101
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Zimmermann W. Biocatalytic recycling of polyethylene terephthalate plastic. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190273. [PMID: 32623985 PMCID: PMC7422893 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The global production of plastics made from non-renewable fossil feedstocks has grown more than 20-fold since 1964. While more than eight billion tons of plastics have been produced until today, only a small fraction is currently collected for recycling and large amounts of plastic waste are ending up in landfills and in the oceans. Pollution caused by accumulating plastic waste in the environment has become worldwide a serious problem. Synthetic polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have widespread use in food packaging materials, beverage bottles, coatings and fibres. Recently, it has been shown that post-consumer PET can be hydrolysed by microbial enzymes at mild reaction conditions in aqueous media. In a circular plastics economy, the resulting monomers can be recovered and re-used to manufacture PET products or other chemicals without depleting fossil feedstocks and damaging the environment. The enzymatic degradation of post-consumer plastics thereby represents an innovative, environmentally benign and sustainable alternative to conventional recycling processes. By the construction of powerful biocatalysts employing protein engineering techniques, a biocatalytic recycling of PET can be further developed towards industrial applications. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Science to enable the circular economy'.
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102
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Du JT, Sun Q, Zeng XF, Wang D, Wang JX, Chen JF. ZnO nanodispersion as pseudohomogeneous catalyst for alcoholysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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Chemical and Electrochemical Recycling of End-Use Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Plastics in Batch, Microwave and Electrochemical Reactors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122742. [PMID: 32545718 PMCID: PMC7356924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes new methods for the chemical recycling of end-use poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in batch, microwave and electrochemical reactors. The reactions are based on basic hydrolysis of the ester moieties in the polymer framework and occur under mild reaction conditions with low-cost reagents. We report end-use PET depolymerization in refluxing methanol with added NaOH with 75% yield of terephthalic acid in batch after 12 h, while yields up to 65% can be observed after only 40 min under microwave irradiation at 85 °C. Using basic conditions produced in the electrochemical reduction of protic solvents, electrolytic experiments have been shown to produce 17% terephthalic acid after 1 h of electrolysis at −2.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 50% water/methanol mixtures with NaCl as a supporting electrolyte. The latter method avoids the use of caustic solutions containing high-concentration NaOH at the outset, thus proving the concept for a novel, environmentally benign method for the electrochemical recycling of end-use PET based on low-cost solvents (water and methanol) and reagents (NaCl and electricity).
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104
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Thiounn T, Smith RC. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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105
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qian J, Xing X, Wang X. Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) based on glycolysis of waste PET fiber. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1709498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Hu
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhen Zhang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Ningbo Dafa Chemical Fiber Co, Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiquan Xing
- Ningbo Dafa Chemical Fiber Co, Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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106
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Fukushima K, Jones GO, Horn HW, Rice JE, Kato T, Hedrick JL. Formation of bis-benzimidazole and bis-benzoxazole through organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its mechanism. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00436g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One-pot syntheses of bis-benzimidazole and bis-benzoxazole from poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste bottles were successful through two-step nucleophilic attacks promoted by TBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | | | - Hans W. Horn
- IBM Research – Almaden. 650 Harry Road
- San Jose
- USA
| | | | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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107
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Esquer R, García JJ. Metal-catalysed Poly(Ethylene) terephthalate and polyurethane degradations by glycolysis. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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108
