now show that inducing A2AR overexpression in an aging-like profile is sufficient to trigger HPA-axis dysfunction, namely loss of plasmatic corticosterone circadian oscillation, and promotes reduction of GR hippocampal levels. The synaptic plasticity and memory deficits triggered by GR in the hippocampus are amplified by A2AR over-activation and were rescued by anti-A2AR therapy; finally, we demonstrate that A2AR act on GR nuclear translocation and GR-dependent transcriptional regulation. We provide the first demonstration that A2AR is a major regulator of GR function and that this functional interconnection may be a trigger to age-related memory deficits. This supports the idea that the procognitive effects of A2AR antagonists, namely caffeine, on Alzheimer’s and age-related cognitive impairments may rely on its ability to modulate GR actions.
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109
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Antenatal endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids and their impact on immune ontogeny and long-term immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:739-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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110
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André F, Corazao-Rozas P, Idziorek T, Quesnel B, Kluza J, Marchetti P. GILZ overexpression attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death via the activation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:513-20. [PMID: 27416758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Glucocorticoïd-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) protein has profound anti-inflammatory activities in haematopoietic cells. GILZ regulates numerous signal transduction pathways involved in proliferation and survival of normal and neoplastic cells. Here, we have demonstrated the potential of GILZ in alleviating apoptosis induced by ER stress inducers. Whereas the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, protects from tunicamycin-induced cell death, silencing endogeneous GILZ in dexamethasone-treated cancer cells alter the capacity of glucocorticoids to protect from tunicamycin-mediated apoptosis. Under ER stress conditions, overexpression of GILZ significantly reduced activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by maintaining Bcl-xl level. GILZ protein affects the UPR signaling shifting the balance towards pro-survival signals as judged by down-regulation of CHOP, ATF4, XBP1s mRNA and increase in GRP78 protein level. Interestingly, GILZ sustains high mitochondrial OXPHOS during ER stress and cytoprotection mediated by GILZ is abolished in cells depleted of mitochondrial DNA, which are OXPHOS-deficient. These findings reveal a new role of GILZ, which acts as a cytoprotector against ER stress through a pathway involving mitochondrial OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny André
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, Université de Lille, 1 Place Verdun F-59045 Cedex, France
| | - Paola Corazao-Rozas
- CHU Lille, Banque de Tissus & Biologie Cellulaire -Thérapie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille France
| | - Thierry Idziorek
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, Université de Lille, 1 Place Verdun F-59045 Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, Université de Lille, 1 Place Verdun F-59045 Cedex, France
| | - Jérome Kluza
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, Université de Lille, 1 Place Verdun F-59045 Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Marchetti
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, Université de Lille, 1 Place Verdun F-59045 Cedex, France; CHU Lille, Banque de Tissus & Biologie Cellulaire -Thérapie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille France.
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111
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Li Q, Chen P, Zeng Z, Liang F, Song Y, Xiong F, Li X, Gong Z, Zhou M, Xiang B, Peng C, Li X, Chen X, Li G, Xiong W. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified WDR77 as a novel interacting partner of TSC22D2. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12503-12512. [PMID: 27337956 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-stimulated clone 22 domain family, member 2 (TSC22D2), a member of the TSC22D family, has been implicated as a tumor-associated gene, but its function remains unknown. To further explore its biological role, yeast two-hybrid screening combined with multiple bioinformatics tools was used to identify 44 potential interacting partners of the TSC22D2 protein that were mainly involved in gene transcription, cellular metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. The protein WD repeat domain 77 (WDR77) was selected for further validation due to its function in the cell cycle and tumor development, as well as its high detection frequency in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments confirmed an interaction between the TSC22D2 and WDR77 proteins. Our work greatly expands the putative protein interaction network of TSC22D2 and provides deeper insight into the biological functions of the TSC22D2 and WDR77 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Song
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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112
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Hartmann K, Koenen M, Schauer S, Wittig-Blaich S, Ahmad M, Baschant U, Tuckermann JP. Molecular Actions of Glucocorticoids in Cartilage and Bone During Health, Disease, and Steroid Therapy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:409-47. [PMID: 26842265 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and bone are severely affected by glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that are frequently used to treat inflammatory diseases. Major complications associated with long-term steroid therapy include impairment of cartilaginous bone growth and GC-induced osteoporosis. Particularly in arthritis, GC application can increase joint and bone damage. Contrarily, endogenous GC release supports cartilage and bone integrity. In the last decade, substantial progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC action has been gained through genome-wide binding studies of the GC receptor. These genomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by ligand-induced transcription factors in general. Furthermore, specific inactivation of GC signaling and the GC receptor in bone and cartilage cells of rodent models has enabled the cell-specific effects of GCs in normal tissue homeostasis, inflammatory bone diseases, and GC-induced osteoporosis to be dissected. In this review, we summarize the current view of GC action in cartilage and bone. We further discuss future research directions in the context of new concepts for optimized steroid therapies with less detrimental effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hartmann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wittig-Blaich
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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113
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Koentgen F, Lin J, Katidou M, Chang I, Khan M, Watts J, Mombaerts P. Exclusive transmission of the embryonic stem cell-derived genome through the mouse germline. Genesis 2016; 54:326-33. [PMID: 27012318 PMCID: PMC5084746 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells remains best practice for introducing complex mutations into the mouse germline. One aspect in this multistep process that has not been streamlined with regard to the logistics and ethics of mouse breeding is the efficiency of germline transmission: the transmission of the ES cell‐derived genome through the germline of chimeras to their offspring. A method whereby male chimeras transmit exclusively the genome of the injected ES cells to their offspring has been developed. The new technology, referred to as goGermline, entails injecting ES cells into blastocysts produced by superovulated homozygous Tsc22d3 floxed females mated with homozygous ROSA26‐Cre males. This cross produces males that are sterile due to a complete cell‐autonomous defect in spermatogenesis. The resulting male chimeras can be sterile but when fertile, they transmit the ES cell‐derived genome to 100% of their offspring. The method was validated extensively and in two laboratories for gene‐targeted ES clones that were derived from the commonly used parental ES cell lines Bruce4, E14, and JM8A3. The complete elimination of the collateral birth of undesired, non‐ES cell‐derived offspring in goGermline technology fulfills the reduction imperative of the 3R principle of humane experimental technique with animals. genesis 54:326–333, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Koentgen
