101
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Prier CK, Zhang RK, Buller AR, Brinkmann-Chen S, Arnold FH. Enantioselective, intermolecular benzylic C-H amination catalysed by an engineered iron-haem enzyme. Nat Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644476 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
C-H bonds are ubiquitous structural units of organic molecules. Although these bonds are generally considered to be chemically inert, the recent emergence of methods for C-H functionalization promises to transform the way synthetic chemistry is performed. The intermolecular amination of C-H bonds represents a particularly desirable and challenging transformation for which no efficient, highly selective, and renewable catalysts exist. Here we report the directed evolution of an iron-containing enzymatic catalyst-based on a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-for the highly enantioselective intermolecular amination of benzylic C-H bonds. The biocatalyst is capable of up to 1,300 turnovers, exhibits excellent enantioselectivities, and provides access to valuable benzylic amines. Iron complexes are generally poor catalysts for C-H amination: in this catalyst, the enzyme's protein framework confers activity on an otherwise unreactive iron-haem cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Prier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Andrew R Buller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Sabine Brinkmann-Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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102
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Abstract
One ultimate goal of synthetic chemistry is to install or manipulate any functional group at any position of a molecule. This Account discusses the potential and possible approaches to use catalysis to enable a reaction to occur at one of many C-H bonds or at one of several nearly identical functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hartwig
- Division of Chemical Sciences,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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103
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Yi W, Yang K, Ye J, Long Y, Ke J, Ou H. Triphenyltin degradation and proteomic response by an engineered Escherichia coli expressing cytochrome P450 enzyme. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 137:29-34. [PMID: 27907843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although triphenyltin (TPT) degradation pathway has been determined, information about the enzyme and protein networks involved was severely limited. To this end, a cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP450) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), namely E. coli pET32a-CYP450, whose dosage at 1gL-1 could degrade 54.6% TPT at 1mgL-1 within 6 d through attacking the carbon-tin bonds of TPT by CYP450. Sequence analysis verified that the CYP450 gene had a 1214bp open reading frame, encoding a protein with 404 amino acids. Proteomic analysis determined that 60 proteins were significantly differentially regulated expression in E. coli pET32a-CYP450 after TPT degradation. The up-regulated proteins enriched in a network related to transport, cell division, biosynthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites, and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. The current findings demonstrated for the first time that P450 received electrons transferring from NADH could effectively cleave carbon-metal bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health of Guangzhou City, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health of Guangzhou City, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health of Guangzhou City, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek 94598, CA, USA.
| | - Yan Long
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health of Guangzhou City, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek 94598, CA, USA
| | - Huase Ou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health of Guangzhou City, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
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104
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Upp DM, Lewis JC. Selective C-H bond functionalization using repurposed or artificial metalloenzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 37:48-55. [PMID: 28135654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic CH bond functionalization has become an important tool for organic synthesis. Metalloenzymes offer a solution to one of the foremost challenges in this field, site-selective CH functionalization, but they are only capable of catalyzing a subset of the CH functionalization reactions known to small molecule catalysts. To overcome this limitation, metalloenzymes have been repurposed by exploiting the reactivity of their native cofactors toward substrates not found in nature. Additionally, new reactivity has been accessed by incorporating synthetic metal cofactors into protein scaffolds to form artificial metalloenzymes. The selectivity and activity of these catalysts has been tuned using directed evolution. This review covers the recent progress in developing and optimizing both repurposed and artificial metalloenzymes as catalysts for selective CH bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Upp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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105
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O’Connor LJ, Mistry IN, Collins SL, Folkes LK, Brown G, Conway SJ, Hammond EM. CYP450 Enzymes Effect Oxygen-Dependent Reduction of Azide-Based Fluorogenic Dyes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:20-30. [PMID: 28149949 PMCID: PMC5269656 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Azide-containing compounds have broad utility in organic synthesis and chemical biology. Their use as powerful tools for the labeling of biological systems in vitro has enabled insights into complex cellular functions. To date, fluorogenic azide-containing compounds have primarily been employed in the context of click chemistry and as sensitive functionalities for hydrogen sulfide detection. Here, we report an alternative use of this functionality: as fluorogenic probes for the detection of depleted oxygen levels (hypoxia). Oxygen is imperative to all life forms, and probes that enable quantification of oxygen tension are of high utility in many areas of biology. Here we demonstrate the ability of an azide-based dye to image hypoxia in a range of human cancer cell lines. We have found that cytochrome P450 enzymes are able to reduce these probes in an oxygen-dependent manner, while hydrogen sulfide does not play an important role in their reduction. These data indicate that the azide group is a new bioreductive functionality that can be employed in prodrugs and dyes. We have uncovered a novel mechanism for the cellular reduction of azides, which has implications for the use of click chemistry in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation
Oncology, Department of Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus
Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Ishna N. Mistry
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation
Oncology, Department of Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus
Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Sarah L. Collins
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Lisa K. Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation
Oncology, Department of Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus
Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Graham Brown
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation
Oncology, Department of Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus
Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation
Oncology, Department of Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus
Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K.
