101
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Tinworth CP, Young RJ. Facts, Patterns, and Principles in Drug Discovery: Appraising the Rule of 5 with Measured Physicochemical Data. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10091-10108. [PMID: 32324397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rule of 5 was designed to estimate the likelihood of poor absorption or permeation, noting the impact of poor solubility. This Perspective explores the impact of various physicochemical descriptors and contemporary lipophilicity measurements on permeability and solubility, showing that the distribution coefficient log D7.4 (rather than log P) is the most impactful parameter. Molecular weight, almost invariably the defining characteristic of "beyond the rule of 5" compounds, has little impact on solubility when log D7.4 measurements and aromaticity are considered. Predicting permeation is more complex, given passive and carrier transport mechanisms; however, notable patterns of behavior are apparent, giving insight even "beyond the rule of 5". Recommended best practices should involve using the facts (measurements) and the patterns they reveal to establish informative principles rather than fastidious rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Tinworth
- Medicinal Sciences and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Robert J Young
- Medicinal Sciences and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.,Blue Burgundy Ltd., Bedford, Bedfordshire MK45 2AD, U.K
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102
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Mulligan VK. The emerging role of computational design in peptide macrocycle drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:833-852. [PMID: 32345066 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1751117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery is a laborious process with rising cost per new drug. Peptide macrocycles are promising therapeutics, though conformational flexibility can reduce target affinity and specificity. Recent computational advancements address this problem by enabling rational design of rigidly folded peptide macrocycles. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes currently approved peptide macrocycle therapeutics and discusses advantages of mesoscale drugs over small molecules or protein therapeutics. It describes the history, rationale, and state of the art of computational tools, such as Rosetta, that allow the design of rigidly structured peptide macrocycles. The emerging pipeline for designing peptide macrocycle drugs is described, including current challenges in designing permeable molecules that can emulate the chameleonic behavior of natural macrocycles. Prospects for reducing computational cost and improving accuracy with emerging computational technologies are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION To embrace computational design of peptide macrocycle drugs, we must shift current attitudes regarding the role of computation in drug discovery, and move beyond Lipinski's rules. This technology has the potential to shift failures to earlier in silico stages of the drug discovery process, improving success rates in costly clinical trials. Given the available tools, now is the time for drug developers to incorporate peptide macrocycle design into drug discovery pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K Mulligan
- Systems Biology, Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute , New York, NY, USA
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103
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Fundamental aspects of DMPK optimization of targeted protein degraders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:969-982. [PMID: 32298797 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degraders are an emerging modality. Their properties fall outside the traditional small-molecule property space and are in the 'beyond rule of 5' space. Consequently, drug discovery programs focused on developing orally bioavailable degraders are expected to face complex drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) challenges compared with traditional small molecules. Nevertheless, little information is available on the DMPK optimization of oral degraders. Therefore, in this review, we discuss our experience of these DMPK optimization challenges and present methodologies and strategies to overcome the hurdles dealing with this new small-molecule modality, specifically in developing oral degraders to treat cancer.
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104
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Danelius E, Poongavanam V, Peintner S, Wieske LHE, Erdélyi M, Kihlberg J. Solution Conformations Explain the Chameleonic Behaviour of Macrocyclic Drugs. Chemistry 2020; 26:5231-5244. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Danelius
- Department of Chemistry-BMCUppsala University 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Peintner
- Department of Chemistry-BMCUppsala University 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry-BMCUppsala University 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMCUppsala University 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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105
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Updating the portfolio of physicochemical descriptors related to permeability in the beyond the rule of 5 chemical space. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105274. [PMID: 32088315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) molecules are attracting significant interest in modern drug discovery mostly because many novel targets require large and more flexible structures. The main aim of this paper is the identification of ad hoc bRo5 physicochemical descriptors of ionization, lipophilicity, polarity and chameleonicity and their measurement. We used different methods to collect ionization (pKa measures and log k'80 PLRP-S trends), lipophilicity (in octanol/water, in apolar systems and in biomimetic environments), polarity (Δlog Poct-tol, EPSA and Δlog KWIAM) and chameleonicity (ChameLogD) descriptors for 26 bRo5 drugs. A second aim was to check the relationship between physicochemical descriptors and permeability for a subset of compounds for which solid permeability values are reported in the literature. Results showed that the physicochemical profile in the bRo5 chemical space is often experimentally accessible, albeit more tools are required to overcome limitations of individual methods. For the investigated compounds, permeability is governed by Δlog Poct-tol and preliminary data support that chameleonicity could also have an impact.