- Ozgene Pty Ltd, Bentley, Western Australia, 6983, Australia
| | - Jiangwei Lin
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Markella Katidou
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Isabelle Chang
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Mona Khan
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Jacqui Watts
- Ozgene Pty Ltd, Bentley, Western Australia, 6983, Australia
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
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114
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Dumbell R, Matveeva O, Oster H. Circadian Clocks, Stress, and Immunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 27199894 PMCID: PMC4852176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, molecular circadian clocks are present in most cells of the body, and this circadian network plays an important role in synchronizing physiological processes and behaviors to the appropriate time of day. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal endocrine axis regulates the response to acute and chronic stress, acting through its final effectors - glucocorticoids - released from the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoid secretion, characterized by its circadian rhythm, has an important role in synchronizing peripheral clocks and rhythms downstream of the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Finally, glucocorticoids are powerfully anti-inflammatory, and recent work has implicated the circadian clock in various aspects and cells of the immune system, suggesting a tight interplay of stress and circadian systems in the regulation of immunity. This mini-review summarizes our current understanding of the role of the circadian clock network in both the HPA axis and the immune system, and discusses their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dumbell
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olga Matveeva
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Robert O, Boujedidi H, Bigorgne A, Ferrere G, Voican CS, Vettorazzi S, Tuckermann JP, Bouchet-Delbos L, Tran T, Hemon P, Puchois V, Dagher I, Douard R, Gaudin F, Gary-Gouy H, Capel F, Durand-Gasselin I, Prévot S, Rousset S, Naveau S, Godot V, Emilie D, Lombès M, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Decreased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor-GILZ pathway in Kupffer cells promotes liver inflammation in obese mice. J Hepatol 2016; 64:916-24. [PMID: 26639395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Kupffer cells (KC) play a key role in the onset of inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) induces glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) expression in monocytes/macrophages and is involved in several inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that the GR-GILZ axis in KC may contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity-induced liver inflammation. METHODS By using a combination of primary cell culture, pharmacological experiments, mice deficient for the Gr specifically in macrophages and transgenic mice overexpressing Gilz in macrophages, we explored the involvement of the Gr-Gilz axis in KC in the pathophysiology of obesity-induced liver inflammation. RESULTS Obesity was associated with a downregulation of the Gr and Gilz, and an impairment of Gilz induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dexamethasone (DEX) in KC. Inhibition of Gilz expression in isolated KC transfected with Gilz siRNA demonstrated that Gilz downregulation was sufficient to sensitize KC to LPS. Conversely, liver inflammation was decreased in obese transgenic mice specifically overexpressing Gilz in macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of the Gr showed that impairment of Gilz induction in KC by LPS and DEX in obesity was driven by a downregulation of the Gr. In mice specifically deficient for Gr in macrophages, Gilz expression was low, leading to an exacerbation of obesity-induced liver inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with a downregulation of the Gr-Gilz axis in KC, which promotes liver inflammation. The Gr-Gilz axis in KC is an important target for the regulation of liver inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Robert
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hédia Boujedidi
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Amélie Bigorgne
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Peter Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thi Tran
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
| | - Patrice Hemon
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
| | - Virginie Puchois
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ibrahim Dagher
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Service de chirurgie minimale invasive, DHU Hépatinov, Clamart, France
| | - Richard Douard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de chirurgie, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de chirurgie, Bobigny, France
| | - Francoise Gaudin
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; IFR 141 Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hélène Gary-Gouy
- IFR 141 Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Francis Capel
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
| | | | - Sophie Prévot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Service d'anatomie pathologique, Clamart, France
| | - Sophie Rousset
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
| | - Sylvie Naveau
- AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Clamart, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dominique Emilie
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Service d'anatomie pathologique, Clamart, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Clamart, France.
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- INSERM UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Clamart, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Balcan E. Quantitative approach to lectin-based glycoprofiling of thymic tissues in the control- and the dexamethasone-treated mice. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:168-82. [PMID: 27067421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is the most commonly used synthetic glucocorticoid in treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Here we focused on evaluating the effect of DEX on apoptosis and glycan profile in the mouse thymic tissues. Histological examinations revealed that the DEX treatment cause severe alterations in thymus, such as disruption of thymic capsule, impaired epithelial cell-thymocyte contacts, cellular loss and increased apoptosis. The identification of thymic glycans in the control- and the DEX-treated mice was carried out by using a panel of five plant lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Lectin histochemistry results showed that glycosylation pattern of thymus changes upon DEX treatment. For further detailed quantitative analyses of the binding intensities for each lectin, histochemical data were scored as high positive (HP), mild positive (MP) and low positive (LP) and differences among signaling densities were investigated. The staining patterns of thymic regions observed with lectin histochemistry suggest that DEX can affect the thymic glycan profile as well as thymocyte apoptosis. These results are consistent with the opinion that not only sialic acid, but also other sugar motifs may be responsible for thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Balcan
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45047, Muradiye Campus, Manisa, Turkey.
