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Man DK, Chow MY, Casettari L, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Lam JK. Potential and development of inhaled RNAi therapeutics for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:21-32. [PMID: 27108702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to pose a serious threat to public health, and the situation is worsening with the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB. Current TB regimens require long duration of treatment, and their toxic side effects often lead to poor adherence and low success rates. There is an urgent need for shorter and more effective treatment for TB. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for studying gene function by silencing the target genes. The survival of Mtb in host macrophages involves the attenuation of the antimicrobial responses mounted by the host cells. RNAi technology has helped to improve our understanding of how these bacilli interferes with the bactericidal effect and host immunity during TB infection. It has been suggested that the host-directed intervention by modulation of host pathways can be employed as a novel and effective therapy against TB. This therapeutic approach could be achieved by RNAi, which holds enormous potential beyond a laboratory to the clinic. RNAi therapy targeting TB is being investigated for enhancing host antibacterial capacity or improving drug efficacy on drug resistance strains while minimizing the associated adverse effects. One of the key challenges of RNAi therapeutics arises from the delivery of the RNAi molecules into the target cells, and inhalation could serve as a direct administration route for the treatment of pulmonary TB in a non-invasive manner. However, there are still major obstacles that need to be overcome. This review focuses on the RNAi candidates that are currently explored for the treatment of TB and discusses the major barriers of pulmonary RNAi delivery. From this, we hope to stimulate further studies of local RNAi therapeutics for pulmonary TB treatment.
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102
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Wang X, Vapaavuori J, Wang X, Sabat RG, Pellerin C, Bazuin CG. Influence of Supramolecular Interaction Type on Photoresponsive Azopolymer Complexes: A Surface Relief Grating Formation Study. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China 610500
- Département
de chimie, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux auto-assemblés
(CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Département
de chimie, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux auto-assemblés
(CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Département
de chimie, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux auto-assemblés
(CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Ribal Georges Sabat
- Department
of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada K7K 7B4
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département
de chimie, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux auto-assemblés
(CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - C. Geraldine Bazuin
- Département
de chimie, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux auto-assemblés
(CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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103
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Ren JM, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Wong EHH, Xu J, An Z, Shanmugam S, Davis TP, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Star Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6743-836. [PMID: 27299693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in controlled/living polymerization techniques and highly efficient coupling chemistries have enabled the facile synthesis of complex polymer architectures with controlled dimensions and functionality. As an example, star polymers consist of many linear polymers fused at a central point with a large number of chain end functionalities. Owing to this exclusive structure, star polymers exhibit some remarkable characteristics and properties unattainable by simple linear polymers. Hence, they constitute a unique class of technologically important nanomaterials that have been utilized or are currently under audition for many applications in life sciences and nanotechnologies. This article first provides a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies towards star polymers, then reviews the latest developments in the synthesis and characterization methods of star macromolecules, and lastly outlines emerging applications and current commercial use of star-shaped polymers. The aim of this work is to promote star polymer research, generate new avenues of scientific investigation, and provide contemporary perspectives on chemical innovation that may expedite the commercialization of new star nanomaterials. We envision in the not-too-distant future star polymers will play an increasingly important role in materials science and nanotechnology in both academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing M Ren
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 2000444, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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104
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Darabi A, Jessop PG, Cunningham MF. CO2-responsive polymeric materials: synthesis, self-assembly, and functional applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4391-436. [PMID: 27284587 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00873e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CO2 is an ideal trigger for switchable or stimuli-responsive materials because it is benign, inexpensive, green, abundant, and does not accumulate in the system. Many different CO2-responsive materials including polymers, latexes, solvents, solutes, gels, surfactants, and catalysts have been prepared. This review focuses on the preparation, self-assembly, and functional applications of CO2-responsive polymers. Detailed discussion is provided on the synthesis of CO2-responsive polymers, in particular using reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), formerly known as controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP), a powerful technique for the preparation of well-defined (co)polymers with precise control over molecular weight distribution, chain-end functional groups, and polymer architectural design. Self-assembly in aqueous dispersed media is highlighted as well as emerging potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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105
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Namvar A, Bolhassani A, Khairkhah N, Motevalli F. Physicochemical properties of polymers: An important system to overcome the cell barriers in gene transfection. Biopolymers 2016; 103:363-75. [PMID: 25761628 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of the macromolecules including DNA, miRNA, and antisense oligonucleotides is typically mediated by carriers due to the large size and negative charge. Different physical (e.g., gene gun or electroporation), and chemical (e.g., cationic polymer or lipid) vectors have been already used to improve the efficiency of gene transfer. Polymer-based DNA delivery systems have attracted special interest, in particular via intravenous injection with many intra- and extracellular barriers. The recent progress has shown that stimuli-responsive polymers entitled as multifunctional nucleic acid vehicles can act to target specific cells. These nonviral carriers are classified by the type of stimulus including reduction potential, pH, and temperature. Generally, the physicochemical characterization of DNA-polymer complexes is critical to enhance the transfection potency via protection of DNA from nuclease digestion, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. The successful clinical applications will depend on an exact insight of barriers in gene delivery and development of carriers overcoming these barriers. Consequently, improvement of novel cationic polymers with low toxicity and effective for biomedical use has attracted a great attention in gene therapy. This article summarizes the main physicochemical and biological properties of polyplexes describing their gene transfection behavior, in vitro and in vivo. In this line, the relative efficiencies of various cationic polymers are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Namvar
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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106
