101
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Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Gogtay N. Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1228-38. [PMID: 22488257 PMCID: PMC3504171 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, which posits that the illness is the end state of abnormal neurodevelopmental processes that started years before the illness onset, is widely accepted, and has long been dominant for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. This selective review updates our 2005 review of recent studies that have impacted, or have the greatest potential to modify or extend, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Longitudinal whole-population studies support a dimensional, rather than categorical, concept of psychosis. New studies suggest that placental pathology could be a key measure in future prenatal high-risk studies. Both common and rare genetic variants have proved surprisingly diagnostically nonspecific, and copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia are often also associated with autism, epilepsy and intellectual deficiency. Large post-mortem gene expression studies and prospective developmental multi-modal brain imaging studies are providing critical data for future clinical and high-risk developmental brain studies. Whether there can be greater molecular specificity for phenotypic characterization is a subject of current intense study and debate, as is the possibility of neuronal phenotyping using human pluripotent-inducible stem cells. Biological nonspecificity, such as in timing or nature of early brain development, carries the possibility of new targets for broad preventive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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102
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Amminger GP, Schäfer MR, Klier CM, Slavik JM, Holzer I, Holub M, Goldstone S, Whitford TJ, McGorry PD, Berk M. Decreased nervonic acid levels in erythrocyte membranes predict psychosis in help-seeking ultra-high-risk individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1150-2. [PMID: 22182937 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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103
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Han HJ, Jung WH, Jang JH, Hwang JY, Kim SN, Byun MS, Lee YJ, Choi CH, Kwon JS. Reduced volume in the anterior internal capsule but its maintained correlation with the frontal gray matter in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2012; 204:82-90. [PMID: 23217576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), which interconnects with the frontal cortex and thalamus, is volumetrically altered in schizophrenia patients. However, it is unclear whether an abnormal ALIC volume is apparent prior to the onset of schizophrenia and whether this aberrant ALIC volume is related to the frontal gray matter in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. We used magnetic resonance imaging of 43 UHR subjects, 36 schizophrenia patients, and 42 healthy controls to investigate manually traced ALIC volumes. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between the ALIC volume and the frontal gray matter. Significantly reduced ALIC volumes were observed in the UHR and schizophrenia groups compared to the healthy controls. However, the volume of the frontal gray matter was decreased only in the schizophrenia group. A positive correlation between the volumes in the ALIC and frontal gray matter found in healthy controls was maintained only in UHR subjects. In addition, a negative correlation between the total scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the ALIC volumes was observed only in schizophrenia patients. An aberrant ALIC volume but its maintained correlation with the interconnecting frontal lobe was present prior to the onset of full psychosis, indicating the prodromal phase of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, World Class University Program, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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104
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Carletti F, Woolley JB, Bhattacharyya S, Perez-Iglesias R, Fusar Poli P, Valmaggia L, Broome MR, Bramon E, Johns L, Giampietro V, Williams SCR, Barker GJ, McGuire PK. Alterations in white matter evident before the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:1170-9. [PMID: 22472474 PMCID: PMC3494044 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic disorders are associated with widespread reductions in white matter (WM) integrity. However, the stage at which these abnormalities first appear and whether they are correlates of psychotic illness, as opposed to an increased vulnerability to psychosis, is unclear. We addressed these issues by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to study subjects at ultra high risk (UHR) of psychosis before and after the onset of illness. METHODS Thirty-two individuals at UHR for psychosis, 32 controls, and 15 patients with first-episode schizophrenia were studied using DTI. The UHR subjects and controls were re-scanned after 28 months. During this period, 8 UHR subjects had developed schizophrenia. Between-group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity were evaluated cross sectionally and longitudinally using a nonparametric voxel-based analysis. RESULTS At baseline, WM DTI properties were significantly different between the 3 groups (P < .001). Relative to controls, first-episode patients showed widespread reductions in FA and increases in diffusivity. DTI indices in the UHR group were intermediate relative to those in the other 2 groups. Longitudinal analysis revealed a significant group by time interaction in the left frontal WM (P < .001). In this region, there was a progressive reduction in FA in UHR subjects who developed psychosis that was not evident in UHR subjects who did not make a transition. CONCLUSIONS People at UHR for psychosis show alterations in WM qualitatively similar to, but less severe than, those in patients with schizophrenia. The onset of schizophrenia may be associated with a progressive reduction in the integrity of the frontal WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carletti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - James B. Woolley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rocio Perez-Iglesias
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Paolo Fusar Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) prodromal service, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew R. Broome
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Health Science Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Johns
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Brain Image Analysis Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steve C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip K. McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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105
