101
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Proteostasis of Huntingtin in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071568. [PMID: 28753941 PMCID: PMC5536056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive deficits and psychosis. HD is caused by mutations in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in the expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats in the HTT protein. Mutant HTT is prone to aggregation, and the accumulation of polyQ-expanded fibrils as well as intermediate oligomers formed during the aggregation process contribute to neurodegeneration. Distinct protein homeostasis (proteostasis) nodes such as chaperone-mediated folding and proteolytic systems regulate the aggregation and degradation of HTT. Moreover, polyQ-expanded HTT fibrils and oligomers can lead to a global collapse in neuronal proteostasis, a process that contributes to neurodegeneration. The ability to maintain proteostasis of HTT declines during the aging process. Conversely, mechanisms that preserve proteostasis delay the onset of HD. Here we will review the link between proteostasis, aging and HD-related changes.
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102
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Schulze RJ, Sathyanarayan A, Mashek DG. Breaking fat: The regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28642194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is defined as the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). While the field of lipophagy research is relatively young, an expansion of research in this area over the past several years has greatly advanced our understanding of lipophagy. Since its original characterization in fasted liver, the contribution of lipophagy is now recognized in various organisms, cell types, metabolic states and disease models. Moreover, recent studies provide exciting new insights into the underlying mechanisms of lipophagy induction as well as the consequences of lipophagy on cell metabolism and signaling. This review summarizes recent work focusing on LDs and lipophagy as well as highlighting challenges and future directions of research as our understanding of lipophagy continues to grow and evolve. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sathyanarayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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103
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Keller CW, Schmidt J, Lünemann JD. Immune and myodegenerative pathomechanisms in inclusion body myositis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:422-445. [PMID: 28589170 PMCID: PMC5454400 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is a relatively common acquired inflammatory myopathy in patients above 50 years of age. Pathological hallmarks of IBM are intramyofiber protein inclusions and endomysial inflammation, indicating that both myodegenerative and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to its pathogenesis. Impaired protein degradation by the autophagic machinery, which regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, in skeletal muscle fibers has recently been identified as a potential key pathomechanism in IBM. Immunotherapies, which are successfully used for treating other inflammatory myopathies lack efficacy in IBM and so far no effective treatment is available. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanistic pathways underlying progressive muscle weakness and atrophy in IBM is crucial in identifying novel promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss recent insights into the pathomechanistic network of mutually dependent inflammatory and degenerative events during IBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Keller
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyLaboratory of NeuroinflammationUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Jan D. Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyLaboratory of NeuroinflammationUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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104
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Feng X, Hou H, Zou Y, Guo L. Defective autophagy is associated with neuronal injury in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:95-103. [PMID: 28086065 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, along with inflammatory demyelination, is an important component of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Autophagy is known to play a pivotal role in neuronal homeostasis and is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. However, whether autophagy is involved in the mechanisms of neuronal damage during MS remains to be investigated. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an in vivo model of MS, was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein p35-55. After that, autophagic flux in the spinal cord of mice was evaluated by detection of LC3-II and Beclin1 protein expressions. EAE mice were then administered with rapamycin and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) for 10 days. Afterward, the changes in LC3-II, Beclin1, and p62 expression, number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, demyelinated lesion area, and neuronal damage, as well as clinical scores, were assessed. Further, apoptotic cell rate and apoptosis-related protein expressions were monitored. We observed an impaired autophagic flux and increased neuronal damage in the spinal cords of EAE mice. We also found that rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, mitigated EAE-induced autophagy decrease, inflammation, demyelination and neuronal injury, as well as the abnormal clinical score. In addition, rapamycin suppressed cell apoptosis, and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Conversely, the effect of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA on EAE mice resulted in completely opposite results. These results indicated that autophagy deficiency, at least in part, contributed to EAE-induced neuronal injury and that pharmacological modulation of autophagy might be a therapeutic strategy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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105
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Solowska JM, Rao AN, Baas PW. Truncating mutations of SPAST associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia indicate greater accumulation and toxicity of the M1 isoform of spastin. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1728-1737. [PMID: 28495799 PMCID: PMC5491181 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPAST gene, which produces two isoforms of the microtubule-severing protein spastin, is the chief gene mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Truncated M1 spastin proteins are toxic and have the potential to accumulate in these patients. The SPAST gene, which produces two isoforms (M1 and M87) of the microtubule-severing protein spastin, is the chief gene mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Haploinsufficiency is a popular explanation for the disease, in part because most of the >200 pathogenic mutations of the gene are truncating and expected to produce only vanishingly small amounts of shortened proteins. Here we studied two such mutations, N184X and S245X, and our results suggest another possibility. We found that the truncated M1 proteins can accumulate to notably higher levels than their truncated M87 or wild-type counterparts. Reminiscent of our earlier studies on a pathogenic mutation that generates full-length M1 and M87 proteins, truncated M1 was notably more detrimental to neurite outgrowth than truncated M87, and this was true for both N184X and S245X. The greater toxicity and tendency to accumulate suggest that, over time, truncated M1 could damage the corticospinal tracts of human patients. Curiously, the N184X mutation triggers the reinitiation of translation at a third start codon in SPAST, resulting in synthesis of a novel M187 spastin isoform that is able to sever microtubules. Thus microtubule severing may not be as reduced as previously assumed in the case of that mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Solowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Anand N Rao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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106
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Bose S, Cho J. Targeting chaperones, heat shock factor-1, and unfolded protein response: Promising therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:155-175. [PMID: 27702699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, which is known to cause several serious diseases, is an emerging field that addresses multiple therapeutic areas. Misfolding of a disease-specific protein in the central nervous system ultimately results in the formation of toxic aggregates that may accumulate in the brain, leading to neuronal cell death and dysfunction, and associated clinical manifestations. A large number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases, are primarily caused by protein misfolding and aggregation. Notably, the cellular system is equipped with a protein quality control system encompassing chaperones, ubiquitin proteasome system, and autophagy, as a defense mechanism that monitors protein folding and eliminates inappropriately folded proteins. As the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of protein misfolding become more clearly understood, the novel therapeutic approaches in this arena are gaining considerable interest. The present review will describe the chaperones network and different approaches as the therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Current and emerging therapeutic approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases, addressing the roles of molecular, chemical, and pharmacological chaperones, as well as heat shock factor-1 and the unfolded protein response, are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhunath Bose