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Wang R, Hu Y, Zhao N, Xu FJ. Well-Defined Peapod-like Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Controlled Modification for Effective Imaging Guided Gene Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11298-11308. [PMID: 27100466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, one-dimensional (1D) magnetic nanostructures are of great significance for biorelated applications. A facile and straightforward strategy to fabricate 1D magnetic structure with special shapes is highly desirable. In this work, well-defined peapod-like 1D magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2, p-FS) are readily synthesized by a facile method without assistance of any templates, magnetic string or magnetic field. There are few reports on 1D gene carriers based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles. BUCT-PGEA (ethanolamine-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) is subsequently grafted from the surface of p-FS nanoparticles by atom transfer radical polymerization to construct highly efficient gene vectors (p-FS-PGEA) for effective biomedical applications. Peapod-like p-FS nanoparticles were proven to largely improve gene transfection performance compared with ordinary spherical Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles (s-FS). External magnetic field was also utilized to further enhance the transfection efficiency. Moreover, the as-prepared p-FS-PGEA gene carriers could combine the magnetic characteristics of p-FS to well achieve noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We show here novel and multifunctional magnetic nanostructures fabricated for biomedical applications that realized efficient gene delivery and real-time imaging at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nana Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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107
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Cheng Y, Wei H, Tan JKY, Peeler DJ, Maris DO, Sellers DL, Horner PJ, Pun SH. Nano-Sized Sunflower Polycations As Effective Gene Transfer Vehicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2750-8. [PMID: 27061622 PMCID: PMC5052141 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of polycations plays an important role in both gene transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. In this work, a new polymer, sunflower poly(2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA), is prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization and employed as nucleic acid carriers compared to linear pDMAEMA homopolymer and comb pDMAEMA. The sunflower pDMAEMAs show higher IC50 , greater buffering capacity, and stronger binding capacity toward plasmid DNA than their linear and comb counterparts. In vitro transfection studies demonstrate that sunflower pDMAEMAs exhibit high transfection efficiency as well as relatively low cytotoxicity in complete growth medium. In vivo gene delivery by intraventricular injection to the brain shows that sunflower polymer delivers plasmid DNA more effectively than comb polymer. This study provides a new insight into the relationship between polymeric architecture and gene delivery capability, and as well as a useful means to design potent vectors for successful gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States (USA)
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - James-Kevin Y. Tan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States (USA)
| | - David J. Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States (USA)
| | - Don O. Maris
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, (USA)
| | - Drew L. Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States (USA)
| | - Philip J. Horner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, (USA)
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States (USA)
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108
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Li L, He ZY, Wei XW, Gao GP, Wei YQ. Challenges in CRISPR/CAS9 Delivery: Potential Roles of Nonviral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 26:452-62. [PMID: 26176432 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing platforms are widely applied as powerful tools in basic research and potential therapeutics for genome regulation. The appropriate alternative of delivery system is critical if genome editing systems are to be effectively performed in the targeted cells or organisms. To date, the in vivo delivery of the Cas9 system remains challenging. Both physical methods and viral vectors are adopted in the delivery of the Cas9-based gene editing platform. However, physical methods are more applicable for in vitro delivery, while viral vectors are generally concerned with safety issues, limited packing capacities, and so on. With the robust development of nonviral drug delivery systems, lipid- or polymer-based nanocarriers might be potent vectors for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In this review, we look back at the delivery approaches that have been used for the delivery of the Cas9 system and outline the recent development of nonviral vectors that might be potential carriers for the genome editing platform in the future. The efforts in optimizing cationic nanocarriers with structural modification are described and promising nonviral vectors under clinical investigations are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- 1 Lab for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yao He
- 1 Lab for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xia-Wei Wei
- 1 Lab for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guang-Ping Gao
- 2 Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- 1 Lab for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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109
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Cunningham MF, Jessop PG. An introduction to the principles and fundamentals of CO2-switchable polymers and polymer colloids. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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110
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Wen C, Hu Y, Xu C, Xu FJ. Reducible polyrotaxane-based pseudo-comb polycations via consecutive ATRP processes for gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:110-119. [PMID: 26712599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular cyclodextrin polyrotaxane (PR) has attracted much attention due to their unique flexible properties. In this work, the reducible PR-based cationic block copolymer (SS-PR) was prepared via ATRP of DMAEMA based on the self-assembled pseudo-PR. A series of pseudo-comb polycations (SS-PR-pDM) with different molecular weights were subsequently produced via two-step ATRP of DMAEMA by using bromoisobutylryl-functionalized SS-PR as the macroinitiator. Incorporation of disulfide linkages in the backbone of PR permits the SS-PR and pseudo-comb SS-PR-pDM to be readily disassembled upon reductive stimuli. SS-PR-pDM exhibited the enhanced pDNA-condensing ability and similarly low toxicity compared with SS-PR. Meanwhile, SS-PR-pDM displayed higher cell internalization rates (88% for SS-PR-pDM3 vs. 77% for SS-PR) and luciferase gene transfection efficiency. The percentages of the EGFP-positive HeLa cells mediated by SS-PR-pDM3 and SS-PR were 44% and 22%, respectively. Furthermore, the favorable property of the pseudo-comb SS-PR-pDM benefited pDNA entering the nucleus. The present work demonstrates that properly grafting cationic side chains from reducible PR backbones via consecutive ATRP processes was one effective means to produce new PR-based supramolecular polycations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Supramolecular cyclodextrin polyrotaxanes (PR) had been attracted much attention due to their unique flexible properties. In this work, two kinds of bioreducible PR-based polycations were synthesized via consecutive ATRP processes for gene delivery. The bioreducible PR-based cationic block copolymer (SS-PR) was prepared via ATRP of DMAEMA based on the self-assembled pseudopolyrotaxane of α-cyclodextrins (α-CD) with a disulfide-linked bromoisobutylryl-terminated PEG. Then, a series of pseudo-comb polycations (SS-PR-pDM) with different molecular weights were subsequently produced by using SS-PR-Br macroinitiators via step-two ATRP of DMAEMA. Incorporation of disulfide linkages in bromoisobutylryl-terminated PEG permits the SS-PR and pseudo-comb SS-PR-pDM to be readily disassembled upon reductive stimuli, contributing to gene delivery efficiency. SS-PR-pDM displayed higher cell internalization and gene transfection efficiency. In addtion, the favorable property of the pseudo-comb SS-PR-pDM benefited pDNA entering the nucleus. The present work demonstrates that properly grafting pDMAEMA side chains from bioreducible polyrotaxane backbones via consecutive ATPR processes was one effective means to produce new PR-based supramolecular polycations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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111