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106
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Caron G, Digiesi V, Solaro S, Ermondi G. Flexibility in early drug discovery: focus on the beyond-Rule-of-5 chemical space. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:621-627. [PMID: 31991117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Large and flexible compounds are of interest in pharmaceutical programs aimed at challenging protein targets that cannot be modulated by Rule of Five (Ro5)-compliant small molecules. Given their particular structural features, early drug discovery is now in charge of identifying which molecular descriptors should be used in the often called beyond-Rule-of-5 (bRo5) chemical space. Here, we focus on flexibility descriptors. First, we discuss the concept of flexibility and then focus on the number of rotatable bonds (NRot), the most common in silico descriptor. After identifying the pros and cons of NRot, we discuss how Kier's index Φ can replace NRot, and the limits of 3D descriptors. Finally, we show how a misuse of NRot and Φ can result in incorrect interpretations of the impact of flexibility in the bRo5 space and how flexibility has potential in the prospective design of orally bioavailable bRo5 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Vito Digiesi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Solaro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135, Torino, Italy.
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107
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Fukunishi Y, Mashimo T, Kurosawa T, Wakabayashi Y, Nakamura HK, Takeuchi K. Prediction of Passive Membrane Permeability by Semi-Empirical Method Considering Viscous and Inertial Resistances and Different Rates of Conformational Change and Diffusion. Mol Inform 2020; 39:e1900071. [PMID: 31609549 PMCID: PMC7050510 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane permeability is an important property of drugs in adsorption. Many prediction methods work well for small molecules, but the prediction of middle-molecule permeability is still difficult. In the present study, we modified a classical permeability model based on Fick's law to study passive membrane permeability. The model consisted of the distribution of solute from water to membrane and the diffusion of solute in each solvent. The diffusion coefficient is the inverse of the resistance, and we examined the inertial resistance in addition to the viscous resistance, the latter of which has been widely used in permeability prediction. Also, we examined three models changing the balance between the diffusion of solute in membrane and the conformational change of solute. The inertial resistance improved the prediction results in addition to the viscous resistance. The models worked well not only for small molecules but also for middle molecules, whose structures have more conformational freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Fukunishi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-kuTokyo135-0064Japan
| | - Tadaaki Mashimo
- Technology Research Association for Next-Generation Natural Products Chemistry2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-kuTokyo135-0064Japan
- IMSBIO Co., Ltd.Owl Tower, 4–21-1, Higashi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-kuTokyo170-0013Japan
| | - Takashi Kurosawa
- Technology Research Association for Next-Generation Natural Products Chemistry2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-kuTokyo135-0064Japan
- Hitachi Solutions East Japan, 12–1 Ekimaehoncho, Kawasaki-ku, KawasakiKanagawa210-0007Japan
| | | | - Hironori K. Nakamura
- Biomodeling Research Co., Ltd.1-704-2 Uedanishi, Tenpaku-ku, NagoyaAichi468-0058Japan
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-kuTokyo135-0064Japan
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108
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Peng C, Atilaw Y, Wang J, Xu Z, Poongavanam V, Shi J, Kihlberg J, Zhu W, Erdélyi M. Conformation of the Macrocyclic Drug Lorlatinib in Polar and Nonpolar Environments: A MD Simulation and NMR Study. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22245-22250. [PMID: 31891108 PMCID: PMC6933765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulation is demonstrated to readily predict the conformations of the macrocyclic drug lorlatinib, as validated by solution NMR studies. In aqueous solution, lorlatinib adopts a conformer identical to its target bound structure. This conformer is stabilized by an extensive hydrogen bond network to the solvents. In chloroform, lorlatinib populates two conformers with the second one being less polar, which may contribute to lorlatinib's ability to cross cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yoseph Atilaw
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinan Wang
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Jiye Shi
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- E-mail: (W.Z.)
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail: (M.E.)