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106
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107
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Suzuki K, Stanfield JK, Shoji O, Yanagisawa S, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Control of stereoselectivity of benzylic hydroxylation catalysed by wild-type cytochrome P450BM3 using decoy molecules. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01130j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The benzylic hydroxylation of non-native substrates was catalysed by cytochrome P450BM3, wherein “decoy molecules” controlled the stereoselectivity of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Joshua Kyle Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Sota Yanagisawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Tokyo
- Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | | | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
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108
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Wang JB, Li G, Reetz MT. Enzymatic site-selectivity enabled by structure-guided directed evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3916-3928. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in the directed evolution of enzymes for controlling site-selectivity of hydroxylation, amination and chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | - Guangyue Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
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109
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Gober JG, Brustad EM. Non-natural carbenoid and nitrenoid insertion reactions catalyzed by heme proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 35:124-132. [PMID: 27697701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in using enzymes as tools for synthesis, many reactions discovered through the creativity of synthetic chemists remain beyond the scope of biocatalysis. This vacancy in the field has compelled researchers to develop strategies to adapt protein scaffolds for new reactivity. Heme proteins have recently been shown to activate synthetic precursors to generate reactive metallocarbenoid and metallonitrenoid species that enable the biosynthetic construction of novel C-C, C-N, and other bonds using mechanisms not previously explored by Nature. By interrogating heme proteins with synthetic, non-natural reagents, scientists are merging the reaction space traditionally dominated by organocatalysis and transition metal catalysis with the mild reaction conditions, selectivity, and adaptability imparted by native protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Gober
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric M Brustad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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110
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Ren X, O’Hanlon JA, Morris M, Robertson J, Wong LL. Synthesis of Imidazolidin-4-ones via a Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Intramolecular C–H Amination. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A. O’Hanlon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Melloney Morris
- Syngenta
UK, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Luet Lok Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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111
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Singh R, Nagesh K, Parameshwar M. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Undirected and Selective C(sp2)–H Amination en Route to Benzoxazolones. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Kommu Nagesh
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Matam Parameshwar
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
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112
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Munday SD, Dezvarei S, Bell SG. Increasing the Activity and Efficiency of Stereoselective Oxidations by using Decoy Molecules in Combination with Rate-Enhancing Variants of P450Bm3. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Munday
- Department of Chemistry; University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department of Chemistry; University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
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113
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Giovani S, Alwaseem H, Fasan R. Aldehyde and Ketone Synthesis by P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination of Alkyl Azides. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:2609-2613. [PMID: 27867424 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing proteins have recently attracted increasing attention for their ability to promote synthetically valuable transformations not found in nature. Following the recent discovery that engineered variants of myoglobin can catalyze the direct conversion of organic azides to aldehydes, we investigated the azide oxidative deamination reactivity of a variety of hemoproteins featuring different heme coordination environments. Our studies show that although several heme-containing enzymes possess basal activity in this reaction, an engineered variant of the bacterial cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 constitutes a particularly efficient biocatalyst for promoting this transformation, exhibiting a broad substrate scope along with high catalytic activity (up to 11,300 TON), excellent chemoselectivity, and enhanced reactivity toward secondary alkyl azides to yield ketones. Mechanistic studies and Michaelis-Menten analyses provided insights into the mechanism of the reaction and the impact of active site mutations on the catalytic properties of the P450. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that engineered P450 variants represent promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of aryl aldehydes and ketones via the oxidative deamination of alkyl azides under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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114