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Micciulla S, Soltwedel O, Löhmann O, von Klitzing R. Temperature responsive behavior of polymer brush/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1176-83. [PMID: 26612742 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The complex interaction of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) physisorbed onto end-grafted polymer brushes with focus on the temperature-responsive behavior of the system is addressed in this work. The investigated brush/multilayer composite consists of a poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PSS/PDADMAC) multilayer deposited onto the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) P(NIPAM-b-DMAEMA) brush. Ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry were used to monitor the brush collapse with the thickness decrease as a function of temperature and the change in the monomer distribution perpendicular to the substrate at temperatures below, across and above the phase transition, respectively. It was found that the adsorption of PEMs onto polymer brushes had a hydrophobization effect on PDMAEMA, inducing the shift of its phase transition to lower temperatures, but without suppressing its temperature-responsiveness. Moreover, the diffusion of the free polyelectrolyte chains inside the charged brush was proved by comparing the neutron scattering length density profile of pure and the corresponding PEM-capped brushes, eased by the enhanced contrast between hydrogenated brushes and deuterated PSS chains. The results presented herein demonstrate the possibility of combining a temperature-responsive brush with polyelectrolyte multilayers without quenching the responsive behavior, even though significant interpolyelectrolyte interactions are present. This is of importance for the design of multicompartment coatings, where the brush can be used as a reservoir for the controlled release of substances and the multilayer on the top as a membrane to control the diffusion in/out by applying different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Micciulla
- Stranski-Laboratorium, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Olaf Soltwedel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Outstation at MLZ, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Löhmann
- Stranski-Laboratorium, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Stranski-Laboratorium, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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112
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Albuquerque LJC, Annes K, Milazzotto MP, Mattei B, Riske KA, Jäger E, Pánek J, Štěpánek P, Kapusta P, Muraro PIR, De Freitas AGO, Schmidt V, Giacomelli C, Bonvent JJ, Giacomelli FC. Efficient Condensation of DNA into Environmentally Responsive Polyplexes Produced from Block Catiomers Carrying Amine or Diamine Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:577-586. [PMID: 26677726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of nucleic acids requires a vector system as they cannot diffuse across lipid membranes. Although polymeric transfecting agents have been extensively investigated, none of the proposed gene delivery vehicles fulfill all of the requirements needed for an effective therapy, namely, the ability to bind and compact DNA into polyplexes, stability in the serum environment, endosome-disrupting capacity, efficient intracellular DNA release, and low toxicity. The challenges are mainly attributed to conflicting properties such as stability vs efficient DNA release and toxicity vs efficient endosome-disrupting capacity. Accordingly, investigations aimed at safe and efficient therapies are still essential to achieving gene therapy clinical success. Taking into account the mentioned issues, herein we have evaluated the DNA condensation ability of poly(ethylene oxide)113-b-poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate]50 (PEO113-b-PDPA50), poly(ethylene oxide)113-b-poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]50 (PEO113-b-PDEA50), poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate]70-b-poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate10-co-2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate47-co-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate47] (POEGMA70-b-P(OEGMA10-co-DEA47-co-DPA47), and poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate]70-b-poly{oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate10-co-2-methylacrylic acid 2-[(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)methylamino]ethyl ester44} (POEGMA70-b-P(OEGMA10-co-DAMA44). Block copolymers PEO113-b-PDEA50 and POEGMA70-b-P(OEGMA10-co-DEA47-co-DPA47) were evidenced to properly condense DNA into particles with a desirable size for cellular uptake via endocytic pathways (R(H) ≈ 65-85 nm). The structure of the polyplexes was characterized in detail by scattering techniques and atomic force microscopy. The isothermal titration calorimetric data revealed that the polymer/DNA binding is endothermic; therefore, the process in entropically driven. The combination of results supports that POEGMA70-b-P(OEGMA10-co-DEA47-co-DPA47) condenses DNA more efficiently and with higher thermodynamic outputs than does PEO113-b-PDEA50. Finally, circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the conformation of DNA remained the same after complexation and that the polyplexes are very stable in the serum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar J C Albuquerque
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Kelly Annes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Marcella P Milazzotto
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR , 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR , 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR , 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kapusta
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulo I R Muraro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto G O De Freitas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Giacomelli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jean-Jacques Bonvent
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André 09210-170, Brazil
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113
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Yan S, Zhang Q, Wang WJ, Li BG. Preparation of CO2-switchable graphene dispersions and their polystyrene nanocomposite latexes by direct exfoliation of graphite using hyperbranched polyethylene surfactants. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein the preparation of CO2-switchable graphene dispersions by noncovalent exfoliation of graphite in water using a CO2-switchable star copolymer surfactant is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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114
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Zhao N, Lin X, Zhang Q, Ji Z, Xu FJ. Redox-Triggered Gatekeeper-Enveloped Starlike Hollow Silica Nanoparticles for Intelligent Delivery Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6467-6479. [PMID: 26528765 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of multifunctional carriers for drug delivery based on hollow nanoparticles (HNPs) have attracted intense interests. Ordinary spherical HNPs are demonstrated to be promising candidates. However, the application of HNPs with special morphologies has rarely been reported. HNPs with sharp horns are expected to own higher endocytosis efficiencies than spherical counterparts. In this work, novel starlike hollow silica nanoparticles (SHNPs) with different sizes are proposed as platforms for the fabrication of redox-triggered multifunctional systems for synergy of gene therapy and chemotherapy. The CD-PGEA gene vectors (consisting of β-CD cores and ethanolamine-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (denoted BUCT-PGEA) arms) are introduced ingeniously onto the surfaces of SHNPs with plentiful disulfide bond-linked adamantine guests. The resulting supramolecular assemblies (SHNP-PGEAs) possess redox-responsive gatekeepers for loaded drugs in the cavities of SHNPs. Meanwhile, they also demonstrate excellent performances to deliver genes. The gene transfection efficiencies, controlled drug release behaviors, and synergistic antitumor effect of hollow silica-based carriers with different morphologies are investigated in detail. Compared with ordinary spherical HNP-based counterparts, SHNP-PGEA carriers with six sharp horns are proven to be superior gene vectors and possess better efficacy for cellular uptake and antitumor effects. The present multifunctional carriers based on SHNPs will have promising applications in drug/gene codelivery and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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115