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
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107
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Sakamoto S, Miyara M, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Mild MPP + exposure-induced glucose starvation enhances autophagosome synthesis and impairs its degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46668. [PMID: 28443637 PMCID: PMC5405408 DOI: 10.1038/srep46668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, mainly characterised by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. MPP+ has been widely used as a PD-related neurotoxin, and their reports suggested the several hypotheses for neuronal cell death. However, most of these hypotheses come from the studies about the acute MPP+ exposure. We previously revealed that mild MPP+ exposure (10 and 200 μM), which induces gradual cell death, impairs autophagosome degradation at 48 h. In the present study, we further investigated the specific events of mild MPP+ exposure and revealed that mild MPP+ exposure causes the cell death through glucose starvation, but not acute toxic model (2.5 and 5 mM). At 36 h after mild MPP+ exposure, autophagosome synthesis was enhanced owing to glucose starvation and continued to enhance until 48 h, despite impaired autophagosome degradation. Inhibition of autophagosome synthesis reduced mild MPP+-induced cell death. In conclusion, we clarified that glucose starvation-enhanced autophagosome synthesis occurs at an earlier stage than impaired autophagosome degradation and is important in mild MPP+ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Global Career Design Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8514, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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108
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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109
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Zhang ZN, Zhang JS, Xiang J, Yu ZH, Zhang W, Cai M, Li XT, Wu T, Li WW, Cai DF. Subcutaneous rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease: Dose exploration study. Brain Res 2017; 1655:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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110
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Weng L, Li X, Yu L, Xu Y. Valproic acid protects against MPP+-mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells through autophagy. Neurosci Lett 2017; 638:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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111
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Del Tredici K, Braak H. Review: Sporadic Parkinson's disease: development and distribution of α-synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:33-50. [PMID: 26662475 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of α-synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's disease. The presence of these lesions persists into the end phase of the disease, a process that is not subject to remission. The initial induction of α-synuclein misfolding and subsequent aggregation probably occurs in the olfactory bulb and/or the enteric nervous system. Each of these sites is exposed to potentially hostile environmental factors. Once formed, the aggregates appear to be capable of propagating trans-synaptically from nerve cell to nerve cell in a virtually self-promoting pathological process. A regional distribution pattern of aggregated α-synuclein emerges that entails the involvement of only a few types of susceptible and axonally interconnected projection neurons within the human nervous system. One major route of disease progression may originate in the enteric nervous system and retrogradely reach the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve in the lower brainstem. From there, the disease process proceeds chiefly in a caudo-rostral direction through visceromotor and somatomotor brainstem centres to the midbrain, forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Spinal cord centres may become involved by means of descending projections from involved lower brainstem nuclei as well as by sympathetic projections connecting the enteric nervous system with postganglionic peripheral ganglia and preganglionic nuclei of the spinal cord. The development of experimental cellular and animal models is helping to explain the mechanisms of how abnormal α-synuclein can undergo aggregation and how transmission along axonal connectivities can occur, thereby encouraging the initiation of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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112
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Requejo-Aguilar R, Bolaños JP. Mitochondrial control of cell bioenergetics in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:123-137. [PMID: 27091692 PMCID: PMC5065935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The earliest biochemical signs of the disease involve failure in mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum cross talk and lysosomal function, mitochondrial electron chain impairment, mitochondrial dynamics alterations, and calcium and iron homeostasis abnormalities. These changes are associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and energy deficiency. Recently, it has been reported that, as an attempt to compensate for the mitochondrial dysfunction, neurons invoke glycolysis as a low-efficient mode of energy production in models of PD. Here, we review how mitochondria orchestrate the maintenance of cellular energetic status in PD, with special focus on the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, as well as the implication of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in the control of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Institute Maimonides of Biomedical Investigation of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Zacarias Gonzalez, 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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113
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Satori CP, Ramezani M, Koopmeiners JS, Meyer AF, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Kuhns MM, Taylor TH, Haynes CL, Dalluge JJ, Arriaga EA. Checkpoints for Preliminary Identification of Small Molecules found Enriched in Autophagosomes and Activated Mast Cell Secretions Analyzed by Comparative UPLC/MS e. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 9:46-54. [PMID: 28194233 PMCID: PMC5302857 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay02500e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with acquisition of low- and high-collision energy mass spectra (MSe) to explore small molecule compositions that are unique to either enriched-autophagosomes or secretions of chemically activated murine mast cells. Starting with thousands of features, each defined by a chromatographic retention time, m/z values and ion intensities, manual examination of the extracted ion chromatograms (XIC) of chemometrically selected features was essential to eliminate false positives, occurring at rates of 33, 14 and 37% in samples of three biological systems. Forty-six percent of features that passed the XIC-based checkpoint, had IDs in compound databases used here. From these, 19% of IDs had experimental high-collision energy MSe spectra that were in agreement with in-silico fragmentation. The importance of this second checkpoint was highligthed through validation with selected commercially available standards. This work illustrates that checkpoints in data processing are essential to ascertain reliability of unbiased metabolomic studies, thereby reducing the risk of generating 'false identifications' which are is a major concern as 'omics' data continue to proliferate and be used as platforms to lauch novel biological hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marzieh Ramezani
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | - Joseph S. Koopmeiners
- University of Minnesota, Division of Biostatistics, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis MN, 55455, United States
| | - Audrey F. Meyer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez-Navarro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Aging Studies, Marion Besin Liver Research Center, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Michelle M. Kuhns
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | - Thane H. Taylor
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
| | | | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, United States
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114
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Ntsapi C, Loos B. Caloric restriction and the precision-control of autophagy: A strategy for delaying neurodegenerative disease progression. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:97-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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115
