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Dhondt B, Van Deun J, Vermaerke S, de Marco A, Lumen N, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Urinary extracellular vesicle biomarkers in urological cancers: From discovery towards clinical implementation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:236-256. [PMID: 29654900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urine contains cellular elements, biochemicals, and proteins derived from glomerular filtration of plasma, renal tubule excretion, and urogenital tract secretions that reflect an individual's metabolic and pathophysiologic state. Despite intensive research into the discovery of urinary biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and prediction of therapy response in urological cancers, none of these markers has reached widespread use. Their implementation into daily clinical practice is hampered by a substantial degree of heterogeneity in performance characteristics and uncertainty about reliability, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness, in addition to several technical limitations. Extracellular vesicles (EV) have raised interest as a potential source of biomarker discovery because of their role in intercellular communication and the resemblance of their molecular content to that of the releasing cells. We review currently used urinary biomarkers in the clinic and attempts that have been made to identify EV-derived biomarkers for urological cancers. In addition, we discuss technical and methodological considerations towards their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Dhondt
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silke Vermaerke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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102
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Fang X, Duan Y, Adkins GB, Pan S, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhong W. Highly Efficient Exosome Isolation and Protein Analysis by an Integrated Nanomaterial-Based Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2787-2795. [PMID: 29381333 PMCID: PMC5820131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play important roles in mediating intercellular communication and regulating a variety of biological processes, but clear understanding of their functions and biogenesis has not been achieved, due to the high technical difficulties involved in analysis of small vesicular structures that contain a high proportion of membrane structures. Herein, we designed a novel approach to integrate two nanomaterials carrying varied surface properties, the hydrophilic, macroporous graphene foam (GF) and the amphiphilic periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO), for efficient exosome isolation from human serum and effective protein profiling. The high specific surface area of GF, after modification with the antibody against the exosomal protein marker, CD63, allowed highly specific isolation of exosomes from complex biological samples with high recovery. Since the organic solvent, methanol, turned out to be the most effective lysis solution for releasing the exosomal proteins, the amphiphilic PMO was employed to rapidly recover the exosomal proteins, including the highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. The fine pores of PMO also acted as the nanoreactors to accelerate protein digestion that produced peptides subject to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 334 proteins with 111 membrane proteins [31% of these contained >2 transmembrane domains (TMD)] were identified using the integrated GF/PMO platform. In contrast, with the commercial exosome isolation kit and the in-solution protein digestion method, only 151 proteins were found, with 28 being membrane proteins (only one contained three TMDs). Our results support that the integrated GF/PMO platform is of great value to facilitate the comprehensive characterization of exosomal proteins for better understanding of their functions and for identification of more exosome-based disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Songqin Pan
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
- Yancheng Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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103
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Radeghieri A. Biophysical properties of extracellular vesicles in diagnostics. Biomark Med 2018; 12:383-391. [PMID: 29441794 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles, involved in cell-to-cell communication, in both normal and pathological processes. Originating by the outward budding of the plasma membrane or released by exocytosis, they are natural cargoes for lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. EV-based diagnostics promises unique advantages compared with conventional strategies involving whole body fluid analysis, including the reduction of biofluids complexity and more specific and sensitive detection of low abundance biomacromolecules. Besides EV cargoes, new breakthrough technologies are addressing EV 'colloidal properties' - including particle content, size and membrane mechanical properties - directly experienced by researchers to be critical factors in biomarkers discovery. This article focuses on the progresses in EV biophysical properties characterization as diagnostic tools for different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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104
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Tzounakas VL, Gevi F, Georgatzakou HT, Zolla L, Papassideri IS, Kriebardis AG, Rinalducci S, Antonelou MH. Redox Status, Procoagulant Activity, and Metabolome of Fresh Frozen Plasma in Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:16. [PMID: 29459896 PMCID: PMC5807665 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) helps in maintaining the coagulation parameters in patients with acquired multiple coagulation factor deficiencies and severe bleeding. However, along with coagulation factors and procoagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs), numerous bioactive and probably donor-related factors (metabolites, oxidized components, etc.) are also carried to the recipient. The X-linked glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD-), the most common human enzyme genetic defect, mainly affects males. By undermining the redox metabolism, the G6PD- cells are susceptible to the deleterious effects of oxidants. Considering the preferential transfusion of FFP from male donors, this study aimed at the assessment of FFP units derived from G6PD- males compared with control, to show whether they are comparable at physiological, metabolic and redox homeostasis levels. METHODS The quality of n = 12 G6PD- and control FFP units was tested after 12 months of storage, by using hemolysis, redox, and procoagulant activity-targeted biochemical assays, flow cytometry for EV enumeration and phenotyping, untargeted metabolomics, in addition to statistical and bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Higher procoagulant