101
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Emerging trends in molecular recognition: Utility of weak aromatic interactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:126-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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102
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Gassensmith JJ, Arunkumar E, Barr L, Baumes JM, DiVittorio KM, Johnson JR, Noll BC, Smith BD. Self-assembly of fluorescent inclusion complexes in competitive media including the interior of living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:15054-9. [PMID: 17994746 DOI: 10.1021/ja075567v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-containing tetralactam macrocycles are prepared and found to have an extremely high affinity for squaraine dyes in chloroform (log Ka = 5.2). Simply mixing the two components produces highly fluorescent, near-infrared inclusion complexes in quantitative yield. An X-ray crystal structure shows the expected hydrogen bonding between the squaraine oxygens and the macrocycle amide NH residues, and a high degree of cofacial aromatic stacking. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the assembly process are very sensitive to small structural changes in the binding partners. For example, a macrocycle containing two isophthalamide units associates with the squaraine dye in chloroform 400,000 times faster than an analogous macrocycle containing two 2,6-dicarboxamidopyridine units. Squaraine encapsulation also occurs in highly competitive media such as mixed aqueous/organic solutions, vesicle membranes, and the organelles within living cells. The highly fluorescent inclusion complexes possess emergent properties; that is, as compared to the building blocks, the complexes have improved chemical stabilities, red-shifted absorption/emission maxima, and different cell localization propensities. These are useful properties for new classes of near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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103
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Mateo-Alonso A, Guldi D, Paolucci F, Prato M. Fullerene: vielseitige Bausteine für molekulare Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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104
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Narita M, Yoon I, Aoyagi M, Goto M, Shimizu T, Asakawa M. Transition Metal(II)–Salen and –Salophen Macrocyclic Complexes for Rotaxane Formation: Syntheses and Crystal Structures. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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105
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Mateo-Alonso A, Ehli C, Rahman GMA, Guldi DM, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prato M. Tuning electron transfer through translational motion in molecular shuttles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3521-5. [PMID: 17397020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials, Science, and Technology (INSTM), Unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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106
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Mateo-Alonso A, Ehli C, Rahman G, Guldi D, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prato M. Tuning Electron Transfer through Translational Motion in Molecular Shuttles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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107
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2047] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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108
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Mateo-Alonso A, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Rahman GMA, Ehli C, Guldi DM, Prato M. An electrochemically driven molecular shuttle controlled and monitored by C60. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1945-7. [PMID: 17695238 DOI: 10.1039/b618504e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a fullerene rotaxane, in which shuttling between two well-defined and distant co-conformations is both induced and monitored by the C60 stopper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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109
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Berná J, Brouwer AM, Fazio SM, Haraszkiewicz N, Leigh DA, Lennon CM. A rotaxane mimic of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore environment: effects of hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking on a coumaric amide derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1910-2. [PMID: 17695226 DOI: 10.1039/b618781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding in a [2]rotaxane is shown to stabilise the phenolate anion of a coumaric amide chromophore by almost 3 pKa units; however, the effect on the UV spectral shift in the anion is small and, significantly given the photochemistry of PYP, despite the hydrogen bonding olefin photoisomerisation in the anionic rotaxane remains heavily suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Berná
- Van 't Hqff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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110
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Brouwer AM, Fazio SM, Haraszkiewicz N, Leigh DA, Lennon CM. Coumaric amide rotaxanes: effects of hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking on the photochemistry and photophysics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:480-6. [PMID: 17404644 DOI: 10.1039/b618795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary amide derivatives of coumaric and ferulic acid are shown to undergo photoisomerization, forming a photostationary mixture of E- and Z-isomers. When the same chromophores are incorporated in rotaxanes, the extent of conversion to the Z-isomers is much smaller. Low temperature fluorescence experiments show that the energy barrier for non-radiative decay of the excited state is higher in the rotaxanes than in the corresponding threads, but the barriers are low in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018, WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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111
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Mateo-Alonso A, Brough P, Prato M. Stabilization of fulleropyrrolidine N-oxides through intrarotaxane hydrogen bonding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1412-4. [PMID: 17389976 DOI: 10.1039/b617835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical stabilization of labile fulleropyrrolidine N-oxides is achieved by encapsulation through intrarotaxane hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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112