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Chemisches Recycling von gemischten Kunststoffabfällen als ergänzender Recyclingpfad zur Erhöhung der Recyclingquote. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00506-019-00628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Kunststoffabfälle, speziell Verpackungsabfälle, liegen oft als Gemische mit hohem Verschmutzungsgrad vor. Die werkstoffliche Verwertung wird dadurch enorm erschwert, da die Sortierung und Reinigung dieser Fraktionen in vielen Fällen nicht ökonomisch sinnvoll oder technisch umsetzbar sind. Um diese Materialströme dennoch rohstofflich rezyklieren zu können, bietet das chemische Recycling eine vielversprechende Methode durch die Rückgewinnung von Einsatzstoffen für die Kunst- und Kraftstoffproduktion sowie für die petrochemische Industrie. Durch das Einwirken von Wärme, Katalysatoren und Lösungsmitteln werden dabei die Polymerketten in kürzere Einheiten bis hin zu Monomeren aufgespalten. Die dabei gewonnenen Kohlenwasserstoffe können dem Stoffkreislauf erneut zugeführt werden, um primäre Ressourcen zu ersetzen. Diese Technologien weisen eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber Störstoffen und Sortenunreinheiten auf und sind deshalb besonders attraktive Optionen für die Verwertung von verunreinigten Verpackungsabfällen. In den letzten 40 Jahren wurden hierzu verschiedene Ansätze zur Solvolyse und Pyrolyse mit und ohne Katalysator verfolgt, die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen untersucht sowie zahlreiche Reaktorsysteme und Prozesswege entwickelt. Ein Überblick über die chemischen Grundlagen, die entwickelten Verfahren und deren Werdegang gibt Aufschluss über die Chancen und Problematiken des Feedstockrecyclings als ergänzende Maßnahme zum werkstofflichen Recycling. Weiters werden die neuesten Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten dargestellt, um den heutigen Entwicklungsstand und zukünftige Trends abzubilden und aufzuzeigen, dass das chemische Recycling eine potente Option zur Rückgewinnung von Rohstoffen und Schonung von Ressourcen darstellt.
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109
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Raheem AB, Noor ZZ, Hassan A, Abd Hamid MK, Samsudin SA, Sabeen AH. Current developments in chemical recycling of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate wastes for new materials production: A review. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2019; 225:1052-1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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110
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Xu L, Zhang LY, Song H, Dong Q, Dong GH, Kong X, Fang Z. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate plastic for the selective production of terephthalonitrile under ammonia atmosphere. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 92:97-106. [PMID: 31160031 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terephthalonitrile (TPN) was directly produced from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic via catalytic fast pyrolysis with ammonia. The optimal condition for producing TPN was over 1 g γ-Al2O3-2 wt% catalyst at 500 °C under carrier gas (50% NH3 and 50% N2) with yield of nitriles and TPN of 58.1 and 52.3 C%, respectively. The selectivity of TPN in the nitriles was around 90%. Meanwhile, a bit of aromatics, benzonitrile, acetonitrile were also produced as by-products with the total yields of less than 3 C%. The catalyst deactivated slightly after 5 cycles. Possible reaction routes were proposed and it was found that terephthalic acid, benzoic acid, related esters and amides were the major intermediates from PET to nitriles. Acetonitrile could be produced from acetaldehyde and its corresponding imines. In addition, 32.1 C% TPN with high purity (>95%) was obtained via freezing recrystallization. Catalytic pyrolysis with ammonia process was a promising technology for converting waste PET plastics to TPN. This study provided a new method for producing N-containing chemicals from polyester plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujiang Xu
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Le-Yao Zhang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - He Song
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Guo-Hua Dong
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China. http://biomass-group.njau.edu.cn/
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111
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Cot S, Leu MK, Kalamiotis A, Dimitrakis G, Sans V, de Pedro I, Cano I. An Oxalate‐Bridged Binuclear Iron(III) Ionic Liquid for the Highly Efficient Glycolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate under Microwave Irradiation. Chempluschem 2019; 84:786-793. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cot
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Meike K. Leu
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Kalamiotis
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Dimitrakis
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Victor Sans
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)Universitat Jaume I 12006 Castellon Spain
| | - Imanol de Pedro
- CITIMAC Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Cantabria 39005 Santander Spain
| | - Israel Cano
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
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112
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Effective catalysts derived from waste ostrich eggshells for glycolysis of post-consumer PET bottles. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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113
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Zhou X, Wang C, Fang C, Yu R, Li Y, Lei W. Structure and thermal properties of various alcoholysis products from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:164-174. [PMID: 30803569 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been a core member in plastic polluters due to the great amount consumption in food packaging, soft-drink bottles, fibers and films. It is essential to recycle waste PET and alcoholysis is a significant way to accomplish chemical recycling. In this work, three kinds of dihydric alcohols, including neopentyl glycol (NPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), were employed to decompose waste PET with different temperatures, catalysts, and PET. A series of alcoholysis products with different appearance were obtained. The bulk structure and thermal properties of alcoholysis products were investigated by FTIR, 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF, DSC and TG experiments. It is found that poly(propylene glycol) may react with waste PET to generate copolymer instead of oligomer products, dimers or trimers, etc. This product possesses excellent shelf stability and present transparent appearance, which may hold a great potential application in chemical industry. Moreover, the alcoholysis activity of DPG is the lowest comparing with NPG and EG in degradation of waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Ruien Yu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Wanqing Lei