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Cecarini V, Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Angeletti M, Keller JN, Eleuteri AM. The fine-tuning of proteolytic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3433-51. [PMID: 27120560 PMCID: PMC11108445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several integrated proteolytic systems contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the continuous removal of misfolded, aggregated or oxidized proteins and damaged organelles. Among these systems, the proteasome and autophagy play the major role in protein quality control, which is a fundamental issue in non-proliferative cells such as neurons. Disturbances in the functionality of these two pathways are frequently observed in neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease, and reflect the accumulation of protease-resistant, deleterious protein aggregates. In this review, we explored the sophisticated crosstalk between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in the removal of the harmful structures that characterize Alzheimer's disease neurons. We also dissected the role of the numerous shuttle factors and chaperones that, directly or indirectly interacting with ubiquitin and LC3, are used for cargo selection and delivery to one pathway or the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecarini
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Laura Bonfili
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Centre, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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116
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Ha J, Kim J. Novel pharmacological modulators of autophagy: an updated patent review (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1273-1289. [PMID: 27476990 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1217996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis in response to a variety of cellular stresses. Accumulating reports based on animal models have indicated the importance of this catabolic program in many human pathophysiological conditions, including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and cancers. Therefore, autophagy has been highlighted as a novel therapeutic target with a wide range of beneficial effects on human diseases. Here, we review the recent advances of our knowledge toward autophagy, as well as the efforts for developing autophagy modulators. Areas covered: The relevant patents (published at 2012-2015) and the research literature claiming the pharmacological modulation of autophagy are reviewed. Also, their molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic utilities are discussed. Expert opinion: Considering the molecular machinery involved in autophagy induction, the targeting of autophagy-specific protein is very important to design the therapeutic interventions for specifically treating a variety of autophagy-associated disorders. Many patents and the research literature described in this review have shown promising applications of the relevant autophagy modulators for cancer or neurodegeneration treatments, a few of which are already being considered for clinical evaluation. However, most patents have claimed the modulators of autophagy with little information regarding their mechanisms of action. To design highly potent therapeutics, further work, such as developing compounds that specifically target the autophagy-specific machinery, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohun Ha
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Joungmok Kim
- b Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea
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117
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Neuroprotective Effects of Paeoniflorin on 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2923-2936. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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118
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Yang Y, Zhao C, Yang P, Wang X, Wang L, Chen A. Autophagy in cardiac metabolic control: Novel mechanisms for cardiovascular disorders. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:944-54. [PMID: 27191043 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an extensively studied quality control system, autophagy is responsible for clearance of dysfunctional organelles and damaged marcomolecules in cells. In addition to its biological recycling function, autophagy plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes such as obesity and diabetes. In particular, metabolic disorders contribute to cardiovascular disease development. As energy required to maintain cardiac cells functional is immense, disturbances in the balance between anabolic and catabolic metabolism possibly contribute to cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, an urgent need to expand our knowledge on the role of autophagy on the metabolic regulation of hearts emerges. In this review, the potential relationship between autophagic activity and cardiac metabolism is explored and we also discuss how dysregulated autophagy leads to severe cardiac disorders from the perspective of metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Pingzhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Lizi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, China
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Rockenstein E, Clarke J, Viel C, Panarello N, Treleaven CM, Kim C, Spencer B, Adame A, Park H, Dodge JC, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Masliah E, Sardi SP. Glucocerebrosidase modulates cognitive and motor activities in murine models of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2645-2660. [PMID: 27126635 PMCID: PMC5181635 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, are associated with an enhanced risk of developing synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. A higher prevalence and increased severity of motor and non-motor symptoms is observed in PD patients harboring mutant GBA1 alleles, suggesting a link between the gene or gene product and disease development. Interestingly, PD patients without mutations in GBA1 also exhibit lower levels of glucocerebrosidase activity in the central nervous system (CNS), implicating this lysosomal enzyme in disease pathogenesis. Here, we investigated whether modulation of glucocerebrosidase activity in murine models of synucleinopathy (expressing wild type Gba1) affected α-synuclein accumulation and behavioral phenotypes. Partial inhibition of glucocerebrosidase activity in PrP-A53T-SNCA mice using the covalent inhibitor conduritol-B-epoxide induced a profound increase in soluble α-synuclein in the CNS and exacerbated cognitive and motor deficits. Conversely, augmenting glucocerebrosidase activity in the Thy1-SNCA mouse model of PD delayed the progression of synucleinopathy. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of glucocerebrosidase in the Thy1-SNCA mouse striatum led to decrease in the levels of the proteinase K-resistant fraction of α-synuclein, amelioration of behavioral aberrations and protection from loss of striatal dopaminergic markers. These data indicate that increasing glucocerebrosidase activity can influence α-synuclein homeostasis, thereby reducing the progression of synucleinopathies. This study provides robust in vivo evidence that augmentation of CNS glucocerebrosidase activity is a potential therapeutic strategy for PD, regardless of the mutation status of GBA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Changyoun Kim
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - E Masliah
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Pathology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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120
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Nivon M, Fort L, Muller P, Richet E, Simon S, Guey B, Fournier M, Arrigo AP, Hetz C, Atkin JD, Kretz-Remy C. NFκB is a central regulator of protein quality control in response to protein aggregation stresses via autophagy modulation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1712-27. [PMID: 27075172 PMCID: PMC4884063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NFκB is a master regulator of protein quality control. It helps the cells to survive proteotoxicity by modulating autophagy via up-regulation of BAG3 and HspB8 expression, a molecular mechanism relevant to protein conformational diseases. During cell life, proteins often misfold, depending on particular mutations or environmental changes, which may lead to protein aggregates that are toxic for the cell. Such protein aggregates are the root cause of numerous diseases called “protein conformational diseases,” such as myofibrillar myopathy and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To fight against aggregates, cells are equipped with protein quality control mechanisms. Here we report that NFκB transcription factor is activated by misincorporation of amino acid analogues into proteins, inhibition of proteasomal activity, expression of the R120G mutated form of HspB5 (associated with myofibrillar myopathy), or expression of the G985R and G93A mutated forms of superoxide dismutase 1 (linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This noncanonical stimulation of NFκB triggers the up-regulation of BAG3 and HspB8 expression, two activators of selective autophagy, which relocalize to protein aggregates. Then NFκB-dependent autophagy allows the clearance of protein aggregates. Thus NFκB appears as a central and major regulator of protein aggregate clearance by modulating autophagic activity. In this context, the pharmacological stimulation of this quality control pathway might represent a valuable strategy for therapies against protein conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nivon
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Fort
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascale Muller
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emma Richet
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Baptiste Guey
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maëlenn Fournier
