1
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Chin G, Leung J, Xue W. To see is to have a future: an interview with Dr Jason Cheuk-sing Yam. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29:275-277. [PMID: 37349145 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj-hc202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Chin
- Year 5, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J Leung
- Year 6, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Xue
- MB, ChB, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Shirvalkar P, Prosky J, Chin G, Ahmadipour P, Sani OG, Desai M, Schmitgen A, Dawes H, Shanechi MM, Starr PA, Chang EF. First-in-human prediction of chronic pain state using intracranial neural biomarkers. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1090-1099. [PMID: 37217725 PMCID: PMC10330878 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain syndromes are often refractory to treatment and cause substantial suffering and disability. Pain severity is often measured through subjective report, while objective biomarkers that may guide diagnosis and treatment are lacking. Also, which brain activity underlies chronic pain on clinically relevant timescales, or how this relates to acute pain, remains unclear. Here four individuals with refractory neuropathic pain were implanted with chronic intracranial electrodes in the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Participants reported pain metrics coincident with ambulatory, direct neural recordings obtained multiple times daily over months. We successfully predicted intraindividual chronic pain severity scores from neural activity with high sensitivity using machine learning methods. Chronic pain decoding relied on sustained power changes from the OFC, which tended to differ from transient patterns of activity associated with acute, evoked pain states during a task. Thus, intracranial OFC signals can be used to predict spontaneous, chronic pain state in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Shirvalkar
- UCSF Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Division of Pain Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jordan Prosky
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Parima Ahmadipour
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omid G Sani
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maansi Desai
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ashlyn Schmitgen
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather Dawes
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maryam M Shanechi
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Starr
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- UCSF Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Chin G, Leung J, Xue W. Growth in times of crisis: an interview with Professor Ivan Fan-ngai Hung. Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27:464-465. [PMID: 34949737 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj-hc202112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Chin
- Year 4 MB, ChB, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - J Leung
- Year 5, MB, ChB, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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4
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Urry HL, Crittle CS, Floerke VA, Leonard MZ, Perry CS, Akdilek N, Albert ER, Block AJ, Bollinger CA, Bowers EM, Brody RS, Burk KC, Burnstein A, Chan AK, Chan PC, Chang LJ, Chen E, Chiarawongse CP, Chin G, Chin K, Cooper BG, Corneilson KA, Danielson AM, Davis ES, Devis Y, Dong M, Dossett EK, Dulchin N, Duong VN, Ewing B, Fuller JM, Gartman TE, Goldberg CR, Greenfield J, Groh S, Hamilton RA, Hodge W, Van Hong D, Insler JE, Jahan AB, Jimbo JP, Kahn EM, Knight D, Konstantin GE, Kornick C, Kramer ZJ, Lauzé MS, Linnehan MS, Lombardi T, Long H, Lotstein AJ, Lyncee MNA, Lyons MG, Maayan E, May NM, McCall EC, Montgomery-Walsh RAC, Morscher MC, Moser AD, Mueller AS, Mujica CA, Na E, Newman IR, O'Brien MK, Ochoa Castillo KA, Onipede ZA, Pace DA, Park JH, Perdikari A, Perloff CE, Perry RC, Pillai AA, Rajpal A, Ranalli E, Schreier JE, Shangguan JR, Silver MJ, Spratt AG, Stein RE, Steinhauer GJ, Valera DK, Vervoordt SM, Walton L, Weinflash NW, Weinstock K, Yuan J, Zarrella DT, Zarrow JE. Don't Ditch the Laptop Just Yet: A Direct Replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) Study 1 Plus Mini Meta-Analyses Across Similar Studies. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:326-339. [PMID: 33539228 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620965541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this direct replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) Study 1, participants watched a lecture while taking notes with a laptop (n = 74) or longhand (n = 68). After a brief distraction and without the opportunity to study, they took a quiz. As in the original study, laptop participants took notes containing more words spoken verbatim by the lecturer and more words overall than did longhand participants. However, laptop participants did not perform better than longhand participants on the quiz. Exploratory meta-analyses of eight similar studies echoed this pattern. In addition, in both the original study and our replication, higher word count was associated with better quiz performance, and higher verbatim overlap was associated with worse quiz performance, but the latter finding was not robust in our replication. Overall, results do not support the idea that longhand note taking improves immediate learning via better encoding of information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Chen
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | | | - Kathy Chin
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | | | - Ycar Devis
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Ewing
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Will Hodge
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | - Joshua E Insler
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University.,Rush Medical College, Rush University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eli Maayan
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia D Moser
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Elim Na
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University.,School of Medicine, Boston University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University
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5
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Chin G, Leung J, Xue W. Visionary in the field of pharmacy: an interview with Mr William Chun-ming Chui. Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26:553-555. [PMID: 33350977 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj-hc202012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Chin
- Year 3, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - J Leung
- Year 4, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - W Xue
- Year 6, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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6
