101
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Kolakowski RV, Young TD, Howard PW, Jeffrey SC, Senter PD. Synthesis of a C2-aryl-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine monomer enabling the convergent construction of symmetrical and non-symmetrical dimeric analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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102
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Dörr AA, Lubell WD. γ-Turn Mimicry with Benzodiazepinones and Pyrrolobenzodiazepinones Synthesized from a Common Amino Ketone Intermediate. Org Lett 2015; 17:3592-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie A. Dörr
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128,
Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128,
Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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103
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Structure and mechanism of an antibiotics-synthesizing 3-hydroxykynurenine C-methyltransferase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10100. [PMID: 25960001 PMCID: PMC4426599 DOI: 10.1038/srep10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptosporangium sibiricum SibL catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) to produce S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-kynurenine for sibiromycin biosynthesis. Here, we present the crystal structures of apo-form Ss-SibL, Ss-SibL/SAH binary complex and Ss-SibL/SAH/3-HK ternary complex. Ss-SibL is a homodimer. Each subunit comprises a helical N-terminal domain and a Rossmann-fold C-terminal domain. SAM (or SAH) binding alone results in domain movements, suggesting a two-step catalytic cycle. Analyses of the enzyme-ligand interactions and further mutant studies support a mechanism in which Tyr134 serves as the principal base in the transferase reaction of methyl group from SAM to 3-HK.
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104
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Jain N, Smith SW, Ghone S, Tomczuk B. Current ADC Linker Chemistry. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3526-40. [PMID: 25759187 PMCID: PMC4596905 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The list of ADCs in the clinic continues to grow, bolstered by the success of first two marketed ADCs: ADCETRIS® and Kadcyla®. Currently, there are 40 ADCs in various phases of clinical development. However, only 34 of these have published their structures. Of the 34 disclosed structures, 24 of them use a linkage to the thiol of cysteines on the monoclonal antibody. The remaining 10 candidates utilize chemistry to surface lysines of the antibody. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of conjugation to the multiple lysines or cysteines found in mAbs, significant research efforts are now being directed toward the production of discrete, homogeneous ADC products, via site-specific conjugation. These site-specific conjugations may involve genetic engineering of the mAb to introduce discrete, available cysteines or non-natural amino acids with an orthogonally-reactive functional group handle such as an aldehyde, ketone, azido, or alkynyl tag. These site-specific approaches not only increase the homogeneity of ADCs but also enable novel bio-orthogonal chemistries that utilize reactive moieties other than thiol or amine. This broadens the diversity of linkers that can be utilized which will lead to better linker design in future generations of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareshkumar Jain
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA.
| | - Sean W Smith
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Sanjeevani Ghone
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Bruce Tomczuk
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
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105
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Luo SP, Geng H, Wang Y, Huang PQ. Low-Valent Titanium-Mediated Enantioselective Synthesis of Quinazolinone Alkaloids Circumdatins F, H, and Analogs. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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106
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Pertejo P, Corres N, Torroba T, García-Valverde M. Reversal of Diastereoselectivity in the Synthesis of Peptidomimetic 3-Carboxamide-1,4-benzodiazepin-5-ones. Org Lett 2015; 17:612-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503628r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pertejo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Nazaret Corres
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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107
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Thurston DE, Vassoler H, Jackson PJM, James CH, Rahman KM. Effect of hairpin loop structure on reactivity, sequence preference and adduct orientation of a DNA-interactive pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumour agent. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4031-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) monomer GWL-78 reacts faster with DNA hairpins containing a hexaethylene glycol (HEG) loop compared to hairpins containing a TTT loop due to the greater structural flexibility of the HEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Higia Vassoler
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
| | | | - Colin H. James
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
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108
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Yu YF, Shu C, Zhou B, Li JQ, Zhou JM, Ye LW. Efficient and practical synthesis of enantioenriched 2,3-dihydropyrroles through gold-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of chiral homopropargyl sulfonamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2126-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct gold-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of chiral homopropargyl sulfonamides has been developed. A range of enantioenriched 2,3-dihydropyrroles are readily accessed by utilizing this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