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109
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Tyagi M, Begnini F, Poongavanam V, Doak BC, Kihlberg J. Drug Syntheses Beyond the Rule of 5. Chemistry 2019; 26:49-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fabio Begnini
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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110
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Pyta K, Janas A, Skrzypczak N, Schilf W, Wicher B, Gdaniec M, Bartl F, Przybylski P. Specific Interactions between Rifamycin Antibiotics and Water Influencing Ability To Overcome Natural Cell Barriers and the Range of Antibacterial Potency. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1754-1763. [PMID: 31461259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins are a group of macrocyclic antibiotics mainly used for the treatment of various bacterial infections including tuberculosis. Spectroscopic studies of rifamycins evidence the formation of temperature- and solvent-dependent equilibria between A-, B-, and C-type conformers in solutions. The B- and C-type conformers of rifamycin antibiotics are exclusively formed in the presence of water molecules. A- and B-type conformers exhibit a hydrophilic and "open" ansa-bridge nature whereas the C-type conformer is more lipophilic due to the presence of a "closed" ansa-bridge structure. The involvement of the lactam moiety of the ansa-bridge in intramolecular H-bonds within rifapentine and rifampicin implicates the formation of a more hydrophilic A-type conformer. In contrast to rifampicin and rifapentine, for rifabutin and rifaximin, the "free" lactam group enhances conformational flexibility of the ansa-bridge, thereby enabling interconversion between A- and C-type conformers. In turn, an equilibrium between A- and C-type conformers for rifamycins improves their adaptation to the changing nature of bacteria cell membranes, especially those of Gram-negative strains and/or to efflux pump systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pyta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Janas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Schilf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Gdaniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstr. 42, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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111
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of all disease-relevant human proteins, including those involved in intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), are undruggable with the current drug modalities (i.e., small molecules and biologics). Macrocyclic peptides provide a potential solution to these undruggable targets because their larger sizes (relative to conventional small molecules) endow them the capability of binding to flat PPI interfaces with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have been developed to routinely identify cyclic peptides as potent, specific inhibitors against proteins including PPI targets. However, with the exception of a very small set of sequences, the vast majority of cyclic peptides are impermeable to the cell membrane, preventing their application against intracellular targets. This Review examines common structural features that render most cyclic peptides membrane impermeable, as well as the unique features that allow the minority of sequences to enter the cell interior by passive diffusion, endocytosis/endosomal escape, or other mechanisms. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cell penetration, the various strategies for designing cell-permeable, biologically active cyclic peptides against intracellular targets, and the assay methods available to quantify their cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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112
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Balazs AYS, Carbajo RJ, Davies NL, Dong Y, Hird AW, Johannes JW, Lamb ML, McCoull W, Raubo P, Robb GR, Packer MJ, Chiarparin E. Free Ligand 1D NMR Conformational Signatures To Enhance Structure Based Drug Design of a Mcl-1 Inhibitor (AZD5991) and Other Synthetic Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9418-9437. [PMID: 31361481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional conformations adopted by a free ligand in solution impact bioactivity and physicochemical properties. Solution 1D NMR spectra inherently contain information on ligand conformational flexibility and three-dimensional shape, as well as the propensity of the free ligand to fully preorganize into the bioactive conformation. Herein we discuss some key learnings, distilled from our experience developing potent and selective synthetic macrocyclic inhibitors, including Mcl-1 clinical candidate AZD5991. Case studies have been selected from recent oncology research projects, demonstrating how 1D NMR conformational signatures can complement X-ray protein-ligand structural information to guide medicinal chemistry optimization. Learning to extract free ligand conformational information from routinely available 1D NMR signatures has proven to be fast enough to guide medicinal chemistry decisions within design cycles for compound optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Y S Balazs
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Nichola L Davies
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Yu Dong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd. , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Alexander W Hird
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Michelle L Lamb
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - William McCoull
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Raubo
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Packer
- Chemistry, R&D Oncology , AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
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113
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Maple HJ, Clayden N, Baron A, Stacey C, Felix R. Developing degraders: principles and perspectives on design and chemical space. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1755-1764. [PMID: 31867093 PMCID: PMC6894040 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degraders (e.g. PROTACs, SNIPERs, degronimers etc.) are a new modality offering increasing potential both as tools for basic research and therapeutic development.
