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Meister I, Kovac J, Duthaler U, Odermatt P, Huwyler J, Vanobberghen F, Sayasone S, Keiser J. Pharmacokinetic Study of Praziquantel Enantiomers and Its Main Metabolite R-trans-4-OH-PZQ in Plasma, Blood and Dried Blood Spots in Opisthorchis viverrini-Infected Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004700. [PMID: 27152952 PMCID: PMC4859549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel (PZQ) is the treatment of choice for infections with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, a major health problem in Southeast Asia. However, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies investigating the disposition of PZQ enantiomers (R- and S-PZQ) and its main metabolite, R-trans-4-OH-PZQ, in diseased patients are lacking. The implementation of a dried blood spot (DBS) sampling technique would ease the performance of PK studies in remote areas without clinical facilities. The aim of the present study is to provide data on the disposition of PZQ enantiomers and R-trans-4-OH-PZQ in opisthorchiasis patients and to validate the use of DBS compared to plasma and blood sampling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PZQ was administered to nine O. viverrini-infected patients at 3 oral doses of 25 mg/kg in 4 h intervals. Plasma, blood and DBS were simultaneously collected at selected time points from 0 to 24 h post-treatment. PK parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis. Drug concentrations and areas under the curve (AUC0-24h) measured in the 3 matrices were compared using Bland-Altman analysis. We observed plasma AUC0-24hs of 1.1, 9.0 and 188.7 μg/ml*h and half-lives of 1.1, 3.3 and 6.4 h for R-PZQ, S-PZQ and R-trans-4-OH, respectively. Maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 0.2, 0.9 and 13.9 μg/ml for R-PZQ, S-PQZ and R-trans-4-OH peaked at 7 h for PZQ enantiomers and at 8.7 h for the metabolite. Individual drug concentration measurements and patient AUC0-24hs displayed ratios of blood or DBS versus plasma between 79-94% for R- and S-PZQ, and between 108-122% for R-trans-4-OH. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Pharmacodynamic (PD) in vitro studies on PZQ enantiomers and R-trans-4-OH-PZQ are necessary to be able to correlate PK parameters with efficacy. DBS appears to be a valid alternative to conventional venous sampling for PK studies in PZQ-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Meister
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Kovac
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Vanobberghen
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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103
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Yan X, Bain RM, Li Y, Qiu R, Flick TG, Cooks RG. Online Inductive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Process Analytical Technology Tool To Monitor the Synthetic Route to Anagliptin. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan M. Bain
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ran Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tawnya G. Flick
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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104
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A novel approach for quantitation of glucosylceramide in human dried blood spot using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1483-96. [PMID: 26168255 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucosylceramide, an efficacy biomarker for Gaucher Type 1 disease, exhibits poor solubility in polar solvents and whole blood which makes it difficult to prepare a homogenous blood standard. RESULTS We developed a novel method using standard addition approach by spiking a small volume of analyte solution on the surface of prespotted dried blood spot. The whole spots were punched out for subsequent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. The assay performance met all validation acceptance criteria. Glucosylceramide concentrations in 50 paired plasma and dry blood spot samples obtained from Gaucher Type 1 patients were tested and the results demonstrated the feasibility of using the DBS method for clinical biomarker monitoring. CONCLUSION The new approach greatly improves assay precision and accuracy.
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105
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Comparison of blood microsampling with DBS and conventional blood collection techniques used in a midazolam biostudy. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:741-51. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantitative DBS LC–MS/MS assay for midazolam was used to compare two sample collection techniques (venipuncture and finger prick) and the midazolam concentrations measured in plasma samples, DBS and dried plasma spots. Methodology: Midazolam was extracted from DBS cards and compared with whole blood collected from usual venipuncture. Dried plasma spots were also compared with plasma. The blood volume used as well as the temperature impact during the blood and plasma deposits was evaluated. Midazolam was administrated to six healthy subjects during a clinical trial to obtained blood and plasma samples for the statistical comparison. Conclusion: The method for midazolam using DBS was validated and showed an excellent performance. Excellent correlations were observed when the same collection procedures were used.
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106
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Kvaskoff D, Heath AK, Simila HA, Ko P, English DR, Eyles DW. Minimizing Matrix Effects for the Accurate Quantification of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Metabolites in Dried Blood Spots by LC-MS/MS. Clin Chem 2016; 62:639-46. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.251538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The noncalcemic actions of vitamin D in multiple organs are now widely recognized. Vitamin D status has been linked with a wide variety of conditions, which has led to an increasing demand for vitamin D screening. In particular, there is intense interest in the impact of vitamin D on a variety of developmental conditions. The most readily accessible pediatric samples are dried blood spots, and health organizations are increasingly archiving such samples for later assessment of the antecedents of disease.
METHODS
In 2009, we developed a method to quantify the major circulatory form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, in archived dried blood spots. Over the last 6 years, we have made substantial alterations to the published method to enhance throughput, sensitivity, and assay robustness.
RESULTS
With the alterations, the assay was 3 times faster than the previously published assay and had a >10-fold increase in signal strength. Intraassay imprecision decreased from 13.4% to 6.9%, and there was a 5-fold reduction in interfering phospholipids. In actual use over 2 years, the assay showed an interassay imprecision of 11.6%.