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109
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Garoufis A, Kitos AA, Lymperopoulou S, Nastopoulos V, Plakatouras JC, Ypsilantis K. A new benzodiazepine molecule and its interactions with diorganotin(IV)chlorides. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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110
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Sudhapriya N, Nandakumar A, Arun Y, Perumal PT, Balachandran C, Emi N. An expedient route to highly diversified [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines and their evaluation for antimicrobial, antiproliferative and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and facile synthesis of a series of diversified [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines has been achieved successfully via a one-pot method under milder conditions and evaluated for their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sudhapriya
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - A. Nandakumar
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - Y. Arun
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - P. T. Perumal
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - C. Balachandran
- Department of Hematology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Emi
- Department of Hematology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
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111
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Xia Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydropyrroles by Ring‐Opening/Cyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones Using Primary Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China)
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112
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Xia Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydropyrroles by Ring‐Opening/Cyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones Using Primary Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:227-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 (China)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China)
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113
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Jackson PJM, James CH, Jenkins TC, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Computational studies support the role of the C7-sibirosamine sugar of the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) sibiromycin in transcription factor inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2432-40. [PMID: 25111266 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a group of sequence-selective, DNA minor-groove binding agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. Originally derived from Streptomyces species, a number of naturally occurring PBD monomers exist with varying A-Ring and C2-substituents. One such agent, sibiromycin, is unusual in having a glycosyl residue (sibirosamine) at its A-Ring C7-position. It is the most cytotoxic member of the naturally occurring PBD family and has the highest DNA-binding affinity. Recently, the analogue 9-deoxysibiromyin was produced biosynthetically by Yonemoto and co-workers.1 Differing only in the loss of the A-Ring C9-hydroxyl group, it was reported to have a significantly higher DNA-binding affinity than sibiromycin based on DNA thermal denaturation studies, although these data have since been retracted.2 As deletion of the C9-OH moiety, which points toward the DNA minor groove floor, might intuitively be expected to reduce DNA-binding affinity through the loss of hydrogen bonding, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations on the interaction of both molecules with DNA over a 10 ns time-course in explicit solvent. Our results suggest that the two molecules may differ in their sequence-selectivity and that 9-deoxysibiromycin should have a lower binding affinity for certain sequences of DNA compared to sibiromycin. Our molecular dynamics results indicate that the C7-sibirosamine sugar does not form hydrogen bonding interactions with groups in the DNA minor-groove wall as previously reported, but instead points orthogonally out from the minor groove where it may inhibit the approach of DNA control proteins such as transcription factors. This was confirmed through a docking study involving sibiromycin and the GAL4 transcription factor, and these results could explain the significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of sibiromycin compared to other PBD family members without bulky C7-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. M. Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Colin H. James
- The
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29−39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kindgom
| | - Terence C. Jenkins
- School
of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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114
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Hemming K, Chambers CS, Jamshaid F, O'Gorman PA. Intramolecular azide to alkene cycloadditions for the construction of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and azetidino-benzodiazepines. Molecules 2014; 19:16737-56. [PMID: 25329868 PMCID: PMC6271382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of proline- and azetidinone-substituted alkenes to 2-azidobenzoic and 2-azidobenzenesulfonic acid gives precursors that undergo intramolecular azide to alkene 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to give imine-, triazoline- or aziridine-containing pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), pyrrolo[1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs), and azetidino[1,4]benzodiazepines. The imines and aziridines are formed after loss of nitrogen from a triazoline cycloadduct. The PBDs are a potent class of antitumour antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hemming