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Senatorov VV, Friedman AR, Milikovsky DZ, Ofer J, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Charbash A, Jahan N, Chin G, Mihaly E, Lin JM, Ramsay HJ, Moghbel A, Preininger MK, Eddings CR, Harrison HV, Patel R, Shen Y, Ghanim H, Sheng H, Veksler R, Sudmant PH, Becker A, Hart B, Rogawski MA, Dillin A, Friedman A, Kaufer D. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyperactivation of TGFβ signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/521/eaaw8283. [PMID: 31801886 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves a decline in neural function that contributes to cognitive impairment and disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the transition from a young-and-healthy to aged-and-dysfunctional brain are not well understood. Here, we report breakdown of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) in aging humans and rodents, which begins as early as middle age and progresses to the end of the life span. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function manipulations show that this BBB dysfunction triggers hyperactivation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling in astrocytes, which is necessary and sufficient to cause neural dysfunction and age-related pathology in rodents. Specifically, infusion of the serum protein albumin into the young rodent brain (mimicking BBB leakiness) induced astrocytic TGFβ signaling and an aged brain phenotype including aberrant electrocorticographic activity, vulnerability to seizures, and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, conditional genetic knockdown of astrocytic TGFβ receptors or pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signaling reversed these symptomatic outcomes in aged mice. Last, we found that this same signaling pathway is activated in aging human subjects with BBB dysfunction. Our study identifies dysfunction in the neurovascular unit as one of the earliest triggers of neurological aging and demonstrates that the aging brain may retain considerable latent capacity, which can be revitalized by therapeutic inhibition of TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Berkeley Stem Cell Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aaron R Friedman
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Berkeley Stem Cell Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dan Z Milikovsky
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jonathan Ofer
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Adiel Charbash
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Naznin Jahan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eszter Mihaly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessica M Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Harrison J Ramsay
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ariana Moghbel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcela K Preininger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chelsy R Eddings
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Helen V Harrison
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rishi Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yishuo Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hana Ghanim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Huanjie Sheng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ronel Veksler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Albert Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barry Hart
- Innovation Pathways, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Michael A Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Glenn Center for Aging Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Berkeley Stem Cell Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
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7
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Chin G, Leung J, Shen OP, Xue W. A mind that builds; a heart that serves-An interview with Dr Ben Fong. Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26:355-357. [PMID: 32807745 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj-hc202008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Chin
- Year 3, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - J Leung
- Year 4, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - O P Shen
- Year 4, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - W Xue
- Year 6, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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8
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Mackman RL, Mish M, Chin G, Perry JK, Appleby T, Aktoudianakis V, Metobo S, Pyun P, Niu C, Daffis S, Yu H, Zheng J, Villasenor AG, Zablocki J, Chamberlain J, Jin H, Lee G, Suekawa-Pirrone K, Santos R, Delaney WE, Fletcher SP. Discovery of GS-9688 (Selgantolimod) as a Potent and Selective Oral Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10188-10203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael Mish
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason K. Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Todd Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Sammy Metobo
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Peter Pyun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Congrong Niu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Armando G. Villasenor
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason Chamberlain
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Haolun Jin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Rex Santos
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William E. Delaney
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Simon P. Fletcher
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Dale H. Rice
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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10
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Sperandio D, Aktoudianakis V, Babaoglu K, Chen X, Elbel K, Chin G, Corkey B, Du J, Jiang B, Kobayashi T, Mackman R, Martinez R, Yang H, Zablocki J, Kusam S, Jordan K, Webb H, Bates JG, Lad L, Mish M, Niedziela-Majka A, Metobo S, Sapre A, Hung M, Jin D, Fung W, Kan E, Eisenberg G, Larson N, Newby ZER, Lansdon E, Tay C, Neve RM, Shevick SL, Breckenridge DG. Structure-guided discovery of a novel, potent, and orally bioavailable 3,5-dimethylisoxazole aryl-benzimidazole BET bromodomain inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:457-469. [PMID: 30606676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, consisting of the bromodomains containing protein 2 (BRD2), BRD3, BRD4, and the testis-specific BRDT, are key epigenetic regulators of gene transcription and has emerged as an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel potent BET bromodomain inhibitor, using a systematic structure-based approach focused on improving potency, metabolic stability, and permeability. The optimized dimethylisoxazole aryl-benzimidazole inhibitor exhibited high potency towards BRD4 and related BET proteins in biochemical and cell-based assays and inhibited tumor growth in two proof-of-concept preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sperandio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Vangelis Aktoudianakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kristyna Elbel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Britton Corkey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jinfa Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Bob Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Richard Mackman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Hai Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Saritha Kusam
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kim Jordan
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Heather Webb
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jamie G Bates
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Latesh Lad
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Michael Mish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Anita Niedziela-Majka
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Sammy Metobo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Annapurna Sapre
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Magdeleine Hung
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Debi Jin
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Wanchi Fung
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Elaine Kan
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gene Eisenberg
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Nate Larson
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Zachary E R Newby
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Eric Lansdon
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Chin Tay
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Sophia L Shevick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - David G Breckenridge
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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11