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - André-Patrick Arrigo
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 70086 Santiago, Chile Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, 70086 Santiago, Chile
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Carole Kretz-Remy
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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121
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Ward C, Martinez-Lopez N, Otten EG, Carroll B, Maetzel D, Singh R, Sarkar S, Korolchuk VI. Autophagy, lipophagy and lysosomal lipid storage disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:269-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia owing to partial or complete deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). Although in most patients non-hereditary causes underlie the disorder, genetic forms have long been recognized and studied both in vivo and in vitro. In most affected families, the disease is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, whereas autosomal recessive forms are much less frequent. Both phenotypes can be caused by mutations in the vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP) gene. In transfected cells expressing dominant mutations, the mutated hormone precursor is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it forms fibrillar aggregates. Autopsy studies in humans and a murine knock-in model suggest that the dominant phenotype results from toxicity to vasopressinergic neurons, but the mechanisms leading to cell death remain unclear. Recessive transmission results from AVP with reduced biologic activity or the deletion of the locus. Genetic neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus occurring in the context of diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness is termed DIDMOAD or Wolfram syndrome, a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the wolframin (WFS 1) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rutishauser
- Kantonsspital Baselland, Department of Medicine, CH-4101 Bruderholz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Spiess
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Kopp
- Northwestern University, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 15, 303 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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123
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Moors T, Paciotti S, Chiasserini D, Calabresi P, Parnetti L, Beccari T, van de Berg WDJ. Lysosomal Dysfunction and α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease: Diagnostic Links. Mov Disord 2016; 31:791-801. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Moors
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Section Quantitative Morphology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Section of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Roma Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Section of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Wilma D. J. van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Section Quantitative Morphology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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124
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Cheong JW, Kim Y, Eom JI, Jeung HK, Min YH. Enhanced autophagy in cytarabine arabinoside-resistant U937 leukemia cells and its potential as a target for overcoming resistance. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3433-40. [PMID: 26935591 PMCID: PMC4805098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation mechanism that is essential for cell survival, differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Autophagy protects cells from various stresses, including protecting normal cells from harmful metabolic conditions, and cancer cells from chemotherapeutics. In the current study, a cytarabine arabinoside (Ara-C)-sensitive U937 leukemia cell line and an Ara-C-resistant U937 (U937/AR) cell line were assessed for baseline autophagy activity by investigating the LC3-I conversion to LC3-II, performing EGFP-LC3 puncta, an acidic autophagolysosome assay, and measuring the expression of various autophagy-related genes. The results demonstrated significantly higher autophagic activity in the U937/AR cells compared with the U937 cells, when the cells were cultured with or without serum. Furthermore, an increase in the autophagic activity in starved U937/AR cells was demonstrated, compared with that in the starved U937 cells. Administration of an autophagy inhibitor demonstrated no change in cell death in the two cell lines when cultured with serum, however, it induced cell death regardless of the Ara-C sensitivity when the cell lines were cultured without serum. In addition, the U937 cells demonstrated an Ara-C resistance when cultured without serum. Co-treatment with Ara-C and the autophagy inhibitor significantly induced cell death in the U937/AR and Ara-C-sensitive U937 cells. In conclusion, autophagy serves an important role in protecting U937 cells from Ara-C and in the development of Ara-C resistance. Inhibition of autophagy combined with the Ara-C treatment in the U937 cells augmented the anti-leukemic effect of Ara-C and overcame Ara-C resistance, suggesting that autophagy may be an important therapeutic target to further improve the treatment outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yundeok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju In Eom
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi-Kyung Jeung
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
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125
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Pomilio C, Pavia P, Gorojod RM, Vinuesa A, Alaimo A, Galvan V, Kotler ML, Beauquis J, Saravia F. Glial alterations from early to late stages in a model of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of autophagy involvement in Aβ internalization. Hippocampus 2016; 26:194-210. [PMID: 26235241 PMCID: PMC5467976 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without effective therapy. Brain amyloid deposits are classical histopathological hallmarks that generate an inflammatory reaction affecting neuronal and glial function. The identification of early cell responses and of brain areas involved could help to design new successful treatments. Hence, we studied early alterations of hippocampal glia and their progression during the neuropathology in PDAPP-J20 transgenic mice, AD model, at 3, 9, and 15 months (m) of age. At 3 m, before deposits formation, microglial Iba1+ cells from transgenic mice already exhibited signs of activation and larger soma size in the hilus, alterations appearing later on stratum radiatum. Iba1 immunohistochemistry revealed increased cell density and immunoreactive area in PDAPP mice from 9 m onward selectively in the hilus, in coincidence with prominent amyloid Congo red + deposition. At pre-plaque stages, GFAP+ astroglia showed density alterations while, at an advanced age, the presence of deposits was associated with important glial volume changes and apparently being intimately involved in amyloid degradation. Astrocytes around plaques were strongly labeled for LC3 until 15 m in Tg mice, suggestive of increased autophagic flux. Moreover, β-Amyloid fibrils internalization by astrocytes in in vitro conditions was dependent on autophagy. Co-localization of Iba1 with ubiquitin or p62 was exclusively found in microglia contacting deposits from 9 m onward, suggesting torpid autophagy. Our work characterizes glial changes at early stages of the disease in PDAPP-J20 mice, focusing on the hilus as an especially susceptible hippocampal subfield, and provides evidence that glial autophagy could play a role in amyloid processing at advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pomilio
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Pavia
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Mayra Gorojod
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angeles Vinuesa
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Physiology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Monica Lidia Kotler
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang JD, Cao YL, Li Q, Yang YP, Jin M, Chen D, Wang F, Wang GH, Qin ZH, Hu LF, Liu CF. A pivotal role of FOS-mediated BECN1/Beclin 1 upregulation in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist-induced autophagy activation. Autophagy 2015; 11:2057-2073. [PMID: 26649942 PMCID: PMC4824582 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). BECN1/Beclin 1 acts as a critical regulator of autophagy and other cellular processes; yet, little is known about the function and regulation of BECN1 in PD. In this study, we report that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor (DRD2 and DRD3) activation by pramipexole and quinpirole could enhance BECN1 transcription and promote autophagy activation in several cell lines, including PC12, MES23.5 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, and also in tyrosine hydroxylase positive primary midbrain neurons. Moreover, we identified a novel FOS (FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog) binding sequence (5′-TGCCTCA-3′) in the rat and human Becn1/BECN1 promoter and uncovered an essential role of FOS binding in the enhancement of Becn1 transcription in PC12 cells in response to the dopamine agonist(s). In addition, we demonstrated a critical role of intracellular Ca2+ elevation, followed by the enhanced phosphorylation of CAMK4 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV) and CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) in the increases of FOS expression and autophagy activity. More importantly, pramipexole treatment ameliorated the SNCA/α-synuclein accumulation in rotenone-treated PC12 cells that overexpress wild-type or A53T mutant SNCA by promoting autophagy flux. This effect was also demonstrated in the substantia nigra and the striatum of SNCAA53T transgenic mice. The inhibition of SNCA accumulation by pramipexole was attenuated by cotreatment with the DRD2 and DRD3 antagonists and Becn1 siRNAs. Thus, our findings suggest that DRD2 and DRD3 agonist(s) may induce autophagy activation via a BECN1-dependent pathway and have the potential to reduce SNCA accumulation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Da Wang