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Pépin A, Espinasse MA, Latré de Laté P, Szely N, Pallardy M, Biola-Vidamment A. TSC-22 Promotes Interleukin-2-Deprivation Induced Apoptosis in T-Lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1855-68. [PMID: 26752201 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Originally described as a TGF-β-inducible gene, tsc-22 (Transforming growth factor-beta Stimulated Clone 22) encodes a transcriptional regulator affecting biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, or apoptosis. Along with GILZ (Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper), TSC-22 belongs to the evolutionary conserved TSC-22 Domain family. We previously showed that, in T-lymphocytes, GILZ expression was induced upon IL-2 withdrawal, delaying apoptosis through down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM expression. The aim of this work was then to elucidate the respective roles of GILZ and TSC-22 upon IL-2 deprivation-induced apoptosis. We report here that these two highly homologous genes are concomitantly expressed in most human tissues and in primary T-lymphocytes and that expression of TSC-22 promotes T-lymphocytes apoptosis by inhibiting GILZ functions. Indeed, we demonstrated that TSC-22 expression in the murine lymphoid CTLL-2 cell line promoted IL-2 deprivation-induced apoptosis. BIM expression and caspases-9 and -3 activities were markedly increased in TSC-22 expressing clones compared to control clones. Analysis of GILZ expression revealed that TSC-22 prevented the induction of the GILZ protein upon IL-2 deprivation, by inhibiting gilz mRNA transcription. These results suggested that TSC-22 could counteract the protective effect of GILZ on IL-2-deprivation-induced apoptosis. Moreover, TSC-22-induced inhibition of GILZ expression was also found in CTLL-2 cells treated with glucocorticoids or TGF-β. In the human NKL cell line deprived of IL-2, TSC-22 showed the same effect and thus may represent a potent repressor of GILZ expression in IL-2-dependent cells, independently of the cell type, or the stimulus, leading to an increase of IL-2-deprived T-cells apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1855-1868, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Pépin
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Marie-Alix Espinasse
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Natacha Szely
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Armelle Biola-Vidamment
- UMR 996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
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A focused Real Time PCR strategy to determine GILZ expression in mouse tissues. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 5:37-42. [PMID: 26697291 PMCID: PMC4664734 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) is a glucocorticoid-inducible gene that mediates glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory effects. GILZ and the isoform L-GILZ are expressed in a variety of cell types, especially of hematopoietic origin, including macrophages, lymphocytes and epithelial cells, and strongly upregulated upon glucocorticoid treatment. A quantitative analysis of GILZ expression in mouse tissues is technically difficult to perform because of the presence of a pseudogene and the high homology of GILZ gene with other genes of TSC22 family. We here propose specific primer pairs to be used in Real Time PCR to avoid unwanted amplification of GILZ pseudogene and TSC-22 family member d1iso3. These primer pairs were used to determine GILZ and L-GILZ expression, in either untreated or in vivo and in vitro dexamethasone-treated tissues. Results indicate that GILZ and L-GILZ are upregulated by glucocorticoids, being GILZ more sensitive to glucocorticoid induction than L-GILZ, but they are differently expressed in all examined tissues, confirming a different role in specific cells. An inappropriate primer pair amplified also GILZ pseudogene and TSC22d1iso3, thus producing misleading results. This quantitative evaluation may be used to better characterize the role of GILZ and L-GILZ in mice and may be translated to humans.
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Gråberg T, Strömmer L, Hedman E, Uzunel M, Ehrenborg E, Wikström AC. An ex vivo RT-qPCR-based assay for human peripheral leukocyte responsiveness to glucocorticoids in surgically induced inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:149-60. [PMID: 26316794 PMCID: PMC4547639 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s84165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An assay to determine glucocorticoid (GC) responsiveness in humans could be used to monitor GC non-responsiveness in states of GC insufficiency and could provide a tool to adapt GC treatment to individual patients. We propose an ex vivo assay to test GC responsiveness in peripheral leukocytes. The assay was evaluated in a human experimental model of surgery-induced inflammation. Patients and methods Changes in expression of the GC-regulated genes GILZ, IL1R2, FKBP5, and HLA-DR and glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) were determined by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in peripheral leukocytes from surgical patients and healthy blood donors (total n=60) in response to low (1 nM) and high (1 µM) dexamethasone (DEX). The final selection of a suitable endogenous control gene was based on the studies of stability during DEX treatment and inflammation. Correlations between pre- and postoperative GC-induced gene expression, the postoperative systemic inflammatory and metabolic response (CRP, IL-6, white blood cell count, cytokines, resistin, free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and adiponectin), and the clinical outcome were analyzed. The length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU-LOS), the length of stay in the hospital, and postoperative complications were used to measure clinical outcome. Results When the blood donors were compared to the patients, there were no significant differences in the regulation of the genes in response to DEX, except for GRα. Preoperative, but not postoperative, gene regulation of GILZ and GRα was negatively correlated to ICU-LOS (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Preoperative GILZ and FKBP5 gene regulation was negatively correlated to postoperative systemic TNFα and MIP-1α levels. Conclusion We suggest that this assay could be used to determine GC responsiveness. An alteration in preoperative GC responsiveness may be related to a patient’s ability to recover from surgically induced inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truls Gråberg
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Strömmer
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mehmet Uzunel
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ehrenborg
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Wikström
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lack of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) deregulates B-cell survival and results in B-cell lymphocytosis in mice. Blood 2015; 126:1790-801. [PMID: 26276664 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-631580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used as antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive drugs and antitumor agents in several types of lymphoma and leukemia. Therapeutic doses of GC induce growth-suppressive and cytotoxic effects on various leukocytes including B cells. Molecular mechanisms of GC action include induction of GC target genes. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a rapidly, potently, and invariably GC-induced gene. It mediates a number of GC effects, such as control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here we show that deletion of GILZ in mice leads to an accumulation of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow, blood, and lymphoid tissues. Gilz knockout (KO) mice develop a progressive nonlethal B lymphocytosis, with expansion of B220(+) cells in the bone marrow and in the periphery, dependent on increased B-cell survival. Decreased B-cell apoptosis in mice lacking GILZ correlates with increased NF-κB transcriptional activity and Bcl-2 expression. B cell-specific gilz KO mice confirmed that the effect of GILZ deletion is B-cell self-intrinsic. These results establish GILZ as an important regulator of B-cell survival and suggest that the deregulation of GILZ expression could be implicated in the pathogenesis of B-cell disorders.