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Mackman RL, Steadman VA, Dean DK, Jansa P, Poullennec KG, Appleby T, Austin C, Blakemore CA, Cai R, Cannizzaro C, Chin G, Chiva JYC, Dunbar NA, Fliri H, Highton AJ, Hui H, Ji M, Jin H, Karki K, Keats AJ, Lazarides L, Lee YJ, Liclican A, Mish M, Murray B, Pettit SB, Pyun P, Sangi M, Santos R, Sanvoisin J, Schmitz U, Schrier A, Siegel D, Sperandio D, Stepan G, Tian Y, Watt GM, Yang H, Schultz BE. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Cyclophilin Inhibitor Derived from the Sanglifehrin Macrocycle. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9473-9499. [PMID: 30074795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins are a family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that are implicated in a wide range of diseases including hepatitis C. Our aim was to discover through total synthesis an orally bioavailable, non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitor with potent anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity that could serve as part of an all oral antiviral combination therapy. An initial lead 2 derived from the sanglifehrin A macrocycle was optimized using structure based design to produce a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor 3. The macrocycle ring size was reduced by one atom, and an internal hydrogen bond drove improved permeability and drug-like properties. 3 demonstrates potent Cyp inhibition ( Kd = 5 nM), potent anti-HCV 2a activity (EC50 = 98 nM), and high oral bioavailability in rat (100%) and dog (55%). The synthetic accessibility and properties of 3 support its potential as an anti-HCV agent and for interrogating the role of Cyp inhibition in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Victoria A Steadman
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - David K Dean
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Petr Jansa
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Karine G Poullennec
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Todd Appleby
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Carol Austin
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Blakemore
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Cai
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Carina Cannizzaro
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Jean-Yves C Chiva
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Dunbar
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hans Fliri
- Cypralis Ltd. , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Highton
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hon Hui
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Mingzhe Ji
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Haolun Jin
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Kapil Karki
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Andrew J Keats
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Linos Lazarides
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Albert Liclican
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Michael Mish
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Simon B Pettit
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Pyun
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Michael Sangi
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Rex Santos
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Jonathan Sanvoisin
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Uli Schmitz
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Adam Schrier
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Dustin Siegel
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - David Sperandio
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - George Stepan
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Gregory M Watt
- Selcia Ltd. , Fyfield Business and Research Park, Fyfield Road , Ongar , Essex CM5 0GS , United Kingdom
| | - Hai Yang
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Brian E Schultz
- Gilead Sciences Inc. , 333 Lakeside Drive , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
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Abstract
Fluorescent nanosensors and molecular probes are next-generation tools for imaging chemical signaling inside and between cells. Electrophysiology has long been considered the gold standard in elucidating neural dynamics with high temporal resolution and precision, particularly on the single-cell level. However, electrode-based techniques face challenges in illuminating the specific chemicals involved in neural cell activation with adequate spatial information. Measuring chemical dynamics is of fundamental importance to better understand synergistic interactions between neurons as well as interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells. Over the past decade, significant technological advances in optical probes and imaging methods have enabled entirely new possibilities for studying neural cells and circuits at the chemical level. These optical imaging modalities have shown promise for combining chemical, temporal, and spatial information. This potential makes them ideal candidates to unravel the complex neural interactions at multiple scales in the brain, which could be complemented by traditional electrophysiological methods to obtain a full spatiotemporal picture of neurochemical dynamics. Despite the potential, only a handful of probe candidates have been utilized to provide detailed chemical information in the brain. To date, most live imaging and chemical mapping studies rely on fluorescent molecular indicators to report intracellular calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, which correlates with neuronal activity. Methodological advances for monitoring a full array of chemicals in the brain with improved spatial, temporal, and chemical resolution will thus enable mapping of neurochemical circuits with finer precision. On the basis of numerous studies in this exciting field, we review the current efforts to develop and apply a palette of optical probes and nanosensors for chemical sensing in the brain. There is a strong impetus to further develop technologies capable of probing entire neurobiological units with high spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, we introduce selected applications for ion and neurotransmitter detection to investigate both neurons and non-neuronal brain cells. We focus on families of optical probes because of their ability to sense a wide array of molecules and convey spatial information with minimal damage to tissue. We start with a discussion of currently available molecular probes, highlight recent advances in genetically modified fluorescent probes for ions and small molecules, and end with the latest research in nanosensors for biological imaging. Customizable, nanoscale optical sensors that accurately and dynamically monitor the local environment with high spatiotemporal resolution could lead to not only new insights into the function of all cell types but also a broader understanding of how diverse neural signaling systems act in conjunction with neighboring cells in a spatially relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - Kira E. Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Vainchtein ID, Chin G, Cho FS, Kelley KW, Miller JG, Chien EC, Liddelow SA, Nguyen PT, Nakao-Inoue H, Dorman LC, Akil O, Joshita S, Barres BA, Paz JT, Molofsky AB, Molofsky AV. Astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development. Science 2018; 359:1269-1273. [PMID: 29420261 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal synapse formation and remodeling are essential to central nervous system (CNS) development and are dysfunctional in neurodevelopmental diseases. Innate immune signals regulate tissue remodeling in the periphery, but how this affects CNS synapses is largely unknown. Here, we show that the interleukin-1 family cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) is produced by developing astrocytes and is developmentally required for normal synapse numbers and neural circuit function in the spinal cord and thalamus. We find that IL-33 signals primarily to microglia under physiologic conditions, that it promotes microglial synapse engulfment, and that it can drive microglial-dependent synapse depletion in vivo. These data reveal a cytokine-mediated mechanism required to maintain synapse homeostasis during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia D Vainchtein