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Hartwig JF, Larsen MA. Undirected, Homogeneous C-H Bond Functionalization: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:281-92. [PMID: 27294201 PMCID: PMC4898263 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds has created new approaches to preparing organic molecules by enabling new strategic "disconnections" during the planning of a synthetic route. Such functionalizations also have created the ability to derivatize complex molecules by modifying one or more of the many C-H bonds. For these reasons, researchers are developing new types of functionalization reactions of C-H bonds and new applications of these processes. These C-H bond functionalization reactions can be divided into two general classes: those directed by coordination to an existing functional group prior to the cleavage of the C-H bond (directed) and those occurring without coordination prior to cleavage of the C-H bond (undirected). The undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds are much less common and more challenging to develop than the directed reactions. This outlook will focus on undirected C-H bond functionalization, as well as related reactions that occur by a noncovalent association of the catalyst prior to C-H bond cleavage. The inherent challenges of conducting undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds and the methods for undirected functionalization that are being developed will be presented, along with the factors that govern selectivity in these reactions. Finally, this outlook discusses future directions for research on undirected C-H functionalization, with an emphasis on the limitations that must be overcome if this type of methodology is to become widely used in academia and in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew A. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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115
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Liu C, Zhang Q, Li H, Guo S, Xiao B, Deng W, Liu L, He W. Cu/Fe Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidative Amination of Benzylic C−H Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:6208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Shuangxi Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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116
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Hyster TK, Ward TR. Genetische Optimierung von Metalloenzymen: Weiterentwicklung von Enzymen für nichtnatürliche Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd K. Hyster
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
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117
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Hyster TK, Ward TR. Genetic Optimization of Metalloenzymes: Enhancing Enzymes for Non-Natural Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7344-57. [PMID: 26971363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes have received increasing attention over the last decade as a possible solution to unaddressed challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. Whereas traditional transition-metal catalysts typically only take advantage of the first coordination sphere to control reactivity and selectivity, artificial metalloenzymes can modulate both the first and second coordination spheres. This difference can manifest itself in reactivity profiles that can be truly unique to artificial metalloenzymes. This Review summarizes attempts to modulate the second coordination sphere of artificial metalloenzymes by using genetic modifications of the protein sequence. In doing so, successful attempts and creative solutions to address the challenges encountered are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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118
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Prier CK, Hyster TK, Farwell CC, Huang A, Arnold FH. Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4711-5. [PMID: 26970325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sigmatropic rearrangements, while rare in biology, offer opportunities for the efficient and selective synthesis of complex chemical motifs. A "P411" serine-ligated variant of cytochrome P450(BM3) has been engineered to initiate a sulfimidation/[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement sequence in whole E. coli cells, a non-natural function for any enzyme, providing access to enantioenriched, protected allylic amines. Five mutations in the enzyme substantially enhance its activity toward this new function, demonstrating the evolvability of the catalyst toward challenging nitrene transfer reactions. The evolved catalyst additionally performs the highly enantioselective imidation of non-allylic sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Prier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Christopher C Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Audrey Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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119
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Prier CK, Hyster TK, Farwell CC, Huang A, Arnold FH. Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Prier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Todd K. Hyster
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Christopher C. Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Audrey Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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120
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Tyagi V, Fasan R. Myoglobin-Catalyzed Olefination of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2512-6. [PMID: 26765247 PMCID: PMC4796475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The olefination of aldehydes constitutes a most valuable and widely adopted strategy for constructing carbon-carbon double bonds in organic chemistry. While various synthetic methods have been made available for this purpose, no biocatalysts are known to mediate this transformation. Reported herein is that engineered myoglobin variants can catalyze the olefination of aldehydes in the presence of α-diazoesters with high catalytic efficiency (up to 4,900 turnovers) and excellent E diastereoselectivity (92-99.9 % de). This transformation could be applied to the olefination of a variety of substituted benzaldehydes and heteroaromatic aldehydes, also in combination with different alkyl α-diazoacetate reagents. This work provides a first example of biocatalytic aldehyde olefination and extends the spectrum of synthetically valuable chemical transformations accessible using metalloprotein-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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121
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Vila MA, Pazos M, Iglesias C, Veiga N, Seoane G, Carrera I. Toluene Dioxygenase-Catalysed Oxidation of Benzyl Azide to Benzonitrile: Mechanistic Insights for an Unprecedented Enzymatic Transformation. Chembiochem 2016; 17:291-5. [PMID: 26663213 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic dioxygenation of benzyl azide by toluene dioxygenase (TDO) produces significant amounts of the cis-cyclohexadienediol derived from benzonitrile, along with the expected azido diols. We demonstrate that TDO catalyses the oxidation of benzyl azide to benzonitrile, which is further dioxygenated to produce the observed cis-diol. A proposed mechanism for this transformation involves initial benzylic monooxygenation followed by a nitrene-mediated rearrangement to form an oxime, which is further dehydrated to afford the nitrile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of enzymatic oxidation of an alkyl azide to a nitrile. In addition, the described oxime-dehydration activity has not been reported for Rieske dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Agustina Vila