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
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114
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Scé F, Cano I, Martin C, Beobide G, Castillo Ó, de Pedro I. Comparing conventional and microwave-assisted heating in PET degradation mediated by imidazolium-based halometallate complexes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring halometallate-based ionic liquids (bulkiness and polarization) to be more active catalysts for PET glycolysis under conventional and microwave-assisted heating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scé
- Universidad de Cantabria
- CITIMAC
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Avda. de los Castros s/n
- 39005 Santander
| | - Israel Cano
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2GA
- UK
| | - Carmen Martin
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2GA
- UK
| | - Garikoitz Beobide
- Universidad de Cantabria
- CITIMAC
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Avda. de los Castros s/n
- 39005 Santander
| | - Óscar Castillo
- Universidad del País Vasco
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Apartado 644
- Bilbao
| | - Imanol de Pedro
- Universidad de Cantabria
- CITIMAC
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Avda. de los Castros s/n
- 39005 Santander
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115
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Li M, Li Y, Lu J, Li X, Lu Y. Decolorization and reusing of PET depolymerization waste liquid by electrochemical method with magnetic nanoelectrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34531-34539. [PMID: 30311119 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work is aimed at electrochemical decolorization of real waste liquid which obtained in the PET depolymerization process. Firstly, PET fabrics were glycolysized by utilizing excess ethylene glycol (EG). Then, the glycolysis product was mixed with water and purified through repeated crystallization to get bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) crystal. At last, the waste liquid of the depolymerization process was electrochemical decolorized by utilizing chitosan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles as the dispersed electrodes under a DC voltage. The UV-Vis absorptions at 338, 531, and 635 nm which were due to the dyes in the waste liquid decreased with the electrolysis time. In contrast, slight change of absorption of EG (at 322 nm) indicated that EG was not destroyed in the electrolytic process. The variation of color removal efficiency with dosage of chitosan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, applied voltage, concentration of electrolyte, pH and electrolytic time were investigated. The max color removal efficiency was 87.24%. PET fabrics were depolymerized by using the decolorized waste liquid or mixture of decolorized waste liquid and EG (1:1 v/v), and the yields of BHET were 72.3% and 76.6%, respectively. The products were BHET without dyes which were confirmed by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- College of Textile & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Textile & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Textile & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- College of Textile & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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116
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Fang P, Liu B, Xu J, Zhou Q, Zhang S, Ma J, lu X. High-efficiency glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by sandwich-structure polyoxometalate catalyst with two active sites. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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117
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Nguyet Thi Ho L, Minh Ngo D, Cho J, Jung HM. Enhanced catalytic glycolysis conditions for chemical recycling of glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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118
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Benvenuta-Tapia JJ, González-Coronel VJ, Soriano-Moro G, Martínez-De la Luz I, Vivaldo-Lima E. Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chain extension during reactive extrusion using functionalized block copolymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Benvenuta-Tapia
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Soriano-Moro
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla 72540 Puebla Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
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119
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Furtwengler P, Avérous L. Renewable polyols for advanced polyurethane foams from diverse biomass resources. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of renewable polyols, used for making polyurethane foams, from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM
- UMR CNRS 7515
- Université de Strasbourg
- Cedex 2
- France
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120