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frances S Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John G Miller
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elliott C Chien
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Phi T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah C Dorman
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Chin G. Kawasaki disease foundation. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 21:80-81. [PMID: 29105351 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kirschberg TA, Metobo S, Clarke MO, Aktoudianakis V, Babusis D, Barauskas O, Birkus G, Butler T, Byun D, Chin G, Doerffler E, Edwards TE, Fenaux M, Lee R, Lew W, Mish MR, Murakami E, Park Y, Squires NH, Tirunagari N, Wang T, Whitcomb M, Xu J, Yang H, Ye H, Zhang L, Appleby TC, Feng JY, Ray AS, Cho A, Kim CU. Discovery of a 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl C-nucleotide HCV polymerase inhibitor and a phosphoramidate prodrug with favorable properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1840-1847. [PMID: 28274633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2'-fluorinated C-nucleosides were prepared and tested for anti-HCV activity. Among them, the triphosphate of 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl adenosine C-nucleoside (15) was a potent and selective inhibitor of the NS5B polymerase and maintained activity against the S282T resistance mutant. A number of phosphoramidate prodrugs were then prepared and evaluated leading to the identification of the 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester variant (53) with favorable pharmacokinetic properties including efficient liver delivery in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sammy Metobo
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ona Barauskas
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gabriel Birkus
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Thomas Butler
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Edwards
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Rick Lee
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Willard Lew
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Michael R Mish
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Mark Whitcomb
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Huiling Yang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Hong Ye
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Todd C Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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16
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Chin G. Substituting minutes for money. Science 2016; 354:1245. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6317.1245-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Chin G. A consensus in Europe about asylum seekers. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6309.192-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Chin G. Delivering health care to mystery patients. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6308.77-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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21
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Chin G. Delivering chlorine to those who use it. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.353.6302.882-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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23
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Chin G. The persuasiveness of reductionism. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.353.6300.661-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Chin G. Programs that buffer a financial shock work. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.353.6300.660-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chin G. The psychological cost of reconciliation. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6287.783-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Chin G. Narrowing of the life expectancy gap. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6286.668-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chin G. Not just turnout, but turnaround matters. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6282.183-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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30
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Chin G. Another social science looks at itself. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6280.1411-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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31
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Chin G. Shared knowledge as the basis of friendship. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6275.828-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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32
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34
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Chin G. Handwritten characters drawn by a model. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6266.1327-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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35
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36
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Chin G. Mixed reviews boost competence perception. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6263.924-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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37
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38
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39
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Chin G. Few thoughts for those with the most. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.349.6254.1296-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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40
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Chin G. Need we think about what others think? Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.349.6252.1067-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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41
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42
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43
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Chin G. Believing you know is not the same as knowing. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.349.6248.599-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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44
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Chin G. Learning while listening to a foreign language. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.349.6246.393-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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45
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Nosek BA, Alter G, Banks GC, Borsboom D, Bowman SD, Breckler SJ, Buck S, Chambers CD, Chin G, Christensen G, Contestabile M, Dafoe A, Eich E, Freese J, Glennerster R, Goroff D, Green DP, Hesse B, Humphreys M, Ishiyama J, Karlan D, Kraut A, Lupia A, Mabry P, Madon TA, Malhotra N, Mayo-Wilson E, McNutt M, Miguel E, Paluck EL, Simonsohn U, Soderberg C, Spellman BA, Turitto J, VandenBos G, Vazire S, Wagenmakers EJ, Wilson R, Yarkoni T. SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS. Promoting an open research culture. Science 2015; 348:1422-5. [PMID: 26113702 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Nosek
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials.