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Christopher S Chambers
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Faisal Jamshaid
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Paul A O'Gorman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, UK
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115
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Hemming K, Chambers CS, Hamasharif MS, João H, Khan MN, Patel N, Airley R, Day S. Azide based routes to tetrazolo and oxadiazolo derivatives of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and pyrrolobenzothiadiazepines. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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116
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Rahman KM, Corcoran DB, Bui TTT, Jackson PJM, Thurston DE. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) do not bind to DNA G-quadruplexes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105021. [PMID: 25133504 PMCID: PMC4136862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a family of sequence-selective, minor-groove binding DNA-interactive agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. A recent publication in this journal (Raju et al, PloS One, 2012, 7, 4, e35920) reported that two PBD molecules were observed to bind with high affinity to the telomeric quadruplex of Tetrahymena glaucoma based on Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), Circular Dichroism, UV-Visible and Fluorescence spectroscopy data. This was a surprising result given the close 3-dimensional shape match between the structure of all PBD molecules and the minor groove of duplex DNA, and the completely different 3-dimensional structure of quadruplex DNA. Therefore, we evaluated the interaction of eight PBD molecules of diverse structure with a range of parallel, antiparallel and mixed DNA quadruplexes using DNA Thermal Denaturation, Circular Dichroism and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Those PBD molecules without large C8-substitutents had an insignificant affinity for the eight quadruplex types, although those with large π-system-containing C8-substituents (as with the compounds evaluated by Raju and co-workers) were found to interact to some extent. Our molecular dynamics simulations support the likelihood that molecules of this type, including those examined by Raju and co-workers, interact with quadruplex DNA through their C8-substituents rather than the PBD moiety itself. It is important for the literature to be clear on this matter, as the mechanism of action of these agents will be under close scrutiny in the near future due to the growing number of PBD-based agents entering the clinic as both single-agents and as components of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
| | - David B. Corcoran
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
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117
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Maleki A, Kamalzare M. Fe3O4@cellulose composite nanocatalyst: Preparation, characterization and application in the synthesis of benzodiazepines. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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118
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Kaur N, Tyagi R, Kishore D. Expedient Protocols for the Installation of 1,5-Benzoazepino-Based Privileged Templates on the 2-Position of 1,4-Benzodiazepine Through a Phenoxyl Spacer. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Ruchi Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Rajasthan India
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119
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Kaur N, Tyagi R, Srivastava M, Kishore D. Application of Dimethylaminomethylene Ketone in Heterocycles Synthesis: Synthesis of 2-(Isoxazolo, Pyrazolo, and Pyrimido) Substituted Analogs of 1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-carboxamides Linked through an Oxyphenyl Bridge. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Jaipur India
| | - Ruchi Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Jaipur India
| | | | - D. Kishore
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Jaipur India
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120
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antibody-drug conjugates: an emerging concept in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3796-827. [PMID: 24677743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cancer chemotherapy is often accompanied by systemic toxicity to the patient. Monoclonal antibodies against antigens on cancer cells offer an alternative tumor-selective treatment approach. However, most monoclonal antibodies are not sufficiently potent to be therapeutically active on their own. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) use antibodies to deliver a potent cytotoxic compound selectively to tumor cells, thus improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. The recent approval of two ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, for cancer treatment has spurred tremendous research interest in this field. This Review touches upon the early efforts in the field, and describes how the lessons learned from the first-generation ADCs have led to improvements in every aspect of this technology, i.e., the antibody, the cytotoxic compound, and the linker connecting them, leading to the current successes. The design of ADCs currently in clinical development, and results from mechanistic studies and preclinical and clinical evaluation are discussed. Emerging technologies that seek to further advance this exciting area of research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi V J Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc. 830 Winter St, Waltham, MA 02451 (USA) http://www.immunogen.com.