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Laaser JE, Jiang Y, Petersen SR, Reineke TM, Lodge TP. Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Polycationic Micelles and Linear Polyanions: Structural Stability and Temporal Evolution. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15919-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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116
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Zhou J, Horev B, Hwang G, Klein MI, Koo H, Benoit DSW. Characterization and optimization of pH-responsive polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery to oral biofilms. J Mater Chem B 2015; 4:3075-3085. [PMID: 27429754 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported on cationic, pH-responsive p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA) block copolymer micelles with high affinity for dental and biofilm surfaces and efficient anti-bacterial drug release in response to acidic pH, characteristic of cariogenic (tooth-decay causing) biofilm microenvironments. Here, we show that micelle pH-responsive behaviors can be enhanced through alterations in corona:core molecular weight ratios (CCR). Although similarly stable at physiological pH, upon exposure to acidic pH, micelles with CCR of 4.1 were less stable than other CCR examined. Specifically, a ~1.5-fold increase in critical micelle concentration (CMC) and ~50% decrease in micelle diameters were observed for micelles with CCR of 4.1, compared to no changes in micelles with CCR of 0.8. While high CCR was shown to enhance pH-responsive drug release, it did not alter drug loading and dental surface binding of micelles. Diblocks were shown to encapsulate the antibacterial drug, farnesol, at maximal loading capacities of up to ~27 wt% and at >94% efficiencies, independent of CCR or core size, resulting in micelle diameter increases due to contributions of drug volume. Additionally, micelles with small diameters (~17 nm) show high binding capacity to hydroxyapatite and dental pellicle emulating surfaces based on Langmuir fit analyses of binding data. Finally, micelles with high CCR that have enhanced pH-responsive drug release and binding were shown to exhibit greater antibiofilm efficacy in situ. Overall, these data demonstrate how factors essential for nanoparticle carrier (NPC)-mediated drug deliverycan be enhanced via modification of diblock characteristics, resulting in greater antibiofilm efficacy in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Horev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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117
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Rinkenauer AC, Press AT, Raasch M, Pietsch C, Schweizer S, Schwörer S, Rudolph KL, Mosig A, Bauer M, Traeger A, Schubert US. Comparison of the uptake of methacrylate-based nanoparticles in static and dynamic in vitro systems as well as in vivo. J Control Release 2015; 216:158-68. [PMID: 26277064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanoparticles are promising drug delivery systems allowing the development of new drug and treatment strategies with reduced side effects. However, it remains a challenge to screen for new and effective nanoparticle-based systems in vitro. Important factors influencing the behavior of nanoparticles in vivo cannot be simulated in screening assays in vitro, which still represent the main tools in academic research and pharmaceutical industry. These systems have serious drawbacks in the development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, since they do not consider the highly complex processes influencing nanoparticle clearance, distribution, and uptake in vivo. In particular, the transfer of in vitro nanoparticle performance to in vivo models often fails, demonstrating the urgent need for novel in vitro tools that can imitate aspects of the in vivo situation more accurate. Dynamic cell culture, where cells are cultured and incubated in the presence of shear stress has the potential to bridge this gap by mimicking key-features of organs and vessels. Our approach implements and compares a chip-based dynamic cell culture model to the common static cell culture and mouse model to assess its capability to predict the in vivo success more accurately, by using a well-defined poly((methyl methacrylate)-co-(methacrylic acid)) and poly((methyl methacrylate)-co-(2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate)) based nanoparticle library. After characterization in static and dynamic in vitro cell culture we were able to show that physiological conditions such as cell-cell communication of co-cultured endothelial cells and macrophages as well as mechanotransductive signaling through shear stress significantly alter cellular nanoparticle uptake. In addition, it could be demonstrated by using dynamic cell cultures that the in vivo situation is simulated more accurately and thereby can be applied as a novel system to investigate the performance of nanoparticle systems in vivo more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Rinkenauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian T Press
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Raasch
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Pietsch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Schweizer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Schwörer
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl L Rudolph
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Mosig
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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118
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You JO, Rafat M, Almeda D, Maldonado N, Guo P, Nabzdyk CS, Chun M, LoGerfo FW, Hutchinson JW, Pradhan-Nabzdyk LK, Auguste DT. pH-responsive scaffolds generate a pro-healing response. Biomaterials 2015; 57:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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119
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Zhan X, Shen H. Programming the composition of polymer blend particles for controlled immunity towards individual protein antigens. Vaccine 2015; 33:2719-26. [PMID: 25902361 PMCID: PMC4461874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order for a more precise control over the quality and quantity of immune responses stimulated by synthetic particle-based vaccines, it is critical to control the colloidal stability of particles and the release of protein antigens in both extracellular space and intracellular compartments. Different proteins exhibit different sizes, charges and solubilities. This study focused on modulating the release and colloidal stability of proteins with varied isoelectric points. A polymer particle delivery platform made from the blend of three polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and two random pH-sensitive copolymers, were developed. Our study demonstrated its programmability with respective to individual proteins. We showed the colloidal stability of particles at neutral environment and the release of each individual protein at different pH environments were dependent on the ratio of two charge polymers. Subsequently, two antigenic proteins, ovalbumin (OVA) and Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD) protein, were incorporated into particles with systematically varied compositions. We demonstrated that the level of in vitro CD8(+) T cell and in vivo immune responses were dependent on the ratio of two charged polymers, which correlated well with the release of proteins. This study provided a promising design framework of pH-responsive synthetic vaccines for protein antigens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhan
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Elsa Biologics, LLC, Box 25725, WA 98165, USA.