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Mourao-Miranda J, Reinders AATS, Rocha-Rego V, Lappin J, Rondina J, Morgan C, Morgan KD, Fearon P, Jones PB, Doody GA, Murray RM, Kapur S, Dazzan P. Individualized prediction of illness course at the first psychotic episode: a support vector machine MRI study. Psychol Med 2012; 42:1037-47. [PMID: 22059690 PMCID: PMC3315786 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made little impact on the diagnosis and monitoring of psychoses in individual patients. In this study, we used a support vector machine (SVM) whole-brain classification approach to predict future illness course at the individual level from MRI data obtained at the first psychotic episode. METHOD One hundred patients at their first psychotic episode and 91 healthy controls had an MRI scan. Patients were re-evaluated 6.2 years (s.d.=2.3) later, and were classified as having a continuous, episodic or intermediate illness course. Twenty-eight subjects with a continuous course were compared with 28 patients with an episodic course and with 28 healthy controls. We trained each SVM classifier independently for the following contrasts: continuous versus episodic, continuous versus healthy controls, and episodic versus healthy controls. RESULTS At baseline, patients with a continuous course were already distinguishable, with significance above chance level, from both patients with an episodic course (p=0.004, sensitivity=71, specificity=68) and healthy individuals (p=0.01, sensitivity=71, specificity=61). Patients with an episodic course could not be distinguished from healthy individuals. When patients with an intermediate outcome were classified according to the discriminating pattern episodic versus continuous, 74% of those who did not develop other episodes were classified as episodic, and 65% of those who did develop further episodes were classified as continuous (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS We provide preliminary evidence of MRI application in the individualized prediction of future illness course, using a simple and automated SVM pipeline. When replicated and validated in larger groups, this could enable targeted clinical decisions based on imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mourao-Miranda
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, UCL, London, UK
| | - A. A. T. S. Reinders
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, and BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V. Rocha-Rego
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - J. Lappin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - J. Rondina
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - C. Morgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - K. D. Morgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - P. Fearon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - P. B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - G. A. Doody
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - R. M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - S. Kapur
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - P. Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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106
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Karlsgodt KH, Jacobson SC, Seal M, Fusar-Poli P. The relationship of developmental changes in white matter to the onset of psychosis. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:422-33. [PMID: 22239573 PMCID: PMC7130450 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799316073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a pronounced developmental component. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in characterizing developmental changes in the period leading up to disease onset, in an effort to develop effective preventative interventions. One of the ongoing neurodevelopmental changes known to occur in the late adolescent period that often overlaps with the prodromal phase and time of onset is white matter development and myelination. In this critical review, a disruption in the normal trajectory of white matter development could potentially play an important role in the onset of psychosis. We seek to summarize the existing state of research on white matter development in prodromal subjects, with a particular focus on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. First, we describe the physiological basis of developmental white matter changes and myelination. Next, we characterize the pattern of white matter changes associated with typical development across adolescence as measured with DTI. Then, we discuss white matter changes observed in adult patients with schizophrenia and in individuals seen in genetic and clinical high risk states. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for future research directions and for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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107
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Waters-Metenier SL, Toulopoulou T. Putative diffusion tensor neuroimaging endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a review of the early evidence. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia has a high heritability, the genetic effects conferring diathesis to schizophrenia are thought to be complex and underlain by multifactorial polygenic inheritance. ‘Endophenotypes’, or ‘intermediate phenotypes’, are narrowed constructs of genetic risk that are assumed to be more proximal to the gene effects in the disease pathway than clinical phenotypes. A current aim in schizophrenia research is to identify promising putative endophenotypes for use in molecular genetics studies. Recently, much of the focus has been on neurocognitive, conventional T1-weighted structural MRI, functional MRI and electrophysiological endophenotypes. Diffusion tensor imaging has emerged as another important structural neuroimaging modality in the aim to identify abnormalities in brain connectivity and diffusivity in schizophrenia, and abnormalities detected via this method may be promising candidate endophenotypes. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review of the early evidence that qualifies diffusion tensor abnormalities as potentially appropriate endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Lindsey Waters-Metenier
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
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108
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Gogtay N, Vyas NS, Testa R, Wood SJ, Pantelis C. Age of onset of schizophrenia: perspectives from structural neuroimaging studies. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:504-13. [PMID: 21505117 PMCID: PMC3080674 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many of the major neuropsychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, have a typical age of onset in late adolescence. Late adolescence may reflect a critical period in brain development making it particularly vulnerable for the onset of psychopathology. Neuroimaging studies that focus on this age range may provide unique insights into the onset and course of psychosis. In this review, we examine the evidence from 2 unique longitudinal cohorts that span the ages from early childhood through young adulthood; a study of childhood-onset schizophrenia where patients and siblings are followed from ages 6 through to their early twenties, and an ultra-high risk study where subjects (mean age of 19 years) are studied before and after the onset of psychosis. From the available evidence, we make an argument that subtle, regionally specific, and genetically influenced alterations during developmental age windows influence the course of psychosis and the resultant brain phenotype. The importance of examining trajectories of development and the need for future combined approaches, using multimodal imaging together with molecular studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Gogtay
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nora S. Vyas
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Renee Testa
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
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