CONCLUSIONS
This assay has performed reliably over the past 6 years. The practical changes we have made should allow clinical chemists to successfully adapt this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kvaskoff
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry A Simila
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline Ko
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl W Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
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Validation and Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Method To Measure Miltefosine in Leishmaniasis Patients Using Dried Blood Spot Sample Collection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2081-9. [PMID: 26787691 PMCID: PMC4808221 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02976-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate future pharmacokinetic studies of combination treatments against leishmaniasis in remote regions in which the disease is endemic, a simple cheap sampling method is required for miltefosine quantification. The aims of this study were to validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify miltefosine in dried blood spot (DBS) samples and to validate its use with Ethiopian patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Since hematocrit (Ht) levels are typically severely decreased in VL patients, returning to normal during treatment, the method was evaluated over a range of clinically relevant Ht values. Miltefosine was extracted from DBS samples using a simple method of pretreatment with methanol, resulting in >97% recovery. The method was validated over a calibration range of 10 to 2,000 ng/ml, and accuracy and precision were within ±11.2% and ≤7.0% (≤19.1% at the lower limit of quantification), respectively. The method was accurate and precise for blood spot volumes between 10 and 30 μl and for Ht levels of 20 to 35%, although a linear effect of Ht levels on miltefosine quantification was observed in the bioanalytical validation. DBS samples were stable for at least 162 days at 37°C. Clinical validation of the method using paired DBS and plasma samples from 16 VL patients showed a median observed DBS/plasma miltefosine concentration ratio of 0.99, with good correlation (Pearson's r = 0.946). Correcting for patient-specific Ht levels did not further improve the concordance between the sampling methods. This successfully validated method to quantify miltefosine in DBS samples was demonstrated to be a valid and practical alternative to venous blood sampling that can be applied in future miltefosine pharmacokinetic studies with leishmaniasis patients, without Ht correction.
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108
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Osteresch B, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Analysis of ochratoxin A in dried blood spots - Correlation between venous and finger-prick blood, the influence of hematocrit and spotted volume. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:158-64. [PMID: 27046696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the improvement of a method for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The DBS technique was advanced for the analysis of these two compounds in DBS with unknown amounts of blood as well as varying hematocrit values. Furthermore the comparability of venous vs. capillary blood was investigated. Human whole blood samples were spotted, dried, and extracted with a solvent consisting of acetone, acetonitrile and water for analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was carried out by stable isotope labelled internal standards. Blood samples of volunteers (n=50) were used to further optimize and simplify the procedure. Ochratoxin A and 2'R-ochratoxin A concentrations found in the entire spots (approx. 100 μL blood) were compared with punched DBS discs of 8.8mm size containing approximately 20 μL blood. As a result the amounts of both toxins in a punched 8.8mm disc correlate well with the entire DBS. Also the use of capillary blood from finger-pricks versus venous blood was evaluated. The analyte levels correlate as well indicating that the less invasive finger-prick sampling gives also reliable results. The influence of hematocrit was investigated in a range of 25-55% according to the hematocrit in the used real blood samples (34-46% hematocrit). However no significant hematocrit effect was observed for the utilized real blood samples. Moreover different blood volumes were spotted and punched as a minimal spot size is usually recommended for accurate analysis. In this experiment finger-prick samples typically consist of about 90 μL blood. Therefore spots of 75, 100 and 125 μL blood were prepared and analyzed. Similar to the hematocrit effect, no considerable influence was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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England A, Wade K, Smith PB, Berezny K, Laughon M. Optimizing operational efficiencies in early phase trials: The Pediatric Trials Network experience. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 47:376-82. [PMID: 26968616 PMCID: PMC4997801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Performing drug trials in pediatrics is challenging. In support of the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development funded the formation of the Pediatric Trials Network (PTN) in 2010. Since its inception, the PTN has developed strategies to increase both efficiency and safety of pediatric drug trials. Through use of innovative techniques such as sparse and scavenged blood sampling as well as opportunistic study design, participation in trials has grown. The PTN has also strived to improve consistency of adverse event reporting in neonatal drug trials through the development of a standardized adverse event table. We review how the PTN is optimizing operational efficiencies in pediatric drug trials to increase the safety of drugs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda England
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C. Memorial Hospital, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, USA
| | - Kelly Wade
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, CHOP Newborn Care at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - P Brian Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | - Katherine Berezny
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | - Matthew Laughon
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C. Memorial Hospital, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, USA.
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Alternative matrices for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive agents using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1037-58. [PMID: 25966013 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ transplants typically have narrow therapeutic windows and high intra- and intersubject variability. To ensure satisfactory exposure, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) plays a pivotal role in any successful posttransplant maintenance therapy. Currently, recommendations for optimum immunosuppressant concentrations are based on blood/plasma measurements. However, they introduce many disadvantages, including poor prediction of allograft survival and toxicity, a weak correlation with drug concentrations at the site of action and the invasive nature of the sample collection. Thus, alternative matrices have been investigated. This paper reviews tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods used for the quantification of immunosuppressant drugs utilizing nonconventional matrices, namely oral fluids, fingerprick blood and intracellular and intratissue sampling. The advantages, disadvantages and clinical application of such alternative mediums are discussed. Additionally, sample extraction techniques and basic chromatography information regarding these methods are presented in tabulated form.