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120
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Witzigmann D, Wu D, Schenk SH, Balasubramanian V, Meier W, Huwyler J. Biocompatible polymer-Peptide hybrid-based DNA nanoparticles for gene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10446-10456. [PMID: 25907363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, research on polymers to be used as gene delivery systems is one of the most important directions in both polymer science and biomedicine. In this report, we describe a five-step procedure to synthesize a novel polymer-peptide hybrid system for gene transfection. The block copolymer based on the biocompatible polymer poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA) was combined with the biocleavable peptide block poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) and finally modified with diethylenetriamine (DET). PMOXA-b-PASP(DET) was produced in high yield and characterized by (1)H NMR and FT-IR. Our biopolymer complexed plasmid DNA (pDNA) efficiently, and highly uniform nanoparticles with a slightly negative zeta potential were produced. The polymer-peptide hybrid system was able to efficiently transfect HEK293 and HeLa cells with GFP pDNA in vitro. Unlike the commonly used polymer, 25 kDa branched poly(ethylenimine), our biopolymer had no adverse effects on cell growth and viability. In summary, the present work provides valuable information for the design of new polymer-peptide hybrid-based gene delivery systems with biocompatible and biodegradable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Witzigmann
- †Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Dalin Wu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H Schenk
- †Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Vimalkumar Balasubramanian
- †Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
- §Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- †Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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121
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Cationic Polyrotaxanes as a Feasible Framework for the Intracellular Delivery and Sustainable Activity of Anionic Enzymes: A Comparison Study with Methacrylate-Based Polycations. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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122
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Hu H, Yuan W, Liu FS, Cheng G, Xu FJ, Ma J. Redox-responsive polycation-functionalized cotton cellulose nanocrystals for effective cancer treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8942-51. [PMID: 25845425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have excellent penetrability and encapsulation efficiency in the fields of drug and gene delivery. Because of their excellent physicochemical properties, biocompatible rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were reportedly expected to replace carbon nanotubes. In this work, CNCs from natural cotton wool were functionalized with disulfide bond-linked poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes for effective biomedical applications. A range of CNC-graft-PDMAEMA vectors (termed as CNC-SS-PDs) with various molecular weights of PDMAEMA were synthesized. Under reducible conditions, PDMAEMA chains can be easily cleaved from CNCs. The gene condensation ability, reduction sensitivity, cytotoxicity, gene transfection, and in vivo antitumor activities of CNC-SS-PDs were investigated in detail. The CNC-SS-PDs exhibited good transfection efficiencies and low cytotoxicities. The needlelike shape of CNCs had an important effect on enhancing transfection efficiency. The antitumor effect of CNC-SS-PDs was evaluated by a suicide gene/prodrug system (cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine, CD/5-FC) in vitro and in vivo. This research demonstrates that the functionalization of CNCs with redox-responsive polycations is an effective method for developing novel gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- ‡Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- §Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- ⊥Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- #Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- ‡Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- §Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Ma
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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123
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Laaser JE, Jiang Y, Sprouse D, Reineke TM, Lodge TP. pH- and Ionic-Strength-Induced Contraction of Polybasic Micelles in Buffered Aqueous Solutions. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dustin Sprouse
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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124
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Horev B, Klein MI, Hwang G, Li Y, Kim D, Koo H, Benoit DS. pH-activated nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery of farnesol to disrupt oral biofilm virulence. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2390-404. [PMID: 25661192 PMCID: PMC4395463 DOI: 10.1021/nn507170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective therapies to control oral biofilms is challenging, as topically introduced agents must avoid rapid clearance from biofilm-tooth interfaces while targeting biofilm microenvironments. Additionally, exopolysaccharides-matrix and acidification of biofilm microenvironments are associated with cariogenic (caries-producing) biofilm virulence. Thus, nanoparticle carriers capable of binding to hydroxyapatite (HA), saliva-coated HA (sHA), and exopolysaccharides with enhanced drug release at acidic pH were developed. Nanoparticles are formed from diblock copolymers composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-propylacrylic acid (PAA) (p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA)) that self-assemble into ∼21 nm cationic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibit outstanding adsorption affinities (∼244 L-mmol(-1)) to negatively charged HA, sHA, and exopolysaccharide-coated sHA due to strong electrostatic interactions via multivalent tertiary amines of p(DMAEMA). Owing to hydrophobic cores, nanoparticles load farnesol, a hydrophobic antibacterial drug, at ∼22 wt %. Farnesol release is pH-dependent with t1/2 = 7 and 15 h for release at pH 4.5 and 7.2, as nanoparticles undergo core destabilization at acidic pH, characteristic of cariogenic biofilm microenvironments. Importantly, topical applications of farnesol-loaded nanoparticles disrupted Streptococcus mutans biofilms 4-fold more effectively than free farnesol. Mechanical stability of biofilms treated with drug-loaded nanoparticles was compromised, resulting in >2-fold enhancement in biofilm removal under shear stress compared to free farnesol and controls. Farnesol-loaded nanoparticles effectively attenuated biofilm virulence in vivo using a clinically relevant topical treatment regimen (2×/day) in a rodent dental caries disease model. Strikingly, treatment with farnesol-loaded nanoparticles reduced both the number and severity of carious lesions, while free farnesol had no effect. Nanoparticle carriers have great potential to enhance the efficacy of antibiofilm agents through multitargeted binding and pH-responsive drug release due to microenvironmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Horev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Marlise I. Klein
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Address correspondence to: ;
| | - Danielle S.W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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125