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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113
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Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Kshirsagar R, Bottari G, Leigh DA, León S, Zerbetto F. Self-organization of nano-lines and dots triggered by a local mechanical stimulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17650-4. [PMID: 17090680 PMCID: PMC1693801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605192103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a local mechanical perturbation is applied to the surface of a thin film of a mechanically interlocked molecule (a rotaxane), the molecules self-organize into periodic arrays of discrete dots or lines. The dimensionality of the nanostructures depends on whether the mechanical stimulus acts along a 1D line or over a 2D area. The size (50-500 nm) and periodicity (100-600 nm) of the patterns are controlled solely by the film thickness. This self-organization at the mesoscopic scale occurs via a nucleation-ripening mechanism eased by the relatively low energy barriers of the intramolecular rearrangement introduced by the mechanical bond. The phenomenon can be exploited as a bottom-up nanofabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Biscarini
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rajendra Kshirsagar
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Salvador León
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician,” Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician,” Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
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114
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Abstract
[Structure: see text] Protonation controls the location of a dual binding mode macrocycle in a [2]rotaxane. In the neutral form, amide-amide hydrogen bonds hold the macrocycle over a dipeptide residue; when the thread is protonated, polyether-ammonium cation interactions dominate and the macrocycle changes position.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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115
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Mateo-Alonso A, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Jagesar DC, Brouwer AM, Prato M. Reverse Shuttling in a Fullerene-Stoppered Rotaxane. Org Lett 2006; 8:5173-6. [PMID: 17048871 DOI: 10.1021/ol062277v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of a solvent-switchable rotaxane that shuttles in the opposite direction to that expected are reported. The reverse shuttling is confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and can be monitored by cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemically generated anions on the fullerene moiety are stabilized by the closer proximity of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- INSTM, unit of Trieste, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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116
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Whelan CM, Gatti F, Leigh DA, Rapino S, Zerbetto F, Rudolf P. Adsorption of Fumaramide [2]Rotaxane and Its Components on a Solid Substrate: A Coverage-Dependent Study. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17076-81. [PMID: 16928002 DOI: 10.1021/jp061836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coverage-dependent adsorption on Au(111) of a fumaramide [2]rotaxane and its components, a benzylic amide macrocycle and a fumaramide thread, is studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Up to monolayer coverage, the relative intensity of out-of-plane to in-plane phenyl ring vibrational modes indicates that the macrocycle adopts an orientation with the phenyl rings largely parallel to the surface. The formation of a chemisorption bond is evidenced by the presence of a Au-O stretching vibration. In contrast, the thread shows no evidence of chemisorption or a preferential orientation. The introduction of the thread into the macrocycle partly disrupts the film order so that the resulting chemisorbed rotaxane shows intermediate behavior with a preferential orientation up to 0.5 ML coverage. A decrease in film order and the absence of a preferred molecular orientation is observed for all three molecules at multilayer coverages. The spectral differences are addressed by molecular dynamics simulations in terms of the mobility of the phenyls of the three molecules on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Whelan
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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117
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Forbes CC, DiVittorio KM, Smith BD. Bolaamphiphiles promote phospholipid translocation across vesicle membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9211-8. [PMID: 16834395 PMCID: PMC2531240 DOI: 10.1021/ja0619253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of membrane-spanning bolaamphiphiles (molecules with two hydrophilic end groups connected by a hydrophobic linker) were prepared by a modular synthetic method and evaluated for their abilities to affect the dynamics of a surrounding bilayer membrane. The goal was to determine if the bolaamphiphiles promote the translocation of phospholipids across vesicle membranes. The bolaamphiphiles were incorporated at low levels (up to 5 mol %) in vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). Inward translocation assays were performed using fluorescent, NBD-labeled phospholipid probes with phosphocholine (PC) or phosphoglycerol (PG) headgroups. The membrane-spanning bolaamphiphiles promote the translocation of both phospholipid probes in the order PG > PC, whereas shorter bolaamphiphiles (structures that must adopt a U-shape and keep both end groups in the same leaflet of the membrane), and regular amphiphiles with one hydrophilic end group, are inactive. These results are an exception to the rule-of-thumb that membrane-spanning bolaamphiphiles are inherently membrane-stabilizing molecules that inhibit all types of membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kristy M. DiVittorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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118