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Hoppstädter J, Kessler SM, Bruscoli S, Huwer H, Riccardi C, Kiemer AK. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper: A Critical Factor in Macrophage Endotoxin Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6057-6067. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) by glucocorticoids plays a key role in their anti-inflammatory action. In activated macrophages, GILZ levels are downregulated via tristetraprolin-mediated GILZ mRNA destabilization. To assess the functional significance of GILZ downregulation, we generated myeloid-specific GILZ knockout (KO) mice. GILZ-deficient macrophages displayed a higher responsiveness toward LPS, as indicated by increased TNF-α and IL-1β expression. This effect was due to an activation of ERK, which was significantly amplified in GILZ KO cells. The LPS-induced activation of macrophages is attenuated upon pretreatment of macrophages with low-dose LPS, an effect termed endotoxin tolerance. In LPS-tolerant macrophages, GILZ mRNA was stabilized, whereas ERK activation was strongly decreased. In contrast, GILZ KO macrophages exhibited a strongly reduced desensitization. To explore the contribution of GILZ expression in macrophages to endotoxin tolerance in vivo, we treated GILZ KO mice with repeated i.p. injections of low-dose LPS followed by treatment with high-dose LPS. LPS pretreatment resulted in reduced proinflammatory mediator expression upon high-dose LPS treatment in serum and tissues. In contrast, cytokine induction was preserved in tolerized GILZ KO animals. In summary, our data suggest that GILZ is a key regulator of macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- *Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- *Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- †Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Hanno Huwer
- ‡Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Centre, 66333 Völklingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- †Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- *Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ayyar VS, Almon RR, Jusko WJ, DuBois DC. Quantitative tissue-specific dynamics of in vivo GILZ mRNA expression and regulation by endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12382. [PMID: 26056061 PMCID: PMC4510616 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are steroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and immune function. Synthetic GCs, or corticosteroids (CS), have appreciable clinical utility via their ability to suppress inflammation in immune-mediated diseases like asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent work has provided insight to novel GC-induced genes that mediate their anti-inflammatory effects, including glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). Since GILZ comprises an important part of GC action, its regulation by both drug and hormone will influence CS therapy. In addition, GILZ expression is often employed as a biomarker of GC action, which requires judicious selection of sampling time. Understanding the in vivo regulation of GILZ mRNA expression over time will provide insight into both the physiological regulation of GILZ by endogenous GC and the dynamics of its enhancement by CS. A highly quantitative qRT-PCR assay was developed for measuring GILZ mRNA expression in tissues obtained from normal and CS-treated rats. This assay was applied to measure GILZ mRNA expression in eight tissues; to determine its endogenous regulation over time; and to characterize its dynamics in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver following treatment with CS. We demonstrate that GILZ mRNA is expressed in several tissues. GILZ mRNA expression in adipose tissue displayed a robust circadian rhythm that was entrained with the circadian oscillation of endogenous corticosterone; and is strongly enhanced by acute and chronic dosing. Single dosing also enhanced GILZ mRNA in muscle and liver, but the dynamics varied. In conclusion, GILZ is widely expressed in the rat and highly regulated by endogenous and exogenous GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaswath S Ayyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard R Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Yang N, Baban B, Isales CM, Shi XM. Crosstalk between bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells through a glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper/developmental endothelial locus-1-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2015; 29:3954-63. [PMID: 26038125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow is a reservoir for regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, but how T(reg) cells are regulated in that environment remains poorly understood. We show that expression of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in bone marrow mesenchymal lineage cells or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) increases the production of T(reg) cells via a mechanism involving the up-regulation of developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1), an endogenous leukocyte-endothelial adhesion inhibitor. We found that the expression of Del-1 is increased ∼4-fold in the bone tissues of GILZ transgenic (Tg) mice, and this increase is coupled with a significant increase in the production of IL-10 (2.80 vs. 0.83) and decrease in the production of IL-6 (0.80 vs. 2.33) and IL-12 (0.25 vs. 1.67). We also show that GILZ-expressing BMSCs present antigen in a way that favors T(reg) cells. These results indicate that GILZ plays a critical role mediating the crosstalk between BMSCs and T(reg) in the bone marrow microenvironment. These data, together with our previous findings that overexpression of GILZ in BMSCs antagonizes TNF-α-elicited inflammatory responses, suggest that GILZ plays important roles in bone-immune cell communication and BMSC immune suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianlan Yang
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vago JP, Tavares LP, Garcia CC, Lima KM, Perucci LO, Vieira ÉL, Nogueira CRC, Soriani FM, Martins JO, Silva PMR, Gomes KB, Pinho V, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Beaulieu E, Morand EF, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. The role and effects of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in the context of inflammation resolution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4940-50. [PMID: 25876761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) has been shown to mediate or mimic several actions of GC. This study assessed the role of GILZ in self-resolving and GC-induced resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS in mice. GILZ expression was increased during the resolution phase of LPS-induced pleurisy, especially in macrophages with resolving phenotypes. Pretreating LPS-injected mice with trans-activator of transcription peptide (TAT)-GILZ, a cell-permeable GILZ fusion protein, shortened resolution intervals and improved resolution indices. Therapeutic administration of TAT-GILZ induced inflammation resolution, decreased cytokine levels, and promoted caspase-dependent neutrophil apoptosis. TAT-GILZ also modulated the activation of the survival-controlling proteins ERK1/2, NF-κB and Mcl-1. GILZ deficiency was associated with an early increase of annexin A1 (AnxA1) and did not modify the course of neutrophil influx induced by LPS. Dexamethasone treatment resolved inflammation and induced GILZ expression that was dependent on AnxA1. Dexamethasone-induced resolution was not altered in GILZ(-/-) mice due to compensatory expression and action of AnxA1. Our results show that therapeutic administration of GILZ efficiently induces a proapoptotic program that promotes resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS. Alternatively, a lack of endogenous GILZ during the resolution of inflammation is compensated by AnxA1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza O Perucci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica L Vieira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila R C Nogueira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Frederico M Soriani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M R Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Elaine Beaulieu
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
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Hydrocortisone enhances the barrier properties of HBMEC/ciβ, a brain microvascular endothelial cell line, through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition-like effects. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25763180 PMCID: PMC4355132 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are important tools for studying brain diseases and drug development, we recently established a new line of conditionally immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC/ciβ) for use in such models. Since one of the most important functional features of the BBB is its strong intercellular adhesion, in this study, we aimed at improving HBMEC/ciβ barrier properties by means of culture media modifications, thus enhancing their use for future BBB studies. In addition, we simultaneously attempted to obtain insights on related mechanistic properties. METHODS Several types of culture media were prepared in an effort to identify the medium most suitable for culturing HBMEC/ciβ. The barrier properties of HBMEC/ciβ were examined by determining Na(+)-fluorescein permeability and transendothelial electric resistance (TEER). Endothelial marker mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Adherens junction (AJ) formation was examined by immunocytochemistry. Cell migration ability was analyzed by scratch assay. Furthermore, cellular lipid composition was examined by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Our initial screening tests showed that addition of hydrocortisone (HC) to the basal medium significantly reduced the Na(+)-fluorescein permeability and increased the TEER of HBMEC/ciβ monolayers. It was also found that, while AJ proteins were diffused in the cytoplasm of HBMEC/ciβ cultured without HC, those expressed in cells cultured with HC were primarily localized at the cell border. Furthermore, this facilitation of AJ formation by HC was in concert with increased endothelial marker mRNA levels and increased ether-type phosphatidylethanolamine levels, while cell migration was retarded in the presence of HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that HC supplementation to the basal medium significantly enhances the barrier properties of HBMEC/ciβ. This was associated with a marked phenotypic alteration in HBMEC/ciβ through orchestration of various signaling pathways. Taken together, it appears that overall effects of HC on HBMEC/ciβ could be summarized as facilitating endothelial differentiation characteristics while concurrently retarding mesenchymal characteristics.