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Song HQ, Li RQ, Duan S, Yu B, Zhao H, Chen DF, Xu FJ. Ligand-functionalized degradable polyplexes formed by cationic poly(aspartic acid)-grafted chitosan-cyclodextrin conjugates. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5803-5814. [PMID: 25758351 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07515c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptide-based degradable polyplexes attracted considerable attention in drug delivery systems. Polysaccharides including cyclodextrin (CD), dextran, and chitosan (CS) were readily grafted with cationic poly(aspartic acid)s (PAsps). To further enhance the transfection performances of PAsp-based polyplexes, herein, different types of ligand (folic acid, FA)-functionalized degradable polyplexes were proposed based on the PAsp-grafted chitosan-cyclodextrin conjugate (CCPE), where multiple β-CDs were tied on a CS chain. The FA-functionalized CCPE (i.e., CCPE-FA) was obtained via a host-guest interaction between the CD units of CCPE and the adamantane (Ad) species of Ad-modified FA (Ad-FA). The resulting CCPE/pDNA, CCPE-FA/pDNA, and ternary CCPE-FA/CCPE/pDNA (prepared by layer-by-layer assembly) polyplexes were investigated in detail using different cell lines. The CCPE-based polyplexes displayed much higher transfection efficiencies than the CS-based polyplexes reported earlier by us. The ternary polyplexes of CCPE-FA/CCPE/pDNA produced excellent gene transfection abilities in the folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells. This work would provide a promising means to produce highly efficient polyplexes for future gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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126
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Yan P, Wang R, Zhao N, Zhao H, Chen DF, Xu FJ. Polycation-functionalized gold nanoparticles with different morphologies for superior gene transfection. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5281-5291. [PMID: 25721660 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00481k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Favorable physical and chemical properties endow Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) with various biomedical applications. After appropriate surface functionalization, Au NPs could construct promising drug/gene carriers with multiple functions. There is now ample evidence that physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, and surface chemistry, can dramatically influence the behaviors of Au NPs in biological systems. Investigation of these parameters could be fundamentally important for the application of Au NPs as drug/gene carriers. In this work, we designed a series of novel gene carriers employing polycation-functionalized Au NPs with five different morphologies (including Au nanospheres, Au nano-octahedra, arrow-headed Au nanorods, and Au nanorods with different aspect ratios). The effects of the particle size and shape of these different carriers on gene transfection were investigated in detail. The morphology of Au NPs is demonstrated to play an important role in gene transfection. The most efficient gene carriers are those fabricated with arrow-headed Au nanorods. Au nanosphere-based carriers exhibit the poorest performance in gene transfection. In addition, Au nanorods with smaller aspect ratios perform better than longer ones. These results may provide new avenues to develop promising gene carriers and gain useful information on the interaction of Au NPs with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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127
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128
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Controlled Endolysosomal Release of Agents by pH-responsive Polymer Blend Particles. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2280-91. [PMID: 25592550 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A key step of delivering extracellular agents to its intracellular target is to escape from endosomal/lysosomal compartments, while minimizing the release of digestive enzymes that may compromise cellular functions. In this study, we examined the intracellular distribution of both fluorecent cargoes and enzymes by a particle delivery platform made from the controlled blending of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and a random pH-sensitive copolymer. METHODS We utilized both microscopic and biochemical methods to semi-quantitatively assess how the composition of blend particles affects the level of endosomal escape of cargos of various sizes and enzymes into the cytosolic space. RESULTS We demonstrated that these polymeric particles enabled the controlled delivery of cargos into the cytosolic space that was more dependent on the cargo size and less on the composition of blend particles. Blend particles did not induce the rupture of endosomal/lysosomal compartments and released less than 20% of endosomal/lysosomal enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into understanding the efficacy and safety of a delivery system for intracellular delivery of biologics and drugs. Blend particles offer a potential platform to target intracellular compartments while potentially minimizing cellular toxicity.
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129
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Rinkenauer AC, Schubert S, Traeger A, Schubert US. The influence of polymer architecture on in vitro pDNA transfection. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7477-7493. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the field of polymer-based gene delivery, the tuning potential of polymers by using different architectures like graft- and star-shaped polymers as well as self-assembled block copolymers is immense. In the last years numerous new polymer designs showed enhanced transfections properties in combination with a good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Rinkenauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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130
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131
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Lin X, Zhao N, Yan P, Hu H, Xu FJ. The shape and size effects of polycation functionalized silica nanoparticles on gene transfection. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:381-92. [PMID: 25219349 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles are attractive candidates for the development of safe and efficient non-viral gene carriers, owing to their controlled morphologies, potential of facile surface modification and excellent biocompatibility as well as in vivo biodegradability. Conversely, the size and shape of nanoparticles are considered to have an intense influence on their interaction with cells and biological systems, but the effects of particle size and shape on gene transfection are poorly understood. In this work, a series of novel gene carriers were designed employing polycation modified silica nanoparticles with five different morphologies, while keeping uniform zeta potential and surface functionality. Then the effects of particle size and shape of these five different carriers on gene transfection were investigated. The morphology of silica nanoparticles is demonstrated to play an important role in gene transfection, especially when the amount of polycation is low. Chiral nanorods with larger aspect ratio were found to fabricate the most efficient gene carriers with compromised cytotoxicity. It was also noted that hollow nanosphere-based carriers exhibited better gene transfection performance than did solid counterparts. These results may provide new strategies to develop promising gene carriers and useful information for the application of nanoparticles in biomedical areas.