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111
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Foivas A, Malenović A, Kostić N, Božić M, Knežević M, Loukas YL, Dotsikas Y. Quantitation of brinzolamide in dried blood spots by a novel LC-QTOF-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 119:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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Meister I, Leonidova A, Kovač J, Duthaler U, Keiser J, Huwyler J. Development and validation of an enantioselective LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel and its main metabolite in human plasma, blood and dried blood spots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 118:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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113
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Optimization of an automated IS addition system for use in high-throughput quantitative DBS analysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2763-75. [PMID: 26563775 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated DBS direct elution systems are available that incorporate IS spray modules which, unlike conventional IS addition via the extraction solvent, apply IS prior to DBS samples prior to extraction, allowing analyte and IS to be coextracted. RESULTS IS spray system parameters were optimized to identify the conditions that produced the best analytical performance in quantitative bioanalytical assays, without interfering with the integrity of the DBS sample prior to extraction. CONCLUSION LC-MS/MS method validations across four representative small molecule assays using the optimized IS spray conditions were demonstrated to produce analytical performance comparable to conventional methods of IS addition, demonstrating that the spray technique is a viable alternative.
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114
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Khraiwesh M, Leed S, Roncal N, Johnson J, Sciotti R, Smith P, Read L, Paris R, Hudson T, Hickman M, Grogl M. Antileishmanial Activity of Compounds Derived from the Medicines for Malaria Venture Open Access Box Against Intracellular Leishmania major Amastigotes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:340-347. [PMID: 26503273 PMCID: PMC4751939 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex tropical disease caused by kinetoplastid parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the sand fly insect vector. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of this disease, and CL infections often result in serious skin lesions and scars. CL remains a public health problem in many endemic countries worldwide because of the absence of effective, safe, and cost-effective drugs for treatment. One of the strategies we chose to use to find novel chemical entities worthy of further development as antileishmanials involved screening synthetic and natural products libraries. In our study, we developed a Leishmania major intracellular amastigote assay that uses the activity of luciferase as a measure of parasite proliferation and used this assay to screen a collection of 400 compounds obtained from Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) for their antileishmanial activity. Our results showed that 14 compounds identified by MMV as antimalarial drugs have antileishmanial activity and can potentially be optimized for CL drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozna Khraiwesh
- *Address correspondence to Mozna Khraiwesh, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910. E-mail:
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115
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Lee H, Park Y, Jo J, In S, Park Y, Kim E, Pyo J, Choe S. Analysis of benzodiazepines and their metabolites using DBS cards and LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 255:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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116
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Quantitative bioanalytical validation of fosfomycin in human whole blood with volumetric absorptive microsampling. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2585-95. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fosfomycin is an antibiotic of considerable interest for the treatment of infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Translating microsampling techniques into clinical PK studies may provide effective dosing information to improve patient outcomes and minimize the potential development of resistance. Results: Accuracy and precision results were within ±15%; the method was validated across the range of 5–2000 µg/ml of fosfomycin using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices. Conclusion: The VAMS techniques provide acceptable validation data as assessed for lower limit of quantification, linearity, intra- and interday precision and accuracy, selectivity and matrix effects. Results from the recovery and stability studies suggest challenges remain for the analysis of fosfomycin in whole blood using VAMS.
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117
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DBS direct elution: optimizing performance in high-throughput quantitative LC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2003-17. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Automated DBS direct elution techniques eliminate the manual extraction burden of DBS bioanalysis, offer good quantitative performance, the ability to eliminate hematocrit-based assay bias, and, previous reports have demonstrated that significant increases in assay sensitivity compared with manual DBS extraction are possible. Results: An investigation into elucidating parameters for optimized generic DBS direct elution for high sample throughput quantitative bioanalytical applications is presented for the first time. Generic direct elution conditions were identified that enabled LC–MS/MS assay sensitivity to be maximized while retaining acceptable chromatographic performance. Conclusion: Compared with generic conventional DBS manual extraction, assay sensitivity was demonstrated to be increased up to 33-fold across four representative small molecule compounds, using the recommended direct elution conditions.
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118
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119
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A disposable sampling device to collect volume-measured DBS directly from a fingerprick onto DBS paper. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2085-94. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: DBS samples collected from a fingerprick typically vary in volume and homogeneity and hence make an accurate quantitative analysis of DBS samples difficult. Results: We report a prototype which first defines a precise liquid volume and subsequently stores it to a conventional DBS matrix. Liquid volumes of 2.2 µl ± 7.1% (n = 21) for deionized water and 6.1 µl ± 8.8% (n = 15) for whole blood have been successfully metered and stored in DBS paper. Conclusion: The new method of collecting a defined volume of blood by DBS sampling has the potential to reduce assay bias for the quantitative evaluation of DBS samples while maintaining the simplicity of conventional DBS sampling.