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Ju Z, Xiao W, Lu X, Liu X, Yao X, Zhang X, Zhang S. Theoretical studies on glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8209-8219. [PMID: 35541995 PMCID: PMC9078552 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) present superior catalytic performance in the glycolysis of ethylene terephthalate (PET). To investigate the microscopic degradation mechanism of PET, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out for the interaction between ILs and dimer, which is considered to symbolize PET. We found that hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) play a critical role in the glycolysis process. In this study, 24 kinds of imidazolium-based and tertiary ammonium-based ILs were used to study the effect of different anions and cations on the interaction with PET. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, atoms in molecules (AIM) and reduced density gradient (RDG) approaches were employed to make in-depth study of the nature of the interactions. It is concluded that the interaction of cations with dimer is weaker than that of anions and when the alkyl chain in the cations is replaced by an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the interaction will become stronger. Furthermore, anions play more important roles than cations in the actual interactions with dimer. When the hydrogen of methyl is replaced by hydroxyl or carboxyl, the interaction becomes weak for the amino acid anions and dimer. This work also investigates the interaction between dimer and ion pairs, with the results showing that anions play a key role in forming H-bonds, while cations mainly attack the oxygen of carbonyl and have a π-stacking interaction with dimer. The comprehensive mechanistic study will help researchers in the future to design an efficient ionic liquid catalyst and offer a better understanding of the mechanism of the degradation of PET. Co-interaction lead to glycolysis of ethylene terephthalate (PET) in ionic liquids (ILs): H-bonds and π-stacking.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ju
- College of Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoqian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Geem K. Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:24-58. [PMID: 28823699 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive description of the current pathways for recycling of polymers, via both mechanical and chemical recycling. The principles of these recycling pathways are framed against current-day industrial reality, by discussing predominant industrial technologies, design strategies and recycling examples of specific waste streams. Starting with an overview on types of solid plastic waste (SPW) and their origins, the manuscript continues with a discussion on the different valorisation options for SPW. The section on mechanical recycling contains an overview of current sorting technologies, specific challenges for mechanical recycling such as thermo-mechanical or lifetime degradation and the immiscibility of polymer blends. It also includes some industrial examples such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling, and SPW from post-consumer packaging, end-of-life vehicles or electr(on)ic devices. A separate section is dedicated to the relationship between design and recycling, emphasizing the role of concepts such as Design from Recycling. The section on chemical recycling collects a state-of-the-art on techniques such as chemolysis, pyrolysis, fluid catalytic cracking, hydrogen techniques and gasification. Additionally, this review discusses the main challenges (and some potential remedies) to these recycling strategies and ground them in the relevant polymer science, thus providing an academic angle as well as an applied one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer & Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Laurens Delva
- Center for Polymer & Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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122
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Song H. Ring-closing depolymerization of polytetrahydrofuran to produce tetrahydrofuran using heteropolyacid as catalyst. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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123
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Teotia M, Tarannum N, Soni RK. Depolymerization of PET waste to potentially applicable aromatic amides: Their characterization and DFT study. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Teotia
- Department of Chemistry; Chaudhary Charan Singh University; Meerut 250 004 India
| | - Nazia Tarannum
- Department of Chemistry; Chaudhary Charan Singh University; Meerut 250 004 India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Soni
- Department of Chemistry; Chaudhary Charan Singh University; Meerut 250 004 India
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124
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Palme A, Peterson A, de la Motte H, Theliander H, Brelid H. Development of an efficient route for combined recycling of PET and cotton from mixed fabrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40689-017-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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125
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Reactive Extrusion of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste and Investigation of Its Thermal and Mechanical Properties after Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/5361251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates treating polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste water bottles with different mass of ethylene glycol (EG) using reactive extrusion technique at a temperature of 260°C. The study puts emphases on evaluating the thermal, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of the treated polyethylene terephthalate. The properties of the treated PET from the extruder were analyzed using FT-IR, TGA, DSC, and nanoindentation. The melt flow indexes (MFI) of both treated and untreated PET were also measured and compared. Thermal properties such as melting temperature (Tm) for treating PET showed an inversely proportional behavior with the EG concentrations. The FT-IR analysis was used to investigate the formation of new linkages like hydrogen bonds between PET and EG due to the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Nanoindentation results revealed that both the mechanical characteristics, elastic modulus and hardness, decrease with increasing EG concentration. On the other hand, the melt flow index of treated PET exhibited an increase with increasing EG concentration in the PET matrix.