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132
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Obata M, Kobori T, Hirohara S, Tanihara M. Aqueous RAFT synthesis of block and statistical copolymers of 2-(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate with 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and their application for nonviral gene delivery. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Statistical and block glycopolymers presenting d-mannose were prepared by aqueous RAFT polymerization, and the effect of the microstructure on gene delivery was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
| | - Tomoya Kobori
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
| | - Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Ube National College of Technology
- Ube 755-8555
- Japan
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- Nara 630-0192
- Japan
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133
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Hu H, Song HQ, Yu BR, Cai Q, Zhu Y, Xu FJ. A series of new supramolecular polycations for effective gene transfection. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01756k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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134
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Zhang M, Shen W, Xiong Q, Wang H, Zhou Z, Chen W, Zhang Q. Thermo-responsiveness and biocompatibility of star-shaped poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-b-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) grafted on a β-cyclodextrin core. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CDPDS star polymers exhibit tunable UCST behavior by varying arm density, solution pH and NaCl concentration, and can be good candidates used in biomedical relevant fields as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
| | - Wei Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Tianjin 300060
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
| | - Zhimin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
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135
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Chang C, Dan H, Zhang LP, Chang MX, Sheng YF, Zheng GH, Zhang XZ. Fabrication of thermoresponsive, core-crosslinked micelles based on poly[N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate]-b-poly{N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide} for the codelivery of doxorubicin and nucleic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription of Ministry of Education; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430065 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Dan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription of Ministry of Education; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430065 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription of Ministry of Education; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xiang Chang
- Affiliated Hospital; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430061 People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Feng Sheng
- Affiliated Hospital; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430061 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription of Ministry of Education; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine; Wuhan 430065 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 People's Republic of China
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136
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Darabi A, Shirin-Abadi AR, Jessop PG, Cunningham MF. Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate (DEAEMA) in Water. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Abbas Rezaee Shirin-Abadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Philip G. Jessop
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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137
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Munisso M, Obika S, Yamaoka T. Nucleic acid delivery systems based on poly(galactosyl ureaethyl methacrylate-b-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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138
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Rinkenauer AC, Tauhardt L, Wendler F, Kempe K, Gottschaldt M, Traeger A, Schubert US. A Cationic Poly(2-oxazoline) with High In Vitro Transfection Efficiency Identified by a Library Approach. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:414-25. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Rinkenauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Lutz Tauhardt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Felix Wendler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI); John F. Kennedylaan 2 5612 AB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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139
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Zhao Y, Yu B, Hu H, Hu Y, Zhao NN, Xu FJ. New low molecular weight polycation-based nanoparticles for effective codelivery of pDNA and drug. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17911-17919. [PMID: 25247587 DOI: 10.1021/am5046179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of new cationic nanoparticles that are safe and effective for biomedical applications has attracted considerable attention. Low molecular weight polycations generally exhibit low toxicity; however, their poor efficiency in drug delivery systems hampers their application. In this work, a series of new low molecular weight 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridinyl (BIP)-terminated ethanolamine-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s (BIP-PGEAs) were readily fabricated for effective codelivery of a gene and a drug. The BIP-PGEAs could form well-defined cationic nanoparticles (NPs) in an aqueous solution. They could effectively bind pDNA with an appropriate particle size and ζ-potential. More importantly, the BIP-PGEA NPs demonstrated much higher transfection efficiencies than linear PGEA (L-PGEA) and the traditional "gold-standard" branched polyethylenimine (25 kDa). Moreover, the BIP-PGEA NPs could effectively entrap a hydrophobic anticancer drug such as 10-hydroxy camptothecin (CPT). The synergistic antitumor effect of the BIP-PGEA-CPT NPs was demonstrated by employing a suicide gene therapy system, which contained cytosine deaminase and 5-fluorocytosine (CD/5-FC). The present strategy for preparing well-defined cationic nanoparticles from low-molecular-weight polycations could provide an intriguing method to produce new multifunctional, therapeutic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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140
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Bogomolova A, Keller S, Klingler J, Sedlak M, Rak D, Sturcova A, Hruby M, Stepanek P, Filippov SK. Self-assembly thermodynamics of pH-responsive amino-acid-based polymers with a nonionic surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11307-11318. [PMID: 25192406 DOI: 10.1021/la5031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of pH-responsive polymers poly(N-methacryloyl-l-valine) (P1), poly(N-methacryloyl-l-phenylalanine) (P2), and poly(N-methacryloylglycyne-l-leucine) (P3) has been studied in the presence of the nonionic surfactant Brij98. The pure polymers phase-separate in an acidic medium with critical pHtr values of 3.7, 5.5, and 3.4, respectively. The addition of the surfactant prevents phase separation and promotes reorganization of polymer molecules. The nature of the interaction between polymer and surfactant depends on the amino acid structure in the side chain of the polymer. This effect was investigated by dynamic light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry, electrophoretic measurements, small-angle neutron scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an endothermic association reaction in P1/Brij98 mixture, whereas a strong exothermic effect was observed for P2/Brij98 and P3/Brij98. Application of regular solution theory for the analysis of experimental enthalpograms indicated dominant hydrophobic interactions between P1 and Brij98 and specific interactions for the P2/Brij98 system. Electrophoretic and dynamic light scattering measurements support the applicability of the theory to these cases. The specific interactions can be ascribed to hydrogen bonds formed between the carboxylic groups of the polymer and the oligo(ethylene oxide) head groups of the surfactant. Thus, differences in polymer-surfactant interactions between P1 and P2 polymers result in different structures of polymer-surfactant complexes. Specifically, small-angle neutron scattering revealed pearl-necklace complexes and "core-shell" structures for P1/Brij98 and P2/Brij98 systems, respectively. These results may help in the design of new pH-responsive site-specific micellar drug delivery systems or pH-responsive membrane-disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogomolova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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141
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Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Jiang G, Kan C. Synthesis and characterization of monodispersed P(St-co-DMAEMA) nanoparticles as pH-sensitive drug delivery system. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:1-7. [PMID: 25491794 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monodispersed poly(styrene-co-N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (P(St-co-DMAEMA) NPs) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Zeta potential, volume swelling ratio and in vitro release of fluorescer coumarin-6 from the NPs were determined in buffer of various pH. With an optimized formulation, the diameter of NPs is 100 nm approximately and the polydispersity index (PI) is less than 0.1. The NPs have a hydrophilic surface and alterable surface charge which is almost neutral at normal physiological pH, but becomes much more positive under acidic conditions. The volume swelling ratios and in vitro release of coumarin-6 are highly dependent on pH, which are significantly increased at the lower pH and higher DMAEMA/St molar ratio. More than 70% of the loaded coumarin-6 could be released in 24 h at pH2, which is 2.3-folds higher than that at normal physiological pH. The P(St-co-DMAEMA) NPs show promising applications to targeted drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jishuai Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Chengyou Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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142
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In-situ IR Monitoring the Synthesis of Amphiphilic Copolymery P(HEMA-co-tBMA) via ARGET ATRP. Chin J Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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143
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A facile strategy to functionalize gold nanorods with polycation brushes for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3786-94. [PMID: 24814878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of highly efficient nonviral gene carriers with low cytotoxicity remains a challenge in gene therapy. This paper reports a facile strategy to combine the advantages of gold nanorods (Au NRs) and polycations through surface functionalization. Different Au NR carriers with a controlled amount of poly(2-(N,N-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDAEMA) brushes could be readily synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to achieve optimized nanohybrids for gene transfection. The obtained gene carriers demonstrate much higher gene transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity compared with polyethylenimine (∼25kDa, gold standard of nonviral gene vector) in both COS7 and HepG2 cell lines. In addition, the potential of the PDMAEMA-grafted Au NR carriers to be utilized as a computed tomography contrast agent for the imaging of cancer cells has also been investigated. This strategy may realize the gene therapy and real-time imaging within one nanostructure and facilitate biomedical applications.