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120
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Yuan L, Schuster A, Shen JX, Garrison-Borowski P, Aubry AF. Dried blood spot analysis without dilution: Application to the LC-MS/MS determination of BMS-986001 in rat dried blood spot. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:201-9. [PMID: 26340763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sample dilution is one major challenge in dried blood spot (DBS) bioanalysis. To resolve this issue, we applied a no-dilution strategy for DBS analysis by using a calibration curve with very wide linear range. We developed an LC-MS/MS DBS assay with a linear range of 5 orders of magnitude (50-5000,000ng/mL) for BMS-986001, an HIV drug under development, by simultaneously monitoring two selective reaction monitoring transitions of different intensity. The assay was validated and successfully applied to the analysis of DBS samples collected in a toxicology study in rats dosed with BMS-986001. All samples were analyzed without any dilution. We also compared the concentration data generated from the DBS method and a validated plasma assay for the same study. The two sets of data agreed well with each other, demonstrating the validity of this strategy for DBS analysis. This approach provides an effective and convenient way to eliminate complicated dilution for DBS and other sample collection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yuan
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Alan Schuster
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jim X Shen
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Anne-Françoise Aubry
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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121
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Parker SL, Lipman J, Dimopoulos G, Roberts JA, Wallis SC. A validated method for the quantification of fosfomycin on dried plasma spots by HPLC-MS/MS: application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study in humans. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:509-14. [PMID: 26299527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of fosfomycin in the plasma samples of patients is the basis of clinical pharmacokinetic studies from which evidence based dosing regimens can be devised to maximise antibiotic effectiveness against a pathogen. We have developed and validated a LC-MS/MS method to quantify fosfomycin using dried plasma spot sampling. Following HILIC chromatography, fosfomycin and ethylphosphonic acid, used as internal standard, were measured using negative-ion multiple reaction monitoring. The method was linear over the calibration range of 5-2000mg/L of fosfomycin. Intra-day assay results for dried plasma spot quality control samples at 15.6, 79.9 and 1581mg/L of fosfomycin had precision of ±4.2, 8.2, and 2.0%, respectively, and accuracy of +3.9, -0.1, and -1.2%, respectively. Recovery of fosfomycin from dried plasma spots was calculated as 83.6% and the dried plasma spot samples were found to be stable stored at room temperature for three months and when stored for four hours at 50°C. A Bland-Altman plot comparing DPS to plasma sampling found a negative bias of 16.6%, with all but one sample within the mean limits of agreement (-2.6 to 30.6%). Dried plasma spot sampling provides a useful tool for pharmacokinetic research of fosfomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Parker
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Internal Medicine Department, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven C Wallis
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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122
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Personalized monitoring of therapeutic salicylic acid in dried blood spots using a three-layer setup and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7229-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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123
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Dried blood spots for monitoring and individualization of antiepileptic drug treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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124
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Pharmakokinetik von Medikamenten durch Echtzeit-Analyse der Atemluft von Mäusen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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125
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Miller BE, Mistry S, Smart K, Connolly P, Carpenter DC, Cooray H, Bloomer JC, Tal-Singer R, Lazaar AL. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danirixin (GSK1325756)--a selective CXCR2 antagonist --in healthy adult subjects. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 26092545 PMCID: PMC4475328 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-015-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive neutrophil presence and activation is important in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The CXCR2 chemokine receptor is important in controlling the extravasation and activation of neutrophils. Selective antagonism of the CXCR2 receptor is a potential approach to reducing neutrophil migration and activation. Danirixin, is a small molecule, CXCR2 antagonist being evaluated as a potential anti-inflammatory medicine. Methods (1) First time in human (FTIH) double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending and repeat oral doses of danirixin in healthy male subjects; (2) single-dose study of age, gender, food, and proton-pump inhibitor effects on the pharmacokinetics of danirixin in healthy adult subjects; and placebo-controlled study of the pharmacokinetics of danirixin in healthy elderly subjects. Results There were no serious adverse events and no adverse events considered to be of clinical relevance. There were no withdrawals due to adverse events. Systemic exposure following single doses of danirixin 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg increased with increasing dose. Engagement of pharmacology was demonstrated as inhibition of ex-vivo CXCL1-induced CD11b expression on peripheral blood neutrophils when compared to placebo (approximately 50 % for 50 mg and 100 mg danirixin, and 72 % at 200 mg). There was a 37 % decrease in Cmax and a 16 % decrease in AUC (0-∞) following administration of danirixin in the presence of food. Cmax also decreased by 65 % when danirixin 100 mg was administered following omeprazole 40 mg once daily for 5 days. The AUC (0-∞) and Cmax were 50 % lower in elderly subjects compared with younger subjects. Conclusion The dose-dependent inhibition of agonist-induced neutrophil activation following single and repeated once daily oral administration of danirixin suggests that this CXCR2 antagonist may have benefit in neutrophil-predominant inflammatory diseases. Co-administration with food, gastric acid reducing agents, and variable exposure in the elderly have important clinical implications that need to be taken into consideration in subsequent clinical evaluations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01209052 and NCT01209104
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Miller
- Clinical Discovery, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Sunil Mistry
- Clinical Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB11 1BT, UK.
| | - Kevin Smart
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK. .,Roche Pharmaceuticals, Welwyn Garden City, UK.
| | - Paul Connolly
- Product Development, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG 12 0DP, UK.
| | - Donald C Carpenter
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Hiran Cooray
- Clinical Pharmacology Sciences and Study Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK. .,Global Development, Amgen Inc., Horsham, West Sussex, UK.
| | - Jackie C Bloomer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG 12 0DP, UK.