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Pazos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - César Iglesias
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República., Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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122
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 14627 USA
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123
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Wang J, Zhao C, Weng Y, Xu H. Insight into the mechanism and site-selectivity of Rh2II,II(esp)2-catalyzed intermolecular C–H amination. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00505e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and site-selective determinants of Rh2II,II(esp)2-catalyzed intermolecular C–H bond aminations of three isoamylbenzene-derived substrates, p-R–C6H4(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 (R = OCH3, H, CF3), have been investigated by the density functional theory (BPW91) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yuping Weng
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Huiying Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
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124
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Prier CK, Arnold FH. Chemomimetic biocatalysis: exploiting the synthetic potential of cofactor-dependent enzymes to create new catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13992-4006. [PMID: 26502343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the astonishing breadth of enzymes in nature, no enzymes are known for many of the valuable catalytic transformations discovered by chemists. Recent work in enzyme design and evolution, however, gives us good reason to think that this will change. We describe a chemomimetic biocatalysis approach that draws from small-molecule catalysis and synthetic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular evolution to discover or create enzymes with non-natural reactivities. We illustrate how cofactor-dependent enzymes can be exploited to promote reactions first established with related chemical catalysts. The cofactors can be biological, or they can be non-biological to further expand catalytic possibilities. The ability of enzymes to amplify and precisely control the reactivity of their cofactors together with the ability to optimize non-natural reactivity by directed evolution promises to yield exceptional catalysts for challenging transformations that have no biological counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Prier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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125
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Heins SP, Morris WD, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Nitrene Insertion into CC and CH Bonds of Diamide Diimine Ligands Ligated to Chromium and Iron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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126
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Heins SP, Morris WD, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Nitrene Insertion into CC and CH Bonds of Diamide Diimine Ligands Ligated to Chromium and Iron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14407-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P. Heins
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 (USA)
| | - Wesley D. Morris
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 (USA)
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 (USA)
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 (USA)
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, TX 76203‐5070 (USA)
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127
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Giovani S, Singh R, Fasan R. Efficient conversion of primary azides to aldehydes catalyzed by active site variants of myoglobin. Chem Sci 2015; 7:234-239. [PMID: 26900445 PMCID: PMC4754990 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02857d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of primary azides to aldehydes constitutes a convenient but underdeveloped transformation for which no efficient methods are available. Here, we demonstrate that engineered variants of the hemoprotein myoglobin can catalyze this transformation with high efficiency (up to 8,500 turnovers) and selectivity across a range of structurally diverse aryl-substituted primary azides. Mutagenesis of the 'distal' histidine residue was particularly effective in enhancing the azide oxidation reactivity of myoglobin, enabling these reactions to proceed in good to excellent yields (37-89%) and to be carried out at a synthetically useful scale. Kinetic isotope effect, isotope labeling, and substrate binding experiments support a mechanism involving heme-catalyzed decomposition of the organic azide followed by alpha hydrogen deprotonation to generate an aldimine which, upon hydrolysis, releases the aldehyde product. This work provides the first example of a biocatalytic azide-to-aldehyde conversion and expands the range of non-native chemical transformations accessible through hemoprotein-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Rd , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Ritesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Rd , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Rd , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
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128
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Abstract
AbstractI describe how we direct the evolution of non-natural enzyme activities, using chemical intuition and information on structure and mechanism to guide us to the most promising reaction/enzyme systems. With synthetic reagents to generate new reactive intermediates and just a few amino acid substitutions to tune the active site, a cytochrome P450 can catalyze a variety of carbene and nitrene transfer reactions. The cyclopropanation, N–H insertion, C–H amination, sulfimidation, and aziridination reactions now demonstrated are all well known in chemical catalysis but have no counterparts in nature. The new enzymes are fully genetically encoded, assemble and function inside of cells, and can be optimized for different substrates, activities, and selectivities. We are learning how to use nature's innovation mechanisms to marry some of the synthetic chemists’ favorite transformations with the exquisite selectivity and tunability of enzymes.