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121
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate: ein neues Konzept in der Krebstherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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122
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Kumar Maji P, Ul Islam R, Kumar Bera S. RECENT PROGRESS IN METAL ASSISTED MULTICOMPONENT SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLES. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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124
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Hussain MK, Ansari MI, Kant R, Hajela K. Tandem C-2 Functionalization–Intramolecular Azide–Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction: A Convenient Route to Highly Diversified 9H-Benzo[b]pyrrolo[1,2-g][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepines. Org Lett 2013; 16:560-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403420z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Kamil Hussain
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
Division and §Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohd. Imran Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
Division and §Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
Division and §Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kanchan Hajela
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
Division and §Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031, India
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125
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2011. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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126
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Smits G, Zemribo R. The Exocyclic Olefin Geometry Control via Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement: Stereoselective Total Syntheses of Barmumycin and Limazepine E. Org Lett 2013; 15:4406-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4019453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Zemribo
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
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127
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Kamal A, Prabhakar S, Shankaraiah N, Markandeya N, Venkat Reddy P, Srinivasulu V, Sathish M. AlCl3–NaI assisted cleavage of polymer-bound esters with concomitant amine coupling and azido-reductive cyclization: synthesis of pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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128
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Application of chalcones in heterocycles synthesis: Synthesis of 2-(isoxazolo, pyrazolo and pyrimido) substituted analogues of 1,4-benzodiazepin-5-carboxamides linked through an oxyphenyl bridge. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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129
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Jin LM, Xu X, Lu H, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Effective synthesis of chiral N-fluoroaryl aziridines through enantioselective aziridination of alkenes with fluoroaryl azides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5309-13. [PMID: 23589338 PMCID: PMC3825981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620-5250 (USA), Fax: (+1) 813-974-1733; http://chemistry.usf.edu/faculty/zhang/
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130
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Jin LM, Xu X, Lu H, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Effective Synthesis of ChiralN-Fluoroaryl Aziridines through Enantioselective Aziridination of Alkenes with Fluoroaryl Azides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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131
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Rahman KM, Jackson PJM, James CH, Basu BP, Hartley JA, de la Fuente M, Schatzlein A, Robson M, Pedley RB, Pepper C, Fox KR, Howard PW, Thurston DE. GC-targeted C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-biaryl conjugates with femtomolar in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity in mouse models. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2911-35. [PMID: 23514599 DOI: 10.1021/jm301882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)benzenamine (MPB) building blocks have been developed that span two DNA base pairs with a strong preference for GC-rich DNA. They have been conjugated to a pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) molecule to produce C8-linked PBD-MPB hybrids that can stabilize GC-rich DNA by up to 13-fold compared to AT-rich DNA. Some have subpicomolar IC50 values in human tumor cell lines and in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, while being up to 6 orders less cytotoxic in the non-tumor cell line WI38, suggesting that key DNA sequences may be relevant targets in these ultrasensitive cancer cell lines. One conjugate, 7h (KMR-28-39), which has femtomolar activity in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, has significant dose-dependent antitumor activity in MDA-MB-231 (breast) and MIA PaCa-2 (pancreatic) human tumor xenograft mouse models with insignificant toxicity at therapeutic doses. Preliminary studies suggest that 7h may sterically inhibit interaction of the transcription factor NF-κB with its cognate DNA binding sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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132
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Barrett MP, Gemmell CG, Suckling CJ. Minor groove binders as anti-infective agents. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:12-23. [PMID: 23507040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Minor groove binders are small molecules that form strong complexes with the minor groove of DNA. There are several structural types of which distamycin and netropsin analogues, oligoamides built from heterocyclic and aromatic amino acids, and bis-amidines separated by aromatic and heterocyclic rings are of particular pharmaceutical interest. These molecules have helical topology that approximately matches the curvature of DNA in the minor groove. Depending upon the precise structure of the minor groove binder, selectivity can be obtained with respect to the DNA base sequence to which the compound binds. Minor groove binders have found substantial applications in anti-cancer therapy but their significance in anti-infective therapy has also been significant and is growing. For example, compounds of the bis-amidine class have been notable contributors to antiparasitic therapy for many years with examples such as berenil and pentamidine being well-known. A recent growth area has been inreased sophistication in the oligoamide class. High sequence selectivity is now possible and compounds with distinct antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity have all been identified. Importantly, the structures of the most active compounds attacking the various infective organisms differ significantly but not necessarily predictively. This poses interesting questions of mechanism of action with many different targets involved in DNA processing being candidates. Access of compounds to specific cell types also plays a role and in some cases, can be decisive. Prospects for a range of selective therapeutic agents from this class of compounds are higher now than for some considerable time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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133