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,c Department of Pediatrics ; Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Yu-Lan Cao
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Qian Li
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Dong Chen
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Fen Wang
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
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127
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Triptolide Inhibited Cytotoxicity of Differentiated PC12 Cells Induced by Amyloid-Beta₂₅₋₃₅ via the Autophagy Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142719. [PMID: 26554937 PMCID: PMC4640509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that an abnormal deposition of amyloid beta-peptide25–35 (Aβ25–35) was the primary cause of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). And the elimination of Aβ25–35 is considered an important target for the treatment of AD. Triptolide (TP), isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF), has been shown to possess a broad spectrum of biological profiles, including neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. In our study investigating the effect and potential mechanism of triptolide on cytotoxicity of differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cell line (the PC12 cell line is often used as a neuronal developmental model) induced by Amyloid-Beta25–35 (Aβ25–35), we used 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, and acridine orange staining to detect whether triptolide could inhibit Aβ25–35–induced cell apoptosis. We focused on the potential role of the autophagy pathway in Aβ25–35-treated differentiated PC12 cells. Our experiments show that cell viability is significantly decreased, and the apoptosis increased in Aβ25–35-treated differentiated PC12 cells. Meanwhile, Aβ25–35 treatment increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II (LC3 II), which indicates an activation of autophagy. However, triptolide could protect differentiated PC12 cells against Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity and attenuate Aβ25–35-induced differentiated PC12 cell apoptosis. Triptolide could also suppress the level of autophagy. In order to assess the effect of autophagy on the protective effects of triptolide in differentiated PC12 cells treated with Aβ25–35, we used 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) and rapamycin (an autophagy activator). MTT assay showed that 3-MA elevated cell viability compared with the Aβ25–35-treated group and rapamycin inhibits the protection of triptolide. These results suggest that triptolide will repair the neurological damage in AD caused by deposition of Aβ25–35 via the autophagy pathway, all of which may provide an exciting view of the potential application of triptolide or TWHF as a future research for AD.
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128
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Fourcade S, Ferrer I, Pujol A. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial and proteostasis malfunction in adrenoleukodystrophy: A paradigm for axonal degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:18-29. [PMID: 26073123 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal and mitochondrial malfunction, which are highly intertwined through redox regulation, in combination with defective proteostasis, are hallmarks of the most prevalent multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-and of the aging process, and are also found in inherited conditions. Here we review the interplay between oxidative stress and axonal degeneration, taking as groundwork recent findings on pathomechanisms of the peroxisomal neurometabolic disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We explore the impact of chronic redox imbalance caused by the excess of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) on mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, and discuss how this impairs protein quality control mechanisms essential for neural cell survival, such as the proteasome and autophagy systems. As consequence, prime molecular targets in the pathogenetic cascade emerge, such as the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis of mitochondrial biogenesis, and the inhibitor of autophagy mTOR. Thus, we propose that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; mitochondrial biogenesis boosters such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone and the SIRT1 ligand resveratrol; and the autophagy activator temsirolimus, a derivative of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalonia, Spain.
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129
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The Role of Oxidative Stress-Induced Epigenetic Alterations in Amyloid-β Production in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:604658. [PMID: 26543520 PMCID: PMC4620382 DOI: 10.1155/2015/604658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have proposed a strong correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress (OS) and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With over five million people diagnosed in the United States alone, AD is the most common type of dementia worldwide. AD includes progressive neurodegeneration, followed by memory loss and reduced cognitive ability. Characterized by the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques as a hallmark, the connection between ROS and AD is compelling. Analyzing the ROS response of essential proteins in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and beta-secretase (BACE1), along with influential signaling programs of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), has helped visualize the path between OS and Aβ overproduction. In this review, attention will be paid to significant advances in the area of OS, epigenetics, and their influence on Aβ plaque assembly. Additionally, we aim to discuss available treatment options for AD that include antioxidant supplements, Asian traditional medicines, metal-protein-attenuating compounds, and histone modifying inhibitors.
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130
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Sala D, Zorzano A. Differential control of muscle mass in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3803-17. [PMID: 26091746 PMCID: PMC11113699 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus--whether driven by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance--causes major alterations in muscle metabolism. These alterations have an impact on nutrient handling, including the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and also on muscle mass and strength. However, the ways in which the distinct forms of diabetes affect muscle mass differ greatly. The most common forms of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2. Thus, whereas type 1 diabetic subjects without insulin treatment display a dramatic loss of muscle, most type 2 diabetic subjects show no changes or even an increase in muscle mass. However, the most commonly used rodent models of type 2 diabetes are characterized by muscle atrophy and do not mimic the features of the disease in humans in terms of muscle mass. In this review, we analyze the processes that are differentially regulated under these forms of diabetes and propose regulatory mechanisms to explain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sala
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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131
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Autophagy is involved in oral rAAV/Aβ vaccine-induced Aβ clearance in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:491-504. [PMID: 26254061 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between ß-amyloid (Aß) generation and clearance plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sporadic form of AD is characterized by an overall impairment in Aß clearance. Immunotherapy targeting Aß clearance is believed to be a promising approach and is under active clinical investigation. Autophagy is a conserved pathway for degrading abnormal protein aggregates and is crucial for Aß clearance. We previously reported that oral vaccination with a recombinant AAV/Aß vaccine increased the clearance of Aß from the brain and improved cognitive ability in AD animal models, while the underlying mechanisms were not well understood. In this study, we first demonstrated that oral vaccination with rAAV/Aß decreased the p62 level and up-regulated the LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio in APP/PS1 mouse brain, suggesting enhanced autophagy. Further, inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway may account for autophagy enhancement. We also found increased anti-Aß antibodies in the sera of APP/PS1 mice with oral vaccination, accompanied by elevation of complement factors C1q and C3 levels in the brain. Our results indicate that autophagy is closely involved in oral vaccination-induced Aß clearance, and modulating the autophagy pathway may be an important strategy for AD prevention and intervention.