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129
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130
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Korobkova EA. Effect of Natural Polyphenols on CYP Metabolism: Implications for Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1359-90. [PMID: 26042469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a large group of hemeproteins located on mitochondrial membranes or the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a crucial role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The activity of CYP is associated with a number of factors including redox potential, protein conformation, the accessibility of the active site by substrates, and others. This activity may be potentially modulated by a variety of small molecules. Extensive experimental data collected over the past decade point at the active role of natural polyphenols in modulating the catalytic activity of CYP. Polyphenols are widespread micronutrients present in human diets of plant origin and in medicinal herbs. These compounds may alter the activity of CYP either via direct interactions with the enzymes or by affecting CYP gene expression. The polyphenol-CYP interactions may significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs and thus influence the effectiveness of chemical therapies used in the treatment of different types of cancers, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CYPs are involved in the oxidation and activation of external carcinogenic agents, in which case the inhibition of the CYP activity is beneficial for health. CYPs also support detoxification processes. In this case, it is the upregulation of CYP genes that would be favorable for the organism. A CYP enzyme aromatase catalyzes the formation of estrone and estradiol from their precursors. CYPs also catalyze multiple reactions leading to the oxidation of estrogen. Estrogen signaling and oxidative metabolism of estrogen are associated with the development of cancer. Thus, polyphenol-mediated modulation of the CYP's activity also plays a vital role in estrogen carcinogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the data collected over the last five to six years on the following topics: (1) the mechanisms of the interactions of CYP with food constituents that occur via the direct binding of polyphenols to the enzymes and (2) the mechanisms of the regulation of CYP gene expression mediated by polyphenols. The structure-activity relationship relevant to the ability of polyphenols to affect the activity of CYP is analyzed. The application of polyphenol-CYP interactions to diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Korobkova
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The Department of Sciences, City University of New York, 524 W 59th Street, New York, New York 10019, United States
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131
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Weix DJ. Methods and Mechanisms for Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Csp(2) Halides with Alkyl Electrophiles. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1767-75. [PMID: 26011466 PMCID: PMC4484513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cross-electrophile
coupling, the cross-coupling of two different
electrophiles, avoids the need for preformed carbon nucleophiles,
but development of general methods has lagged behind cross-coupling
and C–H functionalization. A central reason for this slow development
is the challenge of selectively coupling two substrates that are alike
in reactivity. This Account describes the discovery of generally cross-selective
reactions of aryl halides and acyl halides with alkyl halides, the
mechanistic studies that illuminated the underlying principles of
these reactions, and the use of these fundamental principles in the
rational design of new cross-electrophile coupling reactions. Although the coupling of two different electrophiles under reducing
conditions often leads primarily to symmetric dimers, the subtle differences
in reactivity of aryl halides and alkyl halides with nickel catalysts
allowed for generally cross-selective coupling reactions. These conditions
could also be extended to the coupling of acyl halides with alkyl
halides. These reactions are exceptionally functional group tolerant
and can be assembled on the benchtop. A combination of stoichiometric
and catalytic studies on the mechanism
of these reactions revealed an unusual radical-chain mechanism and
suggests that selectivity arises from (1) the preference of nickel(0)
for oxidative addition to aryl halides and acyl halides over alkyl
halides and (2) the greater propensity of alkyl halides to form free
radicals. Bipyridine-ligated arylnickel intermediates react with alkyl
radicals to efficiently form, after reductive elimination, new C–C
bonds. Finally, the resulting nickel(I) species is proposed to regenerate
an alkyl radical to carry the chain. Examples of new reactions
designed using these principles include
carbonylative coupling of aryl halides with alkyl halides to form
ketones, arylation of epoxides to form β-aryl alcohols, and
coupling of benzyl sulfonate esters with aryl halides to form diarylmethanes.
Arylnickel(II) intermediates can insert carbon monoxide to form acylnickel(II)
intermediates that react with alkyl halides to form ketones, demonstrating
the connection between the mechanisms of reactions of aryl halides
and acid chlorides with alkyl halides. The low reactivity of epoxides
with nickel can be overcome by the use of either titanium or iodide
cocatalysis to facilitate radical generation and this can also be
extended to enantioselective arylation of meso-epoxides.