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Arunkumar E, Fu N, Smith BD. Squaraine-Derived Rotaxanes: Highly Stable, Fluorescent Near-IR Dyes. Chemistry 2006; 12:4684-90. [PMID: 16575935 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Squaraines are fluorescent, near-IR dyes with promising photophysical properties for biomedical applications. A limitation with these dyes is their inherent reactivity with nucleophiles, which leads to loss of the chromophore. Another drawback is their tendency to form nonfluorescent aggregates in water. Both problems can be greatly attenuated by encapsulating the dye inside an amide-containing macrocycle. In other words, the squaraine becomes the thread component in a Leigh-type rotaxane, a permanently interlocked molecule. Two new rotaxanes are described: an analogue with four tri(ethyleneoxy) chains on the squaraine to enhance water solubility, and a rotaxane that has an encapsulating macrocycle with transposed carbonyl groups. An X-ray crystal structure of the latter rotaxane shows that the macrocycle provides only partial protection of the electrophilic cyclobutene core of the squaraine thread. The stabilities of each compound in various solvents, including serum, were compared with a commercially available cyanine dye. The squaraine rotaxane architecture is remarkably resistant to chemical and photochemical degradation, and likely to be very useful as a versatile fluorescent scaffold for constructing various types of highly stable, near-IR imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Easwaran Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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119
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Arfaoui I, Bermúdez V, Bottari G, De Nadai C, Jalkanen JP, Kajzar F, Leigh DA, Lubomska M, Mendoza SM, Niziol J, Rudolf P, Zerbetto F. Surface Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation from Macrocycle, Catenane, and Rotaxane Thin Films: Experiments and Theory. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7648-52. [PMID: 16610855 DOI: 10.1021/jp0561468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface enhanced second harmonic generation (SE SHG) experiments on molecular structures, macrocycles, catenanes, and rotaxanes, deposited as monolayers and multilayers by vacuum sublimation on silver, are reported. The measurements show that the molecules form ordered thin films, where the highest degree of order is observed in the case of macrocycle monolayers and the lowest in the case of rotaxane multilayers. The second harmonic generation activity is interpreted in terms of electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation where the electric field is created by the substrate silver atoms. The measured second order nonlinear optical susceptibility for a rotaxane thin film is compared with that obtained by considering only EFISH contribution to SHG intensity. The electric field on the surface of a silver layer is calculated by using the Delphi4 program for structures obtained with TINKER molecular mechanics/dynamics simulations. An excellent agreement is observed between the calculated and the measured SHG susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Arfaoui
- Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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120
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121
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Marlin DS, González Cabrera D, Leigh DA, Slawin AMZ. An Allosterically Regulated Molecular Shuttle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1385-90. [PMID: 16444780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Marlin
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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122
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Marlin DS, González Cabrera D, Leigh DA, Slawin AMZ. An Allosterically Regulated Molecular Shuttle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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123
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124
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Mateo-Alonso A, Aminur Rahman GM, Ehli C, Guldi DM, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prato M. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of a fullerene-stoppered rotaxane. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:1173-6. [PMID: 17136284 DOI: 10.1039/b610934a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical and electrochemical properties of a fumaramide rotaxane stoppered with C(60) are reported. The results evidenced the strong binding interactions between the template and the macrocycle, which are also supported by molecular modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- INSTM, Unit of Trieste and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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125
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Johnstone KD, Bampos N, Sanders JKM, Gunter MJ. Gel-phase HR-MAS 1H NMR spectroscopy as a probe for solid-tethered diimide rotaxanes and catenanes. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b602555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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126
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Beer PD, Sambrook MR, Curiel D. Anion-templated assembly of interpenetrated and interlocked structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2105-17. [PMID: 16703125 DOI: 10.1039/b516435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rational development of a general anion templation strategy for the construction of a variety of interpenetrated and interlocked molecular structures based upon the coupling of anion recognition with ion-pairing is described. The success of this anion templation methodology is demonstrated with the halide anion directed assembly of a series of novel [2]pseudorotaxanes containing pyridinium, pyridinium nicotinamide, imidazolium, benzimidazolium and guanidinium threading components and anion binding macrocyclic ligands. Interlocked [2]rotaxane and [2]catenane molecular structures are also synthesised using this anion templation protocol. These interlocked structures feature unique topologically defined hydrogen bond donating binding domains that exhibit a high degree of selectivity for chloride, the templating anion. A series of rhenium(I) bipyridyl containing [2]pseudorotaxane assemblies and a [2]rotaxane further highlight the potential this strategic anion templation approach has in future chemical sensor design and fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Beer
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, UKOX1 3QR.