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Sadashiva MP, Basappa, NanjundaSwamy S, Li F, Manu KA, Sengottuvelan M, Prasanna DS, Anilkumar NC, Sethi G, Sugahara K, Rangappa KS. Anti-cancer activity of novel dibenzo[b,f]azepine tethered isoxazoline derivatives. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 23033888 PMCID: PMC3554437 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Dibenzoazepine (DB) derivatives are important and valuable compounds in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis and chemotherapeutic properties of naturally occurring DBs and different heterocyclic moiety tethered DBs are reported. Herein, we report the DB-fused hybrid structure that containing isoxazolines (DBIs) and their anti-cancer activity, which could throw light on the structural and functional features of new molecules. Results and Conclusion The synthesis and characterization of novel ring DB tethered isoxazoline derivatives (DBIs) were carried out. After the detailed structural characterization using 2D-NMR experiments, the compounds were identified as 5-substituted isoxazolines. The effect of newly synthesized DBIs against the invasion of murine osteosarcoma (LM8G7) cells was studied. Among the tested molecules, compound 4g (5-[−3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl-methyl]-5 H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine), was found to inhibit the invasion of LM8G7 cells strongly, when compared to other structurally related compounds. Cumulatively, the compound 4g inhibited the invasion MDA-MB-231 cells completely at 10 μM. In addition to anti-invasion property the compound 4g also inhibited the migration of LM8G7 and human ovarian cancer cells (OVSAHO) dose-dependently. Compound 4g inhibited the proliferation of LM8G7, OVSAHO, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human melphalan-resistant multiple myeloma (RPMI8226-LR5) cells that are comparable to cisplatin and suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signalling and Therapeutics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 110021, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560001, India
| | - Shivananju NanjundaSwamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117597
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117597
| | - Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117597
| | - Murugan Sengottuvelan
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signalling and Therapeutics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 110021, Japan
| | | | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117597
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signalling and Therapeutics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 110021, Japan
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134
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Maleki A. Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles: an efficient and magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of diazepines. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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135
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Yan L, Che X, Bai X, Pei Y. Syntheses of novel diaryl[d,f ][1,3]diazepines via one-pot Suzuki coupling followed by direct ring closure with carboxylic acids. Mol Divers 2012; 16:489-501. [PMID: 22752672 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel and diverse diaryl[d,f][1,3]diazepines were designed and synthesized to expand the pharmaceutical utility of the [6,7]bicyclic molecular skeletons. The facile synthesis involved two key steps: a one-pot Suzuki coupling to construct the bi-aryl intermediates from corresponding halides, and a ring closure by direct condensation with carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjia Yan
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 Jilin, People's Republic of China
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136
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From multiply active natural product to candidate drug? Antibacterial (and other) minor groove binders for DNA. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:971-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products that bind to DNA in the minor groove are valuable templates for drug design. Examples include distamycin, netropsin, duocarmycin and anthramycin. Anticancer and anti-infective drugs feature strongly amongst their derivatives. The structures and activities of chemotypes with various therapeutic actions are discussed in the context of the broader field of therapeutically active minor groove binders. The evolution of a series of exceptionally potent and nontoxic antibacterial compounds is discussed using the general design principle of introducing additional hydrophobicity into the distamycin template to increase the strength of binding to DNA. As well as potent antibacterial compounds, antifungal and antiparasitic compounds with exceptional cellular activity against trypanosomes have been identified. Possible mechanisms of action including gene regulation and topoisomerase inhibition are discussed with the need in mind to understand selective toxicity in the series to support future drug discovery.
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137
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Rahman KM, Rosado H, Moreira JB, Feuerbaum EA, Fox KR, Stecher E, Howard PW, Gregson SJ, James CH, de la Fuente M, Waldron DE, Thurston DE, Taylor PW. Antistaphylococcal activity of DNA-interactive pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers and PBD-biaryl conjugates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1683-96. [PMID: 22547662 PMCID: PMC3370821 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers, tethered through inert propyldioxy or pentyldioxy linkers, possess potent bactericidal activity against a range of Gram-positive bacteria by virtue of their capacity to cross-link duplex DNA in sequence-selective fashion. Here we attempt to improve the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity profile of PBD-containing conjugates by extension of dimer linkers and replacement of one PBD unit with phenyl-substituted or benzo-fused heterocycles that facilitate non-covalent interactions with duplex DNA. Methods DNase I footprinting was used to identify high-affinity DNA binding sites. A staphylococcal gene microarray was used to assess epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 16 phenotypes induced by PBD conjugates. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the accommodation of compounds within the DNA helix. Results Increasing the length of the linker in PBD dimers led to a progressive reduction in antibacterial activity, but not in their cytotoxic capacity. Complex patterns of DNA binding were noted for extended PBD dimers. Modelling of DNA strand cross-linking by PBD dimers indicated distortion of the helix. A majority (26 of 43) of PBD-biaryl conjugates possessed potent antibacterial activity with little or no helical distortion and a more favourable cytotoxicity profile. Bactericidal activity of PBD-biaryl conjugates was determined by inability to excise covalently bound drug molecules from bacterial duplex DNA. Conclusions PBD-biaryl conjugates have a superior antibacterial profile compared with PBD dimers such as ELB-21. We have identified six PBD-biaryl conjugates as potential drug development candidates.