The high reactivity of benzyl bromide with nickel, which leads to
the formation of bibenzyl in attempted reactions with bromobenzene,
can be overcome by using a benzyl mesylate along with cobalt phthalocyanine
cocatalysis to convert the mesylate into an alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
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132
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Farwell C, Zhang RK, McIntosh JA, Hyster TK, Arnold FH. Enantioselective Enzyme-Catalyzed Aziridination Enabled by Active-Site Evolution of a Cytochrome P450. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:89-93. [PMID: 26405689 PMCID: PMC4571169 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in protein design is creating new enzymes, something evolution does all the time, starting from existing ones. Borrowing from nature's evolutionary strategy, we have engineered a bacterial cytochrome P450 to catalyze highly enantioselective intermolecular aziridination, a synthetically useful reaction that has no natural biological counterpart. The new enzyme is fully genetically encoded, functions in vitro or in whole cells, and can be optimized rapidly to exhibit high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) and productivity (up to 1,000 catalytic turnovers) for intermolecular aziridination, demonstrated here with tosyl azide and substituted styrenes. This new aziridination activity highlights the remarkable ability of a natural enzyme to adapt and take on new functions. Once discovered in an evolvable enzyme, this non-natural activity was improved and its selectivity tuned through an evolutionary process of accumulating beneficial mutations.
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133
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Denard CA, Ren H, Zhao H. Improving and repurposing biocatalysts via directed evolution. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 25:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Bauer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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135
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Renata H, Wang ZJ, Arnold FH. Expanding the enzyme universe: accessing non-natural reactions by mechanism-guided directed evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3351-67. [PMID: 25649694 PMCID: PMC4404643 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High selectivity and exquisite control over the outcome of reactions entice chemists to use biocatalysts in organic synthesis. However, many useful reactions are not accessible because they are not in nature's known repertoire. In this Review, we outline an evolutionary approach to engineering enzymes to catalyze reactions not found in nature. We begin with examples of how nature has discovered new catalytic functions and how such evolutionary progression has been recapitulated in the laboratory starting from extant enzymes. We then examine non-native enzyme activities that have been exploited for chemical synthesis, with an emphasis on reactions that do not have natural counterparts. Non-natural activities can be improved by directed evolution, thus mimicking the process used by nature to create new catalysts. Finally, we describe the discovery of non-native catalytic functions that may provide future opportunities for the expansion of the enzyme universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Z. Jane Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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136
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Singh R, Kolev JN, Sutera PA, Fasan R. Enzymatic C(sp 3)-H Amination: P450-Catalyzed Conversion of Carbonazidates into Oxazolidinones. ACS Catal 2015; 5:1685-1691. [PMID: 25954592 PMCID: PMC4416466 DOI: 10.1021/cs5018612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes can effectively promote the activation and cyclization of carbonazidate substrates to yield oxazolidinones via an intramolecular nitrene C-H insertion reaction. Investigation of the substrate scope shows that while benzylic/allylic C-H bonds are most readily aminated by these biocatalysts, stronger, secondary C-H bonds are also accessible to functionalization. Leveraging this "non-native" reactivity and assisted by fingerprint-based predictions, improved active-site variants of the bacterial P450 CYP102A1 could be identified to mediate the aminofunctionalization of two terpene natural products with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies and KIE experiments show that the C-H activation step in these reactions is rate-limiting and proceeds in a stepwise manner, namely, via hydrogen atom abstraction followed by radical recombination. This study expands the reactivity scope of P450-based catalysts in the context of nitrene transfer transformations and provides first-time insights into the mechanism of P450-catalyzed C-H amination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Joshua N. Kolev
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Philip A. Sutera
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
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137
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Renata H, Wang ZJ, Arnold FH. Ausdehnung des Enzym-Universums: Zugang zu nicht-natürlichen Reaktionen durch mechanismusgeleitete, gerichtete Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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138
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Tyagi V, Bonn RB, Fasan R. Intermolecular carbene S-H insertion catalysed by engineered myoglobin-based catalysts†. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2488-2494. [PMID: 26101581 PMCID: PMC4474517 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of a biocatalytic strategy for the synthesis of thioethers via an intermolecular carbene S–H insertion reaction is reported.