| | - G Alter
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - G C Banks
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - D Borsboom
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - S D Bowman
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - S J Breckler
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - S Buck
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - C D Chambers
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - G Chin
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - G Christensen
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - M Contestabile
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - A Dafoe
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - E Eich
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - J Freese
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - R Glennerster
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - D Goroff
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - D P Green
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - B Hesse
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - M Humphreys
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - J Ishiyama
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - D Karlan
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - A Kraut
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - A Lupia
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - P Mabry
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - T A Madon
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - N Malhotra
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - E Mayo-Wilson
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - M McNutt
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - E Miguel
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - E Levy Paluck
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - U Simonsohn
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - C Soderberg
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - B A Spellman
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - J Turitto
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - G VandenBos
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - S Vazire
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - E J Wagenmakers
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - R Wilson
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
| | - T Yarkoni
- Affiliations for the authors, all of whom are members of the TOP Guidelines Committee, are given in the supplementary materials
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Livengood T, Chin G, Sagdeev R, Mitrofanov I, Boynton W, Evans L, Litvak M, McClanahan T, Sanin A, Starr R, Su J. Moonshine: Diurnally varying hydration through natural distillation on the Moon, detected by the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND). Icarus 2015; 255:100-115. [PMID: 28798496 PMCID: PMC5548521 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND), on the polar-orbiting Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft, has detected suppression in the Moon's naturally-occurring epithermal neutron leakage flux that is consistent with the presence of diurnally varying quantities of hydrogen in the regolith near the equator. Peak hydrogen concentration (neutron flux suppression) is on the dayside of the dawn terminator and diminishes through the dawn-to-noon sector. The minimum concentration of hydrogen is in the late afternoon and dusk sector. The chemical form of hydrogen is not determinable from these measurements, but other remote sensing methods and anticipated elemental availability suggest water molecules or hydroxyl ions. Signal-to-noise ratio at maximum contrast is 5.6σ in each of two detector systems. Volatiles are deduced to collect in or on the cold nightside surface and distill out of the regolith after dawn as rotation exposes the surface to sunlight. Liberated volatiles migrate away from the warm subsolar region toward the nearby cold nightside surface beyond the terminator, resulting in maximum concentration at the dawn terminator. The peak concentration within the upper ~1 m of regolith is estimated to be 0.0125 ± 0.0022 weight-percent water-equivalent hydrogen (wt% WEH) at dawn, yielding an accumulation of 190 ± 30 ml recoverable water per square meter of regolith at each dawn. Volatile transport over the lunar surface in opposition to the Moon's rotation exposes molecules to solar ultraviolet radiation. The short lifetime against photolysis and permanent loss of hydrogen from the Moon requires a resupply rate that greatly exceeds anticipated delivery of hydrogen by solar wind implantation or by meteoroid impacts, suggesting that the surface inventory must be continually resupplied by release from a deep volatile inventory in the Moon. The natural distillation of water from the regolith by sunlight and its capture on the cold night surface may provide energy-efficient access to volatiles for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) by direct capture before volatiles can enter the surface, eliminating the need to actively mine regolith for volatile resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Livengood
- CRESST/University of Maryland at Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States
| | - G. Chin
- Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States
| | - R.Z. Sagdeev
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | | | - W.V. Boynton
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - L.G. Evans
- Computer Sciences Corporation, Lanham-Seabrook, MD 20706, United States
| | - M.L. Litvak
- Institute for Space Research, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.P. McClanahan
- Astrochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States
| | - A.B. Sanin
- Institute for Space Research, Moscow, Russia
| | - R.D. Starr
- Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, United States
| | - J.J. Su
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Chin G. Differences in strategy across the globe. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.348.6241.1328-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chin G. Sleep on it: Consolidating implicit learning. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.348.6238.985-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chin G. Helping the poor invest in sanitation. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.348.6237.876-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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