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132
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PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy alleviates chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology 2015; 334:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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133
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Bourdenx M, Koulakiotis NS, Sanoudou D, Bezard E, Dehay B, Tsarbopoulos A. Protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in prototypical neurodegenerative diseases: Examples of amyloidopathies, tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases that generate important health-related direct and indirect socio-economic costs. They are characterized by severe neuronal losses in several disease-specific brain regions associated with deposits of aggregated proteins. In Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions, while Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of Lewy Bodies that are intraneuronal proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions. α-Synuclein has been identified as a major protein component of Lewy Bodies and heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In the past few years, evidence has emerged to explain how these aggregate-prone proteins can undergo spontaneous self-aggregation, propagate from cell to cell, and mediate neurotoxicity. Current research now indicates that oligomeric forms are probably the toxic species. This article discusses recent progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms of protein aggregation, and emphasizes the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms leading to cellular toxicity. Finally, we present the putative direct link between β-amyloid peptide and tau in causing toxicity in Alzheimer's disease as well as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, along with some of the most promising therapeutic strategies currently in development for those incurable neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourdenx
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Despina Sanoudou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- GAIA Research Center, Bioanalytical Department, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia 14562, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
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134
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Saribas AS, Khalili K, Sariyer IK. Dysregulation of autophagy by HIV-1 Nef in human astrocytes. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2899-904. [PMID: 26176554 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1069927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses often exploit autophagy, a common cellular process of degradation of damaged proteins, organelles, and pathogens, to avoid destruction. HIV-1 dysregulates this process in several cell types by means of Nef protein. Nef is a small HIV-1 protein which is expressed abundantly in astrocytes of HIV-1-infected brains and has been suggested to have a role in the pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). In order to explore its effect in the CNS with respect to autophagy, HIV-1 Nef was expressed in primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFA) using an adenovirus vector (Ad-Nef). We observed that Nef expression triggered the accumulation of autophagy markers, ATG8/LC3 and p62 (SQSMT1). Similar results were obtained with Bafilomycin A1, an autophagy inhibitor which blocks the fusion of autophagosome to lysosome. Furthermore co-expression of tandem LC3 vector (mRFP-EGFP-LC3) and Ad-Nef in these cells produced mainly yellow puncta (mRFP+, EGFP+) strongly suggesting that autophagosome fusion to lysosome is blocked in PHFA cells in the presence of Nef. Together these data indicate that HIV-1 Nef mimics Bafilomycin A1 and blocks the last step of autophagy thereby helping HIV-1 virus to avoid autophagic degradation in human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- a Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology ; Temple University School of Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- a Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology ; Temple University School of Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- a Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology ; Temple University School of Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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135
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Chandra G, Bagh MB, Peng S, Saha A, Sarkar C, Moralle M, Zhang Z, Mukherjee AB. Cln1 gene disruption in mice reveals a common pathogenic link between two of the most lethal childhood neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5416-32. [PMID: 26160911 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a devastating manifestation in the majority of >50 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are the most common childhood neurodegenerative LSDs. Mutations in 13 different genes (called CLNs) underlie various types of NCLs, of which the infantile NCL (INCL) and congenital NCL (CNCL) are the most lethal. Although inactivating mutations in the CLN1 gene encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1) cause INCL, those in the CLN10 gene encoding cathepsin D (CD) underlie CNCL. PPT1 is a lysosomal thioesterase that cleaves the thioester linkage in S-acylated proteins required for their degradation by lysosomal hydrolases like CD. Thus, PPT1 deficiency causes lysosomal accumulation of these lipidated proteins (major constituents of ceroid) leading to INCL. We sought to determine whether there is a common pathogenic link between INCL and CNCL. Using biochemical, histological and confocal microscopic analyses of brain tissues and cells from Cln1(-/-) mice that mimic INCL, we uncovered that Cln10/CD is overexpressed. Although synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, the CD-precursor protein (pro-CD) is transported through endosome to the lysosome where it is proteolytically processed to enzymatically active-CD. We found that despite Cln10 overexpression, the maturation of pro-CD to enzymatically active-CD in lysosome was disrupted. This defect impaired lysosomal degradative function causing accumulation of undegraded cargo in lysosome leading to INCL. Notably, treatment of intact Cln1(-/-) mice as well as cultured brain cells derived from these animals with a thioesterase-mimetic small molecule, N-tert-butyl-hydroxylamine, ameliorated the CD-processing defect. Our findings are significant in that they define a pathway in which Cln1 mutations disrupt the maturation of a major degradative enzyme in lysosome contributing to neuropathology in INCL and suggest that lysosomal CD deficiency is a common pathogenic link between INCL and CNCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chandra
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Maria B Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Shiyong Peng
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Arjun Saha
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Matthew Moralle
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
| | - Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
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136
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Riancho J, Ruiz-Soto M, Berciano MT, Berciano J, Lafarga M. Neuroprotective Effect of Bexarotene in the SOD1(G93A) Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:250. [PMID: 26190974 PMCID: PMC4486838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive weakness and muscle atrophy related to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) without a curative treatment. There is experimental evidence suggesting that retinoids may be involved in ALS pathogenesis. Bexarotene (Bxt) is a retinoid-X receptor agonist used in the treatment of cutaneous lymphoma with a favorable safety profile whose effects have been recently investigated in other neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyze the potential therapeutic effect of Bxt in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS. Mice were treated with Bxt or vehicle five times per week from day 60 onward. Survival, weight, and neuromuscular function studies together with histological and biochemical analyses were performed. Bxt significantly delayed motor function deterioration, ameliorated the loss of body weight, and extended mice survival up to 30% of the symptomatic period. Histological analyses of the lumbosacral spinal cord revealed that Bxt markedly delayed the early motor-neuron degeneration occurring at presymptomatic stages in ALS-transgenic mice. Bxt treatment contributed to preserve the MN homeostasis in the SOD1(G93A) mice. Particularly, it reduced the neuronal loss and the chromatolytic response, induced nucleolar hypertrophy, decreased the formation of ubiquitylated inclusions, and modulated the lysosomal response. As an agonist of the retinoic-X receptor (RXR) pathway, Bxt notably increased the nuclear expression of the RXRα throughout transcriptionally active euchromatin domains. Bxt also contributed to protect the MN environment by reducing reactive astrogliosis and preserving perisomatic synapsis. Overall, these neuroprotective effects suggest that treatment with Bxt could be useful in ALS, particularly in those cases related to SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Neurology Service, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Soto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María T. Berciano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - José Berciano
- Neurology Service, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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137
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Wang H, Wang Y, Li D, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Han D, Yuan Y, Bi J, Mei X. VEGF inhibits the inflammation in spinal cord injury through activation of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:453-8. [PMID: 26116774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted mitogen associated with angiogenesis and re-vascularization of spinal cord injury (SCI). VEGF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of spinal cord neuron. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of VEGF is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VEGF on spinal cord injury and its mechanisms. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to SCI and then VEGF165 were injected directly into the lesion epicenter 24 h post injury. We detected Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and numbers of motor neuron via Nissl staining. The expressions of autophagy related protein Beclin1 and LC3B were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR. We also detected the contents of inflammation factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10(IL-10) in LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) treated spinal neuron-glia co-culture by ELISA. We found that VEGF165 administration increased the BBB score and reduced the loss of motor neuron of rats induced by SCI. VEGF decreased the protein expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 and up-regulated the expressions of Beclin1 and LC3B of rats. In the in vitro study, VEGF165 decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-a in the medium of LPS treated spinal neuron-glia co-culture, which was partially blocked by 3-MA, the inhibitor of autophagy. In addition, VEGF165 up-regulate the expressions of Beclin1 and LC3B in co-culture cells. The results suggested that VEGF165 attenuated the spinal cord injury by inhibiting the inflammation and increasing the autophagy function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Dingding Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Donghe Han
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Jing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China.