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- Clinical Discovery, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Aili L Lazaar
- Discovery Medicine, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
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126
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7815-8. [PMID: 26015026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive, real-time pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of ketamine, propofol, and valproic acid, and their metabolites was achieved in mice, using secondary electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The PK profile of a drug influences its efficacy and toxicity because it determines exposure time and levels. The antidepressant and anaesthetic ketamine (Ket) and four Ket metabolites were studied in detail and their PK was simultaneously determined following application of different sub-anaesthetic doses of Ket. Bioavailability after oral administration vs. intraperitoneal injection was also investigated. In contrast to conventional studies that require many animals to be sacrificed even for low-resolution PK curves, this novel approach yields real-time PK curves with a hitherto unmatched time resolution (10 s), and none of the animals has to be sacrificed. This thus represents a major step forward not only in animal welfare, but also major cost and time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).,Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou 510632 (China)
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).,University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 AL7 (United Kingdom)
| | - Lukas Bregy
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Maija Hollmén
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven Proulx
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).
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127
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Abu-Rabie P, Denniff P, Spooner N, Chowdhry BZ, Pullen FS. Investigation of Different Approaches to Incorporating Internal Standard in DBS Quantitative Bioanalytical Workflows and Their Effect on Nullifying Hematocrit-Based Assay Bias. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4996-5003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Abu-Rabie
- Bioanalytical
Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
Platform Technologies and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
- Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Denniff
- Bioanalytical
Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
Platform Technologies and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Spooner
- Bioanalytical
Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
Platform Technologies and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Babur Z. Chowdhry
- Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Frank S. Pullen
- Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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128
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Determination of Synacthen® in dried blood spots for doping control analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4709-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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129
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Dried blood spot analysis for rat and dog studies: validation, hematocrit, toxicokinetics and incurred sample reanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:869-83. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Execution of experiments to introduce dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for preclinical GLP studies and subsequent clinical studies. Results: Bridging data showed high concordance with DBS:plasma ratios of 0.9 in rats and 1.1 in dogs, demonstrating no preferential uptake or association with cellular components of the blood. The DBS methodology was fully validated incorporating additional experiments pertinent to DBS sampling, storage and analysis. Individual hematocrit (Hct) values in the test animals (rats and dogs) were within the validated Hct range. DBS concentration data and the resulting TK profiles were not impacted by an Hct bias. Incurred sample reanalysis showed high correlation in dogs (97%) and rats (100%) meeting acceptance criteria. Conclusion: Successfully validated and adopted DBS for preclinical GLP studies.
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130
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“Center punch” and “whole spot” bioanalysis of apixaban in human dried blood spot samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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131
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Lafrenière NM, Mudrik JM, Ng AHC, Seale B, Spooner N, Wheeler AR. Attractive Design: An Elution Solvent Optimization Platform for Magnetic-Bead-based Fractionation Using Digital Microfluidics and Design of Experiments. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3902-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504697r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson M. Lafrenière
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jared M. Mudrik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alphonsus H. C. Ng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Brendon Seale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Neil Spooner
- Platform Technologies
and Science Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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132
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Kostić N, Dotsikas Y, Jović N, Stevanović G, Malenović A, Medenica M. Quantitation of pregabalin in dried blood spots and dried plasma spots by validated LC-MS/MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:79-84. [PMID: 25767905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, novel LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of antiepileptic drug pregabalin in dried matrix spots (DMS) are presented. This attractive technique of sample collection in micro amount was utilized in the form of dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma spots (DPS). Following a pre-column derivatization procedure, using n-propyl chloroformate in the presence of n-propanol, and consecutive liquid-liquid extraction, derivatized pregabalin and its internal standard, 4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, were detected in positive ion mode by applying two SRM transitions per analyte. A YMC-Pack Octyl column (50mm×4.0mm, 3μm particle size) maintained at 30°C, was utilized with running mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: 0.15% formic acid (85:15, v/v). Flow rate was 550μL/min and total run time 2min. Established methods were fully validated over the concentration range of 0.200-20.0μg/mL for DBS and 0.400-40.0μg/mL for DPS, respectively, while specificity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix-effect, stability, dilution integrity and spot homogeneity were found within acceptance criteria. Validated methods were applied for the determination of pregabalin levels in dried blood and plasma samples obtained from patients with epilepsy, after per os administration of commercial capsules. Comparison of drug level in blood and plasma, as well as correction steps undertaken in order to overcome hematocrit issue, when analyzing DBS, are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nađa Kostić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Nebojša Jović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Galina Stevanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anđelija Malenović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mirjana Medenica