Degraders (e.g. PROTACs, SNIPERs, degronimers etc.) are a new modality offering increasing potential both as tools for basic research and therapeutic development. They occupy chemical space that lies outside the classical Lipinski ‘Rule of 5’, which poses fresh challenges for achieving cell permeability and oral bioavailability. This study presents a comprehensive database of degrader structures from the peer reviewed literature, including both optimized degraders and first generation compounds, in order to provide a thorough assessment of the chemical space associated with this modality and identify common trends used during the ‘hit to lead’ process. The results provide insights into this new area of chemical space as well as pointers for degrader design, which we anticipate will be useful for researchers entering this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Maple
- Bio-Techne (Tocris) , The Watkins Building , Atlantic Road, Avonmouth , Bristol , BS11 9QD , UK .
| | - Nat Clayden
- Bio-Techne (Tocris) , The Watkins Building , Atlantic Road, Avonmouth , Bristol , BS11 9QD , UK .
| | - Anne Baron
- Bio-Techne (Tocris) , The Watkins Building , Atlantic Road, Avonmouth , Bristol , BS11 9QD , UK .
| | - Callum Stacey
- Bio-Techne (Tocris) , The Watkins Building , Atlantic Road, Avonmouth , Bristol , BS11 9QD , UK .
| | - Robert Felix
- Bio-Techne (Tocris) , The Watkins Building , Atlantic Road, Avonmouth , Bristol , BS11 9QD , UK .
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114
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Brooks CA, Barton LS, Behm DJ, Eidam HS, Fox RM, Hammond M, Hoang TH, Holt DA, Hilfiker MA, Lawhorn BG, Patterson JR, Stoy P, Roethke TJ, Ye G, Zhao S, Thorneloe KS, Goodman KB, Cheung M. Discovery of GSK2798745: A Clinical Candidate for Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1228-1233. [PMID: 31413810 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK2798745, a clinical candidate, was identified as an inhibitor of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel for the treatment of pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart failure. We discuss the lead optimization of this novel spirocarbamate series and specifically focus on our strategies and solutions for achieving desirable potency, rat pharmacokinetics, and physicochemical properties. We highlight the use of conformational bias to deliver potency and optimization of volume of distribution and unbound clearance to enable desirable in vivo mean residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A. Brooks
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Linda S. Barton
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David J. Behm
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Hilary S. Eidam
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ryan M. Fox
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Marlys Hammond
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Tram H. Hoang
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dennis A. Holt
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Mark A. Hilfiker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Brian G. Lawhorn
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jaclyn R. Patterson
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Patrick Stoy
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Theresa J. Roethke
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Guosen Ye
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Steve Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Kevin S. Thorneloe
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Krista B. Goodman
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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115
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Abstract
Aim: To set up a chromatographic strategy for the determination of log P for beyond Rule of 5 (bRo5) drugs. Materials & methods: Capacity factors measured by reverse phase-HPLC. Balance of intermolecular interactions governing systems assessed by partial least squares regression (PLSR) coupled with block relevance anaysis (PLSR-BR) and multiblock PLSR (MBPLSR). Determination of virtual log P obtained through conformational sampling. Results: log k′60 is highly correlated with log P for a dataset of 36 Ro5 compliant compounds (R2 = 0.93, Q2 = 0.90). We refer to the value generated via this method as BRlogP. The balance of intermolecular forces controlling BRlogP and log P are very similar. The ElogPs measured for the bRo5 dataset are significantly higher than corresponding BRlogP. Conclusion: The combination of BRlogP and ElogP provides an experimental lipophilicity range for bRo5 compounds.