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138
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Lu M, Williamson N, Boschetti C, Ellis T, Yoshimi T, Tunnacliffe A. Expression-level dependent perturbation of cell proteostasis and nuclear morphology by aggregation-prone polyglutamine proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1883-92. [PMID: 25854808 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a gene expression system for use in mammalian cells that yields reproducible, inducible gene expression that can be modulated within the physiological range. A synthetic promoter library was generated from which representatives were selected that gave weak, intermediate-strength or strong promoter activity. Each promoter resulted in a tight expression range when used to drive single-copy reporter genes integrated at the same genome location in stable cell lines, in contrast to the broad range of expression typical of transiently transfected cells. To test this new expression system in neurodegenerative disease models, we used each promoter type to generate cell lines carrying single-copy genes encoding polyglutamine-containing proteins. Expression over a period of up to three months resulted in a proportion of cells developing juxtanuclear aggresomes whose rate of formation, penetrance, and morphology were expression-level dependent. At the highest expression levels, fibrillar aggregates deposit close to the nuclear envelope, indicating that cell proteostasis is overwhelmed by misfolded protein species. We also observed expression-level dependent, abnormal nuclear morphology in cells containing aggresomes, with up to ∼80% of cells affected. This system constitutes a valuable tool in gene regulation at different levels and allows the quantitative assessment of gene expression effects when developing disease models or investigating cell function through the introduction of gene constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Williamson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Boschetti
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Ellis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Yoshimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tunnacliffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom.
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139
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Autophagy induction halts axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:399-415. [PMID: 25549970 PMCID: PMC4331612 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare neurometabolic disease characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) due to a loss of function of the peroxisomal transporter ABCD1. Here, using in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that autophagic flux was impaired due to elevated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which contributed to X-ALD pathogenesis. We also show that excess VLCFAs downregulated autophagy in human fibroblasts. Furthermore, mTOR inhibition by a rapamycin derivative (temsirolimus) restored autophagic flux and inhibited the axonal degenerative process as well as the associated locomotor impairment in the Abcd1−/Abcd2−/− mouse model. This process was mediated through the restoration of proteasome function and redox as well as metabolic homeostasis. These findings provide the first evidence that links impaired autophagy to X-ALD, which may yield a therapy based on autophagy activators for adrenomyeloneuropathy patients.
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140
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Zhou M, Ottenberg G, Sferrazza GF, Hubbs C, Fallahi M, Rumbaugh G, Brantley AF, Lasmézas CI. Neuronal death induced by misfolded prion protein is due to NAD+ depletion and can be relieved in vitro and in vivo by NAD+ replenishment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:992-1008. [PMID: 25678560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of neuronal death in protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases are poorly understood. We used a highly toxic misfolded prion protein (TPrP) model to understand neurotoxicity induced by prion protein misfolding. We show that abnormal autophagy activation and neuronal demise is due to severe, neuron-specific, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) depletion. Toxic prion protein-exposed neuronal cells exhibit dramatic reductions of intracellular NAD(+) followed by decreased ATP production, and are completely rescued by treatment with NAD(+) or its precursor nicotinamide because of restoration of physiological NAD(+) levels. Toxic prion protein-induced NAD(+) depletion results from PARP1-independent excessive protein ADP-ribosylations. In vivo, toxic prion protein-induced degeneration of hippocampal neurons is prevented dose-dependently by intracerebral injection of NAD(+). Intranasal NAD(+) treatment of prion-infected sick mice significantly improves activity and delays motor impairment. Our study reveals NAD(+) starvation as a novel mechanism of autophagy activation and neurodegeneration induced by a misfolded amyloidogenic protein. We propose the development of NAD(+) replenishment strategies for neuroprotection in prion diseases and possibly other protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Zhou
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gregory Ottenberg
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gian Franco Sferrazza
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christopher Hubbs
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mohammad Fallahi
- 3 Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alicia F Brantley
- 4 Behaviour Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Corinne I Lasmézas
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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141
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Khodakarami A, Saez I, Mels J, Vilchez D. Mediation of organismal aging and somatic proteostasis by the germline. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:3. [PMID: 25988171 PMCID: PMC4428440 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental interventions that reduce reproduction cause an extension in lifespan. In invertebrates, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, the aging of the soma is regulated by signals from the germline. Indeed, ablation of germ cells significantly extends lifespan. Notably, germline-deficient animals exhibit heightened resistance to proteotoxic stress. This phenotype correlates with increased potential of intracellular clearance mechanisms such as the proteasome and autophagy in somatic tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by which signals from the germline regulate lifespan in C. elegans with special emphasis on clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirabbas Khodakarami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel Saez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Mels
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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142
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Sardi SP, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS. Gaucher-related synucleinopathies: the examination of sporadic neurodegeneration from a rare (disease) angle. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 125:47-62. [PMID: 25573151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by a recessively inherited deficiency in glucocerebrosidase and subsequent accumulation of toxic lipid substrates. Heterozygous mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) have recently been recognized as the highest genetic risk factor for the development of α-synuclein aggregation disorders ("synucleinopathies"), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Despite the wealth of experimental, clinical and genetic evidence that supports the association between mutant genotypes and synucleinopathy risk, the precise mechanisms by which GBA1 mutations lead to PD and DLB remain unclear. Decreased glucocerebrosidase activity has been demonstrated to promote α-synuclein misprocessing. Furthermore, aberrant α-synuclein species have been reported to downregulate glucocerebrosidase activity, which further contributes to disease progression. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that highlight the complexity of this pathogenetic link and how several pathways that connect glucocerebrosidase insufficiency with α-synuclein misprocessing have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. From a translational perspective, we discuss how various therapeutic approaches to lysosomal dysfunction have been explored for the treatment of GBA1-related synucleinopathies, and potentially, for non-GBA1-associated neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, the link between GBA1 and synucleinopathies has become the paradigm of how the study of a rare lysosomal disease can transform the understanding of the etiopathology, and hopefully the treatment, of a more prevalent and multifactorial disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pablo Sardi
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA.