The first example of a biocatalytic strategy for the synthesis of thioethers via an intermolecular carbene S–H insertion reaction is reported. Engineered variants of sperm whale myoglobin were found to efficiently catalyze this C–S bond forming transformation across a diverse set of aryl and alkyl mercaptan substrates and α-diazoester carbene donors, providing high conversions (60–99%) and high numbers of catalytic turnovers (1100–5400). Furthermore, the enantioselectivity of these biocatalysts could be tuned through mutation of amino acid residues within the distal pocket of the hemoprotein, leading to myoglobin variants capable of supporting asymmetric S–H insertions with up to 49% ee. Rearrangement experiments support a mechanism involving the formation of a sulfonium ylide generated upon attack of the thiol substrate to a heme-bound carbene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Rachel B Bonn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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139
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Bordeaux M, Tyagi V, Fasan R. Highly Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Olefin Cyclopropanation Using Engineered Myoglobin-Based Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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140
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Bordeaux M, Tyagi V, Fasan R. Highly diastereoselective and enantioselective olefin cyclopropanation using engineered myoglobin-based catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1744-8. [PMID: 25538035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using rational design, an engineered myoglobin-based catalyst capable of catalyzing the cyclopropanation of aryl-substituted olefins with catalytic proficiency (up to 46,800 turnovers) and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity (98-99.9%) was developed. This transformation could be carried out in the presence of up to 20 g L(-1) olefin substrate with no loss in diastereo- and/or enantioselectivity. Mutagenesis and mechanistic studies support a cyclopropanation mechanism mediated by an electrophilic, heme-bound carbene species and a model is provided to rationalize the stereopreference of the protein catalyst. This work shows that myoglobin constitutes a promising and robust scaffold for the development of biocatalysts with carbene-transfer reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bordeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627 (USA)
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141
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Kumar S, Faponle AS, Barman P, Vardhaman AK, Sastri CV, Kumar D, de Visser SP. Long-Range Electron Transfer Triggers Mechanistic Differences between Iron(IV)-Oxo and Iron(IV)-Imido Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17102-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508403w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department
of Applied Physics, School for Physical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareilly Road, Lucknow, 226025 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abayomi S. Faponle
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and
Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Prasenjit Barman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vardhaman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Chivukula V. Sastri
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department
of Applied Physics, School for Physical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareilly Road, Lucknow, 226025 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and
Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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142
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Hyster TK, Farwell CC, Buller AR, McIntosh JA, Arnold FH. Enzyme-controlled nitrogen-atom transfer enables regiodivergent C-H amination. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15505-8. [PMID: 25325618 PMCID: PMC4227740 DOI: 10.1021/ja509308v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that variants of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) catalyze the insertion of nitrogen species into benzylic C-H bonds to form new C-N bonds. An outstanding challenge in the field of C-H amination is catalyst-controlled regioselectivity. Here, we report two engineered variants of P450BM3 that provide divergent regioselectivity for C-H amination-one favoring amination of benzylic C-H bonds and the other favoring homo-benzylic C-H bonds. The two variants provide nearly identical kinetic isotope effect values (2.8-3.0), suggesting that C-H abstraction is rate-limiting. The 2.66-Å crystal structure of the most active enzyme suggests that the engineered active site can preorganize the substrate for reactivity. We hypothesize that the enzyme controls regioselectivity through localization of a single C-H bond close to the iron nitrenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd K. Hyster
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering 210-41, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christopher C. Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering 210-41, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew R. Buller
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering 210-41, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John A. McIntosh
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering 210-41, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering 210-41, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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143
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Köhler V, Turner NJ. Artificial concurrent catalytic processes involving enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:450-64. [PMID: 25350691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent operation of multiple catalysts can lead to enhanced reaction features including (i) simultaneous linear multi-step transformations in a single reaction flask (ii) the control of intermediate equilibria (iii) stereoconvergent transformations (iv) rapid processing of labile reaction products. Enzymes occupy a prominent position for the development of such processes, due to their high potential compatibility with other biocatalysts. Genes for different enzymes can be co-expressed to reconstruct natural or construct artificial pathways and applied in the form of engineered whole cell biocatalysts to carry out complex transformations or, alternatively, the enzymes can be combined in vitro after isolation. Moreover, enzyme variants provide a wider substrate scope for a given reaction and often display altered selectivities and specificities. Man-made transition metal catalysts and engineered or artificial metalloenzymes also widen the range of reactivities and catalysed reactions that are potentially employable. Cascades for simultaneous cofactor or co-substrate regeneration or co-product removal are now firmly established. Many applications of more ambitious concurrent cascade catalysis are only just beginning to appear in the literature. The current review presents some of the most recent examples, with an emphasis on the combination of transition metal with enzymatic catalysis and aims to encourage researchers to contribute to this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalststrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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144