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138
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Boomhoff M, Schneider C. A Novel Three-Component [3+2] Cycloannulation Process for the Rapid and Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolobenzoxazoles. Chemistry 2012; 18:4185-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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139
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Bose DS, Idrees M, Todewale IK, Jakka NM, Rao JV. Hybrids of privileged structures benzothiazoles and pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepin-5-one, and diversity-oriented synthesis of benzothiazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:27-38. [PMID: 22325897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures like Benzothiazole and Pyrrolobenzodiazepine offer wonderful opportunity to explore in anti-cancer drug discovery as a mean to counter drug-resistance problem. BT-PBD hybrids and diverse BT derivatives have been synthesized and their in vitro cytotoxic activities were screened against five cancer cell lines have been discussed. The novel compounds showed promising results as compared with the marketed drug etoposide and could well be used in future anti-cancer drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subhas Bose
- Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Division, Fine Chemicals Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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140
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Rahman KM, James CH, Bui TTT, Drake AF, Thurston DE. Observation of a Single-Stranded DNA/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Adduct. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19376-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja205395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M. Rahman
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Colin H. James
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Kings College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Alex F. Drake
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Kings College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David E. Thurston
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- Spirogen Ltd., The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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141
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Kamal A, Srikanth YVV, Ramaiah MJ, Khan MNA, Kashi Reddy M, Ashraf M, Lavanya A, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis, anticancer activity and apoptosis inducing ability of bisindole linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:571-8. [PMID: 22104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of bisindole-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates (5a-f) linked through different alkane spacers was prepared and evaluated for their anticancer activity. All compounds exhibited significant anticancer potency and the most potent compounds 5b and 5e were taken up for detailed studies on MCF-7 cell line. Cell cycle effects were examined apart from investigating the inhibition of tubulin polymerization for compounds 2a, 2b, 5b and 5e at 2μM. FACS analysis showed that at higher concentrations (4 and 8μM) there was an increase of sub-G1 phase cells and decrease of G2/M phase cells, thus indicating that compounds 5b and 5e are effective in causing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. It was also observed that compounds 5b and 5e showed the down regulation of histone deacetylase protein levels such as HDAC1, 2, 3, 8 and increase in the levels of p21, followed by apoptotic cell death. The apoptotic nature of these compounds was further evidenced by increased expression of cleaved-PARP and active caspase-7 in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India.
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142
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Giessen TW, Kraas FI, Marahiel MA. A Four-Enzyme Pathway for 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylanthranilic Acid Formation and Incorporation into the Antitumor Antibiotic Sibiromycin. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5680-92. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W. Giessen
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Femke I. Kraas
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Marahiel
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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143
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Rahman KM, James CH, Thurston DE. Observation of the reversibility of a covalent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) DNA adduct by HPLC/MS and CD spectroscopy. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1632-41. [PMID: 21253653 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are sequence-selective DNA minor-groove binding agents that covalently bond to guanine with a reported preference for Pu-G-Pu sequences (Pu = Purine). Using HPLC/MS and Circular Dichroism (CD) methodologies, we have established for the first time that the aminal bond formed between PBD molecules and DNA is reversible. Furthermore, we have shown that while the rate of aminal bond cleavage does not depend on the sequence preference of a PBD molecule for a particular binding site, the rate of re-formation of the PBD-DNA adduct does. We have also shown that the PBD anthramycin (2) appears to be an exception to this rule in that, during cleavage from the DNA, its C-ring aromatizes and it cannot then re-attach due to a loss of electrophilicity at the C11-position. Although the C-ring aromatization of anthramycin has been previously reported to occur in the absence of DNA and after treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), in this case no pH lowering was required, with the DNA itself appearing to catalyse the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M Rahman
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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