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126
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Pépin A, Biola-Vidamment A, Latré de Laté P, Espinasse MA, Godot V, Pallardy M. Les protéines de la famille TSC-22D. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:75-83. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Ronchetti S, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. GILZ as a Mediator of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 26617572 PMCID: PMC4637413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a dexamethasone-inducible gene that mediates glucocorticoid (GC) actions in a variety of cell types, including many cells of immune system. In particular, GILZ can control T cell activities, such as activation and differentiation, mainly through its ability to homo- and hetero-dimerize with partner proteins, such as NF-κB, Ras, and C/EBP. These protein-protein interactions control the regulation of pro-inflammatory target genes. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies using mouse models of inflammatory diseases demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role for GILZ. Here, authors summarize the studies that make GILZ eligible as an anti-inflammatory protein through which GCs can act. These findings permit the future development of pharmacological tools that mimic the therapeutic effects of GCs while avoiding the detrimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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Liang RY, Tu HF, Tan X, Yeh YS, Chueh PJ, Chuang SM. A gene signature for gold nanoparticle-exposed human cell lines. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00181h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique four-gene signature for AuNP exposure was identified using the cDNA microarray and evaluated by qPCR and biological assays in mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Yue Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Xiaotong Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Yeh
- Center for Measurement Standards (CMS)
- Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI)
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Pin Ju Chueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Show-Mei Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
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129
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Srinivasan M, Blackburn C, Lahiri DK. Functional characterization of a competitive peptide antagonist of p65 in human macrophage-like cells suggests therapeutic potential for chronic inflammation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2409-21. [PMID: 25584020 PMCID: PMC4262379 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s59722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a glucocorticoid responsive protein that links the nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and the glucocorticoid signaling pathways. Functional and binding studies suggest that the proline-rich region at the carboxy terminus of GILZ binds the p65 subunit of NFκB and suppresses the immunoinflammatory response. A widely-used strategy in the discovery of peptide drugs involves exploitation of the complementary surfaces of naturally occurring binding partners. Previously, we observed that a synthetic peptide (GILZ-P) derived from the proline-rich region of GILZ bound activated p65 and ameliorated experimental encephalomyelitis. Here we characterize the secondary structure of GILZ-P by circular dichroic analysis. GILZ-P adopts an extended polyproline type II helical conformation consistent with the structural conformation commonly observed in interfaces of transient intermolecular interactions. To determine the potential application of GILZ-P in humans, we evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of the peptide drug in mature human macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Treatment with GILZ-P at a wide range of concentrations commonly used for peptide drugs was nontoxic as determined by cell viability and apoptosis assays. Functionally, GILZ-P suppressed proliferation and glutamate secretion by activated macrophages by inhibiting nuclear translocation of p65. Collectively, our data suggest that the GILZ-P has therapeutic potential in chronic CNS diseases where persistent inflammation leads to neurodegeneration such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Corinne Blackburn
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Institute of Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Lukic I, Mitic M, Soldatovic I, Jovicic M, Maric N, Radulovic J, Adzic M. Accumulation of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor is related to elevation of FKBP5 in lymphocytes of depressed patients. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:951-8. [PMID: 25355489 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that patients with the major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibited elevated phosphorylation of the lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at serine 226 (S226). Here, we further analyse potential alterations of GR signalization in lymphocytes of MDD patients, i.e. the cytoplasmic/nuclear distribution of GR, levels of FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). The FKBP5 acts as an important regulator of GR activation, by decreasing ligand binding and impeding translocation of the receptor to the nucleus, while GILZ mediates glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory effects. Our result showed that the depressed patients had significantly higher GR levels in the cytoplasm compared to controls, which was accompanied by higher FKBP5 levels. Linear regression model demonstrated significantly higher correlation between FKBP5 and cytoplasmic GR than the presence of MDD itself or phosphorylation of nuclear GR at S226. There were no differences in the levels of GILZ isoforms. Therefore, the results suggest that accumulation of the GR in cytoplasm is related to the elevation of FKBP5, adding one more step in understanding altered GR signalling in lymphocytes, and potentially brain tissue, of MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Lukic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia,
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Calmette J, Ellouze M, Tran T, Karaki S, Ronin E, Capel F, Pallardy M, Bachelerie F, Krzysiek R, Emilie D, Schlecht-Louf G, Godot V. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Enhanced Expression in Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Drive Regulatory T Cells Expansion In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5863-72. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lim W, Park C, Shim MK, Lee YH, Lee YM, Lee Y. Glucocorticoids suppress hypoxia-induced COX-2 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression through the induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:735-45. [PMID: 24172143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The COX-2/PGE2 pathway in hypoxic cancer cells has important implications for stimulation of inflammation and tumourigenesis. However, the mechanism by which glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) inhibit COX-2 during hypoxia has not been elucidated. Hence, we explored the mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 in human distal lung epithelial A549 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expressions of COX-2 and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in A549 cells were determined by Western blot and/or quantitative real time-PCR respectively. The anti-invasive effect of GILZ on A549 cells was evaluated using the matrigel invasion assay. KEY RESULTS The hypoxia-induced increase in COX-2 protein and mRNA levels and promoter activity were suppressed by dexamethasone, and this effect of dexamethasone was antagonized by the GR antagonist RU486. Overexpression of GILZ in A549 cells also inhibited hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression levels and knockdown of GILZ reduced the glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression, indicating that the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on hypoxia-induced COX-2 are mediated by GILZ. GILZ suppressed the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α at the protein level and affected its signalling pathway. Hypoxia-induced cell invasion was also dramatically reduced by GILZ expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Dexamethasone-induced upregulation of GILZ not only inhibits the hypoxic-evoked induction of COX-2 expression and cell invasion but further blocks the HIF-1 pathway by destabilizing HIF-1α expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that the suppression of hypoxia-induced COX-2 by glucocorticoids is mediated by GILZ. Hence, GILZ is a potential key therapeutic target for suppression of inflammation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonchung Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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Venanzi A, Di Sante M, Bruscoli S, Biagioli M, Sorcini D, Cimino M, Frammartino T, Bereshchenko O, Franconi F, Riccardi C. Recombinant long-glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (L-GILZ) protein restores the control of proliferation in gilz KO spermatogonia. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 63:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ayroldi E, Macchiarulo A, Riccardi C. Targeting glucocorticoid side effects: selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator or glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper? A perspective. FASEB J 2014; 28:5055-70. [PMID: 25205742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that are necessary for life and important in health and disease. They regulate crucial homeostatic functions, including metabolism, cell growth, and development. Although GCs are regulated by circadian rhythm, increased production is associated with stress. Synthetic GCs are a valuable resource for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy. Natural and synthetic GCs transduce signals mainly through GC receptor (GR) activation. Extensive research has explored the downstream targets of the GR, and optimization of GC therapy has required collaborative efforts. One highly promising approach involves new dissociative GR modulators. Because transrepression and transactivation of GR genes induce beneficial and adverse effects, respectively, this approach favors transrepression. Another approach involves the use of GC-dependent genes to generate proteins to mediate therapeutic GC effects. In a third approach, drug discovery is used to identify agents that selectively target GR isoforms to obtain differential gene transcription and effects. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of GR function compatible with the use of dissociative drugs. We highlight GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a gene cloned in our laboratory, as a mediator of GC anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, to outline our perspective on the future of GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Translation initiation factor eIF4F modifies the dexamethasone response in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13421-6. [PMID: 25197055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402650111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced protein synthesis capacity is associated with increased tumor cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to chemotherapy. Cancers like multiple myeloma (MM), which display elevated activity in key translation regulatory nodes, such as the PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin and MYC-eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E pathways, are predicted to be particularly sensitive to therapeutic strategies that target this process. To identify novel vulnerabilities in MM, we undertook a focused RNAi screen in which components of the translation apparatus were targeted. Our screen was designed to identify synthetic lethal relationships between translation factors or regulators and dexamethasone (DEX), a corticosteroid used as frontline therapy in this disease. We find that suppression of all three subunits of the eIF4F cap-binding complex synergizes with DEX in MM to induce cell death. Using a suite of small molecules that target various activities of eIF4F, we observed that cell survival and DEX resistance are attenuated upon eIF4F inhibition in MM cell lines and primary human samples. Levels of MYC and myeloid cell leukemia 1, two known eIF4F-responsive transcripts and key survival factors in MM, were reduced upon eIF4F inhibition, and their independent suppression also synergized with DEX. Inhibition of eIF4F in MM exerts pleotropic effects unraveling a unique therapeutic opportunity.
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136
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Ayroldi E, Petrillo MG, Bastianelli A, Marchetti MC, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G, Ricciotti L, Cannarile L, Riccardi C. L-GILZ binds p53 and MDM2 and suppresses tumor growth through p53 activation in human cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:118-30. [PMID: 25168242 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 regulates the expression of genes crucial for biological processes such as cell proliferation, metabolism, cell repair, senescence and apoptosis. Activation of p53 also suppresses neoplastic transformations, thereby inhibiting the growth of mutated and/or damaged cells. p53-binding proteins, such as mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), inhibit p53 activation and thus regulate p53-mediated stress responses. Here, we found that long glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (L-GILZ), a recently identified isoform of GILZ, activates p53 and that the overexpression of L-GILZ in p53(+/+) HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells suppresses the growth of xenografts in mice. In the presence of both p53 and MDM2, L-GILZ binds preferentially to MDM2 and interferes with p53/MDM2 complex formation, making p53 available for downstream gene activation. Consistent with this finding, L-GILZ induced p21 and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression only in p53(+/+) cells, while L-GILZ silencing reversed the anti-proliferative activity of dexamethasone as well as expression of p53, p21 and PUMA. Furthermore, L-GILZ stabilizes p53 proteins by decreasing p53 ubiquitination and increasing MDM2 ubiquitination. These findings reveal L-GILZ as a regulator of p53 and a candidate for new therapeutic anti-cancer strategies for tumors associated with p53 deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ayroldi
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - M G Petrillo
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Bastianelli
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - M C Marchetti
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Ronchetti
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Nocentini
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Ricciotti
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Cannarile
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Riccardi
- Department Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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137
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Mazzon E, Bruscoli S, Galuppo M, Biagioli M, Sorcini D, Bereshchenko O, Fiorucci C, Migliorati G, Bramanti P, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) controls inflammation and tissue damage after spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:973-81. [PMID: 25146427 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs following damage to the spinal column. Following trauma, tissue damage is further exacerbated by a secondary damage due to a SCI-activated inflammatory process. Control of leukocytes activity is essential to therapeutic inhibition of the spinal cord damage to ameliorate the patient's conditions. The mechanisms that regulate neuroinflammation following SCI, including T-cell infiltration, have not been completely clarified. Glucocorticoids (GC) are antiinflammatory drugs widely used in therapy, including treatment of SCI. GC efficacy may be linked to many molecular mechanisms that are involved in regulation of leukocytes migration, activation, and differentiation. We have previously shown that the antiinflammatory activity of GC is in part mediated by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). Here, we investigated the role of GILZ in inflammation and spinal cord tissue damage following a spinal trauma. METHODS We address the role of GILZ in SCI-induced inflammation and tissue damage using a model of SCI in gilz knockout (gilz KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS We found that GILZ deficiency is associated with a strong reduction of SCI-induced inflammation and a significantly reduced lesion area following SCI. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that GILZ is involved in induction of neuroinflammation and functional outcomes of spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Messina, Italy
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138
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GILZ: a new link between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and rheumatoid arthritis? Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:747-51. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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139
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Cheng Q, Morand E, Yang YH. Development of novel treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases-similarities and divergence between glucocorticoids and GILZ. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:169. [PMID: 25100999 PMCID: PMC4102084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the most commonly prescribed medications for patients with inflammatory diseases, despite their well-known adverse metabolic effects. Previously, it was understood that the anti-inflammatory effects of the GC/GC receptor (GR) complex were mediated via transrepression, whilst the adverse metabolic effects were mediated via transactivation. It has recently become clear that this “divergent actions” paradigm of GC actions is likely insufficient. It has been reported that the GC/GR-mediated transactivation also contributes to the anti-inflammatory actions of GC, via up-regulation of key anti-inflammatory proteins. One of these is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), which inhibits inflammatory responses in a number of important immune cell lineages in vitro, as well as in animal models of inflammatory diseases in vivo. This review aims to compare the GILZ and GC effects on specific cell lineages and animal models of inflammatory diseases. The fact that the actions of GILZ permit a GILZ-based gene therapy to lack GC-like adverse effects presents the potential for development of new strategies to treat patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuan Hang Yang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
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140
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Thiagarajah AS, Eades LE, Thomas PR, Guymer EK, Morand EF, Clarke DM, Leech M. GILZ: Glitzing up our understanding of the glucocorticoid receptor in psychopathology. Brain Res 2014; 1574:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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141