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116
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Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in ‘beyond rule-of-five’ chemical space: Recent progress and future challenges. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1555-1564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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117
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Application of biomimetic HPLC to estimate in vivo behavior of early drug discovery compounds. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the properties of large numbers of compounds and estimating their potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination properties are important early stages in the process of drug discovery and help to reduce later stage attrition. The chromatographic separation principles using stationary phases that contain proteins and phospholipids are more suitable for compound characterization and estimation of the pharmacokinetic properties than the traditional octanol/water partition coefficient. This technology, when standardized, enables the prediction of in vivo behavior and the selection of compounds with the best potential, thus reducing the number of animal experiments. Chromatography may be involved more widely in the future to measure kinetic aspects of compounds’ binding to proteins and receptors which would enable designing compounds that require a lower frequency of doses and have more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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118
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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119
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Ono S, Naylor MR, Townsend CE, Okumura C, Okada O, Lokey RS. Conformation and Permeability: Cyclic Hexapeptide Diastereomers. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2952-2963. [PMID: 31042375 PMCID: PMC7751304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Conformational ensembles of eight cyclic hexapeptide diastereomers in explicit cyclohexane, chloroform, and water were analyzed by multicanonical molecular dynamics (McMD) simulations. Free-energy landscapes (FELs) for each compound and solvent were obtained from the molecular shapes and principal component analysis at T = 300 K; detailed analysis of the conformational ensembles and flexibility of the FELs revealed that permeable compounds have different structural profiles even for a single stereoisomeric change. The average solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) in cyclohexane showed excellent correlation with the cell permeability, whereas this correlation was weaker in chloroform. The average SASA in water correlated with the aqueous solubility. The average polar surface area did not correlate with cell permeability in these solvents. A possible strategy for designing permeable cyclic peptides from FELs obtained from McMD simulations is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ono
- Modality Laboratories, Innovative Research Division,
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Matthew R. Naylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United
States
| | - Chad E. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United
States
| | - Chieko Okumura
- Modality Laboratories, Innovative Research Division,
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Okimasa Okada
- Modality Laboratories, Innovative Research Division,
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United
States
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Schober T, Wehl I, Afonin S, Babii O, Iampolska A, Schepers U, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Controlling the Uptake of Diarylethene‐Based Cell‐Penetrating Peptides into Cells Using Light. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schober
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- KIT, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) POB 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sergii Afonin
- KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) POB 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Oleg Babii
- KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) POB 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Iampolska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Vul. Volodymyrska 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd. Vul. Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Ute Schepers
- KIT, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) POB 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Vul. Volodymyrska 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Lumobiotics GmbH Auerstraße 2 76227 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) POB 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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121
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Toward the elucidation of the mechanism for passive membrane permeability of cyclic peptides. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:637-639. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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122
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Yang MG, Xiao Z, Cherney RJ, Tebben AJ, Batt DG, Brown GD, Chen J, Cvijic ME, Dabros M, Duncia JV, Galella M, Gardner DS, Khandelwal P, Ko SS, Malley MF, Mo R, Pang J, Rose AV, Santella JB, Shi H, Srivastava A, Traeger SC, Wang B, Xu S, Zhao R, Barrish JC, Mandlekar S, Zhao Q, Carter PH. Use of a Conformational-Switching Mechanism to Modulate Exposed Polarity: Discovery of CCR2 Antagonist BMS-741672. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:300-305. [PMID: 30891130 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We encountered a dilemma in the course of studying a series of antagonists of the G-protein coupled receptor CC chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2): compounds with polar C3 side chains exhibited good ion channel selectivity but poor oral bioavailability, whereas compounds with lipophilic C3 side chains exhibited good oral bioavailability in preclinical species but poor ion channel selectivity. Attempts to solve this through the direct modulation of physicochemical properties failed. However, the installation of a protonation-dependent conformational switching mechanism resolved the problem because it enabled a highly selective and relatively polar molecule to access a small population of a conformer with lower polar surface area and higher membrane permeability. Optimization of the overall properties in this series yielded the CCR2 antagonist BMS-741672 (7), which embodied properties suitable for study in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Zili Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert J. Cherney
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Douglas G. Batt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D. Brown
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marta Dabros
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John V. Duncia
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael Galella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel S. Gardner
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Soo S. Ko
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary F. Malley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ruowei Mo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jian Pang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Anne V. Rose
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph B. Santella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hong Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Anurag Srivastava
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sarah C. Traeger
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Songmei Xu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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123
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Caron G, Kihlberg J, Ermondi G. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: An opportunity for improved design in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1707-1729. [PMID: 30659634 DOI: 10.1002/med.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature shows that intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) formation can positively impact upon the triad of permeability, solubility, and potency of drugs and candidates. IMHB modulation can be applied to compounds in any chemical space as a means for discovering drug candidates with both acceptable potency and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion-Tox profiles. Integrating IMHB formation in design of drugs is, therefore, an exciting and timely challenge for modern medicinal chemistry. In this review, we first provide some background about IMHBs from the medicinal chemist's point of view and highlight some IMHB-associated misconceptions. Second, we propose a classification of IMHBs for drug discovery purposes, review the most common in silico tactics to include IMHBs in lead optimization and list some experimental physicochemical descriptors, which quantify the propensity of compounds to form IMHBs. By focusing on the compounds size and the number of IMHBs that can potentially be formed, we also outline the major difficulties encountered when designing compounds based on the inclusion of IMHBs. Finally, we discuss recent case studies illustrating the application of IMHB to optimize cell permeability and physicochemical properties of small molecules, cyclic peptides and macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caron
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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124
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Blanco MJ. Building upon Nature's Framework: Overview of Key Strategies Toward Increasing Drug-Like Properties of Natural Product Cyclopeptides and Macrocycles. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2001:203-233. [PMID: 31134573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9504-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has focused mainly in the development of small-molecule entities intended for oral administration for the past decades. As a result, the majority of existing drugs address only a narrow range of biological targets. In the era of post-genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, there is an increasing interest on larger modulators of proteins that can span larger surfaces, access new therapeutic mechanisms of action, and provide greater target specificity. Traditional drug-like molecules developed using "rule-of-five" (Ro5) guidelines have been proven ineffective against a variety of challenging targets, such as protein-protein interactions, nucleic acid complexes, and antibacterial modalities. However, natural products are known to be effective at modulating such targets, leading to a renewed focus by medicinal chemists on investigating underrepresented chemical scaffolds associated with natural products. Here we describe recent efforts toward identification of novel natural cyclopeptides and macrocycles as well as selected medicinal chemistry strategies to increase drug-like properties or further exploration of their activity.