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126
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Varaprasad K, Pariguana M, Raghavendra GM, Jayaramudu T, Sadiku ER. Development of biodegradable metaloxide/polymer nanocomposite films based on poly-ε-caprolactone and terephthalic acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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127
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Musale RM, Shukla SR. Deep eutectic solvent as effective catalyst for aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-016-9134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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128
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Zeltins V, Cabulis U, Abolins A, Gaidukovs S. Microwave Synthesis Of Polyols For Urethane Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/111/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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129
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Hou D, Xin J, Lu X, Guo X, Dong H, Ren B, Zhang S. Conversion of bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate) into 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol by selective hydrogenation using RuPtSn/Al2O3. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot conversion of bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate) derived from waste PET into 1,4-cyclohexanedimethano with high yield was achieved by trimetallic RuPtSn/Al2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
| | - Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
| | - Huixian Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Baozeng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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130
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Barot AA, Sinha VK. Chemical scavenging of post-consumed clothes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 46:86-93. [PMID: 26383902 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aiming toward the rectification of fiber grade PET waste accumulation as well as recycling and providing a technically viable route leading to preservation of the natural resources and environment, the post consumed polyester clothes were chemically recycled. Post consumed polyester clothes were recycled into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer in the presence of ethylene glycol as depolymerising agent and zinc acetate as catalyst. Depolymerized product was characterized by chemical as well as analytical techniques. The fiber grade PET was eventually converted into BHET monomer with nearly 90% yield by employing 1% catalyst concentration and at optimum temperature of 180°C without mechanical input of stirring condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Barot
- Industrial Chemistry Department, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sinha
- Industrial Chemistry Department, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
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131
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Amaro LP, Coiai S, Ciardelli F, Passaglia E. Preparation and testing of a solid secondary plasticizer for PVC produced by chemical degradation of post-consumer PET. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 46:68-75. [PMID: 26376120 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-consumer poly(ethylene therephthalate) (PET) obtained from milled water bottles was chemically degraded by glycolysis, using suitable amounts of diethylene glycol (DEG) and Ca/Zn stearate as catalyst system. The process was carried out by employing a melt mixer as the chemical reactor, which is the facility generally used for plastic compounding. The degraded PET products were first characterized from structural and thermal point of view by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thereafter used alone or together with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in poly(vinyl chloride) PVC formulations. The plasticization was, in fact, accomplished by using a binary system consisting of DEHP as primary plasticizer and a degraded PET product as secondary plasticizer (SP). The obtained materials were characterized through the main methods used to assess flexible PVC compounds: hardness in Shore A scale, thermal properties and quantitative migration of the plasticizer. The solid secondary plasticizer obtained from post-consumer PET improves both the processing characteristics and the thermal stability of the final flexible PVC compounds while maintaining their hardness within the top values of the Shore A scale. In addition, a considerable reduction of the plasticizers migration (23%) was obtained by optimizing the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez Amaro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Serena Coiai
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciardelli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Spin-Pet s.r.l., Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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132
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Morphology and properties of recycled polyethylene/ground tyre rubber/thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) blends. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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133
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Geng Y, Dong T, Fang P, Zhou Q, Lu X, Zhang S. Fast and effective glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by polyoxometalate. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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