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Johnson SL, Gopal R, Enriquez A, Monroy FP. Role of glucocorticoids and Toxoplasma gondii infection on murine intestinal epithelial cells. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:687-94. [PMID: 24875937 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are stress hormones secreted in response to perceived psychological and or physiological stress. GCs have been shown to reduce tissue inflammation by down-regulating the production of inflammatory chemokines produced by epithelial cells. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is known to increase cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression in parasite infected mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We sought to analyze the role of an anti-inflammatory protein, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in MODE-K cells during infection with T. gondii. GILZ expression in MODE-K cells was assessed by PCR and immunoblotting after stimulation with GCs (corticosterone, CORT) or T. gondii infection. GILZ mRNA was constitutively expressed in MODE-K cells but not its protein product. While infection and pre-exposure to CORT decreased GILZ isoforms of 28 and 17 kD, the presence of CORT during infection increased levels of 17 kD isoform. Infected cells treated with CORT had decreased expression of chemokines (IP-10/CXCL10, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-2/CXCL8) while their expression was increased when endogenous GILZ was removed by siRNA treatment. GILZ up-regulation during infection may serve as a mechanism to decrease epithelial cell responses and facilitate parasite replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Radha Gopal
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Amber Enriquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Fernando P Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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142
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Pan G, Cao J, Yang N, Ding K, Fan C, Xiong WC, Hamrick M, Isales CM, Shi XM. Role of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in bone acquisition. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19373-82. [PMID: 24860090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have both anabolic and catabolic effects on bone. However, no GC anabolic effect mediator has been identified to date. Here we show that targeted expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a GC anti-inflammatory effect mediator, enhances bone acquisition in mice. Transgenic mice, in which the expression of GILZ is under the control of a 3.6-kb rat type I collagen promoter, exhibited a high bone mass phenotype with significantly increased bone formation rate and osteoblast numbers. The increased osteoblast activity correlates with enhanced osteogenic differentiation and decreased adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cell cultures in vitro. In line with these changes, the mRNA levels of key osteogenic regulators (Runx2 and Osx) increased, and the level of adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 decreased significantly. We also found that GILZ physically interacts with C/EBPs and disrupts C/EBP-mediated PPARγ gene transcription. In conclusion, our results showed that GILZ is capable of increasing bone acquisition in vivo, and this action is mediated via a mechanism involving the inhibition of PPARγ gene transcription and shifting of bone marrow MSC/progenitor cell lineage commitment in favor of the osteoblast pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Pan
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and
| | - Jay Cao
- the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Nianlan Yang
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Kehong Ding
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Cheng Fan
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Carlos M Isales
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery,Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery,Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912,
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143
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GILZ promotes production of peripherally induced Treg cells and mediates the crosstalk between glucocorticoids and TGF-β signaling. Cell Rep 2014; 7:464-475. [PMID: 24703841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) control immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. Treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) has been shown to increase Treg cell frequency, but the mechanisms of their action on Treg cell induction are largely unknown. Here, we report that glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a protein induced by GCs, promotes Treg cell production. In mice, GILZ overexpression causes an increase in Treg cell number, whereas GILZ deficiency results in impaired generation of peripheral Treg cells (pTreg), associated with increased spontaneous and experimental intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, we found that GILZ is required for GCs to cooperate with TGF-β in FoxP3 induction, while it enhances TGF-β signaling by binding to and promoting Smad2 phosphorylation and activation of FoxP3 expression. Thus, our results establish an essential GILZ-mediated link between the anti-inflammatory action of GCs and the regulation of TGF-β-dependent pTreg production.
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144
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Bellavance MA, Rivest S. The HPA - Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain. Front Immunol 2014; 5:136. [PMID: 24744759 PMCID: PMC3978367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of an homeostatic state. GCs act on almost all types of immune cells and were long recognized to perform salient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions through various genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These renowned effects of the steroid hormone have been exploited in the clinic for the past 70 years and synthetic GC derivatives are commonly used for the therapy of various allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders. The role of the HPA axis and GCs in restraining immune responses across the organism is however still debated in light of accumulating evidence suggesting that GCs can also have both permissive and stimulatory effects on the immune system under specific conditions. Such paradoxical actions of GCs are particularly evident in the brain, where substantial data support either a beneficial or detrimental role of the steroid hormone. In this review, we examine the roles of GCs on the innate immune system with a particular focus on the CNS compartment. We also dissect the numerous molecular mechanisms through which GCs exert their effects and discuss the various parameters influencing the paradoxical immunomodulatory functions of GCs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
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145
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Lee IK, Son YM, Ju YJ, Song SK, Gu M, Song KD, Lee HC, Woo JS, Seol JG, Park SM, Han SH, Yun CH. Survival of porcine fibroblasts enhanced by human FasL and dexamethasone-treated human dendritic cells in vitro. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:99-106. [PMID: 24518159 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated and acute vascular rejections remain to be one of the primary hurdles to achieve successful xenotransplantation. Fas ligand is known to be an important molecule for the formation of 'immune-privileged' condition and dendritic cells treated with dexamethasone (Dex-DCs) acting like tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) which are known to protect transplanted cells and organs from unwanted immune responses. The present study investigated the possibility that porcine fibroblasts expressing human Fas ligand (PhF) together with human Dex-DCs could induce prolonged survival of porcine fibroblasts in vitro. PhF was collected from an ear of human Fas ligand transgenic porcine and cell-line was established by MGEM Inc. PhF labeled with CFSE co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were examined with respect to induction of tolerance and cell death when co-cultured with Dex-DCs for 3days. PhF induced the apoptosis in hPBMCs, especially CD4(+) T cells. Dex-DCs showed significant (P<0.05) reduction on the expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class I/II, and the secretion of IL-12p70, TNF-α and IL-10, but increase of latency-associated peptide (LAP). Survival of PhF was significantly higher than that of WT and it was increased in the presence of Dex-DCs when compared to the other DCs (i.e.,DCs, LPS-treated DCs and LPS/Dex-treated DCs) in vitro. Survival of PhF did not change by co-culture with Dex-DCs due to apoptotic cell death of Dex-DCs. Dex-DCs reduced the death of porcine fibroblasts and, at the same time, PhF induced the apoptosis from hPBMCs, but it was not synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Cheul Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Woo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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146
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Glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes by doxorubicin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:55-62. [PMID: 24480152 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is an indispensable chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various forms of neoplasia such as lung, breast, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Cardiotoxicity is a major concern for patients receiving Dox therapy. Previous work from our laboratory indicated that glucocorticoids (GCs) alleviate Dox-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Here we have found glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) to be a mediator of GC-induced cytoprotection. GILZ was found to be induced in cardiomyocytes by GC treatment. Knocking down of GILZ using siRNA resulted in cancelation of GC-induced cytoprotection against apoptosis by Dox treatment. Overexpressing GILZ by transfection was able to protect cells from apoptosis induced by Dox as measured by caspase activation, Annexin V binding and morphologic changes. Western blot analyses indicate that GILZ overexpression prevented cytochrome c release from mitochondria and cleavage of caspase-3. When bcl-2 family proteins were examined, we found that GILZ overexpression causes induction of the pro-survival protein Bcl-xL. Since siRNA against Bcl-xL reverses GC induced cytoprotection, Bcl-xL induction represents an important event in GILZ-induced cytoprotection. Our data suggest that GILZ functions as a cytoprotective gene in cardiomyocytes.