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125
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Sofia MJ. The Discovery and Early Clinical Evaluation of the HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor Asunaprevir (BMS-650032). TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123690 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2018_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of asunaprevir (1) began with the concept of engaging the small and well-defined S1’ pocket of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease that was explored in the context of tripeptide carboxylic acid-based inhibitors. A cyclopropyl-acyl sulfonamide moiety was found to be the optimal element at the P1-P1’ interface enhancing the potency of carboxylic acid-based prototypes by 10- to >100-fold, dependent upon the specific background. Optimization for oral bioavailability identified a 1-substituted isoquinoline-based P2* element that conferred a significant exposure advantage in rats compared to the matched 4-substituted quinoline isomer. BMS-605339 (30) was the first cyclopropyl-acyl sulfonamide derivative advanced into clinical trials that demonstrated dose-related reductions in plasma viral RNA in HCV-infected patients. However, 30 was associated with cardiac events observed in a normal healthy volunteer (NHV) and an HCV-infected patient that led to the suspension of the development program. Using a Langendorff rabbit heart model, a limited structure-cardiac liability relationship was quickly established that led to the discovery of 1. This compound, which differs from 30 only by changes in the substitution pattern of the P2* isoquinoline heterocycle and the addition of a single chlorine atom to the molecular formula, gave a dose-dependent reduction in plasma viral RNA following oral administration to HCV-infected patients without the burden of the cardiac events that had been observed with 30. A small clinical trial of the combination of 1 with the HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir (2) established for the first time that a chronic genotype 1 (GT-1) HCV infection could be cured by therapy with two direct-acting antiviral agents in the absence of exogenous immune-stimulating agents. Development of the combination of 1 and 2 was initially focused on Japan where the patient population is predominantly infected with GT-1b virus, culminating in marketing approval which was granted on July 4, 2014. In order to broaden therapy to include GT-1a infections, a fixed dose triple combination of 1, 2, and the allosteric NS5B inhibitor beclabuvir (3) was developed, approved by the Japanese health authorities for the treatment of HCV GT-1 infection on December 20, 2016 and marketed as Ximency®.
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126
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Abstract
This review describes a selection of macrocyclic natural products and structurally modified analogs containing peptidic and non-peptidic elements as structural features that potentially modulate cellular permeability. Examples range from exclusively peptidic structures like cyclosporin A or phepropeptins to compounds with mostly non-peptidic character, such as telomestatin or largazole. Furthermore, semisynthetic approaches and synthesis platforms to generate general and focused libraries of compounds at the interface of cyclic peptides and non-peptidic macrocycles are discussed.
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127
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Abstract
One of the most exciting facets of cyclic peptides is that they have the potential to be orally bioavailable, despite having physical properties well beyond the traditional "Rule-of-5" chemistry space (Lipinski et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 23(1): 3-25, 1997). An important component of meeting this challenge is to design cyclic peptides with good intestinal permeability. Here we discuss the design principles for intestinal permeability that have been developed in recent year. These principles can be subdivided into three regimes: physical property guidelines, design strategies for the macrocyclic ring, and design strategies for side chains. The most important overall aims are to minimize solvent-exposed polarity while keeping size, flexibility, and lipophilicity within favorable ranges, thereby allowing peptide chemists to achieve intestinal permeability in addition to other important properties for their compounds, such as solubility and binding affinity. Here we describe a variety of design strategies that have been developed to help peptide chemists in this endeavor.