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kleiber N, Tromp K, Mooij MG, van de Vathorst S, Tibboel D, de Wildt SN. Ethics of drug research in the pediatric intensive care unit. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17:43-53. [PMID: 25354987 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-014-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Critical illness and treatment modalities change pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications used in critically ill children, in addition to age-related changes in drug disposition and effect. Hence, to ensure effective and safe drug therapy, research in this population is urgently needed. However, conducting research in the vulnerable population of the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) presents with ethical challenges. This article addresses the main ethical issues specific to drug research in these critically ill children and proposes several solutions. The extraordinary environment of the PICU raises specific challenges to the design and conduct of research. The need for proxy consent of parents (or legal guardians) and the stress-inducing physical environment may threaten informed consent. The informed consent process is challenging because emergency research reduces or even eliminates the time to seek consent. Moreover, parental anxiety may impede adequate understanding and generate misconceptions. Alternative forms of consent have been developed taking into account the unpredictable reality of the acute critical care environment. As with any research in children, the burden and risk should be minimized. Recent developments in sample collection and analysis as well as pharmacokinetic analysis should be considered in the design of studies. Despite the difficulties inherent to drug research in critically ill children, methods are available to conduct ethically sound research resulting in relevant and generalizable data. This should motivate the PICU community to commit to drug research to ultimately provide the right drug at the right dose for every individual child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kleiber
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rainville PD, Simeone JL, Root DS, Mallet CR, Wilson ID, Plumb RS. A method for the direct injection and analysis of small volume human blood spots and plasma extracts containing high concentrations of organic solvents using revered-phase 2D UPLC/MS. Analyst 2015; 140:1921-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This methodology provides increased assay sensitivity and facilitates small volume biofluid analysis in high percent organic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Rainville
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- King's College London
- Micro Separations Group
| | | | | | | | - Ian D. Wilson
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
- London
- UK
| | - Robert S. Plumb
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
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135
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Applying dried blood spot sampling with LCMS quantification in the clinical development phase of tasquinimod. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:179-91. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tasquinimod is an orally active anticancer drug in late clinical development. Here we describe the development and validation of a bioanalytical method based upon dried blood spot analysis in combination with LCMS/MS and stable isotope dilution. Results & discussion: The present method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, carry-over and ruggedness. Data elucidating stability of tasquinimod in dried blood spots and in blood at ambient temperature was investigated and found adequate. Furthermore, in a clinical study, incurred samples reanalysis was performed, and the correlation of blood concentration versus plasma concentrations of tasquinimod was investigated. Conclusion: The method described here is suitable for bioanalysis of tasquinimod in whole blood from humans in clinical studies.
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136
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A device for dried blood microsampling in quantitative bioanalysis: overcoming the issues associated blood hematocrit. Bioanalysis 2014; 7:653-9. [PMID: 25514576 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A cross-laboratory experiment has been performed on a novel dried blood sampler in order to investigate whether it overcomes issues associated with blood volume and hematocrit (HCT) that are observed when taking a subpunch from dried blood spot samples. MATERIALS & METHODS An average blood volume of 10.6 μl was absorbed by the samplers across the different HCTs investigated (20-65%). RESULTS No notable change of volume absorbed was noted across the HCT range. Furthermore, the variation in blood sample volumes across six different laboratories was within acceptable limits. CONCLUSION The novel volumetric absorptive microsampling device has the potential to deliver the advantages of dried blood spot sampling while overcoming some of the issues associated with the technology.
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137
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Oliveira RV, Henion J, Wickremsinhe ER. Automated high-capacity on-line extraction and bioanalysis of dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2415-2426. [PMID: 25303470 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pharmacokinetic data to support clinical development of pharmaceuticals are routinely obtained from liquid plasma samples. The plasma samples require frozen shipment and storage and are extracted off-line from the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) systems. In contrast, the use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is an attractive alternative in part due to its benefits in microsampling as well as simpler sample storage and transport. However, from a practical aspect, sample extraction from DBS cards can be challenging as currently performed. The goal of this report was to integrate automated serial extraction of large numbers of DBS cards with on-line liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC/HRAMS) bioanalysis. METHODS An automated system for direct DBS extraction coupled to a LC/HRAMS was employed for the quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and α-hydroxymidazolam (α-OHMDZ) in human blood. The target analytes were directly extracted from the DBS cards onto an on-line chromatographic guard column followed by HRAMS detection. No additional sample treatment was required. The automated DBS LC/HRAMS method was developed and validated, based on the measurement at the accurate mass-to-charge ratio of the target analytes to ensure specificity for the assay. RESULTS The automated DBS LC/HRAMS method analyzed a DBS sample within 2 min without the need for punching or additional off-line sample treatment. The fully automated analytical method was shown to be sensitive and selective over the concentration range of 5 to 2000 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy was less than 15% (less than 20% at the LLOQ). The validated method was successfully applied to measure MDZ and α-OHMDZ in an incurred human sample after a single 7.5 mg dose of MDZ. CONCLUSIONS The direct DBS LC/HRAMS method demonstrated successful implementation of automated DBS extraction and bioanalysis for MDZ and α-OHMDZ. This approach has the potential to promote workload reduction and sample throughput increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina V Oliveira
- Quintiles Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, 19 Brown Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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Rapid DNA extraction from dried blood spots on filter paper: potential applications in biobanking. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:351-7. [PMID: 25562044 PMCID: PMC4281615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dried blood spot (DBS) technology is a microsampling alternative to traditional plasma or serum sampling for pharmaco- or toxicokinetic evaluation. DBS technology has been applied to diagnostic screening in drug discovery, nonclinical, and clinical settings. We have developed an improved elution protocol involving boiling of blood spots dried on Whatman filter paper. Methods The purpose of this study was to compare the quality, purity, and quantity of DNA isolated from frozen blood samples and DBSs. We optimized a method for extraction and estimation of DNA from blood spots dried on filter paper (3-mm FTA card). A single DBS containing 40 μL blood was used. Results DNA was efficiently extracted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer by incubation at 37°C overnight. DNA was stable in DBSs that were stored at room temperature or frozen. The housekeeping genes GAPDH and beta-actin were used as positive standards for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) validation of general diagnostic screening. Conclusion Our simple and convenient DBS storage and extraction methods are suitable for diagnostic screening by using very small volumes of blood collected on filter paper, and can be used in biobanks for blood sample storage.