activity, phosphatidylserine positive EVs, RBC-vesiculation, and antioxidant capacity but lower oxidative modifications in lipids and proteins were detected in G6PD- FFP compared with controls. The FFP EVs varied in number, cell origin, and lipid/protein composition. Pathway analysis highlighted the riboflavin, purine, and glycerolipid/glycerophospholipid metabolisms as the most altered pathways with high impact in G6PD-. Multivariate and univariate analysis of FFP metabolomes showed excess of diacylglycerols, glycerophosphoinositol, aconitate, and ornithine but a deficiency in riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, adenine, and arginine, among others, levels in G6PD- FFPs compared with control. CONCLUSION Our results point toward a different redox, lipid metabolism, and EV profile in the G6PD- FFP units. Certain FFP-needed patients may be at greatest benefit of receiving FFP intrinsically endowed by both procoagulant and antioxidant activities. However, the clinical outcome of G6PD- FFP transfusion would likely be affected by various other factors, including the signaling potential of the differentially expressed metabolites and EVs, the degree of G6PD-, the redox status in the recipient, the amount of FFP units transfused, and probably, the storage interval of the FFP, which deserve further investigation by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis L. Tzounakas
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Federica Gevi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Hara T. Georgatzakou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Science and Technology for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Issidora S. Papassideri
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G. Kriebardis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological and Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marianna H. Antonelou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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105
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Rana A, Zhang Y, Esfandiari L. Advancements in microfluidic technologies for isolation and early detection of circulating cancer-related biomarkers. Analyst 2018; 143:2971-2991. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01965c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of circulating biomarkers using microfluidic devices for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rana
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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106
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Rustam YH, Reid GE. Analytical Challenges and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry Based Lipidomics. Anal Chem 2017; 90:374-397. [PMID: 29166560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yepy H Rustam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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107
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Han L, Xu J, Xu Q, Zhang B, Lam EWF, Sun Y. Extracellular vesicles in the tumor microenvironment: Therapeutic resistance, clinical biomarkers, and targeting strategies. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1318-1349. [PMID: 28586517 DOI: 10.1002/med.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have proved that cell-nonautonomous regulation of neoplastic cells is a distinctive and essential characteristic of tumorigenesis. Two way communications between the tumor and the stroma, or within the tumor significantly influence disease progression and modify treatment responses. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), malignant cells utilize paracrine signaling initiated by adjacent stromal cells to acquire resistance against multiple types of anticancer therapies, wherein extracellular vesicles (EVs) substantially promote such events. EVs are nanoscaled particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, and can mediate intercellular communications between cancerous cells and the adjacent microenvironment to accelerate pathological proceeding. Here we review the most recent studies of EV biology and focus on key cell lineages of the TME and their EV cargoes that are biologically active and responsible for cancer resistance, including proteins, RNAs, and other potentially essential components. Since EVs are emerging as novel but critical elements in establishing and maintaining hallmarks of human cancer, timely and insightful understanding of their molecular properties and functional mechanisms would pave the road for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and effective targeting in the global landscape of precision medicine. Further, we address the potential of EVs as promising biomarkers in cancer clinics and summarize the technical improvements in EV preparation, analysis, and imaging. We highlight the practical issues that should be exercised with caution to guide the development of targeting agents and therapeutic methodologies to minimize cancer resistance driven by EVs, thereby allowing to effectively control the early steps of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Han
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B Zhang
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - E W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Sun
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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108
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Skotland T, Sandvig K, Llorente A. Lipids in exosomes: Current knowledge and the way forward. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:30-41. [PMID: 28342835 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of exosomal membranes, and it is well-known that specific lipids are enriched in exosomes compared to their parent cells. In this review we discuss current knowledge about the lipid composition of exosomes. We compare published data for different lipid classes in exosomes, and what is known about their lipid species, i.e. lipid molecules with different fatty acyl groups. Moreover, we elaborate on the hypothesis about hand-shaking between the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet and PS 18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet, and we propose this to be an important mechanism in membrane biology, not only for exosomes. The similarity between the lipid composition of exosomes, HIV particles, and detergent resistant membranes, used as lipid rafts models, is also discussed. Furthermore, we summarize knowledge about the role of specific lipids and lipid metabolizing enzymes on the formation and release of exosomes. Finally, the use of exosomal lipids as biomarkers and how the lipid composition of exosomes may be of importance for researchers aiming to use exosomes as drug delivery vehicles is discussed. In conclusion, we have summarized what is presently known about lipids in exosomes and identified issues that should be taken into consideration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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