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128
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Witek J, Wang S, Schroeder B, Lingwood R, Dounas A, Roth HJ, Fouché M, Blatter M, Lemke O, Keller B, Riniker S. Rationalization of the Membrane Permeability Differences in a Series of Analogue Cyclic Decapeptides. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:294-308. [PMID: 30457855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclization and selected backbone N-methylations are found to be often necessary but not sufficient conditions for peptidic drugs to have a good bioavailability. Thus, the design of cyclic peptides with good passive membrane permeability and good solubility remains a challenge. The backbone scaffold of a recently published series of cyclic decapeptides with six selected backbone N-methylations was designed to favor the adoption of a closed conformation with β-turns and four transannular hydrogen bonds. Although this conformation was indeed adopted by the peptides as determined by NMR measurements, substantial differences in the membrane permeability were observed. In this work, we aim to rationalize the impact of discrete side chain modifications on membrane permeability for six of these cyclic decapeptides. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state modeling in water and chloroform. The study highlights the influence that side-chain modifications can have on the backbone conformation. Peptides with a d-proline in the β-turns were more likely to adopt, even in water, the closed conformation with transannular hydrogen bonds, which facilitates transition through the membrane. The population of the closed conformation in water was found to correlate positively with PAMPA log Pe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagna Witek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schroeder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Robin Lingwood
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Dounas
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jörg Roth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marianne Fouché
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Markus Blatter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Oliver Lemke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bettina Keller
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sereina Riniker
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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129
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Pero JE, Matthews JM, Behm DJ, Brnardic EJ, Brooks C, Budzik BW, Costell MH, Donatelli CA, Eisennagel SH, Erhard K, Fischer MC, Holt DA, Jolivette LJ, Li H, Li P, McAtee JJ, McCleland BW, Pendrak I, Posobiec LM, Rivera KL, Rivero RA, Roethke TJ, Sender MR, Shu A, Terrell LR, Vaidya K, Xu X, Lawhorn BG. Design and Optimization of Sulfone Pyrrolidine Sulfonamide Antagonists of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-4 with in Vivo Activity in a Pulmonary Edema Model. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11209-11220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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130
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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131
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Naylor MR, Ly AM, Handford MJ, Ramos DP, Pye CR, Furukawa A, Klein VG, Noland RP, Edmondson Q, Turmon AC, Hewitt WM, Schwochert J, Townsend CE, Kelly CN, Blanco MJ, Lokey RS. Lipophilic Permeability Efficiency Reconciles the Opposing Roles of Lipophilicity in Membrane Permeability and Aqueous Solubility. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11169-11182. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Naylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Andrew M. Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Mason J. Handford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Daniel P. Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Cameron R. Pye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Akihiro Furukawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shingawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Victoria G. Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ryan P. Noland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Quinn Edmondson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Turmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - William M. Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Joshua Schwochert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Chad E. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Colin N. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Suite 220, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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132
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Poongavanam V, Danelius E, Peintner S, Alcaraz L, Caron G, Cummings MD, Wlodek S, Erdelyi M, Hawkins PCD, Ermondi G, Kihlberg J. Conformational Sampling of Macrocyclic Drugs in Different Environments: Can We Find the Relevant Conformations? ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11742-11757. [PMID: 30320271 PMCID: PMC6173504 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conformational flexibility is a major determinant of the properties of macrocycles and other drugs in beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) space. Prediction of conformations is essential for design of drugs in this space, and we have evaluated three tools for conformational sampling of a set of 10 bRo5 drugs and clinical candidates in polar and apolar environments. The distance-geometry based OMEGA was found to yield ensembles spanning larger structure and property spaces than the ensembles obtained by MOE-LowModeMD (MOE) and MacroModel (MC). Both MC and OMEGA but not MOE generated different ensembles for polar and apolar environments. All three conformational search methods generated conformers similar to the crystal structure conformers for 9 of the 10 compounds, with OMEGA performing somewhat better than MOE and MC. MOE and OMEGA found all six conformers of roxithromycin that were identified by NMR in aqueous solutions, whereas only OMEGA sampled the three conformers observed in chloroform. We suggest that characterization of conformers using molecular descriptors, e.g., the radius of gyration and polar surface area, is preferred to energy- or root-mean-square deviation-based methods for selection of biologically relevant conformers in drug discovery in bRo5 space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Danelius
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Kemivägen
10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Peintner
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilian Alcaraz
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Johnson & Johnson Innovation, One Chapel Place, London W1G 0BG, U.K.
| | - Giulia Caron
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Maxwell D. Cummings
- Janssen
Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Stanislaw Wlodek
- OpenEye
Scientific Software, 9 Bisbee Court, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87508, United States
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- The
Swedish NMR Centre, Medicinaregatan
5, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul C. D. Hawkins
- OpenEye
Scientific Software, 9 Bisbee Court, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87508, United States
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
- E-mail: . Phone: +39 (0)11 6708337 (G.E.)