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127
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Mendoza SM, Whelan CM, Jalkanen JP, Zerbetto F, Gatti FG, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Lubomska M, Rudolf P. Experimental and theoretical study of the adsorption of fumaramide [2]rotaxane on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:244708. [PMID: 16396564 DOI: 10.1063/1.2137694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin films of fumaramide [2]rotaxane, a mechanically interlocked molecule composed of a macrocycle and a thread in a "bead and thread" configuration, were prepared by vapor deposition on both Ag(111) and Au(111) substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy were used to characterize monolayer and bulklike multilayer films. XPS determination of the relative amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen indicates that the molecule adsorbs intact. On both metal surfaces, molecules in the first adsorbed layer show an additional component in the C 1s XPS line attributed to chemisorption via amide groups. Molecular-dynamics simulation indicates that the molecule orients two of its eight phenyl rings, one from the macrocycle and one from the thread, in a parallel bonding geometry with respect to the metal surfaces, leaving three amide groups very close to the substrate. In the case of fumaramide [2]rotaxane adsorption on Au(111), the presence of certain out-of-plane phenyl ring and Au-O vibrational modes points to such bonding and a preferential molecular orientation. The theoretical and experimental results imply that the three-dimensional intermolecular configuration permits chemisorption at low coverage to be driven by interactions between the three amide functions of fumaramide [2]rotaxane and the Ag(111) or Au(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Mendoza
- Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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128
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Moulin JF, Kengne JC, Kshirsagar R, Cavallini M, Biscarini F, León S, Zerbetto F, Bottari G, Leigh DA. Self-organization of Rotaxane Thin Films into Spatially Correlated Nanostructures: Morphological and Structural Aspects. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 128:526-32. [PMID: 16402840 DOI: 10.1021/ja054886o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The self-organization of rotaxane thin films into spatially correlated nanostructures is shown to occur upon a thermal stimulus. The mechanism of formation of nanostructures and their organization has been investigated using atomic force microscopy, bright field transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and molecular mechanics simulations. The evolution of the nanostructures follows a complex pathway, where a rotaxane thin film first dewets from the substrate to form nanosized droplets. Droplets coalesce by ripening, generating spatially correlated motifs. In a later stage, the larger droplets change shape, nucleate, and coalesce to yield crystallites that grow into larger crystals by incorporating the surrounding droplets. The results show the following: (i) the nanostructures represent a metastable state of a crystallization process; (ii) spatial correlations emerge during ripening, but they are destroyed as stable nuclei are formed and crystallization proceeds to completion; iii) crystallization, either on graphite or amorphous carbon films, leads to a precise basal plane, viz. (010), which has minimum surface energy. The inherent degrees of freedom permitted in the rotaxane architecture favors the re-organization and nucleation of the film in the solid state. Low-energy trajectories leading to crystallites with stable surfaces and minimum energy contact plane are found to occur via concerted, small amplitude, internal motions without disruption of packing and intermolecular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Moulin
- CNR-ISMN-Nanotechnology of Multifunctional Materials Research Division, Bologna, Italy
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129
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Leigh DA, Lusby PJ, Slawin AMZ, Walker DB. Rare and Diverse Binding Modes Introduced through Mechanical Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4557-64. [PMID: 15973751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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130
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Leigh DA, Lusby PJ, Slawin AMZ, Walker DB. Rare and Diverse Binding Modes Introduced through Mechanical Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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131