| | - Seng H Cheng
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
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143
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Petrucci S, Arena G, Valente EM. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Parkinson Disease. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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144
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Saez I, Vilchez D. Protein clearance mechanisms and their demise in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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145
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Osellame LD, Duchen MR. Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1958-72. [PMID: 24116849 PMCID: PMC3976615 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone-mediated, macro, micro and organelle specific) act synergistically to maintain proteostasis. Defects in this equilibrium can be deleterious at cellular and organism level, giving rise to various disease states. Dysfunction of quality control pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and appear particularly important in Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal storage disorders. Neurodegeneration resulting from impaired degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and α-synuclein is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria have evolved to control a diverse number of processes, including cellular energy production, calcium signalling and apoptosis, and like every other organelle within the cell, they must be ‘recycled.’ Failure to do so is potentially lethal as these once indispensible organelles become destructive, leaking reactive oxygen species and activating the intrinsic cell death pathway. This process is paramount in neurons which have an absolute dependence on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as they cannot up-regulate glycolysis. As such, mitochondrial bioenergetic failure can underpin neural death and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we discuss the links between cellular quality control and neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular attention to the emerging links between Parkinson's and Gaucher diseases in which defective quality control is a defining factor. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Osellame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
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146
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The role of protein clearance mechanisms in organismal ageing and age-related diseases. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5659. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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147
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Zheng C, Geetha T, Babu JR. Failure of ubiquitin proteasome system: risk for neurodegenerative diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:161-75. [PMID: 25413678 DOI: 10.1159/000367694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the primary proteolytic quality control system in cells and has an essential function in the nervous system. UPS dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. The pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates or inclusion bodies within neurons. The failure or dysregulation of the UPS prevents the degradation of misfolded/aberrant proteins, leading to deficient synaptic function that eventually affects the nervous system. In this review, we discuss the UPS and its physiological roles in the nervous system, its influence on neuronal function, and how UPS dysfunction contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., USA
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148
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Girolamo F, Lia A, Amati A, Strippoli M, Coppola C, Virgintino D, Roncali L, Toscano A, Serlenga L, Trojano M. Overexpression of autophagic proteins in the skeletal muscle of sporadic inclusion body myositis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:736-49. [PMID: 23452291 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM) is characterized by rimmed vacuole formation and misfolded protein accumulation. Intracellular protein aggregates are cleared by autophagy. When autophagy is blocked aggregates accumulate, resulting in abnormal rimmed vacuole formation. This study investigated the autophagy-lysosome pathway contribution to rimmed vacuole accumulation. METHODS Autophagy was studied in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from eleven s-IBM patients, one suspected hereditary IBM patient, nine patients with other inflammatory myopathies and nine non-myopathic patients as controls. The analysis employed morphometric methods applied to immunohistochemistry using the endosome marker Clathrin, essential proteins of the autophagic cascade such as AuTophaGy-related protein ATG5, splicing variants of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3a (LC3a) and LC3b, compared with Beclin 1, the major autophagy regulator of both the initiation phase and late endosome/lysosome fusion of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. RESULTS In muscle biopsies of s-IBM patients, an increased expression of Clathrin, ATG5, LC3a, LC3b and Beclin 1 was shown. Moreover, the inflammatory components of the disease, essentially lymphocytes, were preferentially distributed around the Beclin 1(+) myofibres. These affected myofibres also showed a moderate sarcoplasmic accumulation of SMI-31(+) phospho-tau paired helical filaments. CONCLUSION The overexpression of autophagy markers linked to the decreased clearance of misfolded proteins, including SMI-31, and rimmed vacuoles accumulation may exhaust cellular resources and lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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149
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Hanrieder J, Karlsson O, Brittebo E, Malmberg P, Ewing AG. Probing the lipid chemistry of neurotoxin-induced hippocampal lesions using multimodal imaging mass spectrometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:375-378. [PMID: 28824213 PMCID: PMC5558446 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been causatively linked to neurodegenerative disease pathology. In a rat model, neonatal BMAA exposure resulted in selective uptake in the hippocampal formation and caused learning and memory impairments in adult animals. Moreover, high dose neonatal BMAA exposure resulted in formation of protein inclusions in the CA1 region of the adult hippocampus. However the mechanism underlying BMAA induced neuropathology remains elusive. Imaging mass spectrometry is a powerful method for spatial interrogation of biochemical distribution in biological tissue with high chemical specificity. The aim of this study was to therefore characterize the lipid microenvironment of BMAA-induced hippocampal lesions in adult rats using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and time-of-flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS imaging). Multimodal imaging was carried out by ToF-SIMS scans of the hippocampal formation followed by whole tissue scans using MALDI imaging. Multivariate analysis was performed on the SIMS data in order to delineate the spatial biochemistry surrounding the lesions. The data show lesion-specific localization of phosphatidylcholine fragments, suggesting neuroinflammatory glial cell activation. Complementary MALDI imaging data showed increased levels of phosphoethanolamines colocalizing with the proteopathic lesions pointing to macroautophagic mechanisms associated with neurotoxin-induced protein accumulation. Multimodal IMS by means of ToF-SIMS and MALDI mass spectrometry proved to be a powerful technique for neurotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hanrieder
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Gothenburg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Safety and Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Brittebo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Safety and Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Gothenburg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Gothenburg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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150
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Viscomi MT, D’Amelio M, Cavallucci V, Latini L, Bisicchia E, Nazio F, Fanelli F, Maccarrone M, Moreno S, Cecconi F, Molinari M. Stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin protects neurons from remote degeneration after acute focal brain damage. Autophagy 2014; 8:222-35. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.8.2.18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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