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147
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Piovan E, Yu J, Tosello V, Herranz D, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Da Silva AC, Sanchez-Martin M, Perez-Garcia A, Rigo I, Castillo M, Indraccolo S, Cross JR, de Stanchina E, Paietta E, Racevskis J, Rowe JM, Tallman MS, Basso G, Meijerink JP, Cordon-Cardo C, Califano A, Ferrando AA. Direct reversal of glucocorticoid resistance by AKT inhibition in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:766-76. [PMID: 24291004 PMCID: PMC3878658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid resistance is a major driver of therapeutic failure in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Here, we identify the AKT1 kinase as a major negative regulator of the NR3C1 glucocorticoid receptor protein activity driving glucocorticoid resistance in T-ALL. Mechanistically, AKT1 impairs glucocorticoid-induced gene expression by direct phosphorylation of NR3C1 at position S134 and blocking glucocorticoid-induced NR3C1 translocation to the nucleus. Moreover, we demonstrate that loss of PTEN and consequent AKT1 activation can effectively block glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and induce resistance to glucocorticoid therapy. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of AKT with MK2206 effectively restores glucocorticoid-induced NR3C1 translocation to the nucleus, increases the response of T-ALL cells to glucocorticoid therapy, and effectively reverses glucocorticoid resistance in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Piovan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto—IRCCS, Padova, 35128, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita’ di Padova, Padova, Padova, Veneto, 35128, Italy
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Valeria Tosello
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Veneto, 35128, Italy
| | - Daniel Herranz
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Isaura Rigo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stefano Indraccolo
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto—IRCCS, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- New York Medical College and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Janis Racevskis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- New York Medical College and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jacob M Rowe
- Hematology Department, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem, 91031, Israel
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Jules P Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, South Holland, 010 7040704, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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148
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Cathelin D, Met Ö, Svane IM. Silencing of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper improves the immunogenicity of clinical-grade dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:740-9. [PMID: 23643305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maturation cocktail composed of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and prostaglandin E2 is considered the "gold standard" for inducing the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) for use in cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, although this maturation cocktail induces increased expression of several activation markers, such as CD83, the co-stimulation molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40 and the chemokine receptor involved in DC homing in lymph nodes CCR7, the DC immune stimulatory function in vivo contrasts with this mature phenotype, and good clinical outcomes in patients with cancer treated with DC-based vaccines remain rare. METHODS Phenotypic characterization of the immunosuppressive status of DCs differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers and matured with the "gold standard" cocktail was performed. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) targeting small interfering RNA (siRNA) was electroporated into DCs after maturation to increase their immunogenicity. RESULTS The mature phenotype of DCs treated for 48 h with this cocktail was associated with the expression of several immunosuppressive regulators, including programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), IL-10 and GILZ. Electroporation is a very efficient and safe way to deliver siRNA into DCs (80% of DCs receive at least one molecule of siRNA). Silencing GILZ in clinical-grade DCs by siRNA leads to a decrease of the PD-L1 expression associated with an increase in their IL-12 secretion and T-cell induction capability. CONCLUSIONS GILZ silencing is a promising approach to achieving complete clinical-grade DC maturation and avoiding the immunosuppressive effects of the maturation cocktail on DCs intended for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cathelin
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mercieca C, Kirwan JR. The intelligent use of systemic glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:143-57. [PMID: 24308837 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.864236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) have potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and are widely used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis in combination with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs. Concern about the risk of adverse effects may be to some extent misplaced as low to moderate doses of GC have different mechanisms of action and risk profiles compared with high doses. This review discusses the current understanding about the different modes of action of GC, their strong disease-modifying properties and the efforts at improving the therapeutic ratio of GC through the development of new drugs which promise greater safety such as selective GC receptor agonists, liposomal GC and modified-release (MR) prednisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mercieca
- University of Bristol Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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150
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Role of caspase-8 in thymus function. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:226-33. [PMID: 24270406 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary organ responsible for de novo generation of immunocompetent T cells that have a diverse repertoire of antigen recognition. During the developmental process, 98% of thymocytes die by apoptosis. Thus apoptosis is a dominant process in the thymus and occurs through either death by neglect or negative selection or through induction by stress/aging. Caspase activation is an essential part of the general apoptosis mechanism, and data suggest that caspases may have a role in negative selection; however, it seems more probable that caspase-8 activation is involved in death by neglect, particularly in glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Caspase-8 is active in double-positive (DP) thymocytes in vivo and can be activated in vitro in DP thymocytes by T-cell receptor (TCR) crosslinking to induce apoptosis. Caspase-8 is a proapoptotic member of the caspase family and is considered an initiator caspase, which is activated upon stimulation of a death receptor (e.g., Fas), recruitment of the adaptor molecule FADD, and recruitment and subsequent processing of procaspase-8. The main role of caspase-8 seems to be pro-apoptotic and, in this review, we will discuss about the involvement of caspase-8 in (1) TCR-triggered thymic apoptosis; (2) death receptor-mediated thymic apoptosis; and (3) glucocorticoid-induced thymic apoptosis. Regarding TCR triggering, caspase-8 is active in medullary, semi-mature heat-stable antigen(hi) (HAS(hi) SP) thymocytes as a consequence of strong TCR stimulation. The death receptors Fas, FADD, and FLIP are involved upstream of caspase-8 activation in apoptosis; whereas, Bid and HDAC7 are involved downstream of caspase-8. Finally, caspase-8 is involved in glucocortocoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis through an activation loop with the protein GILZ. GILZ activates caspase-8, promoting GILZ sumoylation and its protection from proteasomal degradation.
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