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Arunkumar E, Forbes CC, Noll BC, Smith BD. Squaraine-derived rotaxanes: sterically protected fluorescent near-IR dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3288-9. [PMID: 15755140 DOI: 10.1021/ja042404n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A squaraine dye with bulky end groups is employed as the thread component in two Leigh-type amide rotaxanes. The rotaxanes are synthesized in a simple two-step process. X-ray crystal structures of the rotaxanes show that the pyridyl-containing macrocycle is more rigid and wraps more tightly around the cyclobutene core of the squaraine thread compared to the isophthalamide-containing macrocycle. The rotaxanes exhibit photophysical properties that are similar to the precursor squaraine. The encapsulating macrocycle greatly increases the chemical stability of the squaraine thread and inhibits aggregation-induced broadening of its absorption spectrum. It should be possible to prepare squaraine-derived rotaxanes with improved properties for a wide range of photophysical, photochemical, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Easwaran Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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132
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Blight BA, Van Noortwyk KA, Wisner JA, Jennings MC. [2]Pseudorotaxanes through Second-Sphere Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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133
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Blight BA, Van Noortwyk KA, Wisner JA, Jennings MC. [2]Pseudorotaxanes through Second-Sphere Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1499-504. [PMID: 15685671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Blight
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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134
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Ghosh P, Federwisch G, Kogej M, Schalley CA, Haase D, Saak W, Lützen A, Gschwind RM. Controlling the rate of shuttling motions in [2]rotaxanes by electrostatic interactions: a cation as solvent-tunable brake. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2691-700. [PMID: 16032347 DOI: 10.1039/b506756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of rotaxanes, with phenolic axle centerpieces and tetralactam macrocycles as the wheels, has been prepared in good yields. The threaded rotaxane structure is confirmed in the gas phase by tandem mass spectrometric experiments through a detailed fragmentation pattern analysis, in solution by NMR spectroscopy, and in the solid state through X-ray crystallography. A close inspection of the 1H,1H NOESY and 1H,1H ROESY NMR data reveals the wheel to travel along the axle between two degenerate diamide "stations" close to the two stoppers. By deprotonation of a phenolic OH group in the axle centerpiece with Schwesinger's P1 base, surprisingly no additional shuttling station is generated at the axle center, although the wheel could form rather strong hydrogen bonds with the phenolate. Instead, the wheel continues to travel between the two diamide stations. Experimental data from 1H,1H NOESY spectra, together with theoretical calculations, show that strong electrostatic interactions between the phenolate moiety and the P1 cation displace the wheel from the "phenolate station". The cation acts as a "brake" for the shuttling movement. Instead of suppressing the shuttling motion completely, as observed in other rotaxanes, our rotaxane is the first system in which electrostatic interactions modulate the speed of the mechanical motion between a fast and a slow motion state as a response to a reversible external stimulus. By tuning these electrostatic interactions through solvent effects, the rate of movement can be influenced significantly, when for example different amounts of DMSO are added to dichloromethane. Besides the shuttling motion, circumrotation of the wheel around the axle is observed and analyzed by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. Force field and AM1 calculations are in good agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyut Ghosh
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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135
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Johnstone KD, Yamaguchi K, Gunter MJ. Flexible self-assembling porphyrin supramolecules. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3008-17. [PMID: 16186933 DOI: 10.1039/b506987d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and chemical synthesis of a series of hybrid flexible self-assembling supramolecules utilising both crown ether-naphthalene diimide host-guest chemistry and metalloporphyrin-pyridyl coordination is discussed. The resulting compound structures and dynamics are probed using a variety of techniques, including diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) and cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry (CSI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Johnstone
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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136