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144
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Preparation and characterization of cationic pH-sensitive SiO2/polymer core-shell nanoparticles with amino groups in the shell. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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145
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Sprouse D, Reineke TM. Investigating the effects of block versus statistical glycopolycations containing primary and tertiary amines for plasmid DNA delivery. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2616-28. [PMID: 24901035 PMCID: PMC4215899 DOI: 10.1021/bm5004527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polymer
composition and morphology can affect the way polymers
interact with biomolecules, cell membranes, and intracellular components.
Herein, diblock, triblock, and statistical polymers that varied in
charge center type (primary and/or tertiary amines) were synthesized
to elucidate the role of polymer composition on plasmid DNA complexation,
delivery, and cellular toxicity of the resultant polyplexes. The polymers
were synthesized via RAFT polymerization and were composed of a carbohydrate
moiety, 2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido glucopyranose (MAG), a primary amine
group, N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA), and/or
a tertiary amine moiety, N,N-(2-dimethylamino)ethyl
methacrylamide (DMAEMA). The lengths of both the carbohydrate and
cationic blocks were kept constant while the primary amine to tertiary
amine ratio was varied within the polymers. The polymers were characterized
via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography
(SEC), and the polyplex formulations with pDNA were characterized
in various media using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Polyplexes
formed with the block copolymers were found to be more colloidally
stable than statistical copolymers with similar composition, which
rapidly aggregated to micrometer sized particles. Also, polymers composed
of a higher primary amine content were more colloidally stable than
polymers consisting of the tertiary amine charge centers. Plasmid
DNA internalization, transgene expression, and toxicity were examined
with each polymer. As the amount of tertiary amine in the triblock
copolymers increased, both gene expression and toxicity were found
to increase. Moreover, it was found that increasing the content of
tertiary amines imparted higher membrane disruption/destabilization.
While both block and statistical copolymers had high transfection
efficiencies, some of the statistical systems exhibited both higher
transfection and toxicity than the analogous block polymers, potentially
due to the lack of a hydrophilic block to screen membrane interaction/disruption.
Overall, the triblock terpolymers offer an attractive composition
profile that exhibited interesting properties as pDNA delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Sprouse
- University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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146
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Yang X, Zhao N, Xu FJ. Biocleavable graphene oxide based-nanohybrids synthesized via ATRP for gene/drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6141-6150. [PMID: 24789325 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has been proven to be promising in many biomedical fields due to its biocompatibility, unique conjugated structure, easily tunable surface functionalization and facile synthesis. In this work, a flexible two-step method was first developed to introduce the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiation sites containing disulfide bonds onto GO surfaces. Surface-initiated ATRP of (2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was then employed to tailor the GO surfaces in a well-controlled manner, producing a series of organic-inorganic hybrids (termed as SS-GPDs) for highly efficient gene delivery. Under reducible conditions, the PDMAEMA side chains can be readily cleavable from the GO backbones, benefiting the resultant gene delivery process. Moreover, due to the conjugated structure of the graphene basal plane, SS-GPD can attach and absorb aromatic, water insoluble drugs, such as 10-hydroxycamptothecin (CPT), producing SS-GPD-CPT. The MTT assay and the simultaneous double-staining procedure revealed that SS-GPD-CPT possessed a high potency of killing cancer cells in vitro. With a high aqueous solubility and coulombic interaction with cell membrane, SS-GPDs may have great potential in gene/drug delivery fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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147
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Tran KK, Zhan X, Shen H. Polymer blend particles with defined compositions for targeting antigen to both class I and II antigen presentation pathways. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:690-702. [PMID: 24124123 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Defense against many persistent and difficult-to-treat diseases requires a combination of humoral, CD4(+) , and CD8(+) T-cell responses, which necessitates targeting antigens to both class I and II antigen presentation pathways. In this study, polymer blend particles are developed by mixing two functionally unique polymers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and a pH-responsive polymer, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-propylacrylic acid-co-butyl methacrylate) (DMAEMA-co-PAA-co-BMA). Polymer blend particles are shown to enable the delivery of antigens into both class I and II antigen presentation pathways in vitro. Increasing the ratio of the pH-responsive polymer in blend particles increases the degree of class I antigen presentation, while maintaining high levels of class II antigen presentation. In a mouse model, it is demonstrated that a significantly higher and sustained level of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, and comparable antibody responses, are elicited with polymer blend particles than PLGA particles and a conventional vaccine, Alum. The polymer blend particles offer a potential vaccine delivery platform to generate a combination of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses that insure robust and long-lasting immunity against many infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny K. Tran
- University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering Campus Box 351750 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Xi Zhan
- University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering Campus Box 351750 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Hong Shen
- University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering Campus Box 351750 Seattle WA 98195 USA
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148
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Cortez-Lemus NA, Licea-Claverie A. RAFT synthesis of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) three-arm star polymers for the preparation of gold nanoparticles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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149
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Yang XC, Niu YL, Zhao NN, Mao C, Xu FJ. A biocleavable pullulan-based vector via ATRP for liver cell-targeting gene delivery. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3873-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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150
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Tiwari R, Hönders D, Schipmann S, Schulte B, Das P, Pester CW, Klemradt U, Walther A. A Versatile Synthesis Platform To Prepare Uniform, Highly Functional Microgels via Click-Type Functionalization of Latex Particles. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402530y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hönders
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Schipmann
- II.
Institute of Physics B, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Schulte
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Paramita Das
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Klemradt
- II.
Institute of Physics B, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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