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Lee JH, Nam DH, Lee SH, Park JH, Park SJ, Lee SH, Park CB, Jeong KJ. New platform for cytochrome p450 reaction combining in situ immobilization on biopolymer. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2101-4. [PMID: 25322062 DOI: 10.1021/bc500404j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficienct chemical conversion platform with in situ immobilization of P450-BM3 on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules. Through fusion with phasin, P450-BM3 is easily immobilized on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules in Escherichia coli. In our work, the immobilized P450 exhibited higher stability and catalytic activity compared to free P450 against changes of pH, temperature, and concentrations of urea and ions. Through quick recovery of immobilized enzyme, the P450-P(3HB) complex successfully catalyzed an O-dealkylation reaction several times with maintained activity. Using the robust P450-P(3HB) complex, we performed a P450-catalyzed reaction on a preparative reactor scale (100 mL) and high-level production (12.3 μM) of 7-hydroxycoumarine from 7-ethoxycoumarin could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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145
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Heel T, McIntosh JA, Dodani SC, Meyerowitz JT, Arnold FH. Non-natural olefin cyclopropanation catalyzed by diverse cytochrome P450s and other hemoproteins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2556-62. [PMID: 25294253 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that engineered variants of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) efficiently catalyze non-natural reactions, including carbene and nitrene transfer reactions. Given the broad substrate range of natural P450 enzymes, we set out to explore if this diversity could be leveraged to generate a broad panel of new catalysts for olefin cyclopropanation (i.e., carbene transfer). Here, we took a step towards this goal by characterizing the carbene transfer activities of four new wild-type P450s that have different native substrates. All four were active and exhibited a range of product selectivities in the model reaction: cyclopropanation of styrene by using ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). Previous work on P450BM3 demonstrated that mutation of the axial coordinating cysteine, universally conserved among P450 enzymes, to a serine residue, increased activity for this non-natural reaction. The equivalent mutation in the selected P450s was found to activate carbene transfer chemistry both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, serum albumins complexed with hemin were also found to be efficient in vitro cyclopropanation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heel
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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146
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Yang G, Ding Y. Recent advances in biocatalyst discovery, development and applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5604-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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147
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148
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Bagchi V, Paraskevopoulou P, Das P, Chi L, Wang Q, Choudhury A, Mathieson JS, Cronin L, Pardue DB, Cundari TR, Mitrikas G, Sanakis Y, Stavropoulos P. A Versatile Tripodal Cu(I) Reagent for C–N Bond Construction via Nitrene-Transfer Chemistry: Catalytic Perspectives and Mechanistic Insights on C–H Aminations/Amidinations and Olefin Aziridinations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11362-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503869j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bagchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Patrina Paraskevopoulou
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Purak Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Lingyu Chi
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Qiuwen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Amitava Choudhury
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Mathieson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Daniel B. Pardue
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute
of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and
Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis Sanakis
- Institute
of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and
Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Pericles Stavropoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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149
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Wang ZJ, Renata H, Peck NE, Farwell CC, Coelho PS, Arnold FH. Improved cyclopropanation activity of histidine-ligated cytochrome P450 enables the enantioselective formal synthesis of levomilnacipran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6810-3. [PMID: 24802161 PMCID: PMC4120663 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering enzymes capable of modes of activation unprecedented in nature will increase the range of industrially important molecules that can be synthesized through biocatalysis. However, low activity for a new function is often a limitation in adopting enzymes for preparative-scale synthesis, reaction with demanding substrates, or when a natural substrate is also present. By mutating the proximal ligand and other key active-site residues of the cytochrome P450 enzyme from Bacillus megaterium (P450-BM3), a highly active His-ligated variant of P450-BM3 that can be employed for the enantioselective synthesis of the levomilnacipran core was engineered. This enzyme, BM3-Hstar, catalyzes the cyclopropanation of N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacrylamide with an estimated initial rate of over 1000 turnovers per minute and can be used under aerobic conditions. Cyclopropanation activity is highly dependent on the electronic properties of the P450 proximal ligand, which can be used to tune this non-natural enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole E. Peck
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Christopher C. Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Pedro S. Coelho
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
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150
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Regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of 10-undecenoic acid with a light-driven P450 BM3 biocatalyst yielding a valuable synthon for natural product synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5687-91. [PMID: 24938497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the selective hydroxylation of 10-undecenoic acid with a light-activated hybrid P450 BM3 enzyme. Under previously developed photocatalytic reaction conditions, only a monohydroxylated product is detected by gas chromatography. Hydroxylation occurs exclusively at the allylic position as confirmed from a synthesized authentic standard. Investigation into the stereochemistry of the reaction indicates that the R enantiomer is obtained in 85% ee. The (R)-9-hydroxy-10-undecenoic acid obtained enzymatically is a valuable synthon en route to various natural products further expanding the light-activated P450 BM3 biocatalysis and highlighting the advantages over traditional methods.
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