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Iijima T, Vignon SA, Tseng HR, Jarrosson T, Sanders JKM, Marchioni F, Venturi M, Apostoli E, Balzani V, Stoddart JF. Controllable Donor-Acceptor Neutral [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2004; 10:6375-92. [PMID: 15532018 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of a neutral bistable [2]rotaxane made up of two tetraarylmethane stoppers--both carrying one isopropyl and two tert-butyl groups located at the para positions on each of three of the four aryl rings--known to permit the slippage of the pi-electron-donating 1,5-dinaphtho[38]crown-10 (1/5DNP38C10) at the thermodynamic instigation of pi-electron-accepting recognition sites, in this case, pyromellitic diimide (PmI) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate diimide (NpI) units separated from each other along the rod section of the rotaxane's dumbbell component, and from the para positions of the fourth aryl group of the two stoppers by pentamethylene chains, a modular approach was employed in the synthesis of the dumbbell-shaped compound NpPmD, as well as of its two degenerate counterparts, one (PmPmD) which contains two PmI units and the other (NpNpD) which contains two NpI units. The bistable [2]rotaxane NpPmR, as well as its two degenerate analogues PmPmR and NpNpR, were obtained from the corresponding dumbbell-shaped compounds NpPmD, PmPmD, and NpNpD and 1/5DNP38C10 by slippage. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2 revealed that shuttling of the 1/5DNP38C10 ring occurs in NpNpR and PmPmR, with activation barriers of 277 K of 14.0 and 10.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively, reflecting a much more pronounced donor-acceptor stabilizing interaction involving the NpI units over the PmI ones. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the three neutral [2]rotaxanes and their dumbbell-shaped precursors have also been investigated in CH2Cl2. Interactions between 1/5DNP38C10 and PmI and NpI units located within the rod section of the dumbbell components of the [2]rotaxane give rise to the appearance of charge-transfer bands, the energies of which correlate with the electron-accepting properties of the two diimide moieties. Comparison between the positions of the visible absorption bands in the three [2]rotaxanes shows that, in NpPmR, the major translational isomer is the one in which 1/5DNP38C10 encircles the NpI unit. Correlations of the reduction potentials for all the compounds studied confirm that, in this non-degenerate [2]rotaxane, one of the translational isomers predominates. Furthermore, after deactivation of the NpI unit by one-electron reduction, the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle moves to the PmI unit. Li+ ions have been found to strengthen the interaction between the electron-donating crown ether and the electron-accepting diimide units, particularly the PmI one. Titration experiments show that two Li+ ions are involved in the strengthening of the donor-acceptor interaction. Addition of Li+ ions to NpPmR induces the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle to move from the NpI to the PmI unit. The Li+-ion-promoted switching of NpPmR in a 4:1 mixture of CD2Cl2 and CD3COCD3 has also been shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to involve the mechanical movement of the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle from the NpI to the PmI unit, a process that can be reversed by adding an excess of [12]crown-4 to sequester the Li+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iijima
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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137
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Yue NLS, Eisler DJ, Jennings MC, Puddephatt RJ. Macrocyclic and Lantern Complexes of Palladium(II) with Bis(amidopyridine) Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Host−Guest Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:7671-81. [PMID: 15554632 DOI: 10.1021/ic048893+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [PdCl2(NCPh)2] in a 1:1 ratio with the bis(amidopyridine) ligands LL=C6H3(5-R)(1,3-CONH-3-C5H4N)2 with R=H (1a) or R=t-Bu (1b) give the corresponding neutral dipalladium(II) macrocycles trans,trans-[Pd2Cl4(mu-LL)2], 2a and 2b, which crystallize from dimethylformamide with one or two solvent molecules as macrocycle guests. The reaction of [PdCl2(NCPh)2] with LL in a 1:2 ratio gave the cationic lantern complex [Pd2(mu-LL)4]Cl4, 3c (LL=1b), and the reaction in the presence of AgO2CCF3 gave the corresponding trifluoroacetate salts [Pd2(mu-LL)4](CF3CO2)4, 3a (LL=1a) and 3b (LL=1b). These lantern complexes exhibit a remarkable host-guest chemistry, as they can encapsulate cations, anions, and water molecules by interaction of the guest with either the electrophilic NH or the nucleophilic C=O substituents of the amide groups, which can be directed toward the center of the lantern through easy conformational change. The structures of several of these host-guest complexes were determined, and it was found that the cavity size and shape vary according to the ligand conformation, with Pd...Pd separations in the range from 9.45 to 11.95 A. Supramolecular ordering of the lanterns was observed in the solid state, through either hydrogen bonding or secondary bonding to the cationic palladium(II) centers. The selective inclusion by the lantern complexes of alkali metal ions in the sequence Na+ >> K+ >> Li+ was observed by ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L S Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5B7
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138