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail: . Phone: +46 (0)18 4713801 (J.K.)
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133
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Shultz MD. Two Decades under the Influence of the Rule of Five and the Changing Properties of Approved Oral Drugs. J Med Chem 2018; 62:1701-1714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Shultz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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134
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Tyagi M, Poongavanam V, Lindhagen M, Pettersen A, Sjö P, Schiesser S, Kihlberg J. Toward the Design of Molecular Chameleons: Flexible Shielding of an Amide Bond Enhances Macrocycle Cell Permeability. Org Lett 2018; 20:5737-5742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Marika Lindhagen
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjö
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schiesser
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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135
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Emerging Methods and Design Principles for Cell-Penetrant Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11868-11881. [PMID: 29740917 PMCID: PMC7184558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules such as antibodies, proteins, and peptides are important tools for chemical biology and leads for drug development. They have been used to inhibit a variety of extracellular proteins, but accessing intracellular proteins has been much more challenging. In this review, we discuss diverse chemical approaches that have yielded cell-penetrant peptides and identify three distinct strategies: masking backbone amides, guanidinium group patterning, and amphipathic patterning. We summarize a growing number of large data sets, which are starting to reveal more specific design guidelines for each strategy. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of current methods for quantifying cell penetration. Finally, we provide an overview of best-odds approaches for applying these new methods and design principles to optimize cytosolic penetration for a given bioactive peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
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136
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Mackman RL, Steadman VA, Dean DK, Jansa P, Poullennec KG, Appleby T, Austin C, Blakemore CA, Cai R, Cannizzaro C, Chin G, Chiva JYC, Dunbar NA, Fliri H, Highton AJ, Hui H, Ji M, Jin H, Karki K, Keats AJ, Lazarides L, Lee YJ, Liclican A, Mish M, Murray B, Pettit SB, Pyun P, Sangi M, Santos R, Sanvoisin J, Schmitz U, Schrier A, Siegel D, Sperandio D, Stepan G, Tian Y, Watt GM, Yang H, Schultz BE. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Cyclophilin Inhibitor Derived from the Sanglifehrin Macrocycle. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9473-9499. [PMID: 30074795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins are a family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that are implicated in a wide range of diseases including hepatitis C. Our aim was to discover through total synthesis an orally bioavailable, non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitor with potent anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity that could serve as part of an all oral antiviral combination therapy. An initial lead 2 derived from the sanglifehrin A macrocycle was optimized using structure based design to produce a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor 3. The macrocycle ring size was reduced by one atom, and an internal hydrogen bond drove improved permeability and drug-like properties. 3 demonstrates potent Cyp inhibition ( Kd = 5 nM), potent anti-HCV 2a activity (EC50 = 98 nM), and high oral bioavailability in rat (100%) and dog (55%). The synthetic accessibility and properties of 3 support its potential as an anti-HCV agent and for interrogating the role of Cyp inhibition in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Victoria A Steadman
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - David K Dean
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Petr Jansa
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Karine G Poullennec
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Todd Appleby
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Carol Austin
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Blakemore
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Cai
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Carina Cannizzaro
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Jean-Yves C Chiva
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Dunbar
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hans Fliri
- Cypralis Ltd. , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Highton
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hon Hui
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Mingzhe Ji
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Haolun Jin
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Kapil Karki
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Andrew J Keats
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Linos Lazarides
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Albert Liclican
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Michael Mish
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Simon B Pettit
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Pyun
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Michael Sangi
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Rex Santos
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Jonathan Sanvoisin
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Uli Schmitz
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Adam Schrier
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Dustin Siegel
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - David Sperandio
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - George Stepan
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Gregory M Watt
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hai Yang
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Brian E Schultz
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
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137
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Neue Methoden und Designprinzipien für zellgängige Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
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