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139
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A validated LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of piperacillin/tazobactam on dried blood spot. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2795-802. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antibiotics in children is of fundamental importance for effective patient management. The use of dried blood spot (DBS) offers a number of advantages over conventional blood collection. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a method to measure piperacillin/tazobactam in DBS. Results The analysis was performed by using LC–MS/MS operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method has been validated by applying EMA guidelines and its suitability for TDM was evaluated by using samples from low birth weight neonates. Conclusion This paper describes a fast and cost-effective micromethod for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin/tazobactam levels on dried blood spot that is suitable for TDM in children.
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140
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Determination of tamoxifen and endoxifen in dried blood spots using LC–MS/MS and the effect of coated DBS cards on recovery and matrix effects. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2999-3009. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We developed an HPLC-MS/MS method to quantify tamoxifen (2.5–250 ng/ml) and its metabolite (Z)-endoxifen (0.5–50 ng/ml) in dried blood spots. Results: Extraction recovery of both analytes from Whatman DMPK-A cards was 100% and consistent over time, however, recovery of (Z)-endoxifen from Whatman 903 cards was incomplete and increased upon storage. When SDS, a constituent of the DMPK-A coating, was present during the extraction, recovery improved. The method using DMPK-A cards was validated using bioanalytical guidelines. Additionally, influence of haematocrit (0.29–0.48 L/L), spot volume (20–50µl) and homogeneity was within limits and both analytes were stable in DBS for at least 4 months. Conclusions: The method for the quantification of tamoxifen and (Z)-endoxifen in DBS collected on DMPK-A cards was successfully validated.
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141
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Martin NJ, Cooper HJ. Challenges and opportunities in mass spectrometric analysis of proteins from dried blood spots. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:685-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.965158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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142
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Batterman S, Chernyak S. Performance and storage integrity of dried blood spots for PCB, BFR and pesticide measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:252-60. [PMID: 25058892 PMCID: PMC4134318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBSs) can provide accurate and valuable estimates of exposure to environmental toxicants, and the use of information derived from archived newborn DBSs has enormous potential to open up new research on the impacts of early chemical exposure on disease. Broad application of DBS for the purpose of quantitative exposure estimation requires robust and validated methods. This study investigates the suitability of DBS analyses for population studies of exposure to three chemical groups: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and chlorinated pesticides. It examines background (matrix) contamination, recovery and extraction variability, sensitivity, and storage stability. DBS samples prepared using 50 μL of adult blood were analyzed by GC/MS, and method performance was confirmed by using certified materials and paired DBS-blood samples from six volunteers. Several of the target compounds and their degradation products have not been previously measured in DBSs. All target compounds were detected in DBS samples collected from the volunteers. Sample DBS cards showed background contamination of several compounds. When stored at room temperature, target compounds, excluding PBDEs, were stable for up to one month. When refrigerated or frozen, stability was acceptable for all compounds up to one year, and multiyear storage appears acceptable at colder (e.g., -80°C) temperatures. Multicompartment models may be used to estimate or correct for storage losses. Considering concentrations of contaminants for adults and children reported in the literature, and experimental values of detection limits and background contamination, DBS samples are suitable for quantifying exposures to many PCBs, BFRs and persistent pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Room 6075 SPH2, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Sergei Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Room 6075 SPH2, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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143
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Lokhov PG, Maslov DL, Trifonova OP, Balashova EE, Archakov AI. [Mass spectrometry of blood low-molecular fraction as a method for unification of therapeutic drug monitoring]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 60:201-16. [PMID: 24837310 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The article describes a new therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) method based on direct infusion of low-molecular fraction of blood into electrospray ionization source of mass spectrometer. This technique allows performing TDM of almost all drugs used in clinic. In article, the universality and high-throughput of the method, that significantly simplifies its wide application, have been shown. Moreover, the possibility of method application in most cases of drug therapy has been argued as a tool of control of drug doses, rationality of drug therapy, and the quality of the drugs themselves. In conclusion, the prospects for application of the method as primary means of improving the quality and personalization of drug therapy have been discussed.