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Inoue Y, Kanbara T, Yamamoto T. Construction of new [2]pseudorotaxanes by hydrogen bonding assembly of macrocyclic tetrathiolactam with amides and an ester. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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139
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Shao XB, Jiang XK, Zhao X, Zhao CX, Chen Y, Li ZT. Recognition through Self-Assembly. A Quadruply-Hydrogen-Bonded, Strapped Porphyrin Cleft That Binds Dipyridyl Molecules and a [2]Rotaxane. J Org Chem 2004; 69:899-907. [PMID: 14750820 DOI: 10.1021/jo0351872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quadruply-hydrogen-bonded porphyrin homodimer Zn1.Zn1 has been designed, assembled, and evaluated as a supramolecular cleft-featured receptor for its ability to bind dipyridyl guests in chloroform-d. Monomer Zn1 consists of a 2-ureidopyrimidin-4(1H)-one unit, which was initially reported by Meijer et al., and a zinc porphyrin unit. The zinc porphyrin is strapped with an additional aliphatic chain for controlling the atropisomerization of porphyrin. The 2-ureidopyrimidin-4(1H)-one unit dimerizes exclusively in chloroform even at the dilute concentration of 10(-)(4) M, while the two "strapped" zinc porphyrin units of the homodimer provide additional binding sites for selective guest recognition. (1)H NMR studies indicate that the new homodimer Zn1.Zn1 adopts an S-type conformation due to strong donor-acceptor interaction between the electron-rich porphyrin units and the electron-deficient 2-ureidopyrimidin-4(1H)-one unit. (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and vapor pressure osmometry investigations reveal that Zn1.Zn1 could function as a new generation of assembled supramolecular cleft, to be able to not only efficiently bind linear dipyridyl molecules 14-17, resulting in the formation of stable termolecular complexes, with K(aasoc) values ranging from 3.8 x 10(6) to 8.9 x 10(7) M(-)(1), but also strongly complex a hydrogen-bond-assembled [2]rotaxane, 18, which consists of a rigid fumaramide thread and a pyridine-incorporated tetraamide cyclophane, with K(aasoc) = 1.2 x 10(4) M(-)(1). (1)H NMR competition experiments reveal that complexation to the dipyriyl guests also promotes the stability of the quadruply-hydrogen-bonded dimeric receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Shao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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140
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Abstract
The first stimuli-responsive molecular shuttle that functions through reversible C-C bond formation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JJ.
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141
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Chang SY, Kim HS, Chang KJ, Jeong KS. Efficient Modulation of Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions by Remote Substituents. Org Lett 2003; 6:181-4. [PMID: 14723523 DOI: 10.1021/ol035954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A series of tetralactam macrocycles having different substituents were prepared, and their binding affinities for an adipamide guest were investigated in CDCl3 by 1H NMR titrations. The association constants strongly depend on the substituents, varying up to DeltaDeltaG = 3.4 kcal/mol; electron-donating substituents (OMe, NMe2) decrease the binding affinity, while electron-withdrawing groups (Cl, NO2) increase it. These large substituent effects have been rationalized by secondary repulsions and partial perturbations of intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Youn Chang
- Center for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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142
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Loontjens T. Modular approach for novel nanostructered polycondensates enabled by the unique selectivity of carbonyl biscaprolactam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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143
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Leigh DA, Wong JKY, Dehez F, Zerbetto F. Unidirectional rotation in a mechanically interlocked molecular rotor. Nature 2003; 424:174-9. [PMID: 12853952 DOI: 10.1038/nature01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Accepted: 05/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motor proteins are ubiquitous in nature and have inspired attempts to create artificial machines that mimic their ability to produce controlled motion on the molecular level. A recent example of an artificial molecular rotor is a molecule undergoing a unidirectional 120 degrees intramolecular rotation around a single bond; another is a molecule capable of repetitive unimolecular rotation driven by multiple and successive isomerization of its central double bond. Here we show that sequential and unidirectional rotation can also be induced in mechanically interlocked assemblies comprised of one or two small rings moving around one larger ring. The small rings in these [2]- and [3]catenanes move in discrete steps between different binding sites located on the larger ring, with the movement driven by light, heat or chemical stimuli that change the relative affinity of the small rings for the different binding sites. We find that the small ring in the [2]catenane moves with high positional integrity but without control over its direction of motion, while the two rings in the [3]catenane mutually block each other's movement to ensure an overall stimuli-induced unidirectional motion around the larger ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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144
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Chen L, Zhao X, Chen Y, Zhao CX, Jiang XK, Li ZT. Self-assembly of novel [3]- and [2]rotaxanes based on donor-acceptor and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Intensified inter-ring repulsion interaction and shuttling behavior. J Org Chem 2003; 68:2704-12. [PMID: 12662041 DOI: 10.1021/jo026370i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three novel hetero[3]rotaxanes, which comprise one neutral tetraamide cyclophane, one tetracationic cyclophane, and one linear component, have been assembled by utilizing hydrogen-bonding and donor-acceptor interactions, through three neutral [2]rotaxanes as intermediates. Three tetracationic [2]rotaxanes are also prepared for property comparison. For all three linear components, diamide subunits, the hydrogen-bonding templating moieties, are introduced at the center of the molecules, while the electron-rich hydrogquinone subunits, the donor-acceptor interaction templates, are incorporated between the diamides and the triphenylmethyl stoppers. Compared with the reported [3]rotaxanes, the novel hetero[3]rotaxanes exhibit remarkably intensified spatial interaction between the two ring components, which had been proved by (1)H NMR and UV study. For the first time, inter-ring NOEs are observed for interlocked [3]rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200240, China
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145
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Cavallini M, Biscarini F, Léon S, Zerbetto F, Bottari G, Leigh DA. Information storage using supramolecular surface patterns. Science 2003; 299:531. [PMID: 12543965 DOI: 10.1126/science.1078012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-ISMN, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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146
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Gatti FG, León S, Wong JKY, Bottari G, Altieri A, Morales MAF, Teat SJ, Frochot C, Leigh DA, Brouwer AM, Zerbetto F. Photoisomerization of a rotaxane hydrogen bonding template: light-induced acceleration of a large amplitude rotational motion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10-4. [PMID: 12506193 PMCID: PMC140866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0134757100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing methods for controlling aspects of large amplitude submolecular movements is a prerequisite for the development of artificial devices that function through rotary motion at the molecular level. Here we demonstrate that the rate of rotation of the interlocked components of fumaramide-derived [2]rotaxanes can be accelerated, by >6 orders of magnitude, by isomerizing them to the corresponding maleamide [2]rotaxanes by using light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco G Gatti
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, United Kingdom
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147
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Wisner JA, Beer PD, Drew MGB, Sambrook MR. Anion-templated rotaxane formation. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:12469-76. [PMID: 12381188 DOI: 10.1021/ja027519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of an acyclic chloride anion template in which the chloride anion is coordinatively unsaturated and available for subsequent complexation to various hydrogen bond donating components is described. This template orients a neutral hydrogen bond donating ligand and a pyridinium cation orthogonally to one another. Incorporation of second-sphere interactions between the ligand and the pyridinium cation improved the efficacy of the chloride template. These results were exploited in the construction of a chloride anion-templated [2]rotaxane which, after anion template removal, was studied with regards to its anion recognition properties. Encirclement of the neutral macrocycle around the dumbbell-shaped pyridinium cation in the [2]rotaxane produced a dramatic increase in its selectivity for chloride anions as compared to the noninterlocked cation. This is interpreted as a function of the anion template used to create the [2]rotaxane superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wisner
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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148
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Yamamoto M, Takeuchi M, Shinkai S. Oligosaccharide binding to a boronic-acid-appended phenanthroline·Cu(I) complex which creates superstructural helicates and catenates. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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