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144
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Quantification of rifapentine, a potent antituberculosis drug, from dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6747-57. [PMID: 25182637 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03607-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantification of antituberculosis drug concentrations in multinational trials currently requires the collection of modest blood volumes, centrifugation, aliquoting of plasma, freezing, and keeping samples frozen during shipping. We prospectively enrolled healthy individuals into the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium Study 29B, a phase I dose escalation study of rifapentine, a rifamycin under evaluation in tuberculosis treatment trials. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying rifapentine in whole blood on dried blood spots (DBS) to facilitate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses in clinical trials. Paired plasma and whole-blood samples were collected by venipuncture, and whole blood was spotted on Whatman protein saver 903 cards. The methods were optimized for plasma and then validated for DBS. The analytical measuring range for quantification of rifapentine and its metabolite was 50 to 80,000 ng/ml in whole-blood DBS. The analyte was stable on the cards for 11 weeks with a desiccant at room temperature and protected from light. The method concordance for paired plasma and whole-blood DBS samples was determined after correcting for participant hematocrit or population-based estimates of bias from Bland-Altman plots. The application of either correction factor resulted in acceptable correlation between plasma and whole-blood DBS (Passing-Bablok regression corrected for hematocrit; y = 0.98x + 356). Concentrations of rifapentine may be determined from whole-blood DBS collected via venipuncture after normalization in order to account for the dilutional effects of red blood cells. Additional studies are focused on the application of this methodology to capillary blood collected by finger stick. The simplicity of processing, storage, shipping, and low blood volume makes whole-blood DBS attractive for rifapentine pharmacokinetic evaluations, especially in international and pediatric trials.
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145
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Procedures and practices for the validation of bioanalytical methods using dried blood spots: a review. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2481-514. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, the collection of whole blood samples on paper, is an emerging technique used for bioanalytical methods. Several analytical challenges, such as possible effects of spotting volume, hematocrit and spot inhomogeneity are identified for these methods, however, no regulatory-based guidelines for the specific validation of DBS-based assays are available hitherto. To date, 68 validation reports concerning methods for the quantitative determination of drugs in human DBS could be traced in the literature, with large differences in the extensiveness of the reported validations. This review aims to present an overview of these published validations. Additionally, the different challenges of DBS-based assays are discussed and recommendations on how to perform validation tests addressing these challenges are provided.
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146
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Use of dried blood spots in doping control analysis of anabolic steroid esters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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147
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Pohanka A, Mahindi M, Masquelier M, Gustafsson LL, Beck O. Quantification of valproic acid in dried blood spots. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:648-52. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.933360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pohanka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Mahindi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michèle Masquelier
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars L. Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden
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148
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Assessment of the within- and between-lot variability of Whatman™ FTA(®) DMPK and 903(®) DBS papers and their suitability for the quantitative bioanalysis of small molecules. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:2613-30. [PMID: 24180503 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ensure that PK data generated from DBS samples are of the highest quality, it is important that the paper substrate is uniform and does not unduly contribute to variability. This study investigated any within and between lot variations for four cellulose paper types: Whatman™ FTA(®) DMPK-A, -B and -C, and 903(®) (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). The substrates were tested to demonstrate manufacturing reproducibility (thickness, weight, chemical coating concentration) and its effect on the size of the DBS produced, and the quantitative data derived from the bioanalysis of human DBS samples containing six compounds of varying physicochemical properties. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Within and between lot variations in paper thickness, mass and chemical coating concentration were within acceptable manufacturing limits. No variation in the spot size or bioanalytical data was observed. CONCLUSION Bioanalytical results obtained for DBS samples containing a number of analytes spanning a range of chemical space are not affected by the lot used or by the location within a lot.
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149
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Kirby AE, Lafrenière NM, Seale B, Hendricks PI, Cooks RG, Wheeler AR. Analysis on the Go: Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse in Dried Urine with Digital Microfluidics and Miniature Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5012969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nelson M. Lafrenière
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Brendon Seale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul I. Hendricks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, 164 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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150
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Ikeda K, Ikawa K, Yokoshige S, Yoshikawa S, Morikawa N. Gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry quantitation of valproic acid and gabapentin, using dried plasma spots, for therapeutic drug monitoring in in-home medical care. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1756-62. [PMID: 24889681 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) method using dried plasma spot testing cards was developed for determination of valproic acid and gabapentin concentrations in human plasma from patients receiving in-home medical care. We have proposed that a simple, easy and dry sampling method is suitable for in-home medical patients for therapeutic drug monitoring. Therefore, in the present study, we used recently developed commercially available easy handling cards: Whatman FTA DMPK-A and Bond Elut DMS. In-home medical care patients can collect plasma using these simple kits. The spots of plasma on the cards were extracted into methanol and then evaporated to dryness. The residues were trimethylsilylated using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide. For GC-EI-MS analysis, the calibration curves on both cards were linear from 10 to 200 µg/mL for valproic acid, and from 0.5 to 10 µg/mL for gabapentin. Intra- and interday precisions in plasma were both ≤13.0% (coefficient of variation), and the accuracy was between 87.9 and 112% for both cards within the calibration curves. The limits of quantification were 10 µg/mL for valproic acid and 0.5 µg/mL for gabapentin on both cards. We believe that the present method will be useful for in-home medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapy, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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